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Niklas Luhmann’s Card Index: Thinking Tool, Communication Partner, Publication Machine
... Ao fazer isso, Luhmann se distingue da norma nas ciências humanas e sociais do século XX, na qual a prática da escrita é, como sugere Becker (2015), uma atividade eminentemente privada cujo processo é desprovido de teorizações. Luhmann explicitava a materialidade e a lógica de seu ofício de pesquisador a quem o procurava na esperança de encontrar em seu famoso fichário de notas o Santo Graal da escrita acadêmica (Schmidt, 2016). No entanto, como o próprio Luhmann observa, quase todas as pessoas que o procuravam se mostravam decepcionadas logo que viam um velho e simples armário de madeira, cheio de gavetas ocupadas por notas aparentemente comuns, muitas vezes amareladas pelo tempo, com informações que não pareciam ser capazes de explicar sua impressionante produção intelectual. ...
... A primeira coleção é composta dos interesses iniciais de Luhmann no campo da Ciência Política, Teoria da Organização, Filosofia e Sociologia. A segunda coleção é orientada para a expansão de seus interesses em uma tentativa de uma teoria geral da sociedade, com temas das mais diversas ordens, como as teorias da comunicação, os processos de tomada de decisão, a cibernética, o amor, entre outros (Cevolini, 2018;Schmidt, 2016). nota, quando necessário. ...
... Ele seria, inclusive, muitas vezes, essencial para a compreensão de conceitos, teorias e problemas de pesquisa, assim como para descobrir quais caminhos não seguir em uma investigação intelectual. Por isso, esse aparente desperdício da escrita não deve ser desprezado como inútil (Schmidt, 2016). ...
A despeito dos inúmeros indícios de que a escrita acadêmica é um meio de descoberta intelectual e não apenas uma representação do pensamento, no contexto brasileiro, tal prática tem sido conceituada mais como produto de pesquisas e disciplinas do que como parte integrante da formação universitária. O objetivo neste artigo é apresentar a tomada de notas, uma atividade aparentemente simples e supostamente arcaica, como um artifício no qual o exercício da escrita acadêmica é orientado eminentemente para a construção de um pensamento autoral. Para tanto, discutimos os recentes achados na historiografia da escrita que expõem a tomada de notas como uma prática essencial no desenvolvimento da intelectualidade moderna, e, em seguida, apresentamos um caso emblemático, no século XX, do profícuo uso de um sistema de tomada de notas do sociólogo alemão Niklas Luhmann. Por fim, apontamos que o valor da tomada de notas vai além da mera curiosidade histórica, constituindo-se como ferramenta auxiliar para um cotidiano no qual a satisfação e o senso de desenvolvimento intelectual estejam no centro da vida acadêmica.
... In this period, even before any institutional connection as a university professor, he practiced note-writing, aware that this activity could be helpful for writing some specific project and as a long-term research program (Schmidt, 2018). (Schmidt, 2016). ...
... By doing that, Luhmann distinguishes himself from the norm of human and social sciences in the 20th century, in which the writing practice is, as Becker (2015) suggests, an eminently private activity whose process is void of theorizations. Luhmann made explicit the materiality and logic of his work as a researcher to those who sought him hoping to find the holy grail of academic writing in his famous card files (Schmidt, 2016). However, as Luhmann observes, almost everyone who sought him was disappointed when they saw an old simple wooden cabinet full of drawers filled with apparent standard notes, often yellowed by time, with information that did not seem to explain his impressive intellectual production. ...
... The first collection comprises Luhmann's initial interests in Political Science, Organization Theory, Philosophy, and Sociology. The second is guided toward expanding his interests, attempting a general theory of society with different themes, such as communication theories, decision-making processes, cybernetics, love, and others (Cevolini, 2018;Schmidt, 2016). ...
Despite numerous indications that academic writing is a means toward intellectual discovery and not just a representation of thought, in Brazil, it is seen more as a product of studies and subjects than an integral part of university education. This article presents note-taking, an apparently simple and supposedly archaic activity, as a way through which academic writing is eminently oriented towards constructing an authorial thought. To this end, we discuss recent findings in the historiography of writing that show note-taking as an essential practice in the development of modern intellectuality. We also present an emblematic case, in the 20th century, of the fruitful use of a note-taking system created by German sociologist Niklas Luhmann. Finally, we point out that the value of note-taking goes beyond mere historical curiosity, constituting an additional tool for a daily life in which satisfaction and a sense of intellectual development are at the center of academic life.
... I later fine-tuned these notes on the computer using Markdown language in Visual Studio Code (VSC) and Adobe Illustrator. Later in the research process, I organised my notes using the Zettelkasten -also called the Second Brain -method (Schmidt, 2016), which was provided by the Foam VSC extension (Ferretti and Eväkallio, 2020). Foam's non-hierarchical tagging and visualisation helped me see connections between the concepts in my notes. ...
This practice research developed two prototype brain-computer music interfacing (BCMI) systems to support meditation practices. The second, more advanced system, BCMI-2, was tested to help induce and maintain a specific meditative state, the shamanic state of consciousness (SSC), first with two trainees in a non-clinical neurofeedback training (NFT) setting and then with my own brain signals in an artistic performance setting. In both settings, the system generated soundscapes with two entrainment methods to support the meditation: (1) auditory rhythmic entrainment (ARE) generating drumming gradually decreasing in tempo and rhythmic complexity and (2) a neurofeedback protocol rewarding increased theta brainwaves at Fz with a reward sound embedded as an integral element within the computer-generated drumming. In addition to these techniques, the performance setting also mapped hemispheric coherence measurements to surround sound spatialisation to help increase my and the meditating audience's feeling of immersion. The main contribution of this research is the creation of the BCMI-2 system and recommendations based on the knowledge gained while developing and testing its suitability to support meditation practices in NFT and artistic performance settings. BCMI-2 is fully open-source, affordable and uses the research-grade OpenBCI Cyton electroencephalograph to record multi-channel brain signals. The project contributes practical knowledge to the field. It could be of interest to NFT practitioners wishing to design immersive soundscapes for neurofeedback protocols, artists wishing to express themselves with physiological computing and meditation practitioners wishing to understand meditation from a scientific perspective.
... Значительный раздел, посвященный картотеке Лумана, можно найти в исследовании Маркуса Краевски [Krajewski, 2011]. Довольно подробный разбор техники заметок у Лумана осуществил также Йоханнес Шмидт [Schmidt, 2016]. Сегодня существуют верные адепты аналогового варианта системы и те, кто пытается модифицировать метод для цифрового формата. ...
The article considers the fields of application of index cards in cultural studies. The question of the heuristic potential of knowledge bases and the ways to create serendipity is touched upon. Particular attention is paid to the knowledge management technique of Niklas Luhmann (Zettelkasten).
Kazimierz Twardowski was renowned as an outstanding philosopher, teacher, and organizer of academic life. No less famous was his style of work, depicted in many recollections of his students. In the paper, I present three aspects of good mental work: a) stoic inspiration for Kazimierz Twardowski’s style of work, b) the place of the techniques of mental work in the program of pragmatic logic according to the views of Kazimierz Ajdukiewicz and Tadeusz Kotarbiński, and c) selected contemporary approaches consistent with the direction provided by the Lvov-Warsaw School. By exploring a new perspective in the study of good mental work by linking it to the ancient philosophy of life as well as to the most recent developments in the theory of good mental work, the paper reveals unexplored insights into the tradition of the Lvov-Warsaw School, demonstrating its significance, depth, and relevance to modern times.
O discurso sobre algoritmos inteligentes e agentes sociais digitais ainda se refere principalmente à construção de uma inteligência artificial que reproduz faculdades de indivíduos. No entanto, desenvolvimentos recentes mostram que os algoritmos são mais eficientes quando abandonam esse objetivo e, em vez disso, tentam reproduzir a capacidade de comunicação. Algoritmos, que não “pensam” como pessoas, podem provocar alterações na capacidade de se obter e processar informações na sociedade. Recorrendo ao conceito de comunicação da teoria dos sistemas sociais de Niklas Luhmann, este artigo reconstrói, criticamente, o debate sobre a guinada computacional do big data, atribuindo-lhe o sentido de uma reprodução artificial da comunicação, e não da inteligência. Algoritmos capazes de autoaprendizagem parasitariamente tiram vantagem, seja consciente ou inconscientemente, da contribuição dos usuários da web para uma “dupla contingência virtual”. Isso abastece a sociedade com informações que não fazem parte do pensamento de ninguém. No entanto, elas entram no circuito comunicativo social, aumentando sua complexidade. O conceito de comunicação deve ser reconsiderado, a fim de levar em conta esses desenvolvimentos, incluindo (ou não) a possibilidade de comunicação com algoritmos.
Zusammenfassung
Der Beitrag schlägt eine Erweiterung der Medien- und Kommunikationstheorie Luhmanns um einen Medientyp vor, den ich als Darstellungsmedien bezeichne. Der Text kombiniert einen Theorievorschlag mit historisch semantischen Rekonstruktionen. Dazu werden die Konzepte Medium und Form , Prämissen ereignisbasierter Sozialtheorien sowie Konzepte und historische Semantiken des Darstellens aufeinander bezogen. Ausgangspunkt und Exemplum des Artikels bildet das konkrete Phänomen des Dokumentierens als kommunikativer Form im Horizont der gegenwärtig in der Digitalisierung angekommenen unabschließbaren Morphogenese von Kommunikationsmedien und -formen. Um die soziologische Reichweite des Phänomens zu verdeutlichen, werden Semantiken des Dokumentierens vorgestellt, die sich in höchst unterschiedlichen gesellschaftlichen Feldern wie Organisationen und Administrationen, moderne Wissenschaft, Publikationswesen und Wissensvermittlung, Personenidentifikation und der modernen Kunst herausgebildet haben.
Der Beitrag stellt die digitale Edition des Zettelkastens des Soziologen Niklas Luhmanns vor. Dazu werden zunächst die Konstitutionsprinzipien der 90.000 Zettel umfassenden Sammlung erläutert: die nichthierarchische Ordnungsstruktur, das Nummerierungsprinzip, die Vernetzungsstruktur sowie das Schlagwortregister. Im Anschluss werden die Ziele der digitalen Edition vorgestellt: die Herstellung der Zugänglichkeit, der linearen und heterarchischen Lesbarkeit sowie von Einstiegsmöglichkeiten für die Lektüre. In einem letzten Schritt wird die digitale Umsetzung skizziert, die die Sammlung in einer Weise nutzbar macht, die über die analoge Vorlage hinausgeht.
Nuevas tecnologías implicadas en la búsqueda, lectura y clasificación de fuentes documentales reclaman la reflexión colectiva para comprender cambios y continuidades actuales en la investigación histórica. Este artículo reflexiona sobre el lugar fundamental en la práctica historiadora de la “toma de notas”, revisa algunas herramientas para clasificar la información –que no afectan sustancialmente la “toma de notas”– y propone un desarrollo concreto que permita nuevas prácticas en la investigación histórica.
Discourse about smart algorithms and digital social agents still refers primarily to the construction of artificial intelligence that reproduces the faculties of individuals. Recent developments, however, show that algorithms are more efficient when they abandon this goal and try instead to reproduce the ability to communicate. Algorithms that do not “think” like people can affect the ability to obtain and process information in society. Referring to the concept of communication in Niklas Luhmann’s theory of social systems, this paper critically reconstructs the debate on the computational turn of big data as the artificial reproduction not of intelligence but of communication. Self-learning algorithms parasitically take advantage – be it consciously or unaware – of the contribution of web users to a “virtual double contingency.” This provides society with information that is not part of the thoughts of anyone, but, nevertheless, enters the communication circuit and raises its complexity. The concept of communication should be reconsidered to take account of these developments, including (or not) the possibility of communicating with algorithms.
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