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Protocol
QueerVIEW:Protocol for a Technology-Mediated Qualitative Photo
Elicitation Study With Sexual and Gender Minority Youth in
Ontario, Canada
Shelley L Craig1*, PhD; Andrew D Eaton1*, MSW; Rachael Pascoe1*, MSW; Egag Egag1*, MSW; Lauren B McInroy2*,
PhD; Lin Fang1*, PhD; Ashley Austin3*, PhD; Michael P Dentato4*, PhD
1Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
2College of Social Work, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
3Ellen Whiteside McDonnell School of Social Work, Barry University, Miami Shores, FL, United States
4School of Social Work, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
*all authors contributed equally
Corresponding Author:
Shelley L Craig, PhD
Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work
University of Toronto
246 Bloor St W
Toronto, ON, M5S1V4
Canada
Phone: 1 4169788847
Email: shelley.craig@utoronto.ca
Abstract
Background: The experiences of resilience and intersectionality in the lives of contemporary sexual and gender minority youth
(SGMY) are important to explore. SGMY face unique experiences of discrimination in both online and offline environments, yet
simultaneously build community and seek support in innovative ways. SGMY who identify as transgender, trans, or gender
nonconforming and have experiences with child welfare, homelessness, or immigration have been particularly understudied. A
qualitative exploration that leverages technology may derive new understanding of the negotiations of risk, resilience, and identity
intersections that impact the well-being of vulnerable SGMY.
Objective: The objectives of the QueerVIEW study were to (1) enhance understanding of SGMY identities, both online and
offline, (2) identify experiences of intersectionality among culturally, regionally, and racially diverse SGMY in Ontario, Canada,
(3) explore online and offline sources of resilience for SGMY, and (4) develop and apply a virtual photo elicitation methodological
approach.
Methods: This is the first study to pilot a completely virtual approach to a photo elicitation investigation with youth, including
data collection, recruitment, interviewing, and analysis. Recruited through social media, SGMY completed a brief screening
survey, submitted 10 to 15 digital photos, and then participated in an individual semistructured interview that focused on their
photos and related life experiences. Online data collection methods were employed through encrypted online file transfer and
secure online interviews. Data is being analyzed using a constructivist grounded theory approach, with six coders participating
in structured online meetings that triangulated photo, video, and textual data.
Results: Data collection with 30 participants has been completed and analyses are underway. SGMY expressed appreciation
for the photo elicitation and online design of the study and many reported experiencing an emotional catharsis from participating
in this process. It is anticipated that results will form a model of how participants work toward integrating their online and offline
experiences and identities into developing a sense of themselves as resilient.
Conclusions: This protocol presents an innovative, technology-enabled qualitative study that completely digitized a popular
arts-based methodology—photo elicitation—that has potential utility for contemporary research with marginalized populations.
The research design and triangulated analyses can generate more nuanced conceptualizations of SGMY identities and resilience
than more traditional approaches. Considerations for conducting online research may be useful for other qualitative research.
International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID): DERR1-10.2196/20547
JMIR Res Protoc 2020 | vol. 9 | iss. 11 | e20547 | p. 1https://www.researchprotocols.org/2020/11/e20547 (page number not for citation purposes)
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(JMIR Res Protoc 2020;9(11):e20547) doi: 10.2196/20547
KEYWORDS
lesbian; gay; bisexual; transgender; queer; youth; photo elicitation; photo voice; grounded theory; online research; Canada
Introduction
Sexual and Gender Minority Youth (SGMY)
SGMY face unique challenges that impact their sense of self.
Their experiences of exclusion and discrimination are important
to examine to better understand the unique psychosocial and
mental health needs of SGMY and identify instances of
resistance and resilience [1]. Minority stress, which includes
the stigma of living with a sexual and/or gender minority (SGM)
identity [2], impacts the daily lives of SGMY through chronic
discrimination, such as microaggressions and name-calling [3],
and other acute events, such as physical and sexual violence
[4]. Minority stress manifests in higher rates of mental health
disorders for SGMY than for their heterosexual or cisgender
peers, which may include depression, anxiety, suicide attempts,
and posttraumatic stress disorder [5]. Alongside mental health
ramifications, SGMY may also be at risk of later developing
physical health conditions in response to their minority stress,
such as cardiovascular disease, asthma, diabetes, and other
chronic conditions [6]. The prevalence of such physical and
mental health conditions is considerably higher for those facing
multiple and intersecting vulnerabilities [5,6]. Although extant
research has quantified the challenges experienced by SGMY
generally, as well as several subpopulations [2-7], the
experiences of most SGMY cannot be understood in “identity
silos” but rather through an exploration of the complexity of
the intersections in their daily lives [7]. This qualitative research
protocol focuses on the development and implementation of
QueerVIEW, a technology-mediated photo elicitation study that
examined the intersectionality and resilience of SGMY who
also have particular marginalizing experiences. QueerVIEW
was a project developed by the Canadian Regional Network of
the International Partnership for Queer Youth Resilience
(INQYR), an international partnership of researchers working
to address the needs of SGMY and their use of information and
communication technologies (ICTs) within diverse global
contexts. QueerVIEW utilized virtual photo elicitation methods
to explore the complex and intersecting identities of SGMY
who identify as members of at least one of four priority
populations: (1) trans and gender nonconforming youth, (2)
youth who have experiences with homelessness, (3) youth with
current or past involvement in the child welfare system, and (4)
youth who are immigrants, refugees, or newcomers to Canada.
Trans or Gender Nonconforming Youth
Trans is defined as having a different gender than the gender
assigned at birth [8-11]. Gender nonconforming and gender
diverse is an identity endorsed by people whose gender
expression differs from societal expectations of masculinity or
femininity [8]. Accurate numbers of trans and gender
nonconforming (TGNC) and gender diverse youth remain
unavailable at the population level in countries such as Canada
and the United States, as national censuses have historically
asked for current gender identity via binary options (instead of
multiresponse) and have not asked for gender assigned at birth
[9]. Available prevalence data are often based on convenience
samples recruited by independent researchers [9]. According
to reports in the United States, between 0.7% and 1.8% of youth
between the ages of 13 and 17 identify as trans [10,11], while
Canadian estimates report that approximately 0.6% of the
general adult population identifies as trans [12]. A recent study
of 6309 SGMY in the United States and Canada found that
14.6% (n=924) identified as trans and 23.9% (n=1506) identified
as gender nonconforming [13].
Challenges Faced by TGNC Youth
Youth identifying as TGNC face a particular set of challenges,
including feelings of invisibility, hypervisibility, and hostility
[14]. Compared with their cisgender (ie, identify with gender
assigned at birth) counterparts in the general population, TGNC
youth have a higher risk of mental health issues such as
psychological distress, self-harm, depression, and suicide, while
nonbinary youth are more likely to report self-harm, as reported
in the Canadian Community Health Survey [15]. Relatedly,
alcohol use and victimization experiences have been found to
be higher for TGNC youth than for the general youth population
[16]. TGNC youth also reported significantly poorer health
outcomes and utilization of health care services than cisgender
youth [17]. TGNC adults experienced higher odds of
discrimination, depression, and suicide attempts compared with
cisgender lesbian, gay, or bisexual individuals [18]. Similarly,
depression and anxiety were reported as occurring with higher
effect sizes for TGNC college students than for their cisgender
lesbian and gay peers [19].
Experiences of Homelessness
Approximately 40% of the 35,000 to 40,000 youth who
experience homelessness or housing instability in Canada during
an average year identify as SGMY [20]. The term
“homelessness” can encompass a range of unstable housing
situations, including unsheltered (or absolutely homeless),
emergency sheltered (those in overnight shelters or shelters
specific to family violence), provisionally accommodated
(temporary or insecure housing tenure), and at risk of being
homeless (precarious housing or financial situations that may
lead to homelessness) [21]. The most frequently cited cause of
homelessness among SGMY is identity-based family conflict
[22]. Compared with non-SGMY experiencing homelessness,
SGMY are more likely to engage in survival sex work when
homeless, engage in unsafe sex with their sex work clients, and
have higher numbers of sex work clients overall than their
cisgender heterosexual peers [23]. TGNC populations appear
to be particularly at risk, with a sample of youth (younger than
18 years) and adult trans men experiencing significant and
comorbid violence as well as physical and mental health
problems. Meanwhile, homeless trans women report higher
rates of posttraumatic stress disorder than other homeless
individuals [24].
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Engagement in Child Welfare
Research from the United States on the prevalence of SGMY
engagement in the child welfare system estimates that 15% to
34% of the approximately 350,000 individuals with a history
of foster care involvement identify as SGMY at the point of
intake [25,26]. Estimates of SGMY among the approximately
63,000 Canadian children in the child welfare system are
unavailable, with no child welfare surveys currently collecting
data on SGM identity [27] and large-scale reports not reporting
on SGMY intake incidence [28]. Systemic limitations on
collecting population-based data for Canadian child welfare
agencies have been noted elsewhere [29]. SGMY experience
higher rates of adverse childhood events than their peers [30]
and are at a greater risk of involvement in the child welfare
system, often as a result of their SGM status, as they may
experience intrafamilial abuse, conflict, and rejection due to
their identities [31]. SGMY in foster care report feeling less
satisfied with their foster care experience than non-SGMY, are
at greater risk for homelessness, and experience more placement
breakdowns, resulting in greater emotional distress [32].
Research on SGMY in the child welfare system is often limited
by small numbers of consenting participants because youth have
concerns about disclosing their identities [33]. While in foster
care, SGMY are often the victims of physical abuse, bullying,
and harassment from caregivers and other youth [34], resulting
in increased rates of posttraumatic stress and other mental health
issues [35].
Immigrants, Refugees, and Newcomers
Approximately 21.9% of the Canadian population (37.59
million) was born outside of the country [36]. SGM refugees,
immigrants, and newcomers face unique challenges and stressors
as a result of their migration and SGM status, including conflict
in one or across many of their identity facets or affiliations [37].
Newcomer SGMY, or SGM individuals with landed immigrant
status in Canada [38], are recognized as a particularly vulnerable
group by the Canadian Immigration and Refugee Protection
Act [39]. The Canadian settlement process can vary depending
on the applicant’s status and type of claim [40], contributing to
a large range of experiences for newcomers. SGMY newcomers
often have complex interactions with immigration, health care,
and employment systems, and frequently have experienced
homophobia and racism within their own communities and
families, and related to social service provision [41]. Stressors
include difficulties accessing health care and employment, and
stress associated with refugee claimant hearings. These hearings
often emphasize a claimant’s ability to disclose and demonstrate
their SGM identities, which may be unnecessarily difficult [41].
SGMY newcomers—particularly those who identify as trans
females—report experiencing significant discrimination and
bullying both in school and in their homes [42]. Many SGM
immigrants to Canada discuss feeling disconnected from both
their home culture and their Canadian culture because of their
SGM identity, although many report that their SGM identity
either becomes more important to them than their cultural
identity or is integrated to allow them to live authentically [43].
Newcomer or refugee SGMY are a particularly understudied
population, thus necessitating a greater understanding of their
experiences in the research literature.
Theoretical Approach
This study’s key theoretical framework is intersectionality,
which not only explores distinct social identities, including their
construction and intersections related to power, privilege, and
experiences of discrimination, but also serves as a dynamic lens
for investigating minority stress and resilience [43,44]. Focusing
on a single identity may obscure the significance of other
meaningful identities [45]. Intersectionality suggests that
categories of oppression (eg, race, ethnicity, gender identity,
sexuality, disability, and/or poverty) interact with and complicate
an individual’s unique context and experience, and may
contribute to a compounded experience of marginalization [46].
Although emergent qualitative research has explored the
interaction of SGM and racialized identities, there is a paucity
of literature utilizing technology and arts-based innovative
methods to understand intersectionality factors and the
experiences of marginalized SGMY [7].
Rationale for Photo Elicitation
Visual data—such as photographs, videos, art pieces, and
diagrams—have received increased interest and use in
qualitative research [47], including as a tool to deepen
conversations between participants and interviewers. Photo
elicitation is a visual data method in which photographs provided
by participants that capture relevant concepts under investigation
are inserted into, and become the focus of, the research interview
[48]. Photo elicitation offers a creative alternative to verbal-only
methods of qualitative interviewing that is particularly suited
to exploring intersectionalities. Images may evoke deeper
elements of human consciousness than words alone, resulting
in an interview process that elicits more information and evokes
different types of information [48]. The use of photos to guide
discussion and stimulate memory [48] has been demonstrated
to increase participant-led dialogue [49], and can result in
newfound insights compared with studies using more traditional
methods to explore the phenomenon of interest [50]. Photo
elicitation often results in richer data through the facilitation of
rapport building between participant and interviewer [51] and
by encouraging participants to provide a richer understanding
of their experiences—including emotions, feelings, and
ideas—rather than relying on researchers to impose their own
assumptions, frameworks, or perceptions [52]. Images can
ultimately promote a deepened dialogue and potentially
introduce new dimensions that the researcher did not previously
consider for their study [53].
Photo elicitation has been proposed as a participant-driven
research methodology that is particularly well-suited for research
among the adolescent population in general [54], and SGMY
in particular. It reduces power differentials between researcher
and participant [55], creating a “comfortable space for
discussion” [56], and involving participants in a way that does
not limit responses. Such advantages may be especially
important for data collection with marginalized groups, such as
SGMY [57]. By actively taking and selecting relevant photos
for the interview, participants maintain agency over their
participation in the research process. As a method, photo
elicitation has been described as being capable of “empowering
and emancipating participants by making their experiences
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visible” [57] and centering participant voices [58]. Photo
elicitation interviews (PEIs), similar to semistructured interviews
without visual cues, provide the researcher with an interview
guide centering on relevant areas of interest, as well as the
flexibility to allow for unexpected topics to emerge [59].
The increasing availability of ICTs has resulted in new
opportunities and enhancements to the research process through
digital data collection [60]. Qualitative interviews conducted
online have been demonstrated to overcome financial,
geographic, and physical mobility barriers for participants [61].
Online reviews [61], focus groups [62], instant messaging [63],
and qualitative analysis of public message boards [64] are all
well-documented methods for digital data collection in
qualitative research. For use with adolescents, online
interviewing may be particularly effective, given this age
group’s comfortability, familiarity, and proficiency with ICTs
[65]. Online interviewing with adolescents has demonstrated
greater rapport building than in-person interviews and
genererated similar amounts of youth self-disclosure [66].
Despite the potential for qualitative virtual PEIs for research
with youth, there are no studies that have utilized these methods
to date.
The use of technology-enabled photo elicitation methods may
be particularly relevant for SGMY, who frequently use such
technologies to develop their identities, access resources, and
engage in online SGM communities [67]. SGMY also use ICTs
to foster their coping skills and resilience [44]. As a result of
widespread use and availability of ICTs, which permit easy
collection and sharing of visual information (eg, smartphone
cameras), youth are constantly engaged in recording their lives
and experiences through photographs and videos. Virtual photo
elicitation may offer the opportunity to advance insight into the
intersectionality of SGMY’s lived experiences through the use
of participant-recorded real-world data. As such, the
QueerVIEW study used PEIs to explore the identity and
resilience of SGMY experiencing compounded marginalization
or vulnerability within the context of their online and offline
lives.
The research aims of QueerVIEW were to (1) enhance
understanding of SGMY identities, both online and offline, (2)
better understand experiences of intersectionality among
culturally, regionally, and racially diverse SGMY in Ontario,
Canada, (3) explore SGMY’s online and offline sources and
processes of resilience, and (4) develop and apply a virtual photo
elicitation methodological approach.
Methods
QueerVIEW utilized a constructivist grounded theory framework
in a virtual photo elicitation study to explore the intersectional
identity experiences of SGMY in Ontario, Canada.
Constructivist grounded theory concerns the construction of
events, processes, and outcomes in order to study inequality by
moving between theorizing and data collection. Constructivist
grounded theory applies a critical lens and locates the research
process within social, historic, and environmental conditions
[68]. This form of inquiry involves co-constructing meaning
through the development of emerging questions through the
interactive engagement of the researchers with participants by
posing critical questions from the inception of the project
through the final analysis. For instance, in the case of
QueerVIEW, this involved determining a new theme discussed
by the participants, and choosing to pursue new questions in
future interviews about that subject matter. In this way,
constructivist grounded theory results in a deeper level of
theorizing and unveiling of new critiques when compared with
other qualitative methods [68]. Photo elicitation may be an ideal
modality for constructivist grounded theory, as this method of
interviewing can dismantle power differentials between
participants and researchers while engaging participants in
conversations far beyond the limitations of the interview guide
[56]. Institutional review board approval was received from the
University of Toronto’s Health Science Research Ethics Board
(Protocol #37041), which included a waiver of parental consent
for participants younger than 18 years of age due to the
possibility that participants’ parents were not aware of their
SGMY identities and that knowledge could pose a risk to
participants.
Participant Recruitment and Sampling
Participant inclusion criteria for this study included the
following: (1) aged between 14 and 29 years, (2) self-identifying
as an SGM, (3) residing in Ontario, Canada, (4) able to capture
and submit photos, (5) able to speak and understand English
sufficiently to participate in the interview, and (6) able to
participate in an online interview. To clarify criterion 2,
participants were eligible if they self-identified as a gender
minority (ie, not cisgender) and/or a sexual minority (ie, not
heterosexual). These inclusion criteria were determined by the
research coordinator and participants themselves using
participants’ responses to the screening survey (for criteria 1,
2, and 3) and through interaction with participants for the photo
submission and interview scheduling (for criteria 4, 5, and 6).
The four groups identified above—TGNC individuals, those
with experiences with homelessness, those engaged in the child
welfare system, and immigrants, refugees, and newcomers to
Canada—were explicitly mentioned as priority populations in
the recruitment flyer and screening survey. The age range was
purposeful, given that heightened awareness of identity issues
often occurs during the developmental periods of adolescence
and early adulthood [68,69].
QueerVIEW recruited SGMY through a purposive and
venue-based sampling approach. Purposive sampling recruited
participants with a flyer, which was shared through the INQYR
Canadian Regional Network, and distributed through paid
Facebook and Instagram advertisements and via Twitter.
Venue-based sampling was conducted concurrently with
agencies in Ontario that serve SGMY communities and/or
specialize in practice with TGNC youth, as well as youth
experiencing homelessness, youth involved in the child welfare
system, and newcomers to Canada. Additionally, universities
located in Ontario, SGM-specific student clubs, and religious
centers were also contacted for distribution of the flyer.
The recruitment flyer (Multimedia Appendix 1) directed
potential participants to a QueerVIEW project page on the
INQYR website [70], which included additional details about
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the study, animated consent videos that described the study’s
purpose and process in an accessible way, and a link to the
screening survey [71]. Further, a live action video of the
interviewers was posted on the website and distributed on social
media to make participants aware of the interviewers and study,
to support self-efficacy, and to reduce anxiety.
Consent
Due to the age of the participants in this study, as well as to the
multiple times of engagement, informed consent was collected
twice: (1) prior to a screening survey hosted by Qualtrics’online
survey software [72], and (2) prior to the interview. In the
screening survey, consent information was provided in writing
as well as in a specific animated video that used the written
form as a script. Participants had the option to either read or
watch the informed consent information [73] and, through the
use of skip logic, were required to acknowledge they heard or
read, understood, and agreed to participation before progressing
through the online screener survey. The consent information
was scanned for eighth grade readability [74] to ensure
understandability and accessibility for all participants. It has
been found that consent videos encourage more participants to
carefully consider the implications of participation and increase
their knowledge of their rights as participants [75]. At the end
of the interviews, participants were asked if they would be
interested in having their photos publicly displayed in an online
gallery. If interested, participants verbally consented, and
indicated which photos they did and did not want to be
displayed. A separate consent form (Multimedia Appendix 2)
will be emailed to participants closer to the gallery launch date
(projected for fall 2020).
Data Collection
Stage 1: Online Screening Survey
A brief online screening survey asked potential participants for
their age, gender identity, sexual orientation, preferred pronouns,
Canadian city and province of residence, current housing
situation, and contact information, along with questions about
their membership in the four priority subgroups (eg, “have you
ever experienced homelessness or any form of housing
instability, like couch-surfing, living in a shelter/hotel, or
street-involved?”).
Stage 2: Participant Selection
The research team monitored the screening survey and met
regularly to select participants who initially identified as
members of multiple priority subgroups for interviews.
Participants who identified with two or more subgroups were
initially invited to interviews in order of screener survey
completion, with SGMY with at least one priority group
identification invited next. Selected participants were contacted
by a research assistant through email or text (depending on their
stated preference) with an invitation to participate in the study,
and this continued until theoretical saturation was achieved.
Stage 3: Photo Selection and Submission
Individuals who agreed to participate were provided with
instructions for taking, selecting, and submitting between 10
and 15 photos before the interview (Multimedia Appendix 3).
These instructions asked participants to take and/or gather
photos that represent the following areas: (1) who you are—how
you see yourself in your online and offline lives, (2) how others
see you in your online and offline lives, (3) what makes it hard
for you to be who you are and what challenges do you face
when trying to be yourself, and (4) what helps you be who you
are and what gives you strength in the face of challenges. These
areas were constructed by the research team (comprised of
researchers, students, and people from the priority populations)
based on their previous intersectionality research and emerging
SGMY experiences to directly link the photo submission process
to the research aims identified above. Participants were then
instructed to upload their photographs via WeTransfer [76], an
encrypted computer-file transfer service, before their interview.
Stage 4: Online Interviews
Two graduate research assistants trained in qualitative
interviewing for photo elicitation studies conducted 90- to
120-minute online interviews using Zoom video conferencing.
The research team used a Zoom Pro account, which provided
up to 24 hours of meeting time, administrative feature controls
including recording and screen sharing, customized personal
meeting IDs, and a waiting room function. All of these functions
were used during the interviews. Virtual interviews were
recorded using Zoom’s record feature and participants were
requested to keep their device’s camera on during the interview
to collect both audio and video data. If participants required an
in-person interview, these were also recorded via Zoom,
directing the laptop’s camera and microphone toward the
interviewer and participant during the meeting. Interviewers
toggled between speaker view on Zoom and screen sharing to
display the photographs provided by participants.
At the beginning of the interview, participants were provided
with a general overview of the study and support with any
technology-related questions. A semistructured interview guide
(Multimedia Appendix 4) was carefully designed to capture
participants’experiences of intersectionality. Questions intended
to uncover the personal meaning of minority stress and resilience
in light of participants’intersectional social identities [45], such
as perceptions of their online and offline lives and how they
navigate adversity. During the interviews, SGMY were asked
to describe their photos, and the photos were used as prompts
whereby interviewers asked for participants to elaborate at times
or clarify statements. Participants referred to the photos when
describing themselves, their challenges, and their strengths.
When needed, the interviewers gently redirected participants’
sharing back to the photos provided by asking more in-depth
questions about their emotions, senses, and recollections of their
experiences (eg, “When you look at this photograph, how did
you feel when it was taken? How do you feel now?”).
Data Analysis
Data were analyzed using a constructivist grounded theory
approach using NVivo 12 software by QSR International
[68,77]. Constructivist grounded theory situates the researcher
as co-constructing experiences and meaning so that the
researcher’s reactions, interpretations, and descriptions of the
interviews are captured in the analytic process [77]. Six
independent coders analyzed and integrated three types of data
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from each participant—10-15 photos, video recordings of Zoom
interviews, and textual transcripts of Zoom interviews—by
importing the data into a single NVivo case and assigning codes
based on the photos (which were discussed as part of the
interview), interview content, and participant behaviours and
affect (eg, facial expression, tone, etc) during the interview
[78,79]. This triangulated approach of analysts conducting
side-by-side coding of participant photos, nonverbal input from
videos, and textual transcripts is one created by the authors to
analyze technology-mediated research [80]. This analysis
involved organizing the three data sources into initial and
focused codes (primarily gerunds) that were combined in a
single NVivo file to derive visuals (eg, data maps) for axial
coding of the in-depth experiences of participants.
Six independent coders were assigned photos, videos, and
transcripts to code simultaneously, with the spoken words as
well as vocal intonations and body language of participants
being coded as nodes and memos in NVivo [81]. The coding
team is comprised of graduate research assistants who are
ethnically diverse and predominantly identify as SGMY.
Line-by-line coding was used to generate codes from the
descriptions of the participants about their identities, technology
use, and resilience through their selected images, transcripts,
and interviews. Data were triangulated to capture multiple
processes occurring simultaneously, such as themes discerned
from the content of participants’ sharing and process changes
such as verbal tone, body language, or displays of affect (eg,
crying or laughing), as well as participants’ interactions with
their environments (such as awareness of their parents in the
house, internet disruptions, or introductions of pets). Annotations
were used to describe processes occurring in the research process
(such as interview interruptions, or instances when transcript
content and nonverbal communication were discordant).
Line-by-line open coding of the 30 interviews has been
completed, each fully coded twice by two independent coders.
Axial coding is underway to confirm codes against emerging
themes and develop a model that explains intersectional
conceptions of resilience and identity. A data map has been
created using Mindmeister software (MeisterLabs GmbH) and
is being edited by the coding team. To enhance trustworthiness
in independent coders, research assistants were trained to utilize
grounded theory, employ the “constant comparison” method,
and maintain an audit trail. Further, the principal investigator
hosted monthly meetings to discuss coding progress [82].
Presentation of Findings
Once analysis is complete, member checking will be conducted
whereby participants will be invited to a virtual group meeting
to discuss the analysis and how it converges and/or diverges
with their individual participation. A draft of this analysis in
the form of a written report and a visual will be distributed in
advance of this meeting; for participants who cannot attend
member checking in the virtual group, they will have the option
of emailing a written response to the analysis. Once the results
are finalized, study findings will be disseminated to relevant
research and practice communities. The results will be presented
at local, national, and international social work, qualitative
research, and SGM-specific academic conferences and
symposia, and submitted for publication in peer-reviewed
journals. A summary of the results will be made available on
the INQYR website, with infographics, diagrams, and
descriptions shared on social media with links to the website.
The results will also be detailed in funder reports.
As participants provided specific consent and interest in the
research team publishing their photos, the QueerVIEW project
will culminate in the creation of an online photo gallery. With
participants’consent, voiceovers or text descriptors will describe
the images, with a future goal of turning the online gallery into
an interactive game interface. Images will have blurred
identifiable information, will not feature faces, and will be
protected to the greatest extent possible (such as excluding the
ability to save image files and barring access from online search
engines, such as Google Images). Participants will have access
to the online gallery to view their images. An online gallery
reception will be hosted for all participants, research team,
INQYR partnership members, and interested community
members to attend.
Results
Data collection has been completed with a total of 30 interviews.
Major emerging themes center on the process of deliberate yet
differential approaches to identity formation among SGMY
using online and offline mediums. Early results are promising,
with virtual photo elicitation serving as a useful tool to deepen
the interview process and provide a glimpse into the lives of
SGMY participants. Participants took extensive time to consider,
select, and submit their photos. SGMY reported caring about
their photo selection and the study process because they wanted
to select the best photos to represent themselves and because
of their potential vulnerability in sharing personal photos.
Discussion
Recruitment Process
The research team noted that the recruitment stage of this study
took longer than anticipated at 7 months in length (September
2019 to April 2020), although this is comparable to offline
photo-based research [83,84]. However, the COVID-19 global
pandemic resulted in an increase in participants finalizing their
photo selections and scheduling interviews. The recruitment
process was adjusted and streamlined by the research team, with
a gentle time limit conveyed to participants, in order to decrease
the amount of time between recruitment and interview to
facilitate the research process. Among the four highly
marginalized priority populations identified above, participants
who were immigrants, refugees, or newcomers to Canada and
those with child welfare experiences were particularly
challenging to recruit. Targeted recruitment strategies with
specialized agencies were needed to increase participation in
this regard. Future qualitative photo elicitation undertaken by
the research team will likely focus on recruiting participants
with one or two priority experiences.
Interview Process
The online interview process was very successful, with the
research team observing that rapport was built more rapidly
online than during in-person interviews of a similar nature,
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which corroborates extant literature [83], perhaps as a result of
familiarity with online platforms and the comfort with online
sharing for SGMY [47]. Participants expressed a sense of
emotional catharsis at interview completion, with many stating
that they felt better after the interviews and many developing a
deeper understanding of their experiences or patterns of
behaviour, which aligns with extant photovoice and photo
elicitation research [83-86]. Such expressions of catharsis will
be explored in the analysis and reported in the context of existing
literature on the photo elicitation method’s potential for
therapeutic benefit.
Limitations
Protocol limitations include the entry criteria of English
comprehension and ability to participate in an online interview.
While this study prioritized immigrants, refugees, and
newcomers to Canada, the study team only had resources
available for recruitment and data collection in English.
Additional resources for translation services for recruitment,
screening, photo submission, and interviewing could have
mitigated this language barrier. As this study also prioritized
SGMY with experiences of homelessness, access to a device
(eg, smartphone) and a private space for the interview could
have also been a barrier. Since this study recruited across the
Canadian province of Ontario (a large land mass) during the
COVID-19 pandemic, and with limited resources, travel for
in-person interviews and the provision of devices were not
possible. Partnering with community organizations in
recruitment may have mitigated the access barrier to some
extent, before the COVID-19 pandemic shuttered in-person
services, as participants could potentially have used
organizational resources to participate in the study.
Conclusion
QueerVIEW is an innovative study that leverages technology
and visual arts-based research in a virtual photo elicitation
method that advances a creative investigation examining
resilience among SGMY. This protocol describes the successful
implementation of a completely virtual research study that
integrates digital photography with online recruitment, PEIs,
data collection, and analysis to deepen exploration of SGMY
experiences. The application of this protocol has determined
that (1) youth take extroaordinary care in selecting photos, which
should be accommodated in recruitment strategies and study
timelines, (2) online PEIs can result in increased engagement
and sharing by SGMY participants, and (3) technology-enabled
PEI studies can contribute to a sense of catharsis for youth
participants. The target populations of this study have been
chosen based on their experiences of resilience, and the methods
offer a means to facilitate their empowerment by fully
immersing the research team in their experiences. It is through
these methods, which privilege SGMY participant voices about
their experiences and accessibility, that the researchers will be
able to produce results that portray a robust picture of SGMY
intersectional experiences.
Acknowledgments
Dr Craig is the Canada Research Chair in Sexual and Gender Minority Youth. This project is funded by Partnership and Connection
Grants from the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada (SSHRC Grants #895-2018-1000 and
#611-2019-0024), the John R Evans Leaders Fund of the Canada Foundation for Innovation (CFI Grant #37651), and an International
Doctoral Cluster Grant from the University of Toronto. Mr Eaton is supported by a salary award from the Ontario HIV Treatment
Network. Ms Pascoe and Mr Egag are supported by graduate fellowships from SSHRC.
Conflicts of Interest
None declared.
Multimedia Appendix 1
QueerVIEW flyer.
[PDF File (Adobe PDF File), 575 KB-Multimedia Appendix 1]
Multimedia Appendix 2
QueerVIEW online gallery consent form.
[DOCX File , 99 KB-Multimedia Appendix 2]
Multimedia Appendix 3
Photo instructions.
[DOCX File , 99 KB-Multimedia Appendix 3]
Multimedia Appendix 4
Interview questionnaire.
[DOCX File , 20 KB-Multimedia Appendix 4]
JMIR Res Protoc 2020 | vol. 9 | iss. 11 | e20547 | p. 7https://www.researchprotocols.org/2020/11/e20547 (page number not for citation purposes)
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Multimedia Appendix 5
Peer review reports.
[PDF File (Adobe PDF File), 438 KB-Multimedia Appendix 5]
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Abbreviations
ICTs: information and communication technologies
INQYR: International Partnership for Queer Youth Resistance
PEI: photo elicitation interview
SGM: sexual and gender minority
SGMY: sexual and gender minority youth
TGNC: trans and gender nonconforming
Edited by G Eysenbach; submitted 07.08.20; peer-reviewed by S Donnelly, C Escobar-Viera, N Mohammad Gholi Mezerji; comments
to author 29.09.20; revised version received 08.10.20; accepted 20.10.20; published 05.11.20
Please cite as:
Craig SL, Eaton AD, Pascoe R, Egag E, McInroy LB, Fang L, Austin A, Dentato MP
QueerVIEW: Protocol for a Technology-Mediated Qualitative Photo Elicitation Study With Sexual and Gender Minority Youth in
Ontario, Canada
JMIR Res Protoc 2020;9(11):e20547
URL: https://www.researchprotocols.org/2020/11/e20547
doi: 10.2196/20547
PMID:
©Shelley L Craig, Andrew D Eaton, Rachael Pascoe, Egag Egag, Lauren B McInroy, Lin Fang, Ashley Austin, Michael P Dentato.
Originally published in JMIR Research Protocols (http://www.researchprotocols.org), 05.11.2020. This is an open-access article
distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which
permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work, first published in JMIR
Research Protocols, is properly cited. The complete bibliographic information, a link to the original publication on
http://www.researchprotocols.org, as well as this copyright and license information must be included.
JMIR Res Protoc 2020 | vol. 9 | iss. 11 | e20547 | p. 11https://www.researchprotocols.org/2020/11/e20547 (page number not for citation purposes)
Craig et alJMIR RESEARCH PROTOCOLS
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