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INSTYTUT!NOWEJ!EUROPY!|!www.ine.org.pl!|!kontakt@ine.org.pl!
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POLISH-CZECH RELATIONS AND
RUSSIAN DISINFORMATION
ATTEMPTS TO DISTURB THEM
Aleksander Ksawery Olech
Sylwia Gliwa!
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21!FEBRUARY!2020!
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Source: http://ine.org.pl/polish-czech-relations-and-russian-disinformation-
attempts-to-disturb-them/ !
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INSTYTUT!NOWEJ!EUROPY!|!www.ine.org.pl!|!kontakt@ine.org.pl!
SUMMARY!
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-Disinformation! and! propaganda! activities! grew! in! importance! after! the!
Internet,! and! particularly! the! social! media! websites! enabling! the!
information!to!be!easily!transmitted!and!shared!among!users,!became!the!
main!channels!for!news!and!information!dissemination.!!
-A! well-organised! disinformation! campaign! seems! to!be! a!“perfect!
destruction! weapon”.! Disinformation! efforts! also! affect! international!
relations!–!they!stir!up!animosities!and!cause!tensions!between!countries!
and!form!imaginary!grounds!for!negative!attitudes!towards!other!nations.!
-It! is! in! the! interest! of! both! Poland!and! the! Czech! Republic! to!maintain!
relations! undisturbed! by!any! disinformation! efforts.! Participation! in! the!
activities!of!the!Visegrad!Group!and!in!international!alliances!alike!is!a!great!
opportunity!for!the!development!of!the!relations!between!Poland!and!the!
Czech!Republic.!Combating!international!threats!is!also!of!importance.!!!
Disinformation!activities!and!citizens’!perception!
!
Russian!disinformation!efforts!are!visible!in!almost!every!country!in!which!
the!Kremlin! sees!the! potential!for! the!expansion!and! advancement!of! its!
interests.! Such! an! activity! not! only! causes! numerous! legal! and!
organisational!problems!as! it! necessitates!the! implementation! of!special!
measures! to!fight! the! negative! narrative,! but! it! also! forces! state!
governments!to!hold!talks!on!the!violation!of!the!fundamental!principles!of!
democracy!and!of! the! ground!rules!on! which! international!relations!are!
based.!Disinformation!activities!are!clearly!visible!and!they!stopped!being!
just!a!topic!of!academic!discussions;!they!have!become!an!element!on!which!
political! reactions! are! focused! and! an! important! matter! for! individual!
governments! and! organisations,! particularly! the! European! Union! and!
NATO.!!
Faced!with! the!disinformation!campaigns!targeted!at!the!Czech! Republic!
and! run! by!the!pro-Kremlin! media! and! the! so-called! troll! farms,! in! the!
“2016!Czech!National!Security!Audit”,!the!Office!of!the!Czech!Government!
stressed!the!importance!of!the!adoption!(or!strengthening)!of!a!conceptual!
approach! to!the! strategic! national! communication,! both! as! regards! the!
domestic! and! international! activities,! and! the! helplessness! of! its! efforts!
taken!to!combat!disinformation!practices.[1]!
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According! to!the! 2019! survey! carried! out! by!the! Slovak! think-tank!
“Globsec”,!the!Czechs!are!less!likely!to!believe!in!conspiracy!theories!than!
their!neighbours,!i.e.!Slovaks,!Hungarians!and!Poles.[2]!On!the!other!hand,!
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INSTYTUT!NOWEJ!EUROPY!|!www.ine.org.pl!|!kontakt@ine.org.pl!
as!per!the! OECD!statistics,!young!Czechs!show!no!interest! whatsoever!in!
the!politics,! and!rank!the! second!in! Europe,!after!the!Lithuanians!whose!
interest!in!this!topic!is!the!lowest.!The!younger!generation’s!lack!of!interest!
means! that! the! ones! exposed! to!the! dangers! of! disinformation! are! the!
elderly!persons! engaged!in! the!political! life!of! their!country! and!actively!
searching!for!the!relevant!information!in!that!regard.[3]!From!the!surveys!it!
follows! that! the! citizens! of! the! V4! countries! have! limited! trust! in! the!
mainstream!media,!and!that!only!36%!of!the!Polish!and!46%!of!the!Czech!
citizens! believe! in! their! impartiality.[4]!In! turn,! the! lack! of! trust! in! the!
mainstream!media!means! that!the!citizens!find! it!necessary!to!search!for!
alternative! sources! of! information! –! websites! or! social! media! services!–!
which!have!basically!become!a!hotbed!of!fake!and!deliberately!manipulated!
information.!
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In! its! 2015! annual! report,! the! Czech! Information! Security! Service!
[BEZPEČNOSTNÍ+INFORMAČNÍ+SLUŽBA+ –+ BIS]! advised! of! the! Russian!
disinformation!efforts!and!hybrid!activities!designed!to!disrupt!and!disturb!
the!NATO!and!EU!operations,!and!particularly!the!relations!between!Poland!
and!the!Czech!Republic.[5]!
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Polish!and!Czech!activities!for!mutual!growth!in!the!region!
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According!to!the!official! stance!of!the! Polish!government,!the! Polish! and!
Czech! cooperation! is! more! and! more! fruitful,[6]also! in! the! military! area,!
which! was! stressed! in! the! 2019! agreement! on! the! military! aviation!
cooperation!between!the!two!countries.[7]!At!the!signing!ceremony,!Polish!
Prime!Minister!also!stated!that!in!the!past!20!years,!Poland!and!the!Czech!
Republic!had!proved!to!be!valuable!NATO!members!and!the!Alliance!itself!
–!a!guarantee! of!mutual!security.[8]Undoubtedly,!the!fact!that!Poland!and!
the!Czech! Republic!together!strive!to!ensure!the!top! level!of! the!military!
effectiveness! is! one! of! the! important! elements! of! the! countries’! mutual!
security.! Therefore,! the! maintenance! of! relations! undisturbed! by!any!
disinformation!efforts!is!in!the!interest!of!Poland!and!the!Czech!Republic!
alike.!!
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The!relations!between!Poland!and!Czech!Republic!date!to!more!than!1,000!
years!back.!Nowadays,!they!are!mainly!pursued!as!part!of!the!Visegrad!(V4)!
Group,! which! allows! the! countries! to!maintain! positive,! complex! and!
multidimensional! international! relations.!The!V4! Group! has! become!
a!platform!for!negotiations!on!regional!politics!and!also!for!the!formation!
of! informal! alliances! as! part! of! the! EU! membership.! The! V4! Group! also!
serves! as! a!platform! for! the! discussion! and! agreement! on! the! strategic!
matters! that! affect! geopolitics! and! the! security! of! the! Czech! Republic,!
Poland,!Hungary!and!Slovakia.[9]!
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Nowadays,!many!of!the!foreign!policy!directions!pursued!by!Poland!and!the!
Czech!Republic!seem!to!overlap.!This!is!characterised!by!an!attitude!that!is!
prudent! towards! the! European! Union! and! more! favourable! towards! the!
United!States,!the!country!both!Poland!and!the!Czech!Republic!wish!to!be!
closer!to,!even!at!a!cost!of!loosening!their!ties!with!Brussels.!Building!up!the!
alliance!through!the!military!cooperation!with!the!U.S.!confirms!the!same.!
The!on-going!monitoring!of!the!Russian!influences!is!an!important!element!
of!the!Czech!and!Polish!politics.!The!Kremlin’s!attempts!to!intervene!in!the!
politics!of! the!Central! Europe!countries,!and! thus!to!disturb! order!in! the!
entire!V4!Group,!have!not!been!unnoticed.!Many!of!the!Kremlin’s!innovative!
and! almost! unnoticeable! disinformation! efforts! have! an! actual! adverse!
impact!on!the!shaping!of!the!bilateral!cooperation!between!the!Prague!and!
Warsaw-based!governments,!and!thus!they!pose!a!serious!threat!for!them.!
A!great!opportunity!for!the!development!of!the!relations!between!Poland!
and!the!Czech!Republic,!apart!from!the!membership!in!the!V4!Group,!is!also!
the! membership! in! other! international! organisations! like! the! European!
Union,! NATO,! OECD,! OSCE! or! the! Council! of! Europe,! to!name! a!few.!
Additionally,! maintaining! the! security! of! borders! and! engaging! in!
cooperation! to!combat! international! threats! is! of! key!importance! as!
well.[10]!From!the!very!beginning!of!the!Ukrainian!crisis,!the!Visegrad!Group!
policy!has!been!compliant!with!the!EU!policy,!supportive!of!the!sanctions!
and!of!the!Ukraine’s!territorial!integrity;!nevertheless,!there!are!important!
differences! between! the! policies! adopted! by!the! governments! of! the!
individual!V4!member!states.!Everything!will!depend!on!the!future!actions!
taken!as!part! of! the!V4!Group! membership! and!on!the! actions! aimed!at!
improving!the!bilateral!relations!between!Poland!and!the!Czech!Republic!
and!thus!at!tightening!cooperation!between!the!two!countries.!!
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Polish!and!Czech!historical!experience!and!political!events!as!
disinformation!carriers!
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The! Russian! disinformation! campaign! in! the! EU! has! been! particularly!
designed! to!widen! political! divisions! among! the! nations,! cause! tensions!
that!will!affect!the!relations!within!the!EU,!and!weaken!the!citizens’!trust!in!
NATO.!Disinformation!is!also!used!to!influence!public!sentiments,!citizens’!
attitude!towards!authorities!and!public!institutions,!escalate!civil!conflicts!
and! to!distort! the! perception! of! other! nations! or! immigrants.! The!
disinformation!warfare!waged!by!Russia!against!Poland!covers!many!other!
fields! of! influence,! and! Moscow! has! been! consistently! attacking! those!
policies! pursued! by!Warsaw! that! contradict! the! Russian! interests.[11]!As!
follows! from! the! below! analysis,! the! relations! between! Poland! and! the!
Czech!Republic!are!exposed!to!such!efforts.!It!is!also!worth!stressing!that!
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INSTYTUT!NOWEJ!EUROPY!|!www.ine.org.pl!|!kontakt@ine.org.pl!
such!efforts!are!also!carried!out!to!“sow!the!seeds!of!conflict”!between!the!
nations!that!have!previously!cooperated!with!each!other,!and!they!are!also!
an!element!of!the!Russian!foreign!policy!whose!purpose!is!to!persuade!both!
countries!of!the!necessity!to!return!to!the!Russia’s!sphere!of!influence.!
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Numerous!examples!from!the!previous!years,!also!from!the!Czech!Republic,!
show! that! Russia,! on! a!global! scale,! carried! out! disinformation! activities!
to!affect! the! European! elections.! Only! two! of! such! campaigns! brought!
results!satisfactory! to!the! Kremlin!–! the!2017! parliamentary!elections!in!
the! Czech! Republic! and! Brexit.[12]!However,! given! the! variety! of! factors!
affecting!the!elections,!it!is!difficult!to!clearly!determine!the!actual!impact!
of! the! hostile! disinformation! efforts! on! a!given! party’s! or! candidate’s!
election!results.!!!
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The! local! (both! Polish! and! Czech)! branches! of! the! Russian! propaganda!
network,!i.e.!the!Sputnik!news,!play!the!most!important!role!in!the!creation!
of!the!pro-Kremlin!narrative!affecting!the!relations!between!Poland!and!the!
Czech!Republic.! Sputnik!is! the!most! active!news! agency!and! broadcaster!
that!created!a!constellation!of!smaller!Poland-based!websites!that!disclose!
to!a!wider!public!the!news!prepared!by!Sputnik.!One!should!remember!that!
the!Russian!information! strategy!is!based!on!spreading! many,!frequently!
extremely! abstract,! news! to!create! a!“smokescreen”! against! the! actual!
disinformation! purpose.! Thus! released! information! flooding! the! media!
serves! one! purpose! only! –! to!hide! Russia’s! actual! intention! to!disinform!
people! using! a!very! simple! psychological! mechanism.! Bombarded! with!
many!abstract!and!seemingly!false!news,!the!recipient!will!most!likely!deem!
true! that! bit! of! information! which! stands! out! from! the! entire! flood! of!
information!as!the!most!probable,!logical!and!true!one.!And!this!is!what!the!
publishers!of!fake!news!wait!for!and!how!the!purpose!of!the!disinformation!
campaign!is!achieved.!
Sputnik!defines!itself!as!an!information!agency!that!provides!information!
on!global!politics!and!the!economy.!The!Economist!journalist!indicates!that!
this!is!a!kind!of! hybrid!threat!in! the! cyber!war! with! Europe!and!the! US,!
which! combines! elements! of! radio-electronic! intelligence! with! the!
information! war.[13]!According! to!US! experts,! Russia! and! China! are! the!
biggest! threat! in! cyberspace.[14]!The! Russian! Federation! is! recognized!
by!most!European!countries!as!the!greatest!danger!in!the!network,!in!the!
context! of! disinformation! (including! Poland[15],! Finland[16]).! Experts! also!
recognized!it!as! a!threat! to!the!eastern!flank! of! NATO!and!the! EU! in!the!
context!of!cyberwar.[17]!
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It!is!worth!mentioning!that!the!information!prepared!and!published!by!the!
Polish! Sputnik! branch! in! fact! comes,! to!a!lesser! or! greater! extent,! from!
!
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INSTYTUT!NOWEJ!EUROPY!|!www.ine.org.pl!|!kontakt@ine.org.pl!
other!websites,!which! may!be!referred! to!as!“satellites”.! This! is!the! very!
constellation!of!frequently! far-right! websites! that!is!used! to!disclose! the!
news! to!a!wider! public.! The! information! published! on! such!websites! is!
based! on! facts,! but! the! facts! are! conveniently! altered! to!give! them!
a!different! meaning! or! sense,! or! they! are! supported! with! a!negative!
narrative!which!violates!the!journalists!code!of!conduct.!Such!websites!may!
also! publish! news! based! on! the! writers! subjective! opinions,! tweets! or!
unverified!sources.!Given!catchy!and!shocking!titles!which!frequently!use!
simple!and!non-journalistic!language!and!contain!populist!opinions,!such!
news!appeal!to!radical!recipients,!who!want!to!be!shocked!by!the!content!
they!read.!!
The! attempt! to!discredit! in! the! eyes! of! the! Polish! recipients! the! anti-
government!protests!held!in!Prague!in!June!2019!is!an!interesting!example!
of! the! Russian! disinformation! efforts.! The! events! considered! to!be! the!
biggest! protest! since! the!1989! Velvet! Revolution! were! presented! by!the!
Sputnik! reporter! as! a!“cultural! event”,! not! a!display! of! anger! among! the!
general!public.! To!support! such!a!statement,! the! reporter!referred! to!the!
fact!that!there!were!many!children!among!the!protesters!and!that!tourist!
coaches!could!be! seen!in!the!neighbouring!area.!According!to!the!author,!
the! protesters! were! thus! “tourists”! instructed! to!join! the!
demonstration.[18]!!The! short! publication! presenting! a!biased! assessment!
of!the!facts!and!events!was!released!with!the!purpose!of!discrediting!in!the!
eyes!of!the!Polish!recipients!the!entire!protest,!and!to!cast!a!shadow!over!
the!legitimacy!of!the!demonstration!against!the!government.!!
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Another! opportunity! to!worsen! the! relations! between! Poland! and! the!
Czech! Republic! arose! when! the! Czechs! introduced! additional! border!
controls!for!the!meat!imported!from!Poland.!These!measures!were!taken!
after! the! discovery! of! salmonella! in! some! consignments! but! the! Polish!
commentators!found!the!Czech!government!overcautious,!which!sparked!
the! political! dispute.! It! is! not! surprising! that! the! pro-Kremlin! websites!
decided! to!use! this! conflict! to!their! advantage.!Once! the! illegal! abattoirs!
were!also!found!to!be!operating!in!the!territory!of!the!Czech!Republic,!the!
pro-Kremlin!websites!tried!to!bias!the!Polish!public!opinion!and!to!turn!it!
against!Czechs.! To!stir!up! the!conflict! between!the! two!V4! members,!the!
nationalistic! website! “Niezależny! Dziennik! Polityczny”! [Independent!
Political!Daily]!published!an!article!containing!extremely!populist!opinions!
about!“karma!catching!up!with!Poland’s!neighbours!and!punishing!them!for!
their!disgusting!politics”.[19]!
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The!narrative!of!the!Russian!propaganda!used!in!an!attempt!to!change!the!
recipients’! opinions! most! frequently! refers! to!historical! events! and! past!
experiences.!In!the!case!of!Poland,!this!narrative!has!not!changed!over!the!
!
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INSTYTUT!NOWEJ!EUROPY!|!www.ine.org.pl!|!kontakt@ine.org.pl!
years! –! the! Russian! propaganda! keeps! on! glorifying! the! Russian!
engagement!in!WWII!and!the!cold!war!events,!by!popularising!alternative!
historical!facts!so!as!to!change!the!general!public’s!opinion!and!perception!
of! Russia.! In! the! alternative! historical! facts,! Russia! is!presented! as!
a!defender!not!aggressor,!and!Poland!as!a!country!ruled!by!an!incompetent!
anti-Russian!government! and!responsible! for!the! outbreak!of!WWII.!The!
use! of! neuralgic! historical! facts! to!cause! tension! between! nations! is! not!
a!new!practice.! The!Russian! propaganda!is! widespread!across! the!Polish!
media! channels! and! carries! out! different! attacks! on! e.g.! the! Ukrainians,!
Israeli!and!Germans.!Therefore,!the!attempts!to!present!a!different!vision!
of!history,!as!in!the!case!of!the!1968!events,!which!have!been!used!to!cause!
tensions! between! Poland! and! the! Czech! Republic! on! the! grounds! of!
distressing! historical! facts,! and! thus! to!adversely! affect! the! relations!
between!the!two!countries,!are!not!surprising.!An!intriguing!article!about!
the! Polish! military! presence! in! Czechoslovakia! can! be! used! here! as! an!
example.! The! author’s! intention! was! to!prove! that! the! Polish! military!
intervention! in! Czechoslovakia! was! necessary,! given! the! highly! likely!
aggression! from! the! Federal! Republic! of! Germany! which,! as! the! author!
indicates,! wanted! to!seize! nearly! one-third! of! the! Polish! territory.!
According! to!the! author,! such! intervention! of! the! army! of! the! Polish!
People’s! Republic! was! intended! to!prevent! such! annexation.! The! article!
used!as!an!example!is!even!more!interesting!as!it!abstains!from!any!catchy!
phrases,!has!the!features!of!a!quite!well-written!analytic!publication,!and!is!
referenced!to!respectable!political!and!historical!authors.!Nevertheless,!it!
does!contain!a!standard!element!of!a!pro-Kremlin!disinformation!campaign!
–!it!names!the!main! past!and!present! enemy,!i.e.!NATO,!which!according!
to!the! author,! together! with! the! United! States,! supported! the! Federal!
Republic! of! Germany! in! its! annexation! plans,! and! in! that! way! attempts!
to!weaken!the!trust!in!NATO!and!worsen!the!relations!with!the!U.S.,!given!
the!latter’s!military!presence!in!Poland.!This!is!a!standard!disinformation!
element! used! by!the! Russian! propaganda! across! the! Polish! media!
channels.[20]!The! article! was! published! on! two! different! extremely!
conservative! and! nationalistic! websites.! However,! after! a!quick! source!
check,!it!became!apparent!that!the!article’s!author!also!writes!for!the!Polish!
Sputnik!branch.!!!
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Another! example! of! the! falsification! of! history! aimed! at! worsening! the!
relations!between!Poland!and!the!Czech!Republic!is!the!manipulation!of!the!
historical!facts!relating!to!the!Molotov–Ribbentrop!Pact!and!its!impact!on!
the!outbreak!of!war.!The!narrative!presented!in!an!article!published!on!the!
Polish!Sputnik!website!stresses!the!alleged!anti-Russian!sentiment!of!the!
Polish! Chief! of! State! –! Józef! Piłsudski,! on! whom! the! author! blames! the!
general!“sovietophobia!and!Russophobia”!spreading!across!Europe!at!that!
time.!As!a!result!of!some!wrong!decisions!made!by!the!Polish!Chief!of!State,!
!
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the!Treaty! of!Non-Aggression! between!Germany! and!the! Union!of! Soviet!
Socialist!Republics!was!signed!and,!according!to!the!pro-Kremlin!narrative,!
Poland!took!the!side!of!Nazi!Germany!to!prevent!the!Soviet!attempt!to!build!
a!collective! security! system! in! Europe.! The! narrative! falsely! states! that!
since! 1934! the! Poles! had! been! trying! to!cause! disturbance! in!
Czechoslovakia! with! reference! to!the! Czech! Cieszyn! district! (the! actions!
to!recapture! the! territory! considered! to!be! the! Polish! land! were! in! fact!
taken! no! earlier! than! in! 1938).! According! to!this! narrative,! Poland! was!
to!threaten! Czechoslovakia! that! in! the! case! of! a!Soviet! support! given!
to!Czechoslovakia! in! the! event! of! a!Nazi! Germany! attack,! it! would! take!
a!military!action.!The!creation!of!a!narrative!referred!to!as!“the!Polish!role!
in!the!English!and!French!betrayal!of!Czechoslovakia”!is!one!of!the!elements!
of!using!historical!disputes!for!the!purpose!of!causing!present-day!political!
tensions,!as!well!as!–!and!most!importantly!–!tensions!regarding!the!social!
perception!of!past!conflicts.[21]!
!!
As!for! the!impact!on! the!history,! the!narrative!present! in!the! traditional!
media! should! be! highlighted.! In! the! Russian! daytime! political! talk!
show!VREMYA+POKAZHET![Time!Will!Tell],!the!host!–!Petr!Tolstoy!–!stated!
that!Russia!lost!Poland,!Czech!Republic!and!Hungary,!while!the!historical!
truth!is!that!the!said!countries,!even!though!they!were!located!in!Russia’s!
sphere! of! influence,! were! never! part! of! the! Union! of! Soviet! Socialist!
Republics.[22]!Such! messages! present! the! mindset! of! the! contemporary!
Kremlin!government!to!which!the!collapse!of!the!Eastern!Bloc!was!a!tragic!
and!shameful!event.!That!is!why!the!contemporary!Russian!politics,!also!as!
presented! in! the! pro-Kremlin! media,! postulates! the! restoration! of! the!
Russian!influence!in!the!region.!
Noteworthy! is! the! misinformation! about! post-Soviet! states! (including!
Poland)!relative! to!the!West!(including!the!Czech! Republic).!The!Russian!
opinion!indicated!that!the!eastern!policy!of!the!European!Union!and!NATO,!
in! fact,! promotes! dishonest! work,! disintegration,! and! tensions! in!
connection!with!the!situation!in!Ukraine!and!the!entire!region!of!Russian!
civilization.! International! organizations! support! neofascist! in! the! Baltic!
States! and! the! anti-Russian! regime! in! Moldova! and! Georgia.! This! also!
applies!to!disinformation!on!the!part!of!Western!states!and!the!US,!which!
are!against!the!integration!of!the!Russian!Federation!and!Belarus.[23]!
!
The!observation!of!the!media! presentation!of!different!countries!has! one!
very!important!aspect!–!the!images!created!in!the!foreign!media!may!often!
become! a!reflection! of! a!country’s! own! problems,! and! they! may! help! in!
noticing!certain!details!which!from!the!country’s!own!national!perspective!
are!not!visible.!This!is!also!the!case!of!the!Polish–Czech!cooperation!and!the!
possible!Russian!influences.!The!Polish!perception!of!the!Czechs!is!essential!
to!build!relations!and!strengthen!mutual!interests!in!the!region.!According!
!
!
INSTYTUT!NOWEJ!EUROPY!|!www.ine.org.pl!|!kontakt@ine.org.pl!
to!the!2011!report!by!the!Polish!Centre!for!Public!Opinion!Research,!51%!
of!Poles!like!the!Czech!the!most.[24]!Additionally,!according!to!the!research!
from! 2012-2015,! Poles! have! the! greatest! sympathy! for! the! Czech!
nation.[25]!!Therefore,!reference!to!verified!sources!that!help!in!the! actual!
maintenance!of!good! relations! is! of!key!importance,! even! at! the!time!of!
widespread!disinformation.!
!
The!Polish!media!may!also!serve!as!the!buffer!of!frustration!and!anger!of!
certain!Czech!journalists,!politicians!or!researchers.!In!some!joint!Polish–
Czech! matters,! the! foreign! media! actually! play! a!role!of! an! advocate! or!
arbitrator.! The! foreign! coverage! of! a!given! country’s! problems! or!
irregularities!serves!the!purpose!of!attracting!international!attention!and!
thus!exerting!influence!on!the!rulers.!Foreign!coverage!of!a!certain!national!
issue! or! mistake! enables! it!to!be!analysed! from! a!wider!perspective!and!
addressed!from!the!perspective!of!a!foreign!entity!(e.g.!Poland).!However,!
the! problem! emerges! when! a!third! party! unrelated! to!the! actual! issue!
describes!it!as!it!pleases,!with!a!view!of!deriving!as!many!benefits!for!itself!
as!possible!(like!the!Sputnik!does!in!Poland).!
Attempts! are! being! made! to!influence! the! foreign! policy! of! the! Czech!
Republic! in! the! context! of! the! activities! undertaken! by!the! Republic! of!
Poland.!It!was!written!that!the!Czech!Minister!of!Defense,!Lubomir!Metnar,!
did!not!rule!out!the!possibility!of!talks!with!NATO!regarding!the!possible!
deployment! of! new! military! bases! in! the! Czech! Republic,! as! Poland! did,!
titling!the!text:!„The!Czech!Republic!will!deploy!an!American!base!on!the!
Polish!model.”!This!is!misleading!and!manipulates!the!reception! through!
the!header.! In!fact,!the!minister!pointed! out!that! such!a!discussion! could!
take! place! regarding! the! deployment! of! the! missile! defence! system! or!
missiles!in!the!Czech!Republic[26].!
!
It!is!worth!mentioning!that!as!a!guard!of!the!eastern!border!of!the!European!
Union! and! one! of! the! biggest! countries! in! the! eastern! bloc,! with! the!
concurrent!very! strong!anti-Russian!popular!sentiment,!Poland!is!one!of!
the!main!targets!of!the!Russian!propaganda!in!Central!and!Eastern!Europe.!
The!Polish–Czech!animosities!have!so!far!been!present!in!individual!cases!
and! they! are! not! that! visible! as! the! Polish–Ukrainian! ones,! for! example.!
Nevertheless,!it!should!be!in!the!interest!of!both!countries!that!any!display!
of!disinformation!be!constantly!monitored!and!the!untrue!information!be!
rectified!and!communicated!on!an!on-going!basis.!!At!the!same!time,!it! is!
worth! stressing! that! despite! numerous! EU! and! social! initiatives! for! the!
identification! and! publication! of! any! instances! of! disinformation,! Polish!
authorities! have! not! yet! adopted! such! a!comprehensive! approach!
to!combating! disinformation! as! the! Czech! government,! and! established!
a!separate!agency!to!deal!with!this!threat.!!!
!
!
INSTYTUT!NOWEJ!EUROPY!|!www.ine.org.pl!|!kontakt@ine.org.pl!
In! the! modern! information! society! in! which! the! citizens! are! regularly!
bombarded! with! large! amounts! of! information! and! have! no! possibility!
to!verify!each!and!every!piece!of!information!they!receive,!a!well-organised!
disinformation! campaign! seems! to!be! almost! a!“perfect! destruction!
weapon”.! Disinformation! and! propaganda! activities! grew! in! importance!
after!the!Internet,!and!particularly!the!social!media!websites!enabling!the!
information!to!be!easily!transmitted!and!shared,!became!the!main!channels!
for! news! and! information! dissemination.! Unfortunately,! social! media!
websites! have! also! contributed! to!the! increased! susceptibility! of! the!
readers!to!absorb!manipulated!contents,!and!to!the!radicalisation!of!beliefs.!
As! numerous! Polish!and! foreign! examples! in! the! Baltic! region! show,!
disinformation!campaigns!also!employ!hackers!who,!by!breaking!into!the!
local! news! websites! and! publishing! manipulated! information,! try!
to!adversely!affect! the!local!communities,!and!thus!to!stir!up! animosities!
and!prejudices!towards!neighbouring!nations.!!
Disinformation!undermines!the!democratic!principles!and!citizens’!trust!in!
public!institutions,!authorities!and!the!media.!An!article!published!in!the!
press,!an!online!meme!or!an!opinion-shaping!post!on!the!internet!or!in!the!
social!media!may!affect!the!democratic!processes!and!the!society,!and,!in!
the! long! run,! it! may! also! cause! tensions! between! nations! and! affect! the!
political! relations! between! countries.! It! is! worth! remembering! that!
disinformation! is! a!long,! complicated! and! comprehensive! process! aimed!
mainly! at! confusing! the! society! and! causing! chaos,! which! gives! rise!
to!political!and!economic!problems,!and!also!affects!the!country’s!general!
security.!Disinformation!used! by!a!third!country!as!a!weapon! helps!affect!
election!results!and! political!decisions!or! cause!chaos!in! the!society,!the!
latter! of! which! is! a!strategy! aimed! at! weakening! and! destabilising! the!
political!system,!which!in!turn!may!lead!to!the!citizens’!exerting!influence!
on! public! authorities.! Importantly,! disinformation! efforts! also! affect!
international! relations! –! they! stir! up! animosities! and! cause! tensions!
between!countries,!and!are!responsible!for!the!creation!of!mutual!alliances.!!
The!theses!presented!in!this!Article!are!supported!by!Ms.!Marta!Kowalska!
from!the!Center!for!Propaganda!and!Disinformation!Analysis!(CAPD)[27].!
!
!
It!is!also!essential!to!point!out!the!European!Union’s!commitment!
to!fighting!disinformation.!The!Action!Plan!against!disinformation!
initiative!was!created!in!December!2018!as!a!part!of!the!European!Rapid!
Alert!System!cooperation!network.!It!proposed!a!set!of!actions!that!should!
enable!a!joint!and!coordinated!EU!approach!to!tackling!disinformation.!
This!is!based!on!four!pillars:!improving!the!Union!institutions’!ability!
to!detect,!analyze!and!disclose!disinformation,!constant!and!coordinated!
!
!
INSTYTUT!NOWEJ!EUROPY!|!www.ine.org.pl!|!kontakt@ine.org.pl!
cooperation!between!Member!States!in!combating!disinformation,!
mobilizing!the!private!sector!to!fight!disinformation,!and!raising!public!
awareness!about!disinformation.!Then!in!January!2019,!the!Code!of!
Practice!on!Disinformation!was!signed.!Code!signatories,!including!Poland!
and!the!Czech!Republic,!have!committed!to!tackling!disinformation!on!the!
Internet.!
Recommendations!
!
As! it! has! been! stressed! above,! disinformation! is! a!very! strong! tool! that!
influences! citizens’! awareness! and! social! sentiment,! and! changes! social!
attitudes.!It!not!only!causes!social!tensions,!both!within!society!and!among!
nations,!but!also!makes!citizens!feel!less!safe,!and!undermines!their!trust!in!
public!authorities!and!institutions,!which!in!turn!affects!public!security!and!
order.! Given! the! nature! of!the! threat,! the! focus! should! be! on! the!
development! of! an! effective! mechanism! to!mitigate! the! results! of! the!
publication!of!fake!news.!!
The! first,! and! at! the! same! time! the! basic,! element! of! such! a!system! is!
education!on!the!safe!Internet!use.!This!involves!teaching!critical!thinking,!
developing! practical! skills! as! regards! the! analysis! of! the! information!
published!by!the!media! (also! social!media)!and! the! verification!whether!
such! news! are! based! on! facts.! Such! actions! are! possible,! only! if! proper!
behaviours!are!instilled! at!early!childhood.! A!child! well-educated!in! that!
regard!will!likely!grow!into!an!adult!fully!aware!of!their!role!as!a!citizen.!
For! it! to!be! possible,! we!first! must! design! relevant! training! courses! and!
train!persons!responsible!for!the!development!and!education!of!children.!
Moreover,! politicians! and! journalists,! who! may! have! problems!
understanding!and!using!certain!pieces!of!information!for!own!purposes,!
should!be!made!aware!of!such!dangers!as!well.!
Tightening!cooperation!within!the!European!Union,!both!at!the! legal!and!
organisational!level,!is!also!necessary.!The!continuation!of!the!work!on!the!
early!warning!system! for! fake!news,! also!as!part! of!the! Code!of!Practice!
Against! Disinformation,! is! a!good! solution.! This! will! encourage! stronger!
cooperation!with!the!social!media!services!and!tech!tycoons!on!fake!news!
identification! and! deletion.! Political! pressures! as! well! as! the! so-called!
negative! PR! that! emerged! when! the! social! media! services! started! being!
used!for! disinformation!purposes,!led!to!the!implementation! of!solutions!
to!identify,! mark! and! delete! fake! and! misleading! news.! The! use! of!
innovative! technologies! such! as! AI-based! algorithms! that! will! identify!
synthetic!and!manipulated!news!is!an!important!element!of!such!solutions.!!
!
!
INSTYTUT!NOWEJ!EUROPY!|!www.ine.org.pl!|!kontakt@ine.org.pl!
Another!recommendation! that!should! be!followed! both!at! the!state!level!
and!throughout!the!entire!European!Union!concerns!the!intensification!of!
cooperation! for! the! retention! of! fact! checkers.! Such! efforts! should! be!
focused! on! increasing! funding! for! this! type! of! organisations! and! on!
facilitating!cooperation!with!experts!and!the!media.!
To!sum!up,!an!effective!system!to!counter!disinformation!should!be!based!
on! the! reform! of! the! children! and! teenage! education,! which! should! be!
focused!on!developing!resistance!of!a!unit,!on!which!the!system!is!based.!
Education! should! be! also! provided! to!those,! who! may! be! subject!
to!disinformation! on! an! everyday! basis.! On! the! other! hand,! the!
development!of!mechanisms!for!the!identification!and!deletion!of!synthetic!
or! manipulated! contents! should! be! based! on! cooperation! between! the!
media,!fact!checkers,!civil!society,!and!academic!scientists!and!experts.!
Sources:!
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http://ross-bel.ru/about/news_post/lev-krishtapovich-soyuznoe-
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[1]!Ministerstvo!vnitra!České!republiky,!NATIONAL+SECURITY+
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VISEGRAD+INSIGHTS,!https://www.iri.org/resource/iri-expert-tackles-
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INFORMATION+SERVICE+FOR+2015,+HTTPS://WWW.BIS.CZ/ANNUAL-
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Poland],!SPOTKANIE+PREMIERÓW+POLSKI+
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i-czech,!access:!04/02/2020.!
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Poland],!WSPÓŁPRACA+WOJSKOWA+Z+POŁUDNIOWYM+
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Poland],!STANOWIMY+WSPÓLNOTĘ,+KTÓRA+GWARANTUJE+
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INSTYTUT!NOWEJ!EUROPY!|!www.ine.org.pl!|!kontakt@ine.org.pl!
[10]As!in!the!case!of!the!arrest!of!the!terrorist!Mourad!T.:!
P.!Drabek,!PROCES+OSKARŻONEGO+O+WSPÓŁPRACĘ+Z+ISIS+
W+KATOWICACH.+MAROKAŃCZYK+MOURAD+T.+PRZYZNAŁ+SIĘ+
DO+FAŁSZYWEJ+DATY+URODZIN+
I+DO+NARKOTYKÓW,+https://dziennikzachodni.pl/proces-oskarzonego-o-
wspolprace-z-isis-w-katowicach-marokanczyk-mourad-t-przyznal-sie-do-
falszywej-daty-urodzin-i-do-narkotykow/ar/13060380,!access:!
31/01/2020.!
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DISINFORMATION+ATTACK+ON+
POLAND,+https://www.stopfake.org/en/stanislaw-zaryn-a-hidden-
agenda-behind-putin-s-disinformation-attack-on-poland,!access:!
04/02/2020.!
[12]!Report:!“Hostile!Social!Manipulation!Present!Realities!and!Emerging!
Trends”.!
[13]!CyberDefence24,!EDWARD+LUCAS+DLA+CYBERDEFENCE24.PL:+
INFORMACYJNO-HAKERSKA+OFENSYWA+
ROSJI,!https://www.cyberdefence24.pl/edward-lucas-dla-
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[14]!P.!Zengerle,!CIA+SAYS+CHINA,+RUSSIA+POSE+BIGGEST+CYBER+ATTACK+
THREATS+TO+U.S.,!Insurance!Journal,!30.01.2019.!e.!Parsons,!M.!
Raff,!UNDERSTANDING+THE+CYBER+THREAT+FROM+RUSSIA,!
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the-cyber-threat-from-russia,!access:!01.02.2020.!
[15]!A.!Kuczyńska-Zonik,!ZAGROŻENIA+W+CYBERPRZESTRZENI+–+NOWE+
WYZWANIA+DLA+PAŃSTW+BAŁTYCKICH,+Komentarze!IEŚ,!Nr!8!(8/2019),!
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INSTYTUT!NOWEJ!EUROPY!|!www.ine.org.pl!|!kontakt@ine.org.pl!
Sfinansowano+przez+Narodowy+Instytut+Wolności+–+Centrum+Rozwoju+
Społeczeństwa+Obywatelskiego+ze+środków+Programu+Rozwoju+Organizacji+
Obywatelskich+na+lata+2018-2030.
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