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Escala de Ansiedad por Coronavirus: Un Nuevo Instrumento para Medir Síntomas de Ansiedad Asociados al COVID-19
Abstract
Introducción
: El propósito de este estudio fue adaptar y validar el Coronavirus Anxiety Scale en una muestra de hispanos residentes en Puerto Rico. Este instrumento es un breve cernimiento de salud mental para identificar síntomas de ansiedad asociados específicamente al COVID-19.
Método
: Se utilizó un muestreo por disponibilidad y una muestra de 327 participantes de habla hispana.
Resultados
: Los análisis psicométricos confirmaron que la escala posee una estructura unidimensional y una sólida confiabilidad (Ω = .93) y validez. Los 5 ítems cumplieron con valores adecuados de discriminación, demostrando que el instrumento puede distinguir entre personas que presentan síntomas de ansiedad asociados al COVID-19 y los que no presentan síntomas. El punto de corte, según los análisis realizados, para identificar síntomas significativos de ansiedad por coronavirus fue ≥ 10. La prevalencia de síntomas significativos de ansiedad por coronavirus fue de 15.29% (n = 50).
Conclusión
: Estos resultados respaldan la escala como una herramienta eficaz y válida para la investigación y práctica clínica.
... y validez. Los 5 ítems cumplieron con adecuados valores psicométricos (González-Rivera et al., 2020). Escala de Ansiedad Generalizada (Generalized Anxiety Disorder -7; Spitzer et al., 2006). ...
... Las correlaciones ítem-total corregidas se encuentran por encima de los límites habitualmente sugeridos por Nunnally y Bernstein (1995), lo que denota un adecuado poder discriminativo de los ítems. Los índices de adecuación muestral KMO y Chi cuadrado de Bartlett resultaron excelentes (el primero estuvo próximo a 1, y el segundo exhibió una muy baja probabilidad asociada al error de tipo I), en consonancia con la escala original (Lee, 2020) y la escala adaptada y traducida al español (González-Rivera et al., 2020). El análisis factorial exploratorio determinó la agrupación de 5 ítems en 1 variable latente, coincidente con la escala original (Lee, 2020). ...
... El análisis factorial confirmatorio señaló que, el instrumento presenta un excelente ajuste del modelo de un factor en la muestra de adultos argentinos. El índice de consistencia interna obtenido fue, similar a los hallados en la versión original (Lee, 2020), lo cual indica que la dimensión evaluada evidenció tener excelente consistencia interna y se encuentra consonancia con los análisis de confiabilidad realizados para población estadounidense (Lee, 2020), y en muestra de hispanos residentes en Puerto Rico (González-Rivera et al., 2020). Es preciso indicar que la unidimencionalidad del inventario mide síntomas propios del miedo y la ansiedad, tal como lo refieren diferentes investigaciones (Balaratnasingam & Janca 2006;Karaahmet et al., 2021). ...
Background: The purpose of this research was to analyze the psychometric properties of the Coronavirus Anxiety Scale to measure anxiety symptoms associated with COVID-19 in a sample of the Argentine population. Method: A non-randomized sample of 1098 subjects residing in different provinces of the Argentine Republic was used. The average age was 36.68 (SD = 14.34, Min = 18, Max = 83), 78.1% were women and 21.9% were men. A non-experimental, cross-sectional, instrumental study was designed. The epistemological basis used was classical psychometry. Results: Psychometric analyses reported that the scale has a one-dimensional structure with adequate reliability and validity (Ω = .93). The items met expected values for their discrimination, which showed that the instrument can distinguish between people with presence or absence of anxiety symptoms associated with Sars-Cov-2. The cut-off point for symptomatic identification was ≥ 10. The prevalence of anxiety symptoms by coronavirus was 22.4%. Conclusions: It can be concluded that this scale has an adequate format for its use in the Argentinean population in the context of coronavirus pandemic and its basic psychometric analysis indicated a good general performance of its measures, which allows identifying the presence or absence of anxiety symptoms.
... Los índices de adecuación muestral KMO y especificidad de Bartlett reportaron índices satisfactorios (próximos a 1 en el primero y a significancia de .00 en el segundo) en correspondencia con la escala original y otras propuestas realizadas para examinar sus propiedades métricas en idioma español (González-Rivera et al., 2020;Lee, 2020). Se observó una matriz monofactorial que explicó la varianza en un 62.61%, explicación que aunque significativa, fue levemente inferior los valores obtenidos en la versión original y en Argentina con 71.43% (Eidman et al. 2021 -Rivera, et. ...
... as propuestas realizadas para examinar sus propiedades métricas en idioma español (González-Rivera et al., 2020;Lee, 2020). Se observó una matriz monofactorial que explicó la varianza en un 62.61%, explicación que aunque significativa, fue levemente inferior los valores obtenidos en la versión original y en Argentina con 71.43% (Eidman et al. 2021 -Rivera, et. al., 2020). ...
... 2 At the same time, anxiety, the most important psychiatric disorder in the world, has generated feelings of fear as a result of the pandemic because it has affected the economy and the daily life of the population. 3 First, it is important to understand self-medication, which is defined as the selection and use of medications to treat selfrecognized symptoms or ailments without consulting a physician. Globally, it is a major concern because it affects both developed and developing countries. ...
... 8 Due to the pandemic it has generated feelings of fear about COVID-19 and the consequences it may bring, causing a general increase in anxiety. 3,9 In China, more than 1000 people were evaluated in several cities, and it was shown that 16.5% presented symptoms of stress and 28.8% symptoms of anxiety. 10 In the same context, Peru is no stranger to this problem since a study conducted in Chota on anxiety in times of social isolation by COVID-19, showed that 43% of participants had anxiety, of which 20.9% had mild anxiety, 13.4% had moderate anxiety and 9% had severe anxiety. ...
Background: Self-medication is a non-responsible act and leads to the inappropriate use of medications, causing low effectiveness and insecurity in treatments. The aim of this study is to determine the relationship between self-medication and anxiety symptoms in the context of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), in users attending a pharmacy in Los Olivos, Lima in 2021.
Methods: The research method was deductive, basic and with a quantitative approach; the design used was non-experimental, descriptive, correlational, cross-sectional, and prospective. Spearman's Rho analysis was performed to validate the hypothesis.
Results: 384 users were evaluated, finding 93.5% aged 18-59 years, of whom 53.4% were female, 42.7% had completed high school, 57.8% were single and 51.6% presented physical symptoms, predominantly muscular tension accompanied by pain, 60.7% presented behavioral symptoms, highlighting unusual sadness in the face of COVID-19 and 70.1% presented cognitive symptoms with greater frequency of concern about contracting COVID-19. In addition, the greater the symptoms of anxiety, the higher the self-medication increased from 9.0% to 21.1%. A similar case was evidenced in self-medication on their own initiative where the increase was from 7.5% to 33.3%; likewise, self-medication without medical prescription increased from 15.8% to 47.7%, and the consumption of anxiolytics or antidepressants increased from 0.8% to 26.3% caused by the symptoms of anxiety.
Conclusion: It was determined that there is a moderate relationship between self-medication and anxiety symptoms in the context of COVID-19, in users who go to a drugstore in Los Olivos, Lima in 2021.
... Despite the fact that the CAS measures physiological symptoms of anxiety and the GAD-2 measures cognitive and emotional symptoms, the correlation between both scales made it possible to verify that the four-item CAS does indeed measure symptoms of anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic. This finding is similar to that reported in previous studies, which performed the same contrast and obtained a high positive correlation (Ahmed et al., 2020;Caycho-Rodríguez, Vilca, Peña-Calero, et al., 2022;González-Rivera et al., 2020;Padovan-Neto et al., 2021). ...
Deaths from COVID-19 have exceeded 6.5 million people globally. Although many
people are mourning the loss of loved ones to this deadly disease, little is known about the validity of measuring coronavirus-related anxiety with this particular group of people. Therefore, the objective of this study is to determine if the coronavirus anxiety scale (CAS) measures the coronaphobia construct the same way for mourners with and without dysfunctional levels of grief. The results indicated that the fouritem version of the CAS has acceptable fit indices and is partially invariant between people with dysfunctional and non-dysfunctional grief. Moreover, the CAS demonstrated adequate criterion validity and reliability with this group of bereaved adults. In conclusion, the CAS can be used to measure anxiety due to COVID-19 in people who are going through dysfunctional and non-dysfunctional grieving processes.
... Coronavirus Anxiety Scale (CAS; Lee, 2020) traducida y adaptada al castellano (González-Rivera et al., 2020;Moreta-Herrera et al., 2022). La escala evalúa síntomas relacionados a los pensamientos frente a la exposición de información sobre el COVID-19. ...
Objetivo: Establecer un modelo predictor de la salud mental a partir del miedo y la ansiedad al COVID-19 y el estrés percibido en pacien-tes de atención primaria del Ecuador. Método: El trabajo corresponde a un estudio correlacional, comparativo y predictor por medio de las escalas de Ansiedad al Coronavirus, Miedo al COVID-19, Estrés Percibido y Salud general. Participantes: 460 pacientes hospitalarios de atención primaria (38.9% hombres y 61.1% mujeres) de las ciudades de Ambato y Quito. Con edades entre 18 a 79 años (M = 36 años; DE = 14,48). Resultados: Existen niveles moderados de miedo al covid-19 y estrés y bajos de ansiedad al co-vid-19. Los síntomas que más prevalecen son los de somatización y ansie-dad-insomnio. Se confirma la relación del miedo y la ansiedad al COVID-19 y el estrés percibido con el malestar en salud mental. El miedo y la an-siedad al COVID-19 predicen el estrés percibido y este a su vez la salud mental con el 54% de explicación de los cambios de la varianza. Conclusión: El miedo y la ansiedad al covid-19 son predictores del estrés y el estrés es un predictor de los síntomas psicológicos y de malestar en la salud mental en muestra ecuatoriana.
Anxiety is a latent mental health problem in the university population. The demands of virtual education have created great challenges for students in their professional training, social relationships, and physical and mental health. The present study aimed to evaluate the validity based on the internal structure and reliability of the Coronavirus Anxiety Scale. It is instrumental and the sample consisted of 306 students from 5 specialisations in the field of Education. The results show an adequate score of the item analysis, correlations, and acceptability. The exploratory factorial analysis confirmed the unidimensionality of the instrument and the confirmatory analysis proved it by means of the goodness-of-fit indices (X2/gl=3,341, TLI=0,963, CFI=0,981, SRMR=0,025, RMSEA=0,076). Factor loadings (>0,5) and reliability indices (αordinal=0,895, αCronbach=0,845 and ΩMcDonald=0,846) were adequate. In conclusion, the instrument is applicable to the Peruvian context for future teachers.
El propósito de la investigación fue analizar los niveles de ansiedad por COVID-19 (NAC) que presentan los padres y madres de familia ante el regreso a clases de sus hijos e hijas. Para esto se aplicó la escala de ansiedad por coronavirus, según (González-Rivera, Rosario-Rodríguez y Cruz-Santos, 2020), a través de la plataforma Google Forms. Se selecciono una muestra no probabilística por conveniencia de 88 personas, 18 padres y 70 madres de familia con al menos un hijo que estudiara en educación básica privada o pública de la ciudad de Campeche, México. Los resultados muestran diferencias significativas entre los grupos de madres de escuelas públicas y padres de escuelas privadas (P ≤ .05). Se concluye que, aunque los niveles de ansiedad por COVID que presento la muestra son mínimos, el nivel de preocupación de contagio por COVID ante el regreso a clases de su(s) hijo/a(s) es alto, sobre todo en las escuelas públicas.
Este artículo de revisión bibliográfica autorizado busca desarrollar y analizar dos variables importantes dentro del campo de la salud mental: miedo a la muerte y ansiedad, siendo que ambas responden a la misma noción psicobiológica, donde el miedo a la muerte es un subconjunto dentro del conjunto ansiedad. Frente a esto, se va a realizar un análisis de las mismas en relacion al contexto de lo que fue la emergencia sanitaria mundial por la pandemia Covid-19. El mismo se ha realizado a modo de interés profesional, ya que nos convoca como futuros psicólogos y psicólogas para conocer y realizar un aporte a la problemática del fenómeno. Se concluyó que la pandemia por Covid-19 ha dejado secuelas en la historia de la salud mental a nivel mundial, las cuales serán responsabilidad de las políticas públicas y de cada sujeto en particular para mejorar la calidad de vida.
Anxiety is a latent mental health problem in the university population. The demands of virtual education have created great challenges for students in their professional training, social relationships, and physical and mental health. The present study aimed to evaluate the validity based on the internal structure and reliability of the Coronavirus Anxiety Scale. It is instrumental and the sample consisted of 306 students from 5 specialisations in the field of Education. The results show an adequate score of the item analysis, correlations, and acceptability. The exploratory factorial analysis confirmed the unidimensionality of the instrument and the confirmatory analysis proved it by means of the goodness-of-fit indices (X2/gl=3,341, TLI=0,963, CFI=0,981, SRMR=0,025, RMSEA=0,076). Factor loadings (>0,5) and reliability indices (αordinal=0,895, αCronbach=0,845 and ΩMcDonald=0,846) were adequate. In conclusion, the instrument is applicable to the Peruvian context for future teachers.
Disaster psychological assistance has become an important part of the disaster relief system, playing a crucial role in restoring and maintaining emotional stability and security of people and reducing trauma-related stress. As the first country to experience the outbreak of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), China actively adopted psychological assistance measures in response to the panic caused by the epidemic. These measures are expected to help the Chinese government and governments in other parts of the world to better respond to the outbreaks of COVID-19.
Background:
Since December 2019, when coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) emerged in Wuhan city and rapidly spread throughout China, data have been needed on the clinical characteristics of the affected patients.
Methods:
We extracted data regarding 1099 patients with laboratory-confirmed Covid-19 from 552 hospitals in 30 provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities in China through January 29, 2020. The primary composite end point was admission to an intensive care unit (ICU), the use of mechanical ventilation, or death.
Results:
The median age of the patients was 47 years; 41.9% of the patients were female. The primary composite end point occurred in 67 patients (6.1%), including 5.0% who were admitted to the ICU, 2.3% who underwent invasive mechanical ventilation, and 1.4% who died. Only 1.9% of the patients had a history of direct contact with wildlife. Among nonresidents of Wuhan, 72.3% had contact with residents of Wuhan, including 31.3% who had visited the city. The most common symptoms were fever (43.8% on admission and 88.7% during hospitalization) and cough (67.8%). Diarrhea was uncommon (3.8%). The median incubation period was 4 days (interquartile range, 2 to 7). On admission, ground-glass opacity was the most common radiologic finding on chest computed tomography (CT) (56.4%). No radiographic or CT abnormality was found in 157 of 877 patients (17.9%) with nonsevere disease and in 5 of 173 patients (2.9%) with severe disease. Lymphocytopenia was present in 83.2% of the patients on admission.
Conclusions:
During the first 2 months of the current outbreak, Covid-19 spread rapidly throughout China and caused varying degrees of illness. Patients often presented without fever, and many did not have abnormal radiologic findings. (Funded by the National Health Commission of China and others.).
Anxiety disorders may cause impairment in the functioning of daily life. This research aims to examine the psychometric properties and factor structure of the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) in a general sample of 302 Puerto Rican adults. We analyzed the Cronbach's alpha internal consistency, construct validity, discriminant validity, and factor structure of the instrument. The findings of the study revealed that the GAD-7 obtained an excellent internal consistency of .92. Pearson's r correlation analysis showed a high, positive, and statistically significant association between GAD-7 providing evidence of concurrent validity. We conducted confirmatory factor analyses to examine the factor structure of the GAD-7. The unidimensional model showed an adequate adjustment to the data. The GAD-7 is an adequate instrument to measure anxiety symptoms in Puerto Rico.
Background:
The initial cases of novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV)-infected pneumonia (NCIP) occurred in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China, in December 2019 and January 2020. We analyzed data on the first 425 confirmed cases in Wuhan to determine the epidemiologic characteristics of NCIP.
Methods:
We collected information on demographic characteristics, exposure history, and illness timelines of laboratory-confirmed cases of NCIP that had been reported by January 22, 2020. We described characteristics of the cases and estimated the key epidemiologic time-delay distributions. In the early period of exponential growth, we estimated the epidemic doubling time and the basic reproductive number.
Results:
Among the first 425 patients with confirmed NCIP, the median age was 59 years and 56% were male. The majority of cases (55%) with onset before January 1, 2020, were linked to the Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market, as compared with 8.6% of the subsequent cases. The mean incubation period was 5.2 days (95% confidence interval [CI], 4.1 to 7.0), with the 95th percentile of the distribution at 12.5 days. In its early stages, the epidemic doubled in size every 7.4 days. With a mean serial interval of 7.5 days (95% CI, 5.3 to 19), the basic reproductive number was estimated to be 2.2 (95% CI, 1.4 to 3.9).
Conclusions:
On the basis of this information, there is evidence that human-to-human transmission has occurred among close contacts since the middle of December 2019. Considerable efforts to reduce transmission will be required to control outbreaks if similar dynamics apply elsewhere. Measures to prevent or reduce transmission should be implemented in populations at risk. (Funded by the Ministry of Science and Technology of China and others.).
Mental health concerns of people impacted by the coronavirus pandemic have not been adequately addressed. The objective of this study was to develop and evaluate the properties of the Coronavirus Anxiety Scale (CAS), which is a brief mental health screener to identify probable cases of dysfunctional anxiety associated with the COVID-19 crisis. This 5-item scale, which was based on 775 adults with anxiety over the coronavirus, demonstrated solid reliability and validity. Elevated CAS scores were found to be associated with coronavirus diagnosis, impairment, alcohol/drug coping, negative religious coping, extreme hopelessness, suicidal ideation, as well as attitudes toward President Trump and Chinese products. The CAS discriminates well between persons with and without dysfunctional anxiety using an optimized cut score of ≥ 9 (90% sensitivity and 85% specificity). These results support the CAS as an efficient and valid tool for clinical research and practice.
Background
Since December, 2019, Wuhan, China, has experienced an outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of patients with COVID-19 have been reported but risk factors for mortality and a detailed clinical course of illness, including viral shedding, have not been well described.
Methods
In this retrospective, multicentre cohort study, we included all adult inpatients (≥18 years old) with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 from Jinyintan Hospital and Wuhan Pulmonary Hospital (Wuhan, China) who had been discharged or had died by Jan 31, 2020. Demographic, clinical, treatment, and laboratory data, including serial samples for viral RNA detection, were extracted from electronic medical records and compared between survivors and non-survivors. We used univariable and multivariable logistic regression methods to explore the risk factors associated with in-hospital death.
Findings
191 patients (135 from Jinyintan Hospital and 56 from Wuhan Pulmonary Hospital) were included in this study, of whom 137 were discharged and 54 died in hospital. 91 (48%) patients had a comorbidity, with hypertension being the most common (58 [30%] patients), followed by diabetes (36 [19%] patients) and coronary heart disease (15 [8%] patients). Multivariable regression showed increasing odds of in-hospital death associated with older age (odds ratio 1·10, 95% CI 1·03–1·17, per year increase; p=0·0043), higher Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score (5·65, 2·61–12·23; p<0·0001), and d-dimer greater than 1 μg/L (18·42, 2·64–128·55; p=0·0033) on admission. Median duration of viral shedding was 20·0 days (IQR 17·0–24·0) in survivors, but SARS-CoV-2 was detectable until death in non-survivors. The longest observed duration of viral shedding in survivors was 37 days.
Interpretation
The potential risk factors of older age, high SOFA score, and d-dimer greater than 1 μg/L could help clinicians to identify patients with poor prognosis at an early stage. Prolonged viral shedding provides the rationale for a strategy of isolation of infected patients and optimal antiviral interventions in the future.
Funding
Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences; National Science Grant for Distinguished Young Scholars; National Key Research and Development Program of China; The Beijing Science and Technology Project; and Major Projects of National Science and Technology on New Drug Creation and Development.
