The Global Tourism System: Governance, Development and Lessons from South Africa
... Aviation has shaped the global tourism system enormously (Peeters et al. 2016;Cornelissen 2017). The global aviation regime is a system of infrastructures, policies, rules and practices that have become embedded over time (Geels 2012). ...
... He observes that air travel and its carbon costs are synonymous with economic growth. The aviation development path since 1970 has been such that it now lies at the heart of the global tourism system (Cornelissen 2017), with 58% of international tourist arrivals relying on this transport mode (UNWTO 2020). More so, however, aviation itself has developed into a 5 driver of value production. ...
... Geels (2007) offers important insights into the global aviation regime (Figure 1). Airports and associated surface transport networks, hotels, resorts and attractions, have become the centrepiece of the built environment and infrastructure (Fig. 1, A). Prominence in the global tourism system is dependent upon global aviation networks that determine connectivity and flows (Cornelissen 2017). Connectivity is expressed through aviation production and supply chain systems (Fig. 1, B). Airline operations have driven down production costs through technological replacement and depersonalisation of the air travel experience, migration to online booking and customer service, and minimisation of passenger services (Duval 2013). ...
Aviation remains a problematic sector of the global economy in times of climate emergency. Grounded in the ideology of reconfiguration, we adopt a system transitions perspective to address high emissions leisure travel. Our focus falls on the marketing communications of airlines as a critical component in the prevailing sociotechnical regime. Thematic analysis of the e-mail marketing communications of selected airlines revealed three prominent tropes: adventure and discovery; privilege; and urgency. These communications bring air travel into the everyday lives of consumers and accelerate the turnover time of tourist consumption. Time is mobilized to create a sense of resource scarcity and urgency to consume, paradoxically in a situation characterized by oversupply. The COVID-19 pandemic has presented a unique opportunity for structural reform of the airline industry. Component substitution to address airline marketing is required as an important step toward overcoming consumer moral disengagement and reconfiguring the airline industry.
... While the townships have mushroomed into under-resourced settlements on the city edges, South Africa's urban cores have grown into highly developed nodes for circuits of global capital. In the face of uneven development, policymakers celebrate tourism as a sector where "the previously disadvantaged" can achieve "economic empowerment" (Cornelissen 2005). They flag townships as sites for "cultural" tourism where poor Black urbanites can realize their economic potential. ...
... But in the post-apartheid era, South Africa is invested in establishing a break from its white supremacist past to prove its moral and political legitimacy as a multicultural democracy (McEachern 2002). In a tourism industry that has historically framed South Africa as a white European destination, policymakers support township tourism as a source of economic inclusion and cultural distinction (Bickford-Smith 2009;Cornelissen 2005). Moreover, as scholars of "slum tourism" point out, tourists seek townships because they believe that such racialized impoverished spaces more authentically represent people and place (Rolfes 2010;Sanyal 2015). ...
... I show how Black South African women project a rosy portrait of post-apartheid life on what is often called the "global stage" (e.g. Balogun 2020;Cornelissen 2005;Hoang 2015). This term, though not always employed in a symbolic interactionalist vein, points to how social actors perform national identity for an international audience of political leaders, investors, and tourists. ...
This article offers an intersectional analysis of how non-elites frame neighborhood as a synecdoche for nation through tourism. In Cape Town, South Africa, white Western tourists perceive the peripheral Black townships to be more dangerous than the city’s white center but also more representative of the country and thus worth visiting. Drawing from ten months of ethnographic fieldwork, I illustrate how Black women who have established home-based township accommodations iron out the tension between tourists’ fear and desire. I employ Goffman’s theories of impression management to demonstrate how township hostesses make Black South African space fit for Western consumption through race, class, gender, and nation. On the frontstage, women assuage tourists’ inhibitions by acting as maternal African figures. On the backstage, they cover the risks borne of poverty as communal Black mothers. Their gendered production of Black place palliates post-apartheid problems and projects South Africa’s stability on the global stage, which invites further Western visitation and capital.
... To realize rural revitalization, it is not enough to rely on the blood transfusion of various poverty alleviation policies, but to improve the countryside's own blood-making ability is the long-term solution, which requires the creation of rural industries [7][8][9]. By actively exploring and utilizing rural industrialized resources, the rural business environment is further optimized, and the blood-making capacity of the rural economy is improved, which can effectively improve the quality of life of farmers and the overall economic level of the countryside [10][11]. In this process, rural tourism plays an active role and becomes an important engine for the development of rural industries. ...
... Let S be the state space of a stochastic process { ( ), } X t t T . If for any time t , the conditional probability distribution function of () n Xt is the distribution function of 11 () ...
Exploring rural tourism supply and demand matching to promote high-quality rural tourism development. In this paper, we start from the Markov chain model, use the gray GM(1,1) model to divide the state of the Markov chain model and correct the relative error for the weighted Markov chain prediction. The corrected errors are used to construct the gray-weighted Markov chain model, and the arithmetic tests and example data analysis are conducted for the model. In terms of the model accuracy, it was improved by 12.75%, 9.28%, and 7.98% compared with the ARIMA model, ES model, and W-Markov model, respectively. From the perception of supply-demand matching, four demands are in low perception, and three demands are in high perception. This indicates that the use of the gray-Markov chain model can effectively realize the analysis of rural tourism supply and demand matching and also provides theoretical support for rural tourism to realize the supply and demand matching with tourists.
... In late 2019, the occurrence of a major public health emergency, COVID-19, had a huge impact on social and economic life worldwide. Tourism is a highly environmentally sensitive industry, which is demonstrated by the fact that the development of tourism is inevitably influenced and constrained by a variety of internal and external factors, and is highly vulnerable to the impact and influence of internal and external emergencies, which can lead to serious recessions and landslides [1,2]. COVID-19 is extremely infectious and seriously harmful to society, and was listed as a public health emergency of international concern on 30 January 2020. ...
... Previous PSM-DID estimates show that the COVID-19 pandemic has a greater negative impact on the operating performance of tourism. However, with respect to different tourism firms, differential corporate governance structures affect them differently in the face of the same external environmental conditions [2,60]. Therefore, this study examines the moderating effect of different corporate governance variables on the decline in business performance of tourism enterprises due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic from four corporate governance perspectives: the nature of corporate equity, executive compensation incentives, board characteristics, and regulation for a total of four proxy variables. ...
All industries around the world have been greatly impacted by the 2019 COVID-19 outbreak. China’s tourism market was almost suspended. Tourism enterprises generally face difficulties in the form of low capital turnover and increased operating pressure, and the overall tourism industry is showing a downturn in its development. In this study, we construct a quasi-natural experiment with the COVID-19 pandemic in public health emergencies using a propensity score matching difference in differences model (PSM-DID) to match the treatment group of tourism enterprises and the control group of non-tourism enterprises. We empirically test that the COVID-19 pandemic has produced a more severe impact on the performance of tourism enterprises than other industries. Further analysis shows that given different enterprise equity natures, the characteristics of the board, supervision, and executive salary incentive levels, the COVID-19 pandemic has a heterogeneous impact on the operating performance of tourism enterprises.
... The tourism sector has a great potential to make a considerable economic and social contribution to the country where it develops if it is managed in a planned manner (Cornelissen, 2017). Countries and regions appear to understand the magnitude of such a contribution and include the tourism sector in their development plans (Tosun et al., 2003). ...
... Turizam ima veliki potencijal za stvaranje značajnog ekonomskog i društvenog doprinosa zemlji u kojoj se razvija pod uvjetom da se njime planirano upravlja (Cornelissen, 2017). Čini se da države i regije shvaćaju veličinu tog doprinosa pa uključuju turizam u razvojne planove (Tosun et al., 2003). ...
Destination personality is one of the major brand components that differentiates a location
from its competitors. This research was intended to identify the effects of destination personality on tourist satisfaction and behavioral intentions using Pamukkale, one of Turkey’s leading cultural heritage and tourism centers. The research data were obtained by convenience sampling through a face-to-face questionnaire given to
350 domestic tourists who stayed in hotels located in Pamukkale-Hierapolis from April to June 2018. Factor
and regression analyses were carried out for the data. The research findings indicate that perceived destination personality for Pamukkale-Hierapolis had four dimensions: competence-sophistication, natural-happy, sincerity and ruggedness, which had positive effects on destination loyalty and behavioral intentions among visitors. This
research determined that a positive perception of destination personality had a very important role in increasing destination satisfaction and predicting future behaviors of tourists for the destination they visited.
... The review of literature divulged a scarcity of research regarding the correlation between Globalisation and tourism (Antonescu, 2016;Coëffé et al., 2007;Cornelissen, 2005;Furt and Michel, 2011;Gay and Violier, 2007;Gay and Decroly, 2018;Hoerner, 2010Hoerner, , 2013Lazzarotti, 2000;Lyon and Wells, 2012;Macleod, 2004;Meethan 2001;Violier 2000Violier , 2016Sacareau et al., 2015;Wahab and Cooper 2001;Ivanov and Webster, 2013;Dwyer, 2015;Violier and Taunay, 2019). Even as the Globalisation phenomenon has been extensively scrutinized in social sciences, with emphasis on capitalism, multinationals, world culture, and industrialization (Conrady, 2012;Dwyer, 2015;Vellas, 1996), the linkages between Globalisation and tourism have remained underexplored. ...
... Tourism export and more specifically business tourism is an important sector that if properly developed and promoted could contribute to income diversification for countries, especially those that depend much on a single source of foreign exchange earnings. Tourism, while constituting an emerging industry is also particularly relevant for economic prosperity (Cornelissen, 2017). Moreover, the tourism industry is increasingly becoming a relevant fraction of the global economy, especially in the light of a growing population and higher disposable incomes (Poprawe, 2015). ...
Despite a growing literature on the natural resource curse, existing studies are sparse on how real effective exchange rate, political stability and corruption shape the relationship between natural resources and tourism revenues. This study analyses both the direct and indirect effects of natural resources on tourism revenues using a panel 95 countries around the world from 1996 to 2018. First, our results indicate that natural resource dependence negatively impacts tourism revenues. Second, above certain thresholds, natural resources curse the tourism sector through the corruption of exchange rate. These results motivate recommendations aimed at maintaining political stability, reducing cumbersome regulations of tourism activities that generate corruption and the adoption of appropriate exchange rate regime is recommended but this requires further studies.
... Dimanche et al. used survey methods to assess the performance and importance of tourism professionals in skills and competencies related to hospitality and tourism management to identify specific areas for curriculum reform and development [19]. Scarlett Cornelissen discussed the impact of the international tourism sector on the political economy and environment of developing countries in the era of globalization, evaluating its impact on these countries as a global system of trade, production, exchange and management, and on this basis analyzing the advantages and disadvantages it generates [20]. ...
In this paper, according to the elastic regression network algorithm model, the evaluation attribute values are normalized, the variables are analyzed by multiple regression, and the weights of evaluation attributes are calculated using the entropy weight method. Then, the talent demand of the recreation tourism industry is studied, and the talent training model of industry-education integration in the recreation tourism industry is constructed. Finally, the analysis of talent cultivation identity, satisfaction, and results was conducted using the elastic regression network. The results show that the average score of students’ self-appraisal of cultivation results reached 4.76, and the average score of enterprise evaluation was 4.28. The teachers’ identity rating of teaching management is 4, and the student’s identity rating is 4.616. The teachers’ identity rating of school-enterprise cooperation is 3.79, and the student’s identity rating is 4.465. This paper’s research aims to promote the recreation and tourism industry’s development and enhance talent training quality.
... The literature [15] studied tourism development in Russia and pointed out the problems of destination image, infrastructure development, workforce training, education, quality management, sustainable management and other aspects of tourism development in Russia. The literature [16] analyzed the South African case study by examining the impact of the international tourism sector on the political economy and development in the era of globalization to evaluate the role of international tourism as a global trade, production, exchange and governance system in developing countries. The literature [17] explores the tourism sector, which has grown in recent years, using a partial least squares model to analyze the impact on the environment from a supply perspective and environmental management. ...
Based on its evolutionary history, this paper explores the different manifestations of traditional culture in tourism development. The matrix decomposition of the spatial elements of tourism development is used to study the coupling relationship between tourism space and traditional culture. Finally, the evaluation index system of the tourism development degree is constructed, and the two-dimensional matrix model is used to realize the integration measurement of traditional culture inheritance and tourism development. In the empirical study, the evaluation index of cultural industry development in Liaoning province increased year by year from 2011 to 2020, reaching a stage peak of 0.623189 in 2015, and the coupling degree of the culture and tourism industry in Liaoning province was greater than 0.92. The measurement model established in this study effectively promotes the integrated development of traditional culture tourism.
... The tourism system consists of tourism source, tourism destination, and tourism channel linking tourism source and tourism destination. Tourism destination is the core of the whole tourism system and has an extremely important position and role in the tourism system [1][2][3]. And scenic areas are the material carriers of the existence and development of tourism, and various types and numbers of scenic areas constitute tourist destinations [4]. ...
Building a scenic satisfaction evaluation system is an important initiative to improve the quality of tourism management. In this paper, an improved ontology modeling method is used to construct the ontology of the tourism domain, and operations such as denoising and de-duplication are used to process the ontology data while a data dictionary of entities is established. Oriented to tourism-named entities, the identification of entities is completed based on a directed graph model, and the evaluation index system of scenic spot satisfaction is constructed accordingly. For the research sample of the ancient village scenic spot, the importance of indicators F3, F5, F8, and F15 are 3.68, 4.20, 4.18, and 4.32, respectively, and the performance is 3.75, 4.06, 4.13, and 4.18, respectively. The satisfaction evaluation index established based on cognitive mapping reflects the validity.
... Several authors supposed that individuals have capital, knowledge (especially in advertising tourism), connections with potential tourists and control over tourism flows. Tour operators control peripheral destinations with the vital link of the distribution system and ongoing development activities (Britton, 1991;Cornelissen, 2017;Tucker & Akama, 2009). Cairó-i-Céspedes and Palacios Cívico (2022) emphasized that core and semi-periphery systems are connected by the individual periphery system. ...
The focus of the study is on social and economic inequalities that influence tourism resources and support for tourism. Social and economic influence has dramatically affected the modern tourism industry and the achievement of the sustainable development goal (SDG) agenda. The aim of the study was to explain social and economic inequalities and tourism resources' influence on tourism support at the national level. The study applied a quantitative research method, and data were collected through a questionnaire from 470 respondents in Gilgit Baltistan, Pakistan. Data were analysed with the help of descriptive and inferential statistics using statistical package for social science (SPSS V-28) and analysis of a moment structures (AMOS V-28). The study found that social and economic inequalities have no direct association with tourism support, and indirectly tourism resources have a significant negative influence on support for tourism. The study concluded that a more reflective view is necessary for the tourism industry to fully comprehend the consequences of social and economic inequalities, tourism resources, and action to support tourism. A practical policy-wise effort would be needed to address all social and economic inequality national-wise issues related to tourism support.
... The tourism sector is a quantified aggregate of diverse economic sectors, in connection with tourists' trips and stays, and is not a homogeneous part of the economy [64]. It is made up of business entities belonging to many sectors of the national economy. ...
Examining selected aspects of labour market performance in the Polish tourism sector can extend our knowledge of hotel company attitudes in connection with COVID-19. The aims of this article are to present selected determinants of labour market performance in the Polish tourism sector (with particular emphasis on the hotel industry) in the era of the COVID-19 pandemic and to address the following research question: how did the COVID-19 pandemic affect the functioning of hotel companies in the key tourist region of Poland—Zachodniopomorskie province? The research methods used in the study included critical analysis of source literature, survey method, correspondence analysis method, and analysis of primary and secondary data, mainly from official statistics. The survey was conducted in January 2022. Information was collected from 129 respondents using surveys. The results of the research presented in the article reveal that the observed long-term upward trend in the national labour market has been halted by the pandemic and that (among the various accommodation facilities) hotels are the most vulnerable to changes in the tourism labour market. The authors’ contributions to the literature are the identification of the extent to which businesses from the hotel industry have been affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the determination of the impact of the pandemic on selected employment-related aspects of business operations in Zachodniopomorskie province.
... Tourism was identified as a strategic industry with a potential to positively influence and promote economic growth, create employment opportunities, advance sustainable development, and ultimately deliver national social cohesion (Rogerson & Rogerson, 2019). Cornelissen (2017) argues that the National Development Plan was instituted against the contaminants associated with micro-plastics to remote areas is small compared with that from oceanic and especially long-distance atmospheric transport processes, the problem is that plastics with their accumulated contaminant load are directly ingestible by organisms (Isensee & Valdes, 2015). As a result, an excess of 150 million tons of plastic are deposited into world seas and oceans which are heavily polluted. ...
The study focused on beachgoers' waste disposal behavior and its impacts on the coastal and marine environment. Coastal and marine tourism is a key subsector of tourism that is fast becoming one of the most popular forms of tourism globally. The objective of the study was to discuss the resilience of coastal destinations by examining the role of environmental education in shaping environmentally responsible tourists' behavior. A mixed method approach that combined both qualitative and quantitative research design was adopted for this study. A total of 248 domestic and international beachgoers were surveyed using a purposive sampling technique. The results indicate that the level of environmental awareness has a direct impact on environmental behavior, fundamentally the more environmentally aware beachgoers are, the less likely they will dispose of their waste incorrectly. Drawing on the existing studies as well as discussions from the findings show that the city's service delivery forums should be strengthened through robust stakeholder collaborative efforts. The study recommends quantifying tourist-generated waste to identify the types and sources of waste and minimize waste generation streams. Further studies should be undertaken to explore incentive initiatives for beachgoers who dispose of their waste correctly.
... As a result, China's rural tourism industry is booming [11]. Rural tourism development is a complex phenomenon that necessitates the coordination and interaction of various aspects of tourism development, such as ensuring sustained demand and maintaining viable tourist attractions [12]. It also necessitates a favourable development environment and proactive policy guidance [13]. ...
Rural tourism, as a vital component of tourism, is critical to the development of rural economies, farmers’ income, rural civilization, new rural construction, and urban-rural interaction. Simultaneously, as the size and complexity of data sets grow larger, how to improve the efficiency of association rule algorithms for mining large data sets has become a hot topic in association rule mining. Rural tourism development that is cultural and creative not only contributes to rural revitalization, but also to the preservation and inheritance of rural culture. The Apriori algorithm is the most widely used and influential algorithm for mining Boolean association rules, and the majority of current algorithms are extensions of the Apriori algorithm. Demand, supply, marketing, and support forces of rural tourism, which are the core driving force of rural tourism development, are formed by the basic needs of each subsystem of rural tourism. One of the main methods is to promote the sustainable and healthy development of rural tourism in accordance with the nature, characteristics, and laws of rural tourism destination construction, in order to create a dynamic system for long-term development and establish a rural tourism development dynamic system. The study of rural tourism driving factors and their system optimization is proposed in this paper. The main tourism dynamic system is adopted by the association rule algorithm of Apriori, the driving factors of rural tourism development are analyzed in the paper, and the system optimization method is proposed, all based on the Apriori algorithm. In terms of support, the Apriori algorithm is 0.436 higher than the CD algorithm and 0.568 higher than the SVM algorithm, and the Apriori algorithm can greatly reduce database size and improve record reading speed. As a result, the findings of this paper can be used to improve the spatial layout of rural tourism and to develop urban-rural tourism.
... Kekhasan daerah dari sisipariwisata dalam kaitannya dengan pembangunan ekonomi sudah tidak diragukan lagi kontribusinya, hal ini dilihat dari banyaknya daerah yang mengembangkan pariwisata dengan serius dan menjadikan pariwisata sebagai sektor unggulan, seperti Bali, Lombok, Jogjakarta dan kotakota lainnya di Indonesia (Tarigan, 2005;Pradana, 2020). Hal ini khususnya melalui kemampuannya untuk menciptakan lapangan kerja, pendapatan ekspor dan pendapatan bagi pemerintah dan individu (Cornelissen, 2005;Suriani, 2017). Namun hal itu tentu saja harus diimbangi dengan dukungan yang kuat dari masyarakat lokalnya (Suriani, 2017). ...
Penelitian ini adalah tentang kebijakan atau inovasi dalam bidang pariwisata yang dilakukan oleh Kota Sawahlunto. Penelitian ini relevan dan menarik untuk dibahas karena inovasi yang dilakukan Pemerintah Kota Sawahlunto dengan merubah Kawasan bekas penambagan batu bara (Kawasan Kandi) merupakan program yang bisa ditiru oleh Pemerintah Kabupaten/Kota lain yang lahan penambagannya sudah tidak berproduksi lagi. Populasi dalam penelitian ini yaitu pada daerah yang telah melakukan kebijakan atau inovasi dalam bidang pariwisata. Sedangkan sampel dalam penelitian ini adalah inovasi bernama Just Not Green sebagai inovasi dalam rangka menciptakan destinasi wisata dari lahan bekas tambang batu bara Kawasan Kandi Kota Sawahlunto. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa inovasi yang dilakukan Pemerintah Kota Sawahlunto dengan menjadikan kawasan kandi (lahan bekas penambangan batu bara) sebagai destinasi wisata memang telah berhasil meningkatkan perekonomian Kota Sawahlunto. Terhadap inovasi tersebut dapat disimpulkan bahwa pengaruh perkembangan pariwisata terhadap kondisi makro ekonomi Kota Sawahlunto dapat dilihat dari pengaruhnya terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi, struktur ekonomi dan tenaga kerja. Pertumbuhan ekonomi Kota Sawahlunto tahun 2004-2013 untuk masing-masing sektor fluktuatif. Untuk sektor kepariwisataan seperti perhotelan dan restoran cenderung meningkat hingga tahun 2013 dan sudah mencapai 7,54 %. Untuk sektor jasa-jasa dengan peningkatan pada tahun 2004 sebesar 3,98 % menjadi 8,9 % pada tahun 2013.
... Post-development thinking in tourism attempts a holistic study of tourismboth as an industry and as a system. The interest is therefore to understand how tourism systems and processes work and how these shape the interactions between people and places (Cornelissen, 2005). Importantly, the interest is to understand the role of culture and power in shaping the actions and inactions of tourism stakeholders in a given destination (Bramwell and Meyer, 2007;Cheong and Miller, 2000;Church and Coles, 2006). ...
... Finally, we found that tour operators have considerable influence in the market (Cavlek, 2002), especially when it comes to tourist expenditure on crafts, even though the management skills and business ethics of some of these operators were found wanting (at least by the tourists in our study). This corroborates the work of Cornelissen (2002) which shows that tour operators can influence the entire tourist process -i.e., from the moment tourists arrive to the moment they leave. Thus, the need to mount some professional development programs to enhance the effectiveness and ethical standards of tour operators in Ghana cannot be overemphasized. ...
While a bourgeoning literature exists on how African Americans are using tourism to connect with Africa, only a handful of studies have examined the nature of African American tourists’ spending on the continent. This study identifies popular Ghanaian handicrafts that are produced for African American tourists; examines the spending patterns of these tourists; and analyses how handicraft traders use the incomes derived from their craft sales. We found that while African Americans constitute the bulk of craft purchasers in Ghana, their numbers have dwindled lately, so are their expenditures on crafts and other souvenirs.
... Pariwisata telah menjadi salah satu industri yang berkembang pesat di dunia selama dua dekade terakhir (Cornelissen 2005). Industri pariwisata global terus kokoh dengan 3 persen pertumbuhan Produk Domestik langsung Bruto (PDB) (World Travel dan Tourism Council 2015). ...
Kewirausahaan sosial pariwisata di Indonesia berawal dari kenyataan bahwa pariwisata seringkali mengabaikan kesempatan masyarakat lokal untuk berpartisipasi dalam pengembangan pariwisata di daerah mereka sendiri. Ekonomi positif dari pembangunan pariwisata sering dinikmati oleh orang dari luar daerah. Artikel ini membahas tantangan yang dihadapi dalam pelaksanaan kewirausahaan sosial di Colomadu Karanganyar, Jawa Tengah. Ini termasuk tantangan yang dihadapi oleh masyarakat Colomadu Karanganyar dalam mengembangkan jiwa entrepreneur sosial dan bisnis. Dengan mengacu pada wawancara mendalam pada 31 partisipan, hasil penelitian menyebutkan bahwa implementasi kewirausahaan sosial sebagian besar dikembangkan atas inisiatif penduduk lokal. Kurangnya dukungan dari pemerintah dalam mengembangkan kewirausahaan sosial ini merupakan salah satu tantangan yang mereka hadapi dalam mengembangkan kewirausahaan sosial. Temuan penelitian ini tidak konsisten dengan pandangan bahwa partisipasi masyarakat lokal dalam pariwisata sangat penting dalam pengembangan pariwisata. Oleh karena itu, temuan ini akan berfungsi sebagai ‘ wake-up call ’ bagi pemerintah Indonesia untuk lebih memperhatikan dan mengikutsertakan masyarakat lokal dalam proses pembangunan pariwisata, terutama dalam mengembangkan semangat entrepreneur sosial mereka serta memberikan dukungan yang memadai untuk bisnis kewirausahaan sosial mereka untuk tumbuh.
... Dependency theorists characterize international aid and assistance as a mode of exploitation and self-enrichment in which peripheral nations are contingent on and dependent on core donor organizations and countries in most developed countries (S. Cornelissen, 2017;Lee & Usman, 2018). World countries are deeply divided in the direction of economic advancement (Mizero, 2018). ...
em>This study examines the relationship between Nigeria and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and also traces its impact on Human Rights and Standard of living. Therefore, it assesses the impact of IMF on Human Rights and the living standards of Nigerians, as it was assumed that Nigeria's relationship with the IMF was the key cause of poverty, social insecurity, economic inequalities and a decrease in people's living standards. Primary data sources, such as official records, newspapers, journals, and books, were used to gather data for research, while the Theory of Human Rights and Dependency Theory was used as the basis for this study. The study discovered that externally enforced economic liberalization does not enhance economic development and degrades government human rights practices. The study also assumed that Nigeria's relationship with the IMF was more detrimental than positive and thus had a direct negative impact on the general standard of living of the people. It was suggested that the government should attempt to diversify the economy, reshape its relationship with international financial institutions, such as the IMF and the World Bank, and provide people with adequate facilities to raise their living standards.</em
... Community-based tourism (CBT) is an alternative form of tourism development that emerged in response to the negative impacts of conventional mass tourism (Cornelissen, 2005;López Guzmán, Sánchez-Cañizares & Pavón, 2011;Gadi Djou, Baiquni, Widodo & Fandeli, 2017). The concept of Albergo Diffuso (AD, meaning scattered/diffused/spread hotel) was born in 1982 as a consequence of the devastating 1976 earthquake that destroyed extended parts of various locations in the north-east of Italy such as Friuli Venezia Giulia, intending to rebuild small centres after the earthquake (Dichter & Dall'Ara, n.d). ...
This conceptual paper proposes using a new Community-based diffused tourism (CBDT) model, which is based on the consolidation of Community-based tourism and ‘Albergo diffuso’ (AD). CBDT is a model of tourism development that is dispersed over a given territory. It consists of an assemblage of hospitality facilities, social cohesion, and commonality of aspirations to empower disadvantaged communities and develop local economies for profit-sharing tourism. The Social and Solidarity Economy of Argentina presents possibilities upon which CBDT can be formed. This opens up chances to describe culture and community in local terms. The CBDT is a confluence of minds, services, resources, and capacities serving a common purpose for the common good. The CBDT model has the characteristics of ownership/control residing with the local community, is geographical/space-specific, and boasts several typologies, such as neighbourhood-based CBDT, street-based CBDT, and ‘building’-based CBDT involving inhabited and uninhabited spaces.
... This theory helps with the identification of the basic elements to be studied in the context of a capitalist system (consumers, producers, regulatory bodies, and products) [18,25], as illustrated in Figure 1. Additionally, tourism can be viewed as a system, which includes some key elements such as consumers, producers, tourist products (e.g., cultural resources, accommodation, ancillary services, etc.), and the ordering/regulatory bodies that have a key role in planning and management for tourism development [27]. In the context of surf tourism, it is possible to affirm that the surf spot (and the area around it) is the main resource, and most of the time, it is a natural area whose boundaries encompass elements that go beyond the beach [28]. ...
Sport tourism has experienced considerable growth in the last decades, either from the sport events perspective or considering an active sport tourism approach. Therefore, some emergent market niches like surf tourism have been developed in numerous coastal destinations to attract sustainability-sensitive tourists due to the ongoing environmental challenges and the socio-economic crisis. Cape Town is positioned in a prominent place in terms of competitiveness, with a considerable variety of beaches and surf spots facing multiple issues. The aim of this study is to try to identify the most competitive beaches and subdistricts in terms of sustainability and to suggest criteria for surf-tourism-related indicators to obtain an overview about this space, using weighting indicators, and applying geography and political economy lenses. The results reveal that Strand, Table View, and Surfers’ Corner are the most competitive beaches. Additionally, beaches located in some underprivileged areas such as Mitchells Plain and Khayelitsha are potentially interesting from a socio-economic development point of view, although they show a lack of accommodation infrastructures. These results seem to indicate that those areas should be closely monitored, and destination managers should focus their attention and finance there to obtain a more sustainable surf tourism development.
... Theoretically, this pressure calls for a need to set the limits to growth in tourism [23] by creating structures and collaborative processes and practices that lead the industry towards a sustainable development path. These structures and related institutional arrangements can be interpreted by applying the regulation theory, which involves interrogating (i) a regime of accumulation and (ii) a mode of regulation [82]. The former refers to the organization of 'supply and demand', while the latter mode is focused on the structures that aim to sustain the processes of production and consumption [83]. ...
Since the early 1990s, sustainability has formed a development paradigm for tourism. Recently, however, researchers and policymakers have shown considerable interest in the notion of responsibility in tourism. While responsible and sustainable tourism share many common elements, their ideological context and societal background may involve critical differences. The purpose of this review paper is to discuss the ideas of responsibility and sustainability in tourism and especially how they have emerged in tourism studies and activities, and what implications their differences may have for tourism development and its future practices and policies. Here, sustainable tourism is understood as being based on regulative structures involving multiple scales of policies and decision-making, while responsible tourism derives some of its core focus and practices from neoliberal governance with its emphasis on individualized and personalized behavior and decision-making. These different contextual backgrounds indicate why we should not automatically equate these two ideas in research, especially when thinking about how the growth-driven tourism industry could and should respond to global challenges in future. Furthermore, building on the structuration theory, the paper discusses how these two different approaches are often interconnected and can lead a way towards sustainable development in tourism.
... Another tourism development model is The Global Tourism System (Cornelissen, 2005). Cornelissen argued that global tourism requires a different / specific market based on the exchange between tourism producers and consumers. ...
This study aims to: 1) To identify and inventory the distribution of religious sites in Banyuwangi Regency; 2) Developing religious tourism models in Banyuwangi Regency; 3) Determine the right development strategy for religious tourism in Banyuwangi Regency. The data obtained was validated by using triangulation of data, researchers, theory and methodology. While the data analysis technique uses qualitative data analysis techniques which include data collection, data reduction, data presentation, and drawing verification. And the SWOT analysis which includes the preparation of the IFAS (Internal Factor Analysis Summary) matrix and the EFAS (External Factor Analysis Summary) matrix which is followed by the preparation of the SWOT matrix. This research is very important to be carried out on the basis of analysis, namely: 1) Banyuwangi stores many religious sites that have the potential to be developed as a tourist attraction; 2) Many religious sites are damaged and not maintained and the history of the document is not documented; 3) Religious sites in Banyuwangi Regency starting from the classical Hindu-Buda period to the Islamic period; 4) The existence of the phenomenon of Indonesian people has a unique motivation to travel that is to package a tour in the form of religious travel. The results showed that Banyuwangi has many religious sites that have the potential to be developed into religious tourism objects, including: 1) the Lingga and Yoni relics in Jambewangi; 2) Alaspurwo; 3) Rowu Bayu Site; 4) Ompak Songo; 5) Aningpatih Site; 6) Kawitan Sites; 7) Goa Site at Alaspurwo; 8) Image Worship Site; 9) Goa Maria; 10) Tomb of Sayid Yusuf; 11) Tomb of Mbah Dowo; 12) Tombs of the Regent of Banyuwangi; 13) Konco Hoo Tong Bio; 14) Tomb of Jogopati Rempeg; 15) Sri Tanjung Well; 16) Mbah Kopek's Grave; 17) Giri Salaka Temple.
Keywords: Tourism, Religious, Integrated, Development
... For this article, the aim of CBT will be highlighted, taking into account its origins and defi nitions, leading to the exposition of its relationship to ST and sustainability, as elaborated in the next section. Literature amply supports that CBT has its roots and origins in the 1970s alternative development milieu (Cornelissen, 2005;Karim, Mohammad, & Serafi no, 2012;Mitchell & Muckosy, 2008;Ruhiu, 2007;Telfer, 2009;Zapata, Hall, Lindo, & Vanderschaeghe, 2011; see Giampiccoli, 2015 for a history of CBT) and is intended for disadvantaged community members incorporating matters such as empowerment, sustainability, social justice and self-reliance . Telfer (2009) well explains in that CBT developed in the 1970s when the focus was on alternative development paradigms which promoted issues of local participation, self-reliance, empowerment, and sustainability and protruded to research in CBT, ecotourism, indigenous tourism and the emancipation and empowerment of women via tourism. ...
Th is paper interrogates the intersection between sustainable tourism and community-based tourism (CBT). It is a conceptual paper that unpacks the conceptualization of tourism and traces the emergence of sustainable tourism as one of the responses to conventional/mass tourism. Th e history of conventional tourism shows that, like any form of tourism, it has both positive and negative impacts on destinations. It is against this backdrop that CBT emerged. To achieve its aim, this article examined the main principles and attributes of CBT in CBT manuals and handbooks, focusing on two key concepts-sustainability and the environment. Th is examination revealed a signifi cant mismatch in the conception of sustainability, while it is a fundamental requirement in tourism to tackle its negative environmental impacts. Environmental sustainability is considered more implicit in CBT, while it is often less regarded in conventional/mass tourism. We argue that the sustainability of tourism should be an intrinsic and universal principle of all forms of tourism that governments should enforce. Th e fact that conventional tourism produces most of the environmental damage, it is for this reason that it should elevate its role to become a solid promoter of sustainable measures for environmentally-friendly and sustainability-friendly practices instead.
... The tourism sector is a quantified aggregate of diverse sectors of the economy, created or stimulated in connection with tourists' trips and stays (Cornelissen, 2017;Matias at al., 2011), which is not a homogenous part of the economy. It is made up of business entities belonging to numerous sectors of the national economy. ...
Purpose: The article presents, in a multidimensional perspective, the instruments applied in EU member states to mitigate the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic in the tourism sector. Design/Methodology/Approach: Research conducted in the article was based on secondary data. Research methods applied in the paper include critical review of literature, method of comparative analysis and secondary data analysis. Findings: The outcome of the article is the identification of actions undertaken in EU member states to support the tourism sector and original elaboration on the scheme of instruments used by EU authorities and countries in order to limit the epidemic risk in tourism. Practical Implications: The analysis and evaluation carried out in the article demonstrated that risk management in EU member states' tourist sectors at the time of pandemic requires integrated protective measures. The results may be used to develop a long-term strategy for the EU's tourism sector and programmes for prevention of crisis outcomes in other sectors of the economy as well. Originality/value: In the perspective presented herein, issues related to the epidemic risk in the tourism sector, discussed in the article, have not been the subject of scientific analyses in domestic or foreign literature.
... The Kumarakom Initiative won the National Award for Best Rural Tourism Project and also the PATA Grand Award for Environment. In order to ensure the sustainable growth of tourism in the state, Kerala adopted a "high value, low volume" perspective (Banerjee, 2013); a tourism management strategy that aids in controlling the overall impacts of tourism while ensuring that the industry remains one of the top economic performers for the region (Cornelissen, S. ,2017). Through this policy, Kerala limited the quantity of tourists entering the state while monitoring the quality of tourists to ensure that they are culturally sensitive, environmentally friendly and economically viable. ...
Sustainable tourism or sustainable development through tourism or tourism development in terms of sustainable tourism is becoming increasingly relevant among contemporary scholars from different countries. The relevance of sustainable tourism has evolved from eco-tourism to community tourism and from community tourism to sensible tourism involving 'waste management' , 'energy management' etc. In the present paper, attempt has been made to review the concepts and practices of contemporary sustainable tourism, those have evolved over the periods of time. The three major early sustainable tourism initiatives in the states of India, those are considered as 'Early bird states' have also been briefly discussed in the paper. Finally, a short survey based empirical study has been conducted to do a comparative study based on the opinions related to 'sustainable tourism in India', where some Indian tourists and 'non-Indian/foreign tourists', those have travelled to India in recent years have been involved.
Despite the abundant literature on the natural resource outcomes, little attention has been paid to international tourism demand. However, tourism, like the exploitation of natural resources, is of considerable importance for the development of natural resource-rich African countries. This paper analyzes the direct and indirect effects of natural resources on tourism in 52 African countries. Using data from 1995 to 2021, Driscoll-Kraay, Lewbel 2SLS and GMM methods show a negative impact of natural resources on tourism in Africa. In addition, the study of transmission channels using structural equation models shows that natural resources are transmitted through infrastructure, governance and insurance. In view of these results, public policies should promote the sound management of financial resources derived from the exploitation of natural resources for the benefit of a sector such as tourism. Government should, strengthen environmental regulations and responsible mining practices. Also, policies aiming to fight corruption must be adopted in order to increase tourism revenues. While democratic institutions can play a crucial role in this endeavor, African states in addition should develop security and non-life insurance mechanisms for potential travelers to boost the sector.
Religious tourism is commonly known for the visits by believers to religious sites and pilgrimages for religious purposes. In African Pentecostalism, religious tourism is known for the movement of believers from one country to another in search of greater power and blessings. This also includes powerful politicians who would visit a prophet in another African country in search of prayers. This kind of movement has been perceived negatively, particularly considering the disaster that happened in Nigeria when many South Africans lost their lives when the Synagogue Church of All Nations building in Nigeria collapsed. In addition, there are challenges such as the financial exploitation of religious tourists who pay exorbitant prices to visit men or women of God. Another challenge is the hostility of host countries to religious tourists, particularly pastors. The argument in this article is that religious tourism should not only be studied by its challenges but also various opportunities. Opportunities such as transportation opportunities, food trade opportunities, and hospitality opportunities are explored. These opportunities are important in the development of a Pentecostal pneumatological theology of tourism. This is a literature review on religious tourism in the context of Pentecostalism. This theology is developed using the theoretical framework of pneumatological imagination which argues that being filled with the Spirit includes opening up to people of different languages, different nationalities, and so forth. Similarly, pneumatological imagination argues that being filled with the Spirit allows the movement of people from one country to another which enhances tourism opportunities. This theory is important for the balance between the challenges and opportunities of religious tourism. Keywords: Religious Tourism, Pentecostalism, Pentecostal Theology, Pneumatological Imagination, Pneumatology
This research, which follows three months of fieldwork, is articulated on the basis of an observation - the Wildebeest Kuil rock art site (Northern Cape, South Africa) is rarely visited - and on the question: what contemporary issues revolve around the site? The construction of an interpretive centre on the edge of Wildebeest Kuil in 2001 was undertaken to provide economic and cultural support to two San communities displaced and resettled at the same time near the site. Supported by new South African heritage management rules in 1999 and with a view to integrating the Xun and Khwe communities into the management of the rock art site, the Wildebeest Kuil Rock Art Centre is an example of community-based tourism of archaeological heritage. However, the lack of tourism has not led to the establishment of sustainability at Wildebeest Kuil. The author analyses at length the multiple causes of this marginality despite the good tourist numbers and the interest in cultural heritage in the destination where the site is located (Kimberley). Throughout the dissertation, the community-based approach is questioned either directly, by analysing in depth the failure of this mode of management at Wildebeest Kuil, or by proposing to shift the focus to the contemporary issues of the communities on the site and to the cultural and political perspectives benefiting from the development of tourism at the site. Therefore, this research proposes to observe the complexities surrounding the development of tourism by proposing a progressive conceptualisation and generalisation of the example of Wildebeest Kuil in the management of archaeological sites in South Africa. On the basis of a study of various expectations on the site and mainly from qualitative data, this work proposes in fine to underline the fundamentally social issues of archaeology in South Africa by using and adapting a methodology inherited from critical heritage studies
Sur la base de trois mois de terrain, ce mémoire de recherche s’articule autour d’un constat - le site d’art rupestre de Wildebeest Kuil (Northern Cape, Afrique du Sud) est très peu visité - et d’une question : quels enjeux contemporains gravitent autour du site ? La construction d’un centre d’interprétation aux abords de Wildebeest Kuil en 2001 fut engagée dans l’optique d’apporter un soutien économique et culturel à deux communautés San (!Xun et Khwe) déplacées et installées en même temps à proximité du site. Soutenu par les nouvelles considérations sud-africaines de 1999 en matière de gestion du patrimoine et avec l’objectif d’intégrer les communautés !Xun et Khwe dans les modalités de gestion du site, le Wildebeest Kuil Rock Art Centre est un exemple de mise en tourisme du patrimoine archéologique qui fut basé sur des communautés locales. Toutefois, la faible fréquentation touristique n’a pas permis l'établissement d’une durabilité. L’auteur analyse longuement les multiples causes de cette marginalité malgré une bonne fréquentation touristique et un intérêt pour le patrimoine culturel dans la destination où il se situe (Kimberley). Tout au long du mémoire, l’approche communautaire est questionnée soit frontalement, en analysant en profondeur l’échec de ce mode de gestion à Wildebeest Kuil, soit en filigrane, en proposant de déplacer le regard autour des enjeux contemporains des communautés sur le site et des perspectives culturelles et politiques tirant parti de la mise en tourisme du site. Aussi, ce mémoire propose d’observer les complexités qui entourent une mise en tourisme en proposant une conceptualisation progressive et une mise en généralité de l’exemple de Wildebeest Kuil dans la gestion des sites archéologiques d’Afrique du Sud. Sur la base d’une étude principalement qualitative des attentes variées sur le site, ce travail propose in fine de constater les enjeux fondamentalement sociaux de l’archéologie en Afrique du Sud en utilisant et adaptant une méthodologie héritée des critical heritage studies
The city of Limbe is endowed with tourism potential whose development has several advantages to the development of the economy of the area. Tourism has become one of the vibrant sectors in the development of economies in both developed and developing countries of the world. The contribution of tourism to economic development lies first with the identification of potentials and the various stakeholders involved in their development. The purpose of this study is to identify and locate key tourist attractions in Limbe, identify the actors involved in tourism development and the role they play, to investigate the implications of urban-tourism, in the tourism sector of Limbe. Purposive and random sampling techniques were used to collect data from the field in the study. Questionnaires and interview were used as instruments to obtain data from 333 residents drawn from the three council areas that make up the Limbe metropolitan area. Data collected were analysed by using simple statistical methods by tabulation and categorisation. Treated data is presented in forms of tables, graphs, photographs, and figure. The findings reveal amongst others that the tourism potentials of Limbe and its surroundings are enormous and attract many tourists into Limbe. It is also realised that tourism development in Limbe is influenced by both public and private actors. More so, urban regeneration and events such as Limbe FESTAC and AFCON are strategies used to promote urban-tourism in Limbe. Urban-tourism in Limbe has socio-cultural, spatial and economic implications. By implication, the participation of different actors is very necessary for tourism development in the city. The results are significant in crafting the future of urban-tourism projects and practices.
Governmental and non-governmental organizations and experts have focused on media freedom and reforms in the last two decades. The present study examines the impact of Reporters Without Borders on the profit of the tourism sector in selected countries in Southwest Asia from 2012 to 2018. It investigates this relationship using a dynamic panel data method and a two-stage generalized moment system (GMM). The obtained results indicate that with a unit increase in the Reporters Without Borders index, the income of the tourism industry increases by 1.062%. Also, for other control variables, it can be concluded that with an increase of 1 unit in the good governance index, tourism revenues increased by 0.784 percent, and also with a 1 percent increase in the official exchange rate, the gross domestic product Per capita and trade openness of tourism industry income increases by 0.005, 2.134 and 0.628 percent respectively. It is worth mentioning that all the obtained coefficients were significant and positive.
This study aims to fill an existing gap in the empirical literature by exploring the effect of tourism on women's employment in 42 African countries. This study uses panel generalized least square (GLS), two-step System generalized methods of moment (S-GMM), and quantile regression (QR) to evaluate the data from 1996 to 2020. Using the QR method, we could examine correlations between variables outside the data's mean. The two-step System GMM corrects biases by differencing variables. To verify that extreme observations do not influence our baseline results in our sample, we dropped five nations with the top and bottom numbers of visitor arrivals. There is evidence to suggest that tourism has a substantial impact on women's employment. Models are also run to see how tourism affects the employment of women in the agriculture, industrial, and service sectors. An increase in tourism is directly related to more women moving away from agriculture and into the manufacturing and service sectors. The key contributions of this study are to emphasize the importance of tourism for women's labor force, wage efficiency, and employment generation in that sector. The findings of this study have a valuable contribution to future research and policy discussions on the impact of the tourism industry on women's employment.
This article explores tourism from the standpoint of circular economy and governance concepts targeting the municipality of San Rafael in the Colombian region of Antioquia. The methodological approach is qualitative with a purposive search of primary and secondary sources. Furthermore, the analysis is based on contrasting and comparing postulations of the World Tourism Organization (WTO), the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), and the Colombian normativity. The study’s conclusion points out the importance of reframing the municipality’s tourism model towards a sustainability culture. To this end, the implementation of the circular economy approach and new models of governance prove to be not only an imperative, but a necessity.
Rather than framing the South African youth unemployment debate in deficit terms, highlighting a lack of skills, educational and economic growth, this study focuses on creative practices and aspirations of Black youth in the Johannesburg tour- ism industry. This group’s activities included tours of former migrant hostels, derelict buildings and township bicycle tours. These young entrepreneurs were placed at a fault line between township and mainstream economies, hustling capitals from various spaces to generate an income. Life histories of four young male entrepreneurs are described in detail. Their knowledge of and access to the inner-city and townships was desirable to certain tourists, creating a demand for “raw” or “authentic” experiences in informal settings. However, their origins in marginalised spaces, the operations of the main- stream capitalist economy and limited financial capital produced structural barriers to their rising too high. Johannesburg therefore mediated the acquisition and use of different forms of capital that Black youth tried to accumulate and use for income generation opportunities in the tourism sector. The inner-city and townships formed both a ceiling and a “dance floor,” enabling them to create innovative livelihoods, but these sites simultaneously and paradoxically pre- scribed limits to their upward social mobility.
The efficiency of tourist and recreational systems should be enhanced not so much due to increasing the tourist flow but due to the growing tourists’ expenses. The former way (extensive) leads to an uncontrolled increase in the load on natural, engineering and cultural objects and infrastructure of the regions and their further degradation. The latter way (intensive) makes it possible to increase budgetary funds of municipalities and regions, formulate environmental protection programs, develop tourist and other types of infrastructure. The article proposes a methodology that allows one not only to determine the levels, dynamics and vector of the development of tourist and recreational systems in regions based on the comparison of extensive and intensive factors, but also to assess the intensity of the systems’ activity. Over the period 2010-2017, in Russia as a whole the tourist and recreational system developed through increasing the tourist flow (which doubled) – i.e. in accordance with the extensive development path. In comparable prices, the volume of services provided within the system increased by only 17%, which is due to a decrease in the length of stay and the average daily expenses of tourists. The imposition of sanctions against Russia (following the reunification of Crimea and Russia) radically affected the factors of the regional tourist and recreational systems efficiency: the number of regions with negative dynamics of tourist spending (in comparable prices) increased by 2.8 times, from 25 units (2010−2013) to 71 units in 2017, and the number of regions with negative dynamics of the duration of stay – by 1.3 times (from 53 in 2013 to 68 units in 2017).
In order to increase the competitiveness of the Banyuwangi Regency, which is then carried out for the development and dissemination of an effective tourism economic model for the Banyuwangi Regency, this research has been carried out to find an ideal strategy for collaboration in the development of the tourism economy. The research method used in this research is descriptive qualitative. Data were collected by observation (observation), qualitative interviews, and qualitative documents. The data analysis technique uses an interactive model of analysis as developed by Miles and Huberman (1992). Through qualitative descriptive research, researchers can freely obtain data and facts until they reach a saturation point so that the data obtained is able to answer the questions of this research problem. The use of this method is expected to provide a more in-depth and comprehensive picture of the reality and the process to be studied. The findings of this study show that the Quintuple Helix Model gives the natural environment of society an effective place to attract further interest. In fact, it should ideally be viewed as a driver for knowledge production and innovation.
In recent years, global tourism and health-preserving tourism have developed rapidly, and once became a popular vocabulary of Chinese tourism. The purpose of this article is to study the development strategy of health tourism from the perspective of global tourism based on a large amount of data. This article first describes the concept and meaning of global tourism and health tourism, then uses big data technology to analyze the development of health tourism, and finally, proposes the development of health tourism from the perspective of global tourism to comprehensively improve health Service and timeliness of health tourism. The experimental results of this article show that under the background of big data, people’s investment in health tourism is increasing. From 2011–2019, the GDP value has increased from 13.03 billion yuan to 20.40 billion yuan. The development of health tourism in the global tourism perspective will be the future development trend.
Tourism has been one of the sectors that has suffered the greatest impact by the Covid-19 virus, which has created an unprecedented context with thousands of tourism-related companies closing with an unclear future. International tourism was recovering from the previous financial crisis achieving historical milestones regarding international tourist arrivals. Simultaneously, tourism niches like active sport tourism have experienced significant growth which has been developed to achieve more sustainable tourism as is the case of surf tourism in Cape Town. This article aims to investigate the surf tourism socio-economic competitiveness of Cape Town beaches to provide solutions and alternatives for a return to the ‘new normality’ due to the Covid-19 crisis. Political economy and geography, as well as tourism systems’ approach, are employed for the theoretical background. A mixed-method approach was utilised in this study including a qualitative, narrative method for the literature review, and a quantitative weighted set of indicators. The results suggest that active sports and domestic tourism have potential to help short-term tourism recovery. Three beaches showed the best potential for socio-economic development, while two beaches in underprivileged neighbourhoods were found potentially interesting for boosting surf tourism development. This study could inform government policy to determine the main areas for surf tourism development.
Critical changes in favour of sustainable tourism practices since the 1980s have resulted in a shift of focus from the tourist towards the interest of local communities and their environment. The tourist influx generated by 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa, presented the tourism industry with various opportunities, among which cultural tourism. Accordingly, the City of Tshwane promoted township tourism to extend tourism benefits to historically disadvantage communities. However, despite the entrepreneurial, economic and psychological success generated by this strategy, township tourism lost attention shortly after the world Cup, following the regression in tourist arrivals. This research presents an analysis of the challenges faced by tourism suppliers in the township of
Atteridgeville. Using a quantitative methodology, this descriptive study assesses 57 internal and external variables of 144 tourism suppliers (N=144) and their environment. Suppliers‘ perceptions are analysed through various statistical tests including standard deviation, mean scores, Cronbach‘s Alpha, Chi-Square, and factor analysis. There were 12 factors that were identified crucial to respondents, of which 7 displayed an unacceptable reliability level. Additionally, relationships were identified between some internal and external variables. The research concludes that township tourism suppliers are weak internally, and require government assistance to cope better with threats from the external environment.
Key words: Sustainable tourism; Tourist; Local communities; Environment;
Cultural tourism; Township tourism; Tourism suppliers; Historically disadvantaged communities.
Consumers pay attention to personalized needs in tourism, and traditional travel methods have been unable to meet the needs of social development. As an innovative model, smart tourism embodies a new tourism development concept and management mechanism. This article aims to analyze the problems existing in the development of smart tourism in the A place to promote the healthy and sustainable development of the tourism industry in the A place. This paper investigates the development of smart tourism in A place and analyzes the satisfaction of tourists. The overall satisfaction of tourists is high, but the satisfaction of transportation and mobile terminals is low. The score ratio is 83.18% and 84.78%. Through interviews, it is found that customers think that waiting in the queue is too long, and the real-time parking situation cannot be intelligent and convenient. On the mobile terminal, customers think that downloading APP is too troublesome. According to the shortcomings and problems in the development of smart tourism, corresponding improvement strategies are proposed to enhance the tourist experience of tourists and promote the balance and sustainable development of smart tourism.
The Sundarbans is the mangrove forests of the Gangetic delta spread across parts of Bangladesh and India, with the majority lying in the former country. Over the past two decades, the people of the islands have been faced with growing restrictions on their access to the forests. They now look towards tourism as an alternative source of livelihood. Tourism is rapidly developing in the region since the beginning of the 21st century, and the area is popular among national and international tourists. However, the ill-effects of mainstream tourism on the local population are also visible here. This chapter traces the different phases of a community-based tourism initiative by the people of Kumirmari, an island in the Sunderbans. This alternative model of tourism aims to combine aspects of community involvement, ownership, governance, benefits, and empowerment, and support the local people in accessing their community and livelihood rights.
Tourism has gotten one of the most significant social, monetary, and social developments of today. Furthermore, the travel industry in the country's economy is one of the most productive divisions. The absolute pay in this part of the economy is trillions of dollars, with in excess of a billion people traveling to the far corners of the world consistently. The methods for the utilization of innovational promoting systems for the active improvement of the organizations and firms, working in the circle of the travel industry are lit up in this examination study. Additionally, made parts out of innovational advertising procedures and conceivable use of this technique and conceivable utilization of this methodology at the travel industry showcase are depicted by this examination study. Furthermore, this exploration study has watched the electronic database to survey the importance of the travel industry, the travel industry, financial 2 matters, supply-side, showcasing, system just as the travel industry advancement. Likewise, this exploration study expected to respond to the two research questions.
We know that the economics of science is about achieving optimal revenue using scarce resources. Similarly, the problem that the world's economies are trying to address is how to achieve an optimal economic share of limited tourism resources. Given that global studies and statistics indicate that good governance is considered to be one of the most important factors in developing countries, it has been termed good governance as a solid building block of development. To this end, the purpose of the present study is to examine the impact of the Good Governance Index, which draws on the six key subsidiaries of the World Bank (freedom of speech and accountability, political stability, government efficiency and effectiveness, legislative quality, rule of law and corruption control). The revenues are from the tourism industry. In this study, panel data were collected from 14 selected Southwest Asian developing countries during the 2011-2016 annual period, and the model was applied and estimated using the system generalized momentum method. The model estimation results show that only the hypothesis of this study which shows the positive and significant effect of good banner index on the amount of revenue from tourism industry has been confirmed and its effect has been positive and significant and also the exchange rate variables. Income and business openness have also had a significant positive impact on the tourism industry's revenue.
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