Organising Local Economic Development: The Role of Development Agencies and Companies
... In the global policy scenario, the popularity of "local development agencies" as relevant organisational and institutional tools for territorial economic development has widely increased 1 , together with their potential to give operational application to various policy implications raised by the literature regarding local development and, interestingly for this paper, local systems of innovation (Blakely and Leigh, 2009;Clark et al., 2010). Despite this, some controversial experiences (e.g. ...
... The comparative analysis of 16 different local development agencies elaborated by Clark et al. (2010) offers interesting empirical insights, highlighting the appropriateness of the agency model and the corporate structure to overcome weaknesses in the local institutional framework and sustain political co-investment between different actors. These aspects are shared as well by ILS LEDA (2009) in its account of LEDAs' contribution to several dimensions of human development, which led to the identification of 10 good principles for the success of a LEDA, related to its governance, management, mission, self-sustainability, and multi-scalar network relations (Canzanelli, 2010). ...
... To conclude, blending, aligning and gardening are thus three functions that LEDAs havethe potential to carry out, eventually representing themselves an institutional innovation (Clark et al., 2010), able to strengthen governments' policy capabilities (von Tunzelmann, 2009a) and to broader social innovation in the dynamics of social relations (Moulaert and Mehmood, 2010), thus substantially modifying the evolutionary patterns of local societies. ...
This paper aims at investigating the role of Local Economic Development Agencies
(LEDAs) in promoting the consolidation of regional systems of innovation and in
sustaining the enhancement of dynamic capabilities.
Arguments are based on a investigation in two Balkan regions – Vlore region (Albania)
and Sumadija/Pomoravlje region (Serbia) – where two LEDAS operate, respectively
AULEDA and REDASP; nonetheless, the findings could be applied to many other
regions and LEDAS challenging for sustainable territorial competitiveness in the
medium-long term.
These findings suggest that a systemic approach to innovation is starting to take place
in these regions and that the respective LEDAs are acting as animators of innovation
strengthening interactive and dynamic capabilities of local actors. Nevertheless, the
analysis indicates the need of further efforts regarding the institutionalization of local
interactions and the strengthening of universities’ capacities, financing channels, and
knowledge building and diffusion mechanisms.
The conclusions show what are the challenges for the LEDAs and how to face them.
... RDAs in Canada, as in many other countries, were designed to serve as key nodes between local conditions, regional interests, and federal priorities (Beer et al, 2003;Bradford, 2010;Clark et al, 2010). While the creation of RDAs was part of the long-standing federal commitment to reducing economic disparities across the country, each has distinct strategies in implementing similar goals, as well as their own objectives in what they consider the best supports to local economic growth in their region. ...
... A new regionalism mindset took hold of the RDAs in the mid-1990s through federal budgetary constraints (Clark et al, 2010;Hall, 2012;Vodden et al, 2019). It was presented as a flexible, adaptative, and collaborative model with a focus on recruitment and training strategies, potential synergies across sectors, and other multi-dimensional requirements for supporting the knowledge-based economy (Bradford, 2010;. ...
The Atlantic Canada Opportunities Agency (ACOA) and Western Economic Diversification Canada (WD) are regional development agencies (RDAs) created to forge links between federal economic development priorities and local interests. RDAs in Canada follow a pro-trade agenda in support of local economic growth, but their strategies were adjusted in the 1990s to a new regionalism mindset, which emphasizes decentralized and collaborative leadership. In this article, we examine how both agencies responded, respectively, to the 2007 federal designation of an Atlantic Gateway on the East Coast, and an Asia Pacific Gateway on the West Coast. We combine a content analysis of each RDA’s yearly reports from 2007 to 2020, with a network analysis of their involvement in gateway projects funded by the federal government during this period. The combined analyses show the centrality of ACOA in gateway initiatives in Atlantic Canada, and the peripheral role of WD in Asia Pacific gateway initiatives.
... Effective regional development can reduce the disparity between poor and rich places, increase the stock of locally generated jobs and firms, increase overall private sector investment, improve the flow of information with investors and developers, and increase the coherence and trust with which local economic strategies being chased. This also leads to a better diagnostic assessment of local economic assets and distinctive advantages and leads to a more robust strategic assessment (27). Regional development systems tend to be relatively complex, as they require effective CO-coordination between different types of organizations or stakeholder groups. ...
... This potential limi tation is also the most significant strength of the regional development system. It is often the task of local government to assist a system that unifies all the various component parts ( sector organizations public and private; society and business, knowledge-based institutions and development agencies) in a positive tension in maximizing the use of resources, expertise and experience (27). ...
This research is to describe human capital investment and local development in the digitalization era. This topic is highly relevant and widely discussed in the scientific literature. The research method used is a literature study by carrying out several main approaches to the definition of human capital investment, local development, and sustainable development in the midst of the digital transformation that is sweeping the world today. The purpose of this research is to get a critical reflection on human capital investment and regional development in the digitalization era in the context of diverse approaches and opinions. The method used in this study is to use systematic literature reviews. The results of research based on literature studies show that in facing the digitalization era, human capital is needed for investment and regional development. The development of the digitalization era requires the role of human capital that is oriented to the use of resources in local government by containing aspects of the use of technology as one of the developments of competencies. This orientation can of course be carried out through continuous and systemic education and training in maintaining the quality of the results of human capital development in the regions, including pentahelix in the regions. Keywords: human capital investment, regional development, digitalization
... En la ciudad portuaria, el puerto se constituye en la principal estructura física y de desarrollo económico. En el caso relacional del concepto de ciudad-puerto, el puerto representa un elemento de mayor complejidad pues puede determinar la organización física de toda la ciudad, afectar significativamente la economía urbana y caracterizar muchos aspectos de la vida ciudadana en el contexto cultural (Clark, Huxley y Mountford, 2010;Ospina, 2014;Bruttomesso, 2014). ...
... El proyecto comenzó en 1996 y se proyecta su terminación 2020. Una inversión de más de 5 500 millones de euros, para remodelar el entorno de la ciudad, reconvertir bodegas portuarias en centros de interés social y turístico, adecuar zonas habitacionales y portuarias para el beneficio de sus habitantes e incremento de la actividad turística (Clark et al., 2010). La planeación es la constante del éxito del crecimiento portuario en las ciudades de Rotterdam y Hamburgo. ...
Este artículo muestra los resultados del estudio sobre el potencial turístico de Barranquilla (Colombia), desde el contexto portuario. Metodológicamente se realizaron 392 encuestas con el fin de evaluar la identidad de la población con el río Magdalena y su capacidad para construir el concepto colectivo de ciudad-puerto. Se diseñaron escenarios prospectivos por medio de la técnica de grupos focales. En el escenario a 10 años, se visualiza la creación de una autoridad portuaria como principal avance. En el escenario a 20 años, se destaca la planeación a largo plazo y el afianzamiento del concepto de ciudad-puerto a través del desarrollo de la infraestructura, la logística y el turismo. Para un escenario a 30 años se proyecta un e-port, puerto y ciudad, integrado en su logística y operaciones por las TIC. Entre las conclusiones se destaca que el ciudadano barranquillero presenta una barrera de identificación con el río y con la apropiación del concepto relacional de ciudad-puerto como el principal motor de desarrollo socioeconómico; se identifica la dificultad para construir ideas conjuntas entre el desarrollo turístico-portuario en el contexto ciudad-puerto.
... Originating from Europe in the 1950s and 1960s (Blakely 1989; Rodriguez-Pose and Tijmastra 2009), LED as a development strategy has spread rapidly to North America in the 1960s and 1970s (Dewar 1998;Clark et al. 2010), East Asia in the 1980s and 1990s and in recent years become popular in Latin America, South Asia and Africa (Clark et al. 2010;Rogerson and Rogerson 2010;Mensah et al. 2017). During this period, LED has generally gone through three broad main phases (World Bank 2004). ...
... Originating from Europe in the 1950s and 1960s (Blakely 1989; Rodriguez-Pose and Tijmastra 2009), LED as a development strategy has spread rapidly to North America in the 1960s and 1970s (Dewar 1998;Clark et al. 2010), East Asia in the 1980s and 1990s and in recent years become popular in Latin America, South Asia and Africa (Clark et al. 2010;Rogerson and Rogerson 2010;Mensah et al. 2017). During this period, LED has generally gone through three broad main phases (World Bank 2004). ...
Local economic development (LED) has gained prominence as a feasible option to top–down development approaches that have generally been unsuccessful in generating significant and sustainable development at the local level. While LED has proven to be an attractive local development strategy, very little attention has been devoted to the policy and practice of LED in Ghana. This article fills this gap and contributes to the discussion and evidence of LED in sub-Saharan Africa. The article is the output of an examination of documentary sources on LED policies, practices and case studies in Ghana. We argue that while LED policy and practice in Ghana has been in existence for several years, local areas are still building their impetus for the initiative of their own economic development and find practical solutions that make sense in their milieu. It is crucial for local governments to develop LED actions plans, ensure effective participation of stakeholders, build in value chain and reduce politicisation.
... Haluza-DeLay (2014) concurs with the findings of Rifat et al. (2020) who posit that FBOs command significant authority and are in a position to guide people regarding good sustainable practices. A significant number of studies have also revealed that FBOs often combine their religious teachings with scientific evidence by presenting climate change as a significant crisis that demands immediate attention (Clarke et al., 2010;Jenkins et al., 2018;Lee & Kong, 2015). FBOs also contribute significantly to improving societal resilience against climate change by implementing various initiatives, including green energy projects, early warning systems, disaster readiness, and climate-smart agriculture (Ager et al., 2015;Sheikhi et al., 2021). ...
Motivation
Faith‐based organizations (FBOs) have a significant role to play at a time of environmental upheavals, but their ability to mobilize climate funds in sub‐Saharan Africa, especially Ghana, remains under question.
Purpose
The study asked three questions: (1) What spectrum of climate change investment opportunities are FBOs seeking? (2) What are the untapped climate change investment opportunities that FBOs can pursue? (3) What are the constraints that hinder FBOs in mobilizing funds to finance these opportunities?
Approach and methods
A qualitative research approach was adopted for the study and 18 FBOs in Ghana were purposively selected as a sample for the study.
Findings
The study uncovered the spectrum of climate change investment opportunities pursued by FBOs in the areas of agriculture and waste. However, there are untapped climate change investment opportunities in the energy and transport sectors. The constraints associated with mobilizing climate finance are ideological differences, knowledge gaps, limited institutional capacity, and bureaucratic bottlenecks.
Policy implications
Climate action funders need to reduce complications surrounding the means of obtaining funding and streamline their funding requirements to suit FBOs. They should also reassess their credibility evaluation standards to help FBOs from being sidestepped due to limited funding track records, despite the promising adaptation and mitigation initiatives they may have to offer. FBOs must upgrade their skills in the climate finance landscape by taking advantage of capacity‐building programmes and training that seek to increase their understanding of the climate finance opportunities and requirements of climate funders.
... Significativo resulta también el programa AVALEM Territori (Martínez-Puche y López, 2018). Por último, la trasferencia a la sociedad se refleja en la realización/participación en proyectos de planificación estratégica, la impartición de másteres y títulos propios, la creación de redes de cooperación intrarregionales e internacionales como las ADEL o el desarrollo local desde una perspectiva de género en América Latina (Canzanelli et al., coords., 2002;Clark et al., 2010;Auricchio et al., 2017;European Union, 2022). ...
... Los Gobiernos nacionales y estatales han promovido el desarrollo local en los últimos veinte años a través del incremento de las capacidades institucionales de las ciudades y regiones (Clark et al., 2011). Las autoridades pueden tomar decisiones y hacer intervenciones necesarias para optimizar su desempeño económico para contribuir al crecimiento y desarrollo de todo el país, y con ello descentralizar y democratizar el poder. ...
Objetivo: identificar los principales problemas en el eje social, económico y ambiental que presenta Santiago Texcalcingo (Oaxaca, México). Metodología: cualitativa descriptiva, mediante la investigación-acción participativa (IAP), tomada y adaptada por la Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (Cepal). Resultados: se observa que Santiago Texcalcingo, a través de su plan municipal de desarrollo, ha identificado los principales problemas en los ejes bienestar para todos, gobierno honesto, seguridad y paz, así como crecimiento y desarrollo, en que es necesario la participación de los distintos actores del municipio con la finalidad de generar y proponer alternativas de solución para brindar un bienestar y propiciar un desarrollo local integral. Conclusión: La planificación de desarrollo local es una herramienta útil para identificar las líneas de acción que se deben seguir a fin de establecer estrategias para alcanzar los objetivos planteados.
... It is a governance method followed to address disparity, working to achieve popular participation to mobilize it to integrate with official efforts. The councils can be integrated with the roles of the executive authority and various public and private sectors in the country, which enables local citizens to solve their problems, facilitates the provision of services, and thus contributes to achieving the development of local communities (Clark, G., Huxley, J. & Mountford, and D., 2010). ...
The study aims to discuss the reality of local councils in Jordan in terms of their origin, responsibility, and repercussions on the local community. It also explains the impact of the role of the executive authority on the performance of middle administrations and reviews the impact of the electoral system on the reality of the achievements of municipal and governorate councils (decentralization and the extent to which the local administration sector in Jordan contributes to Various areas of development, thus revealing the most important challenges that still face local councils.The study is based on the main hypothesis: "There is a correlation between the role and influence of public authority in Jordan and the limited outputs of local administrations and councils in the process of sustainable development." The study used each of the analysis systems, institutional and functional approaches.Finally, the study concluded several results, the most prominent of which is the existence of a gap between public policy strategies and plans related to the roles of middle administrations and local councils and the ability to reach sustainable development in Jordan.
... A recent OECD report (Clark et al., 2010) pointed to the leading role frequently played by local/regional government in promoting successful development at regional and subregional levels. 1 The key role in this respect is the provision of leadership in building development coalitions and collaborative networks among relevant actors. This includes creating a long-term vision for how the region should develop; promoting strategic thinking in terms of how this vision can be realised; setting goals for action in relation to vision realisation; communicating its vision and aspirations to regional stakeholders and ensuring that all stakeholders are informed about, and involved in, the actions being taken in pursuit of regional goals; and building trust and alliance between the various stakeholders, thereby ensuring their full commitment to the development effort. ...
Since the 1980s, regional development policy in advanced economies has emphasised the promotion of endogenous development potentials within regions, with local/regional government playing a leading role in the creation of effective governance structures for mobilising these potentials. A key feature of this approach is the adoption of the city-region as the organising unit for pursuing local/regional development. Ireland has not followed this lead, continuing to rely on external investment as the main engine of economic growth and failing to devolve highly centralised functions which could give local/regional government a more effective developmental role. This article argues that the 2012 Action Programme for Effective Local Government proposes a regional structure which is meaningless in terms of city-region development and fails to address the governance weaknesses which inhibit development at the regional and local levels. The action programme therefore ignores international best practice regarding how effective regional development should be pursued.
... This perspective is substantiated in some studies (Greg et al., 2010;Ndabeni et al., 2016), who showed that government development investment has a limited influence on cases of malnourished children in India, implying that a Local Economic Development (LED) approach is necessary. This indicates that development expenditures must be complemented by empowerment in handling stunting cases. ...
Stunting is a public health concern affecting several countries worldwide, including Indonesia. Previous studies have shown that stunting is more prevalent in rural areas than in urban ones. The objectives of this study is to examine the effects of village expenditures on development implementation, community development, and community empowerment, as well as the Village Development Index, across 33 Indonesian provinces. Secondary data was collected by the Central Statistics Agency in 2016, 2019, and 2021. The study was designed using quantitative research and panel data regression. The analysis results using the fixed effect model with one tail hypothesis test indicated that: first, village spending on development implementation has had no significant effect; second, village expenditure on development has no discernible effect; third, village expenditures on empowerment had no discernible effect; fourth, stunting rates in Indonesian provinces are significantly affected by Building Village Indexes.
... The sustainability of cities, therefore, must also be analyzed in relation to this particular perspective. Not only are negative externalities induced by the settlements of businesses in cities, even if they are positive ones, but it is necessary to understand what conditions can guarantee such sustainability [83]. ...
Urban dynamics in recent years show a tendency that cannot be ignored in terms of the impacts that they induce, with regard to many companies, especially big companies, that are settled in the downtown districts of the main cities, where economic spaces are blended with urban spaces. This study, therefore, aims to investigate the sustainability of cities by using the specific perspective of their relationship with the companies’ urban settlements. Some questions in the present work are discussed: What advantages derive from the firms’ settlements in downtown areas? What is the impact on urban geographies? What role does urban policy play in this process? How do cities perceive this large business settlement? To answer to these questions, a model of dynamic equilibrium, referred to as the public–private relationship, is provided. The analysis starts from the context of the city as a commercial space, then identifies the determinants of the establishment of businesses in the city centers and the mediating function of politics in this urban morphogenesis. Case studies from the USA on large companies returning to urban centers complete the analysis.
... This potential constraint is also the most important strength of the local development system. It is often the responsibility of local government to build a system that brings all its different components together in a positive synergy that makes maximum use of all available resources (Clark et al., 2010). As far as the fight against poverty is concerned, in the territories impoverishment processes are taking place that are not being addressed by public actors, private capital and local actors have few resources at their disposal to reverse their situation (Klein & Rauflet., 2014). ...
... La segunda es que, debido a la existencia de recursos de diversa índole, tiene la capacidad de crear un valor para los actores que en él se encuentran y que está limitada por el aprovechamiento y explotación de estos propios recursos. La tercera es su capacidad endógena de crear un sistema de desarrollo local a través del cual los actores y las organizaciones buscan dar respuesta a los intereses individuales, colectivos y sociales que cada uno de ellos presenta (Clark, Huxley, & Mountford, 2010). Esta última característica brinda al territorio un aspecto relacional que genera implicaciones en la dinámica social interior y exterior del mismo y que será presentado en la siguiente sección. ...
Territory is a concept that has been approached from different scopes of social sciences. As a result of its study, currently is understand as a multidimensional and complex form, where not only take into consideration the geographical aspect and availability of resources, but also includes a relational and dynamic aspect. Consequence of this view it can be used as a framework to analyze the different connections that social actors presents between them, and the causes, implications and effects they have on the territory where theyoperate. The aim of this paper is to present how different actors have been integrated into the territory as a result of the breakdown in social roles that state, civil society and companies traditionally had been doing. These schemes of collaboration and integration can be understood as social innovations that generate socioeconomic processes aimed to improving living conditions for all inhabitants. The analysis is a framework that serves as the basis for thestudy of social innovations that occur most frequently in the current context.Key words: enterprise integration, inter-sectorial partnerships, social actors, social innovation, territory.JEL: O35, O10, M10Resumen. El territorio es un concepto que ha sido abordado desde diferentes ramas de las ciencias sociales, sin embargo, y como resultado de su estudio, actualmente es visualizado de una forma multidimensional y compleja, en donde no solamente se toman en consideración su aspecto geográfico y la disposición de recursos, sino que también se incluye su aspecto relacional y dinámico. Consecuencia de esta visualización éste puede ser utilizado como un marco de referencia para analizar las diferentes articulaciones que presentan losactores sociales que en él convergen, así como las causas, implicaciones y efectos que éstastienen en el entorno donde se encuentran y en los mismos actores que las generan. El objetivo de este trabajo es presentar la forma en que los diferentes actores se han idointegrando al territorio como consecuencia de la ruptura en los roles sociales que Estado,organizaciones de la sociedad civil y empresas tradicionalmente venían realizando. Estos esquemas de colaboración e integración pueden ser entendidos como innovaciones sociales que generan procesos socioeconómicos orientados a la mejora de condiciones de vida detodos los habitantes. El análisis realizado es un marco de referencia que sirve como base para el estudio de las innovaciones sociales que se presentan con mayor frecuencia en elcontexto actual. Palabras clave: actores sociales, alianzas intersectoriales, innovación social, integración empresarial, territorio.
... La segunda es que, debido a la existencia de recursos de diversa índole, tiene la capacidad de crear un valor para los actores que en él se encuentran y que está limitada por el aprovechamiento y explotación de estos propios recursos. La tercera es su capacidad endógena de crear un sistema de desarrollo local a través del cual los actores y las organizaciones buscan dar respuesta a los intereses individuales, colectivos y sociales que cada uno de ellos presenta (Clark, Huxley, & Mountford, 2010). Esta última característica brinda al territorio un aspecto relacional que genera implicaciones en la dinámica social interior y exterior del mismo y que será presentado en la siguiente sección. ...
Key words: enterprise integration, inter-sectorial partnerships, social actors, social innovation, territory.JEL: O35, O10, M10Abstract. Territory is a concept that has been approached from different scopes of social sciences. As a result of its study, currently is understand as a multidimensional and complex form, where not only take into consideration the geographical aspect and availability of resources, but also includes a relational and dynamic aspect. Consequence of this view it can be used as a framework to analyze the different connections that social actors presents between them, and the causes, implications and effects they have on the territory where they operate. The aim of this paper is to present how different actors have been integrated into the territory as a result of the breakdown in social roles that state, civil society and companies traditionally had been doing. These schemes of collaboration and integration can be understood as social innovations that generate socioeconomic processes aimed to improving living conditions for all inhabitants. The analysis is a framework that serves as the basis for the study of social innovations that occur most frequently in the current context.Palabras clave: actores sociales, alianzas intersectoriales, innovación social, integración empresarial, territorio. JEL: O35, O10, M10Resumen. El territorio es un concepto que ha sido abordado desde diferentes ramas de las ciencias sociales, sin embargo, y como resultado de su estudio, actualmente es visualizado de una forma multidimensional y compleja, en donde no solamente se toman en consideración su aspecto geográfico y la disposición de recursos, sino que también se incluye su aspecto relacional y dinámico. Consecuencia de esta visualización éste puede ser utilizado como un marco de referencia para analizar las diferentes articulaciones que presentan los actores sociales que en él convergen, así como las causas, implicaciones y efectos que éstas tienen en el entorno donde se encuentran y en los mismos actores que las generan. El objetivo de este trabajo es presentar la forma en que los diferentes actores se han ido integrando al territorio como consecuencia de la ruptura en los roles sociales que Estado, organizaciones de la sociedad civil y empresas tradicionalmente venían realizando. Estos esquemas de colaboración e integración pueden ser entendidos como innovaciones sociales que generan procesos socioeconómicos orientados a la mejora de condiciones de vida de todos los habitantes. El análisis realizado es un marco de referencia que sirve como base para el estudio de las innovaciones sociales que se presentan con mayor frecuencia en el contexto actual.
... Blakely and Leigh (2010) asserted LED as a process that emphasises the full use of the existing human and natural resources to preserve and increase a community's standard of living that is based on the principles of equity and sustainability. United Nations, World Bank and Organisation for Economic Development and Co-operation have addressed the goal of LED: to build the capacity of a defined territory to improve its economic future and the quality of life for inhabitants (Huxley et al., 2010). ...
Purpose - This paper aims to study the Pesantren’s role in alleviating the poverty in rural region, and the discussion is connected to the theory of local economic development and Maqāṣid al-Sharī‘ah.
Design/methodology/approach - This paper engages a case study and an interview to get insight into the subject matters.
Findings - This study finds that the roles of an entrepreneur and a stimulator are evident from the sampled Pesantren in empowering the local economy and the underprivileged community. Further, inasmuch as the fundamental concept of local economic development is in line with Maqāṣid al-Sharī‘ah, the evidence from the sampled Pesantren is also representative of its role in actualising it. This study is relevant for academics, local government in Indonesia and other related stakeholders.
Practical implications - This paper credits both theoretical and practical implications for academics and the government. Firstly, by discussing the concept of prosperity from the Western and Islamic perspective, this paper creates a notion that these theories are harmonisable. Secondly, by sampling a Pesantren to draw how these two concepts are applied to advance a rural economy, this paper comes out with the hands-on advice for Indonesian government to legally engage with the existing Pesantrens to perform its rural development programmes.
Social implications - While a Pesantren’s role in empowering a disadvantaged community is comprehensively investigated, an accurate evidence is documented which can best challenge its radicalism and terrorism issues.
Originality/value - This is the first study to harmonise the theory of local economic development and Maqāṣid al-Sharī‘ah and presents the practical evidence from a Pesantren.
Different understandings of what culture offers cities are reflected in its governance. Focusing on Sheffield, we apply a conceptual framework to reveal how the varied claims made for culture and associated forms of governance intersect and diverge. The governance gaps revealed generate lessons about how to link hierarchical culture governance with the lived experience of a city’s cultural and creative workers, vital cultural producers who engage in self-governance, whilst asserting city government’s stewardship of these processes in its role of caring for place. By linking culture governance to the everyday, the research refines oppositions – between formal and informal, production and consumption and co-option and contestation – to highlight the need for an active, inclusive form of co-governance that better supports cultural producers, in place.
This paper addresses the exercising of local development in Spain, particularly in the Region of Valencia. At the end of 1980, a professional position was created to form part of the public administrations, who would be responsible for attracting economic resources, diversifying economic activities, taking advantage of the capacities and possibilities of the territories, and encouraging the creation of employment opportunities. These activities have been conducted from a holistic and integrated perspective, in which professional geographers participate from both an applied and training point of view. The objectives of this publication, based on a survey carried out in 2019 involving114 professionals belonging to the Federation of Technical Personnel in Local Development Management of the Region of Valencia (ADLYPSE) and in-depth interviews, are to explore: a) the academic profiles; b) the type of actions carried out in the territory; and c) the importance of these actions, highlighting the close relationship between Geography and the management of territorial resources. Among the results, it is worth highlighting that, despite the importance of these experts in the promotion and management of the territory's resources, they have no professional recognition in many of the region’s municipalities since they have been limited to managing subsidies and financial aid, and have an excess of bureaucratic tasks. Therefore, the professional profiles of technical staff in local development should be adapted to the real needs of the territories in which they work, since an industrial or tourist municipality will have different priorities to a rural municipality with a small population. The importance of training, in general, and geography training, in particularly, is also underlined. Of the five university master's degrees that are currently active in Spain, having a clear link to local development, three are led by geographers.
The Association for the Revitalization of Metropolitan Bilbao, “Bilbao Metropoli-30”, is an association of promotion and research that has been formed to carry out planning, research and promotion projects, headed towards the recuperation and revitalization of Metropolitan Bilbao.
The objective is the dynamic recovery of Metropolitan Bilbao through the application of entrepreneurial management tools (strategic planning, the analysis of future scenarios, city marketing and urban indicator systems); by encouraging collaboration between the public and private sectors and the creation of social capital in the city; and by developing entrepreneurial leadership, civil association and innovation in business management.
The work of Bilbao Metropoli-30 is broadly focused on Metropolitan Bilbao, which comprises 30 municipalities. In fact, the organisation has no specific administrative limits. The area in which it operates is better defined as an area linked by its culture and industrial heritage.
The development of the strategic plan in Bilbao has favoured a debate on a metropolitan scale. The Bilbao experience, with the vision developed by the Bilbao Metropoli-30 Association, is proof of the strategic importance of the metropolitan dimension in the transformation of cities.
Öz Amaç: Çalışmanın amacı, City Break hareketinin yerel kalkınmanın sağlanmasında kamu politikası örneği olarak etkin bir turizm politikası olup olmadığının tespit edilmesidir. Tasarım/Yöntem: Araştırma konusunun derinlemesine incelenebilmesi için amaçlı örnekleme yöntemi tercih edilmiştir. Bu çerçevede araştırmanın örneklemini, Isparta bölgesindeki 13 turizm paydaşı oluşturmaktadır. Araştırma için yarı yapılandırılmış soru formu kullanılmış, veri toplama yöntemi olarak görüşme tekniği tercih edilmiştir. Elde edilen verilen Maxqda programı kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. Bulgular: Analiz sonuçları City Break dahilindeki ziyaretçilerin Isparta’nın doğal ve kültürel yapısından etkilendiğini, ulaşım açısından avantajlı bir konumda olduğunu düşündüklerini; fakat City Break ziyaretçileri için yeterli düzeyde politika bulunmadığını göstermektedir. Aynı zamanda bilgiye ulaşım konusunda çevrimiçi bilgi ve iletişim sistemlerinin sıklıkla tercih edildiği ve gerçekleştirilen geziler sonrasında görüş ve düşüncelerin değerlendirildiği gözlenmektedir. Diğer sonuçlar ise kurumlar arası iş birliklerinin prosedür tabanlı olduğunu bununla birlikte kurumların sıklıkla yerel politika ve aktivitelere yöneldiğini göstermektedir. Elde edilen bulgular değerlendirildiğinde Isparta’nın City Break için zengin bir bölge olduğu ve kalkınma sürecinde City Break hareketlerinin etkin bir politika olarak tercih edilebileceği öngörülmektedir. Fakat cevaplar neticesinde Isparta’da City Break için yeterli çalışma ve aktivite yapılmadığı, kalkınmaya fayda sağlaması amacıyla bu alana yönelik kamu politikaları geliştirilmesi gerektiği düşünülmektedir. Sınırlılıklar: Araştırma örneklemini, Isparta'daki turizm paydaşları oluşturmaktadır. Bu unsur araştırmanın temel sınırlılığını oluşturmaktadır. Özgünlük/Değer: Çalışma, yerel kalınma ile City Break Hareketi arasında ilişki kurması bakımından özgün bir niteliğe sahiptir. Anahtar Kelimeler: City Break Hareketi, Yerel Kalkınma, Kamu Politikası, Turizm Politikası
The 2030 agenda for sustainable development is a plan with global implications, and the international community expects the nations that have signed it to devote all of their resources. The subject of the chapter is research on the implementation of the agenda 2030 on sustainable development, in the Republic of Serbia. The accomplishment of the sustainable adopted goals, which aim to promote honorable labor, an inclusive economy, and other aspects that might lead to a better society, is crucial for Serbia. The main goal of the chapter is to establish, based on certain indicators, whether and to what extent the Republic of Serbia has embarked on the path of sustainable development. Since almost half of the time allotted for achieving sustainability goals has already passed, the authors wish to emphasize the urgency of ensuring the necessary preconditions for the implementation of Agenda 2030 in the Republic of Serbia and progress towards achieving it, in cooperation with the public and private sectors, the academic community, civil society organizations, and citizens.
For normal functioning and development of local self-government, it is necessary to secure financial resources from various funding sources. The basic sources of financing for local self-government are local tax revenues. However, during a period of crisis, local governments cannot rely only on their revenues. To provide the most favourable source of financing, the local government has the task of establishing and implementing an effective debt management policy with the control of its indebtedness capacities. It is by determining this capacity, through various indicators of indebtedness, that it is possible to know what kind of financial health the local self-government has. The paper aims to show the degree of impact of the Pandemic crisis on the indebtedness of local self-governments in 2020. In addition, the paper presents key priority areas for financing local governments during the crisis period.
Because they are efficient instruments for implementing territorial development policies, development and innovation agencies have attracted the attention of governments and multilateral organizations, which study, create and promote them, hence the diversity of research aimed at systematizing their characteristics and management models. There are more than 15,000 organizations of this type in the world, characterized by their diversity in terms of objectives, size and instruments; by their excellent human resources and, fundamentally, by their encouragement of territorial governance processes and promotion
of innovation. This article is a partial synthesis of a broader research that is part of the interest in understanding the characteristics of development and innovation agencies and, particularly, in identifying the key dimensions or aspects addressed by studies to describe them as a basis for future research.
Monografija „Lokalni ekonomski i održivi razvoj u
Srbiji“ rezultat je višegodišnjeg istraživačkog rada autora u
okviru Instituta za političke studije. Osnovni cilj ove studije
jeste da približi pojam lokalnog ekonomskog razvoja i lokalnog
održivog razvoja čitaocima, ali i da pruži odgovor na nekoliko
osnovnih pitanja, poput pitanja okvira lokalnog ekonomskog
razvoja i lokalnog održivog razvoja u Srbiji i rezultata lokalnih
samouprava u postizanju ove vrste razvojnih ciljeva. Problemski
fokus ovog istraživanja predstavlja evaluacija uspeha dosadašnjeg
procesa upravljanja lokalnim ekonomskim i održivim razvojem
u Srbiji i identifikacija osnovnih prepreka koji su umanjile
postignute rezultate.
Polazeći od premise da se samo ekonomski razvoj koji je
ujedno i održiv može smatrati uspešnim lokalnim ekonomskim
razvojem, autori su ova dva pojma sintetizovali i na primeru
Srbije predstavili dosadašnju politiku lokalnog ekonomskog i
održivog razvoja, odnosno načine upravljanja lokalnim ekonomskim
i održivim razvojem u Srbiji. Fokus ovog istraživačkog poduhvata
jeste da utvrdi na koji način su ovi, na globalnom nivou značajni
koncepti, naišli na primenu u Srbiji, ali i na izazovima i
dostignućima u ovim procesima.
Regional inequalities and regional development policies came to prominence in Turkey in the early 2000s as the EU accession and adaptation process gathered pace. Development Agencies (DAs) were established to reduce inequalities by implementing regional development policies and accelerating regional development in Turkey. This study aims to assess the performances of DAs in Turkey between 2010 and 2017 based on their activities. In view of the options and limitations suggested by the literature, the study adopted 13 performance indicators to evaluate DAs’ performance and effectiveness. These indicators have different forms so they were converted into standard values to be able to rank the performances of the DAs by the total of the scores they received. Frequency analysis was then used to divide the DAs into four performance groups. An evaluation of the results of the assessment in conjunction with the levels of socio-economic development of the regions in which the DAs operate indicated that the performances of the DAs and their contributions to regional development can be enhanced by increasing their means and resources in the case of underdeveloped regions and by a focus on the strategic areas called for by the region in the case of developed regions.
Os países ocidentais desenvolvidos, de economia capitalista, de mercado e aberta, tendem a elevada esperança de vida e baixa taxa de fecundidade. Portugal tem uma geração adulta jovem bastante melhor qualificada do que as antecessoras. A inserção no mercado laboral público desta geração teve ab initio constrangimentos relativos à crise de 2008 e à crise do euro que seguiu. Neste momento, o aparelho do Estado compromete a representação democrática da geração de adultos jovens até aos 34 anos. A consequente representatividade burocrática passiva não se verifica e ações afirmativas vulgo representatividade ativa é parca e com efeitos residuais. Capacity building e alguma discricionariedade dos decisores confluem para que juntamente com sensibilização da problemática e eventuais ações afirmativas como tetos de idade ou previsões nos documentos contratuais das publicações de recrutamento, revoguem a contemporânea inibição, do desenvolvimento e afluência, do capital social adulto jovem.
W artykule poruszona została problematyka wybranych aspektów orientacji marketingowej jednostek terytorialnych, która stanowi jeden z etapów zmiany orientacji tych jednostek w odniesieniu do rynku. W ramach wprowadzenia przedstawiono kilka kluczowych elementów odnoszących się do marketingowej koncepcji jednostek terytorialnych. W dalszej części scharakteryzowano przesłanki przemawiające za wzrostem zainteresowania orientacją marketingową jednostek terytorialnych. Poruszono również zagadnienia jakości życia społeczności oraz procesu promocji, będącego jednym z elementów terytorialnej kompozycji marketingowej. Następnie zaprezentowano elementy kształtujące, dynamizujące rozwój orientacji marketingowej, na przykładzie kreatywności, przywództwa oraz strategii rozwoju terytorialnego.
This study discusses problems referring to the selected aspects of creativity in relation to regional development. Its first part illustrates theoretical aspects of creativity and regional development. Creativity was defined as the source of innovation, tolerance and social sensitivity in the process of territorial units’ socio-economic growth. Next, basic assumptions of the 3T concept by Richard Florida were characterized. Factors referring to creativity and exerting potential impact on regional growth were presented, e.g. culture and art, place brand, innovation, tolerance, talent, regional identity. Selected creative industries, stimulating regional development, were also discussed among which the following were listed: advertising, architecture, art and antiques, publishing, film industry, fashion design, music industry, radio and TV.
The article is focused on the chronology and classification of territorial development agencies (corporations) as an instrument of state regional policy. The paper shows the threat of transformation of the potentially constructive role of corporations into a negative plane. The example of Poland illustrates the EUʼs intervention in the countryʼs internal affairs through regional development corporations as contact points. In Kazakhstan, the first wave of social and entrepreneurial corporations, which were created in 2006–2007 on an extraterritorial basis, caused an internal conflict between the elites, which led to the reformatting of this institution and its subordination to the existing system of regional management (“one district – one region”). The pluralism of approaches to the formation of a network of regional development corporations (“bottom-up” – “top-down”, monoterritoriality – extraterritoriality, etc.) provides opportunities for managerial experimentation, the results of which in the territory of the Russian Federation were expressed in the mass of economic and managerial structures at the federal and regional levels. At the same time, the macroeconomic success of their joint activities remains unclear. For the Russian Federation, the model of consolidation and development of the internal economic space on the basis of corporations of macroregions representing a set of neighboring subjects of the Russian Federation and historically having economic ties of varying degrees of breadth and strength seems appropriate. The model under consideration is based on a new institution of state ownership (macroregion ownership), which allows solving the problems of economic integration of territories by building extraterritorial production and economic complexes.
Spatial policy in the process of creating sustainable development at the local level.
Spatial policy is a sphere of public administration activity (taken both at a central and
self-governmental level), whose role is to set goals and ways of creating, managing and
using available space. The main goal of local spatial policy is to strive to preserve (or to
restore) broadly defined spatial order and to create conditions for sustainable development
of the commune’s spatial structure. Spatial policy tries to designate and include
in planning documents (strategic documents) the desired level of socio-economic community
development as well as needs and opportunities related to this process, resulting
from the existing potential.
The range of research issues focuses on the relationship between local space planning
and management (as a result of local spatial policy) and socio-economic community
development. Multi-step research process, based on studies of literature and analysis of
primary and secondary data, allowed for testing and evaluation of the spatial policy implemented
in the maritime communes of The West Pomeranian Voivodeship. This enabled to identify the impact of local spatial policy on sustainable development of surveyed municipalities, as well as factors supporting and hindering the creation of conditions for their sustainable development. The research process helped to identify activities improving local spatial policy.
The aim of this article is an application of the method which enables the maximization of the volume of output on agricultural farms. The research was based on the Pomorze and Mazury region, which was selected after the analysis of the level of gross output, final output and commodity production. For the sake of the study, a group of farms specializing in field crops was selected, using data for 20042009, made available by the Polish FADN. The method used for the production optimization is the method of the Lagrange multipliers.
The transformations taking place in today’s economy trigger the need for a new outlook at different functioning aspects of European countries and regions. The future, undoubtedly, holds significant changes which can exert an impact on the regional economy. Macroeconomic environment features extensive changeability, which forces regions to adjust their development strategies to the increasingly competitive global market. The European Union specifies in the Europe 2020 development strategy ambitious goals and assumptions indicating opportunities for smart, sustainable and facilitating social cohesion growth. These problems, constituting challenges for experts in the domain of regional economy, were widely discussed during the 20th Scientific Conference entitled: “Local and regional economy in theory and practice”, which was held in Mysłakowice on 17–18 September 2012. The conference is cyclically organized by the Department of Regional Economy of the Wrocław University of Economics headed by Professor Danuta Strahl. It was supported by the “Kuźnia Kadr 2” project implemented by the Wrocław University of Economics and co-financed by the European Union within the framework of the Human Capital Operational Programme. The conference, apart from valuable papers presentation sessions, constituted a forum for exchanging opinions by scientistsand economic practice representatives. We had the pleasure and honour to host research workers from many national and foreign universities, as well as practitioners representing local authorities. The conference’s core objective was to present achievements and exchange experiences in local and regional economy theory and practice, as well as to identify perspectives for further research. The conference subject matter covered a broad spectrum of theoretical and application issues referring tothe local and regional economy, with particular emphasis on the diffusion of solutions applied in science for the benefit of local and regional development, problems of competitiveness and regional innovation, local government finance, spatial economy, structural transformations and territorial marketing. The conference papers were published in six volumes. This publication presents research and reflections referring to numerous regional economy problems divided into three thematic areas: theoretical aspects of regional economy, the results of research and analyses referring to the space of the European countries and regions, as well as selected problems related to Polish regions’ functioning and development. We would like to express our gratitude tothe conference participants for their extensive input in the following publication. We do hope that it will be well received by its readers and allow them to become acquainted with current regional economy issues, dilemmas and research results, as well as encourage them to participate in subsequent editions of the conference.
The purpose of this study is to analyze the theoretical foundations of the concept
of “hard” budget constraints and its applicability to cities in the Russian Federation.
To achieve this goal, the paper presents the key elements of the theory of budget decentralization, and also considers the following hypotheses: (1) regional authorities of Russia are prone to instability in terms of uniform tax standards for deductions to urban
districts; (2) the indicated instability is a criterion of “hardness” of budgetary restrictions,
which aff ects the interest of local authorities (cities) in the development of “subordinate”
territories; (3) local budgets in Russia have relatively low tax autonomy. To test the proposed hypotheses in the context of the subjects of the Russian Federation for
the period 2010–2018 unifi ed standards for deductions from federal and regional taxes
to the budgets of urban districts were collected and analyzed; a volatility index of the specified standards was compiled, and then analyzed for the presence of statistical relationships with the main indicators of the development of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in the regions. Our observations have shown that in the context of the
OECD countries’ budget structure the local level of government in Russia has relatively
low tax autonomy, and regional authorities are unstable in terms of the standards considered, which generally does not correspond to the concept of “hard” budget constraints. The hypothesis of a statistical relationship between the “hardness” of budget constraints expressed through the volatility index of standards and the indicated interest of local authorities (cities), expressed in the development of SMEs, has not been confirmed. But this does not eliminate the need to make changes to the system of inter-budgetary relations of Russia proposed in the current work in the medium and long term.
The aim of the paper is to build a ranking of municipalities due to their level of efficiency from the development point of view. According to the aim, it is possible to find out which indicators are crucial for the efficiency of municipalities in terms of sustainability. The research study involved DEA (Data Envelopment Analysis) approach. Conducted research study covered 2044 Polish municipalities in the year 2016. The ranking of Polish municipalities was prepared with the use of the DEA model. The DEA method made it possible to set goals for inefficient municipalities, which should follow and regularly evaluate the progress in the implementation of their aims. Inefficient municipalities can improve their efficiency following the technological example of chosen benchmarks.
The two sexes - men and women - are not only biologically diverse, but also have their differences in language use. This article presents a lexical-semantic classification of euphemisms of female sexuality in Uzbek, and analyzes each of the euphemic agents in each group.
The two sexes-men and women-are not only biologically diverse, but also have their differences in language use. This article presents a lexical-semantic classification of euphemisms of female sexuality in Uzbek, and analyzes each of the euphemic agents in each group.
Local economic development agencies (LEDAs) are increasingly important actors in place-based local economic development particularly in the global South. In South Africa there has been an expanded role for LEDAs in terms of the policy significance of local economic development. Although considerable research has been undertaken concerning the merits, challenges and contributions of LED in South Africa only limited material is available concerning the institutional and organisational arrangements to support the implementation of LED. Using policy documents, close engagement with the key national policy-making government departments and a national survey of the activities, operational challenges, and institutional constraints facing LEDAs, the findings from this investigation provide new insight into their role in place-based development. From the unfolding South African experience the strategic establishment of LEDAs potentially can contribute to maximizing the efficiency of place-based strategies. Arguably, key findings confirm the important contribution that LEDAs can make to locality development in the global South albeit that contribution is influenced by context realities.
Analysis and studies of local economic development (LED) tend to be under the rubric of case studies to the neglect of their historical context and the role of international development agencies. This article attempts to fill this gap by focusing on the experiences of Ghana. Adopting a systematic review of the policy documents and existing literature, it was found that, despite its significance, LED was not the priority of the governments of pre and post immediate independence era. In the fourth republic of Ghana, LED gained prominence in the various policy documents but this appears to be rhetoric and camouflage because they have not seen real implementation. However, international development agencies have played a significant role in initiating, funding and implementing specific LED activities in the various districts in Ghana. Overall, LED in Ghana has crawled from the ‘lost decades’ to a policy ‘maturing stage’.
The transformations taking place in today’s economy trigger the need for a new outlook at different functioning aspects of European countries and regions. The future, undoubtedly, holds significant changes which can exert an impact on the regional economy. Macroeconomic environment features extensive changeability, which forces regions to adjust their development strategies to the increasingly competitive global market. The European Union specifies in the Europe 2020 development strategy ambitious goals and assumptions indicating opportunities for smart, sustainable and facilitating social cohesion growth. These problems, constituting challenges for experts in the domain of regional economy, were widely discussed during the 20th Scientific Conference entitled: “Local and regional economy in theory and practice”, which was held in Mysłakowice on 17–18 September 2012. The conference is cyclically organized by the Department of Regional Economy of the Wrocław University of Economics headed by Professor Danuta Strahl. It was supported by the “Kuźnia Kadr 2” project implemented by the Wrocław University of Economics and co-financed by the European Union within the framework of the Human Capital Operational Programme. The conference, apart from valuable papers presentation sessions, constituted a forum for exchanging opinions by scientistsand economic practice representatives. We had the pleasure and honour to host research workers from many national and foreign universities, as well as practitioners representing local authorities. The conference’s core
objective was to present achievements and exchange experiences in local and regional economy theory and practice, as well as to identify perspectives for further research. The conference subject matter covered a broad spectrum of theoretical and application issues referring tothe local and regional economy, with particular emphasis on the diffusion of solutions applied in science for the benefit of local and regional development, problems of competitiveness and regional innovation, local government finance, spatial economy, structural transformations and territorial marketing. The conference papers were published in six volumes. This publication presents research and reflections referring to numerous regional economy problems divided into
three thematic areas: theoretical aspects of regional economy, the results of research and analyses referring to the space of the European countries and regions, as well as selected problems related to Polish regions’ functioning and development. We would like to express our gratitude tothe conference participants for their
extensive input in the following publication. We do hope that it will be well received by its readers and allow them to become acquainted with current regional economy issues, dilemmas and research results, as well as encourage them to participate in subsequent editions of the conference.
Niniejszy artykuł poświęcony jest tzw. „efektowi Bilbao”. Zasadniczą osią pracy jest analiza szczególnej relacji pomiędzy zastosowaną w Bilbao strategią rewitalizacji miasta, z ikoniczną dla całego przedsięwzięcia budowlą, jaką było Muzeum Guggenheima, a kulturą Basków, a więc ich sposobem życia i wartościami wspólnotowymi. Punktem wyjścia dla zawartych tu rozważań jest pojęcie „rewitalizacji przez kulturę”, które rozumiane bywa dwojako. Po pierwsze (najczęściej), interpretuje się je jako całokształt działań polegających na wykorzystaniu w projektach rewitalizacji miast obiektów lub instytucji kultury. Według drugiej interpretacji, termin ten opisuje proces przywracania miasta do życia odbywający się dzięki aktywności (najlepiej lokalnych) artystów. W obydwu jednak przypadkach, istota kultury zostaje istotnie wypaczona, ponieważ zarówno w pierwszym, jak i drugim znaczeniu, zakres jej rozumienia zostaje spłycony, a sama kultura potraktowana w istocie jako synonim „sztuki”. Wychodząc od definicji Floriana Znanieckiego, który kulturę rozumie nie tylko w kategoriach materialnych, lecz także jako wszystko to, co zamyka się w „niematerialnych wytworach działalności ludzkiej”, „kulturowość” bilbaońskiej rewitalizacji przedstawiona jest w niniejszej pracy nie przez pryzmat Muzeum Guggenheima jak przykładu instytucji kultury, lecz poprzez odniesienie się do zastosowanej w Bilbao strategii rewitalizacyjnej i jej oparcia w społeczności lokalnej. Artykuł zawiera więc analizę relacji pomiędzy Muzeum Guggenheima w Bilbao a baskijską filozofią polityczną, szeroko pojmowanymi baskijskim wartościami ekonomicznymi, jak również Basków wizją samych siebie.
Since the beginning of the 1990s, International Links and Services for Local Economic Development Agencies organization (ILS LEDA)1 has been supporting local and national institutions in establishing structures aimed at boosting their economies: the Local Economic Development Agencies (LEDA).
The process of globalization of the world economy is strongly affecting natural resource rich countries catering for the expansion of world demand for industrial commodities, such as oil and gas, minerals, soybean oil, pulp and paper, timber, flowers, foodstuffs and more. A number of important—and yet badly under-researched—questions emerge in relation to the impact said process will have upon the long term sustainability of natural resources in peripheral economies, the knowledge base upon which the expansion of the resource exploitation frontier is to take place, the governance and regulation of natural resource based activities—which frequently involve the exploitation of a ‘common’, like oil and gas reserves, mines or forests—and the extent to which local communities are to share in the benefits of a more intensive exploitation of natural resources.
The economic Societies were born in the Kingdom of Naples after Napoleon Bonaparte imperial strategy, who at the end of the nineteenth Century, intended to modernize the agriculture of the conquered territories to adapt to England's economic growth. The Kingdom of Naples lacked almost completely the requirements needed for modernization so the state instituted Economic Societies, who had the dual objective of analyzing the particular economic vocations of the owned territory and to propose and implement development projects. So far, the historiographical debate has specifically emphasized the inability of Southern Economic Societies to implement a true structural transformation of local realities, relegating this historical experience in the category of success or failure. Considering that development may not in any way depend only and exclusively on the intervention of the State and its institutions, this article analyzes the role of human capital in Economic Societies and the consistency of elaborated development projects. From this angle, emerges the image of a circle of people who were well aware of their institutional goals. The members felt they were partakers of a civilizing mission and contributed to it by dedicating studies, knowledge and in certain cases invested their own capital.
The hereby paper discusses problems related to the selected factors contributing to the success of city promotion strategy, divided into its construction and implementation phase. In the introduction reasons for promotion strategy preparation, in relation to the role of promotion in socio-economic development of contemporary towns, are characterized. The discussion of factors contributing to successful strategy constitutes the substantive core of the paper, among which the following are listed in the construction phase: complex socio-economic analysis, local community consensus, adequate goals setting and defining directions of promotional activities, leadership and local authorities’ involvement. The implementation phase covers the characteristics of: management system for the strategy implementation process, selection of tools for carrying out strategic objectives, effective monitoring and evaluation and alternative action plans eliminating potential risks.
W niniejszym opracowaniu przedstawione zostało zestawienie odnoszące się do kreatywności krajów na przykładzie Global Creativity Index. Na wstępie poruszono problematykę teoretycznych aspektów kreatywności, z uwzględnieniem uwarunkowań rozwojowych jednostek terytorialnych. Podkreślono, że kreatywność wpływa pozytywnie na innowacyjne procesy, dynamizując powstawanie pożądanych wartości w obszarach gospodarki i społeczeństwa. Następnie scharakteryzowana została metodologia tworzenia Global Creativity Index, opierająca się na koncepcji 3T (Technologia, Talent, Tolerancja), nawiązującej do rozwoju społeczno – gospodarczego jednostek terytorialnych. Jednym z głównych założeń tej koncepcji jest traktowanie ludzkiej kreatywności, jako podstawowego źródła wspomnianego rozwoju. Najogólniej rzecz ujmując, kraje które chcą być kreatywne, a co za tym idzie szybciej rozwijające się, konkurencyjne i atrakcyjne na światowym rynku, powinny stawiać na nowoczesne technologie, innowacje, edukację i rozwój swoich mieszkańców oraz poszanowanie odmienności i tolerancję. Rdzeń opracowania stanowi zaprezentowanie wybranych zestawień odnoszących się do kreatywności krajów w ramach Global Creativity Index, (Indeks Technologii, Indeks Talentu, Indeks Tolerancji, składające się na indeks główny GCI, któremu lideruje Szwecja). Wysoką pozycję w rankingu GCI poszczególne kraje mogą traktować w kategoriach prestiżu i kolejnej formy promocji na arenie międzynarodowej oraz wzmacniania swojego wizerunku. Zaletą indeksu jest wskazywanie krajom, w których obszarach ich funkcjonowania wymagana jest poprawa na drodze do kreatywności i rozwoju. W podsumowaniu zawarte zostały wybrane zastrzeżenia i uwagi odnośnie metodologii opracowywania indeksu.
ResearchGate has not been able to resolve any references for this publication.