Resilience Engineering: Concepts and Precepts
... This article explores the possibility of creating resilience-based risk assessments and offers at least a partial answer to how resilience engineering (RE) (Hollnagel, Wears, & Braithwaite, 2015;Woods, 2006) can be used over temporal and spatial scales to improve systems' resilience, and thereby the assessment of risks. The response comes in the form of a cyclical model that includes adopting an RE perspective, individual competencies, and organizational capabilities as an alternative to the normative linear approaches dominating the field. ...
... The concept of RE stems from an organization's ability to respond, monitor, learn, and anticipate, and thereby become resilient to events that have the potential to damage or destroy something of value (Hollnagel & Fujita, 2013;Woods, 2006). The four cornerstones of RE (response, monitor, learn, and anticipate) enable a continuous cycle that gradually improves the organization's ability to withstand events by increasing monitoring and building competencies, but also to enhance its overall capability to manage its resilience to risks that entail multiple simultaneous events. ...
... The model was tested by coding the station catalog and their risk assessment data to identify themes related to the elements in the model (see Table I). The coding scheme was compiled from the extant literature on RE and HROs, to identify themes related to organizational response, monitoring, learning, and the anticipation of future events (Haavik et al., 2019;Hollnagel et al., 2015;Lay, Branlat, & Woods, 2015;Pariès et al., 2019;Woods, 2006). A common denominator between RE and HROs is the idea that they are more than a system but rather a way of thinking about how the world functions, what HROs call mindfulness and RE "a core value, not a commodity that can be counted" (Weick et al., 1999;Woods, 2006). ...
Reliability and higher levels of safety are thought to be achieved by using systematic approaches to managing risks. The assessment of risks has produced a range of different approaches to assessing these uncertainties, presenting models for how risks affect individuals or organizations. Contemporary risk assessment tools based on this approach have proven difficult for practitioners to use as tools for tactical and operational decision making. This article presents an alternative to these assessments by utilizing a resilience perspective, arguing that complex systems are inclined to variety and uncertainty regarding the results they produce and are therefore prone to systemic failures. A continuous improvement approach is a source of reliability when managing complex systems and is necessary to manage varieties and uncertainties. For an organization to understand how risk events occur, it is necessary to define what is believed to be the equilibrium of the system in time and space. By applying a resilience engineering (RE) perspective to risk assessment, it is possible to manage this complexity by assessing the ability to respond, monitor, learn, and anticipate risks, and in so doing to move away from the flawed frequency and consequences approach. Using a research station network in the Arctic as an example illustrates how an RE approach qualifies assessments by bridging risk assessments with value‐creation processes. The article concludes by arguing that a resilience‐based risk assessment can improve on current practice, including for organizations located outside the Arctic region.
... The term "resilience" has been introduced into various fields such as economics [20], social science by Barnett [21], and systems science and engineering [22] Woods [22] describe a concept and percept about resilience engineering. This concept has also been introduced and further developed in the transportation sector, especially in recent years. ...
... The term "resilience" has been introduced into various fields such as economics [20], social science by Barnett [21], and systems science and engineering [22] Woods [22] describe a concept and percept about resilience engineering. This concept has also been introduced and further developed in the transportation sector, especially in recent years. ...
... The concept of resilience 1 ...
... They are resistant to technical, environmental, and economic partial failures or disruptions through flexibility or redundancy of their systems, thus providing robust conditions for long-term use. [1] Mutability of structures is understood as the ability of a system to adapt its construction actively and rapidly to temporally unpredictably changing tasks from its own substance (adaptability) in conjunction with the ability to evolutionarily develop the structures in the face of temporally constant or longer-term predictably changing requirements from its own substance. ...
The paper should examine the structural interrelationships and resilient solutions commonly encountered in building construction projects. The content of the paper will address design fundamentals and interrelationships of resilient building components. Further, the paper will provide insight into module order, structural design, robustness, and building technology of the resilient structures. The final point of the paper will show the implications of resilient concepts, risk menagment and determination of the hazards on human safety in times of climate change.
... Existing seismic vulnerability and risk assessments maps and plans show the situation in two dimensions. According to Hollnagel et al. (2006), the plans do not take the effects from a changing environment with interrelated components into account sufficiently. As a result, potential disruptions caused by earthquakes can be overlooked and with that the existing plans can become unapplicable to the real situation. ...
... As a result, potential disruptions caused by earthquakes can be overlooked and with that the existing plans can become unapplicable to the real situation. Thus, the problem is that static solutions are provided for a dynamic and complex environment (Hollnagel et al., 2006). This study focusses on potential disruptions within traffic control which refers to operational procedures that guide the evacuation of vehicles and access of emergency services to and from disastrous areas. ...
The increased number of city networks such as 100 Resilient Cities, proves the importance of making cities disaster resilient. The major difficulty on this trajectory is the interrelated components in urban systems that influence each other and increase uncertainty in the risk assessment and management. This study analyses the potential disruptions that impact traffic control with the help of multi-hazard risk assessment for the historical peninsula of the city of Istanbul. 3D model is created for the visualisation of disaster risk to support the communication of the causes of such potential disruptions. The additive normalization indicator-based approach is used to assess the socioeconomic, road and systemic vulnerability and risk. Besides, the EMS-98 Macroseismic method is applied to determine the building vulnerability and damage grades. The results show that the socioeconomic vulnerability is high to very high which is likely to contribute to traffic congestions and communication issues. In addition, most of the buildings are expected to be ‘very heavily damaged’. So, while roads have low risk to damage, there is high risk for road blockages in the narrow streets of the case study area. The application of 3D models improves the recognition of buildings and the identification of the causes of road blockages.
... In space exploration, resilience is maintaining psychological and physical stability while navigating space missions' isolation, confinement, and inherent risks [15,16]. Frameworks like the Resilience Assessment Grid (RAG) that assess the 'potential to anticipate, the potential to respond, the potential to learn, and the potential to The Human Element in Advancing 21st-Century Space Exploration 4 monitor" [17] "have seen practical application in several contexts, such as in railways, off-shore, health care, and radiation protection, and may be adapted to enhance astronauts and support team adaptability to unforeseen challenges. ...
SpaceX mission and the Polaris Program extended astronaut competencies and skills, suggesting mixing traditional practices with pioneering methods. The current astronaut symbolizes a progression, integrating old skills with evolving competencies. While maintaining core technical and scientific aptitudes, today’s astronauts or space explorers must demonstrate mastery in autonomous operations, cross-cultural collaboration, and navigation between governmental and commercial space protocols. Current training practices echo this change, emphasizing resilience for prolonged isolation, self-governing management proficiencies, and competence throughout distinct spacecraft systems. This chapter explores the fundamental human qualities that drive successful space exploration: resilience, curiosity, collaboration, and hope. We highlight how these vital traits facilitate mission success and technological innovation by analyzing astronaut training, mission experiences, and personal transformation. Understanding these human factors becomes vital for future mission design and crew selection as humanity stands at the threshold of permanent lunar presence and Mars exploration.
... It is noted that previous literature reviews in the field of Safety Science have been criticized for their narrow scope, selective criteria, and focused journal preferences (Patriarca et al., 2018). Safety Science comprises several dominant schools of thought, including Resilience Engineering (Woods & Hollnagel, 2006), High-Reliability Organizations (Weick & Sutcliffe, 2015), and Safety-II (Hollnagel, 2014), each of which employs distinct language and terminology to describe adaptive behavior and resilient performance. Limiting analysis to a particular school's terminology may lead to a restricted interpretation of adaptation and resilient performance or reinforce a specific perspective. ...
This systematic literature review explores the contribution of pilot performance to aviation safety over five decades of scholarly research. It utilizes bibliometric and qualitative techniques, including the PRISMA framework and SQLR methods, to identify trends, key themes, and emergent paradigms. The review categorizes the research into areas such as behavioral safety, human factors, and resilience engineering, shedding light on how crew behavior influences safety outcomes. Analysis reveals that a growing body of studies examines not only the causes of accidents but also the factors that contribute to successful safety performance. This work aims to improve future research and inform strategies to promote pilot resilience and adaptability, thus advancing knowledge about aviation safety.
... Following the tradition of Holling and other scholars, this article focuses on resilience thinking as prevalent in fields such as socio-ecological resilience research and resilience engineering research from organizational studies (Berkes, 2007;Carpenter et al., 2001;Folke, 2006;Folke et al., 2002;Holling, 1973Holling, , 1996Hollnagel et al., 2006;Provan et al., 2020;Walker, 2020;Walker et al., 2004;Woods, 2005Woods, , 2015Woods, , 2018Woods, , 2019Woods et al., 2017). Their basic commonality-despite being very distinct fields-is the importance of complexity when analyzing resilience. ...
The concept of resilience intrinsically links with both complexity and adaptive capacity. Scholars from different fields agree on this. Still, the detailed relations between resilience, complexity, and adaptive capacity need a more thorough theoretical analysis. This article analyses resilience with the help of assumptions from complex adaptive systems (CAS) theory to answer two questions in more detail: What is the relation between resilience and complexity? How can adaptive capacity contribute to resilience? By applying basic ideas from CAS theory to the resilience discourse, the article deduces that complexity of a system is a necessary condition for resilience because complex systems consist of agents that possess adaptive capacity, whereas simple systems consist of mere elements that cannot adapt to unexpected disruptions. The relation between complexity and resilience is multidimensional. Growing complexity leads to a growing need for resilience because the chances for severe, unexpected disruptions increase. The analysis of adaptive capacities revealed that systems and the agents they consist of can possess of specialized and general adaptive capacity. General adaptive capacity is the core feature of resilience because it enables systems to cope with unexpected disruptions. System design principles such as diversity within functional groups and redundancy help to increase general adaptive capacity. The same is true on the community level for social capital and on the individual level for disaster preparedness measures because they increase coping capacities independent of specific hazards.
... Whereas the strategy of climate adaptation specifically targets climate risk (Mercer 2010), the concept of resilience encompasses a broader approach to risks, independent of origin, and is often considered an integral part of the climate adaptation process (UNFCCC 2015;IPCC 2022). Resilience, a concept with various definitions and appliance (Holling 1973;Werner 1992;Walker et al. 2004;Linnenluecke 2017;Masten 2019), generally refers to the ability of a system to cope with and bounce back from extraordinary events, while maintaining essential functions, identity, and structures (Wildavsky 1988;Manyena 2006;Woods and Hollnagel 2006;IPCC 2012IPCC , 2022. Resilience can be perceived as an outcome, as a process (Kaplan 1999;Manyena 2006), or oriented towards resilience capabilities (Duchek 2020). ...
... The research paradigm suggests that the development history of resilience can be approximately divided into three categories: engineering resilience, ecological resilience, and evolutionary resilience. The concept of engineering resilience is a fundamental aspect of physics, encompassing the capacity of structures and materials to withstand compression and recuperate from deformation when subjected to external forces [24]. Ecological resilience can be defined as the capacity of a system to absorb shocks before the equilibrium is altered [20]. ...
The objective of this study is to enhance the resilience of the coal-to-liquids (CTL) industrial chain and supply chain to withstand increasing shock pressures. There is an urgent need to improve the resilience of the industrial chain and supply chain. This paper identifies 21 resilience-influencing factors from 4 perspectives: absorption capacity, adaptability, recovery capacity, and self-learning capacity; it then constructs an evaluation indicator system. The Interval Type 2 Fuzzy-Decision-Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory-Analytic Network Process (IT2F-DEMATEL-ANP) method is adopted to determine the weights of the indicator system, and a resilience evaluation is performed based on the Interval Type 2 Fuzzy-Prospect Theory-Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to an Ideal Solution (IT2F-PT-TOPSIS) method. Furthermore, in the case of the CTL industrial chain and supply chain of China Shenhua Energy Group Ningxia Coal Industry Co., Ltd. (CENC) (Ningxia, China), this study ranks the resilience level from 2018 to 2022 to identify the factors that have contributed to a reduction in resilience and to implement measures to enhance the resilience of the CTL industrial chain and supply chain. The results show that the level of the CTL industrial chain and supply chain resilience was lowest in 2020, while it was highest in 2021. Factors such as the degree of domestication of key technologies, the rationality of the CTL industry layout, and the stability of supply and demand chains are identified as significant determinants of resilience levels. This points the way to enhancing the resilience of the CTL industry and supply chain.
... The proper management of the introduction of a consensual property tax necessitates the relinquishing of authoritarian power by government representatives, implying a significant reduction in their "power-over" in favor of shared "power-with" authority. This shift requires a new approach that prioritizes listening to and considering the community's opinions, which can be complex and difficult [78][79][80]. Government officials must acknowledge the perspectives of the opposing side, even if these viewpoints may not appear constructive, and the proposals and expectations often seem unrealistic or impossible to fulfill. This dynamic introduces a significant challenge, as government representatives may encounter proposals that conflict with their expectations, compelling them to consider solutions they disagree with [58]. ...
This study presents a novel approach for developing a sustainable property tax system, aimed at enhancing economic stability and promoting sustainable regional development. This research employs a phenomenological methodology, which includes a comprehensive review of the scientific and practical literature, and their critique and synthesis. The authors also draw on their experiences with the tax system transformation within their own country. This study explores the integration of a consensual governance approach and the concept of antifragility into the complex issue of property taxation. The primary objective is to design a property tax management model that not only fulfills its economic functions, but also fosters an antifragile taxpayer society, contributing to the creation of a resilient and socially cohesive community. The findings demonstrate that a consensual and transparent property tax system, actively involving local stakeholders in decision-making processes, not only reduces resistance to tax reforms but also strengthens a community’s ability to adapt to economic fluctuations. By integrating the principles of good governance and sustainable development, the proposed model promotes socio-economic stability and provides a flexible framework that can accommodate diverse stakeholders needs, ultimately benefiting the broader community through enhanced social cohesion and long-term sustainability.
... Multidimensionality of resilience has been proven by different studies from various scientific disciplines, such as medicine, health, and psychology [20,32,77], environment and ecology [2,3,78], management [6,17,18,57], society and governance [28,34,44,69], as well as engineering, industry, and technology [54,81]. Cooperation and crossfield collaboration are very rare, but it could help to utilize positive impact on research and practice implications in different fields of our society [29]. ...
The study investigates communal resilience, the key evolving phe-nomenon of the last decade. Resilience helps cities and municipalities handle thegrowing rate of natural and man-made crises, risks, disasters, and emergencies. Thestudy uses a literature review and multiple case study method to examine measuresand activities implemented by selected regional cities that strengthen communalresilience. Regarding the conditions of the Slovak Republic and the increasingimportance of communal resilience, altogether 8 cases between 2022 and 2023were analyzed, focusing on the partial components of communal resilience. Basedon the literature review and presented case studies, six complementary componentsof the communal resilience framework have been identified, strategic approach,networking, stakeholder involvement, resource management, output quality, andenvironment. The main benefit of the developed communal resilience frameworkis its wide applicability for any type of communal unit. Simultaneously study con-tributes to the growing discussion on the standardization of communal resilienceframework.
... Drawing its origins in the cognitive system engineering school pioneered by Rasmussen (1985Rasmussen ( , 1997, Rasmussen and Batstone (1989), Hollnagel and Woods (1983), the 'new view of errors' emerged as a departure from Reason's (1990) traditional approach to human errors. Parallel to the work on the HRA (Cooper, 2022), it has since given rise to several different concepts encompassed by the notion of Resilience Engineering (Hollnagel et al., 2006; see also Dekker, 2015;Woods, 2018). Resilience Engineering, along with the 'new view', is subject to ongoing debate in safety science (Haavik, 2021;Haavik, et al., 2019;Le Coze, 2019Wears and Roberts, 2019), having both proponents (e.g., Read et al., 2021) andcritics (e.g, Cooper, 2022;Leveson, 2020, see also Aven, 2022;Hopkins, 2014). ...
Errors may be a safety hazard, yet all organizations and managers have to deal with errors. Error management and high reliability are strategies for dealing with errors. While these strategies originate from different research approaches and have been well studied independently, they have not been directly compared in empirical studies. Based on a theoretical analysis of similarities and differences between these approaches, we developed a training based on each of them. For our High Reliability Approach (HRA) training, we deduced training principles based on the facets of safety organizing. For the Error Management Training (EMT) and the training in the error-avoidant control condition (EAT), we oriented on existing training studies. We trained university students (N = 359) in a relevant skill. Our study revealed that both EMT and HRA training led to better performance than EAT. Exploratory analyses revealed emotion control towards errors to be related to performance only in the EMT group. Our article suggests that in spite of similar effectiveness of EMT and HRA training, there may be differential processes in these two approaches.
... So far, two dimensional representations have been used for seismic risk assessment maps and plans. However, based on the research of Hollnagel et al. (2006), such plans are not sufficient enough to take into account the dynamics of the constantly changing environment. As a consequence, some potential disruptions caused by disasters can be missed and predictions and mitigation strategies may not be fully applicable. ...
Making cities disaster resilient is important as proven by the increased number of city networks such as 100 Resilient Cities. The major difficulty on this trajectory is the interrelated components in urban systems that influence each other and increase uncertainty in risk assessment and management. Therefore, this study analyses the potential road blockages that impact traffic control using a multi-hazard risk assessment for the historical peninsula of Istanbul, Turkey. To support the communication of the causes of such potential disruptions, a 3D city model is created for the visualisation and analysis of the consequences from a disaster. For the socioeconomic, physical and systemic vulnerability and risk assessments, the additive normalization indicator-based approach is used. Besides, to determine the building vulnerability and damage grades, the EMS-98 Macroseismic method is applied. This study found that the socioeconomic vulnerability is high to very high which could contribute to emergent behaviour causing traffic congestions and communication issues. In addition, most buildings have been determined to be ‘very heavily damaged’. Consequently, there is high risk for road blockages in the narrow streets within the case study area, while the roads themselves have low risk to damage. The usage of 3D modelling techniques for visualisation and analysis improves understandability, visual problem identification and support decision making for mitigation strategies in case of road blockages.
... The concept of WAD and WAI presented so far has, as its theoretical basis, Resilience Engineering (RE). The RE emerges as a paradigm for security management, especially for CSS, which seeks to measure, assess, and improve the resilience of a system [18]. From the RE perspective, the resilience of a system is defined as "the intrinsic ability of a system to adapt its functioning, before, during, or after some change or disorder, in order to maintain necessary operations under expected and unexpected conditions" [19]. ...
Background
The identification of safety incidents and establishment of systematic methodologies in health services to reduce risks and provide quality care was implemented by The World Health Organization. These safety incidents allowed the visualization of a vast panorama, ranging from preventable incidents to adverse events with catastrophic outcomes. In this scenario, the issue of fall(s) is inserted, which, despite being a preventable event, can lead to several consequences for the patient, family, and the healthcare system, being the second cause of death by accidental injury worldwide, this study aims to identify the variability inherent in the daily work in fall prevention, the strategies used by professionals to deal with it and the opportunities for improvement of the management of work-as-imagined.
Method
A mixed method approach was conducted, through process modeling and semi-structured interviews. The study was conducted in a public university hospital in southern Brazil. Study steps: modeling of the prescribed work, identification of falls, modeling of the daily work, and reflections on the gap between work-as-done and work-as-imagined. Medical records, management reports, notification records, protocols, and care procedures were consulted for modeling the work process, and semi-structured interviews were conducted with 21 Nursing professionals. The study was conducted between March 2019 and December 2020.
Results
From July 2018 to July 2019, 447 falls occurred, 2.7% with moderate to severe injury. The variability occurred in the orientation of the companion and the assurance of the accompanied patient's de-ambulation. The professionals identified individual strategies to prevent falls, the importance of multi-professional work, learning with the work team, and the colleague’s expertise, as well as suggesting improvements in the physical environment.
Conclusion
This study addressed the need for fall prevention in the hospital setting as one of the main adverse events that affect patients. Identifying the variability inherent to the work allows professionals to identify opportunities for improvement, understand the risks to which patients are subjected, and develop the perception of fall risk as a way to reduce the gap between work-as-imagined and work-as-done.
... Resilience engineering is a field of study that focuses on improving safety by helping people cope with complexity to achieve success [14]. The goal of resilience engineering is to design systems that can adapt and recover quickly when faced with unexpected challenges or failures. ...
As air travel continuously becomes safer, airlines continue to evolve their focus in managing flight safety. Part of flight safety’s success has been the evolution of Crew Resource Management and Threat and Error Management (TEM) techniques. TEM has been thoroughly adopted throughout the industry and its success reflected in training syllabuses and demonstrated through the Line Oriented Safety Audit program (LOSA). However most recently, airlines have begun to adopt Safety-II and Resilience Engineering principles to further develop its frontline safety. Whilst TEM’s focus is on the prevention of undesired outcomes, a resilience focus is on the reinforcement of success. This paper firstly presents the contributions that the Threat and Error Management model has made to flight safety. Resilience Engineering and the concept of the resilient potentials are then presented, and recent regulatory changes in resilience training debated. The synergistic attributes between the threat and error management model, and the resilient potentials are discussed, which is then demonstrated with a crew briefing model which operationalises these concepts as a tool for flight crew. Future applications of Safety-II and Resilience Engineering are discussed, presenting how a combined focus of threat and error management and resilient potentials can help airlines further improve flight safety.
... There are an increasing tendency and agreement within qualitative research to adopt the concept of realism and relativism to form an objective enquiry of different stakeholders (Hammersley, 2018 (Andrews, 2012;Hammersley, 2018). This is critical in exploring and interpreting the underlying factors shaping people's behaviour towards complex energy systems (Woods, 2006;Yiridoe, 2014). The elements are conceptualized and explored further in chapter 7 using the research instrument developed for this study. ...
The emergence of shale gas development in the global energy landscape depicts a critical energy innovation of the 21st century. Shale gas development has significant benefits when developed sustainably; however, the shale technology is known to induce unintended impacts on the local environment. Much study has focused on explaining responses at the local and national level; however, little research has explored the role of risk perception and sociocultural factors in shaping expert and public perception of shale gas development. This study used a mixed-method approach (utilizing a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods) to explore the underlying factors shaping expert and public perception about shale gas development and to gain a better understanding of the reasons for support and opposition to shale gas development in South Africa. The study used data collected from experts spread in different areas of the country and public participants from the four cultural groups across the Beaufort West area of the Central Karoo. The qualitative data revealed that experts were showed an ambivalent response to risk and significant support of the shale technology. The quantitative data also showed mixed results across the cultural groups with variation to risk and benefits. The White and Indian respondents opposed shale gas development on the account of significant risk on the environment. The Black and Coloured respondents showed strong support of shale gas development based on economic benefits. The study revealed that positive evaluation of shale gas development evoked support of the shale technology while a negative perception indicated opposition to the shale technology. Key reasons given by experts in favour of shale gas development are economic growth, energy independence and the assumption that shale gas could be the optimal ‘bridge fuel’ from coal to renewable energy. The study revealed that expert assessment of the risks of shale gas development is lower than the White and Indian groups. Other predictors of perception include level of institutional trust, knowledge, and access to relevant information. The observed differences and similarities between experts and the social groups are due to variations in costs and benefits perception. The findings are examined in relation to the extant literature on perceptions. The study provides an account of attitudes towards shale gas development in the Karoo to fill the gaps in the existing literature and examines potential policy implications arising from these outcomes.
... Mens kapabilitet muliggør en reaktion gennem en opbygget kapacitet, er den til ringe nytte, hvis organisationen ikke har de rette kompetencer. Efter at have forbedret evnen til at identificere risici nøjagtigt, er det op til individuelle medlemmer af 2018; Woods, 2006). Den resiliente organisation arbejder struktureret med løbende at forbedre hver enkelt barriere, når der for eksempel opstår en haendelse eller man gennemfører en øvelse, hvor robustheden af barrieren testes. ...
Med sine 2 millioner km2, godt 56000 indbyggere og omkring 70 byer og bygder er opgaven med at skabe et robust beredskab i Grønland en nærmest umulig opgave. Risikobaseret dimensionering har været en nævnt flere gange som en mulig løsning på de udfordringer som, især, mindre byer og bygder står overfor. Dimensioneringen er en måde hvorpå at kommuner udregner hvor meget udstyr, mandskab og træning er nødvendig for at beredskabet kan håndtere forskellig risici i deres område, som for eksempel brand, oversvømmelse, forurening og redning til søs. Grunden til at politiske beslutningstagere har valgt ikke at indføre denne form for dimensionering kan, måske, findes i den betydelige omkostning en sådan tilgang vil medføre og den usikkerhed, som er forbundet med de reelle lokale forbedringer. Denne artikel argumenterer for en alternativ tilgang til dimensionering baseret på organisatorisk resiliens, som i stedet for at tage udgangspunkt i konkrete risici centrer sig om at gøre det eksisterende beredskab mere robust overfor både kendte og ukendte fare. Igennem tre eksempler vises hvordan en sådan tilgang kan skabe mere robuste beredskaber og i højere grad tager udgangspunkt i den Grønlandske kontekst, kultur og ressourcer. En model med fokus på beskyttelsen af lokale værdiskabende aktiviteter præsenteres, som et alternativ til den traditionelle tilgang til risikovurderinger. Der sættes fokus på fire evner som et robust beredskab kan basere på, nemlig evnen til at reagere, identificere, lære og forudsige. Artiklen afsluttes med en diskussion af de fordele som en tilgang baseret på organisatorisk resiliens kan bidrage med til at skabe et bæredygtigt og robust Grønlandsk beredskab.
... It emphasizes that an organization's ability to withstand and recover from shocks depends on its preparation and characteristics before the shock [90,91]. Such prior preparation relies on the prediction of emergencies [92]. The key point of emergency prediction is to detect and respond to danger signals more quickly [93]. ...
At present, the external environment is full of crises and challenges. The practice of firms deploying slack resources in advance and actively coping with external disturbances has achieved good effect. But, the theoretical research process of organizational slack is relatively slow compared with practice. Therefore, this paper comprehensively applied a bibliometric method and traditional literature review method to carry out scientific econometric analysis on 958 papers from the WoS database. We visualized the results as knowledge maps and analyzed papers with the help of the knowledge graph. The research venation and evolution trend of organizational slack are sorted out from a longitudinal perspective. On this basis, we put forward the future development direction of organizational slack in line with emerging phenomena, mainly including: ① Clarifying the sources of organizational slack; ② Two new dimensions of defensiveness slack and strategic slack are proposed from functional attributes; ③ Based on the perspective of active response, we expand the research depth of firms to construct organizational resilience through organization slack to adapt to uncertain environments. The purpose of this paper is to provide new ideas for firms to make plans before turbulence occurs in highly uncertain environments. It provides a useful reference for the future development of organizational slack research and promotes the formation of a virtuous cycle of mutual promotion between theory and practice.
Goal
Healthcare organizations have always faced challenges, yet the past decade has been particularly difficult due to workforce shortages, the COVID-19 pandemic, and economic demands, all of which can impact quality of care. While some healthcare organizations have demonstrated the ability to adapt to such stressors—which has been termed “organizational resilience”—others have not. Most of the research on resilience in healthcare has been on individual clinicians; less is known about how extra-individual groups such as teams, units, and systems develop resilience. Understanding what organizational resilience is, how to measure it, and how healthcare organizations can develop it is essential to responding effectively to future acute and chronic stressors in the healthcare industry. The purpose of this scoping review is to synthesize how organizational resilience is defined and measured in the current healthcare literature and to inform future interventions to improve organizational resilience.
Methods
We searched PubMed and Scopus databases for articles mentioning organizational resilience in healthcare. Eligible sources were those published in English through December 2023 in any format, and that described or measured organizational resilience in healthcare. Titles and abstracts were screened, and information was extracted from eligible articles.
Principal Findings
We screened 243 articles and included 97 in our review. Across these studies, organizational resilience was described as a healthcare system’s ability to continue functioning and meet its objectives when exposed to stressful stimuli. Reactive and proactive strategies, as well as reflection, were identified as key components of organizational resilience. Four measures of organizational resilience were developed for use in healthcare, but only two have been validated.
Practical Applications
Future studies should focus on validating and comparing existing measures of organizational resilience and using them to investigate how organizational resilience may impact quality of care and clinician well-being, allowing the field to move beyond the focus on individual clinician resilience.
To err is human. The definition of error is not abstract, error is used as a catch-all term that encompasses the failures of planned actions to achieve their intended outcome. Conversely, the root cause of an error is up to debate and tied to an organization's and/or individual's viewpoint. The old view of Human Error is based on the philosophy that systems are inherently safer than humans and as such by minimizing human interactions and removing them from the loop; the result is a safer-less error-prone system. This inherently identifies humans as the root cause of most errors. The new view is based on the theory that human errors are unavoidable and are a symptom of a systemic problem and rarely the root cause. A focus on the human element is pivotal in the prevention of errors within any given system. The emergence of automated systems decreases individuals' interaction with progressively complex systems while increasing cognitive workloads. These critical processes can often lead to errors if Human Factors are not accounted for.
Most MPD operations include critical human-in-the-loop interactions that must be designed around human factors such as sensory overload, distractibility, input device deficiencies, communication failures, cognitive workloads, time pressure, and fatigue. Understanding the intricacies of Practical Human factors and its role in safe drilling operations will provide a path forward to mitigate errors and identify root causes when they occur.
The convergence of artificial intelligence and human ingenuity has given rise to an unprecedented class of interconnected systems characterized by their remarkable capacity to endure adversity and adapt to changing conditions. An expanding number of industries, including manufacturing, logistics, finance, and healthcare, are being penetrated by these systems; consequently, our technological and operational interactions are being transformed. Its primary objective is to fortify systems in order to endure the inevitable disruptions and uncertainties that are intrinsic to our constantly evolving world. This chapter explores the intricacies of resilience engineering in symbiotic human-AI systems, clarifying fundamental strategies and principles that empower these systems to endure unforeseen obstacles and maintain stability amidst chaos. The objective of this research is to examine the capacity of AI to augment human capabilities, thereby enabling the creation of mutually advantageous systems that exceed traditional limitations and achieve remarkable levels of durability and performance.
This study explores the antecedents of knowledge utilization, specifically tacit knowledge, leading to improvisation in rescue projects confronted with turbulent situations. We used semistructured interviews and observations to collect data in a large public-sector rescue organization. Findings reveal that improvisation is an essential part of projects in turbulent situations bounded by time limitations; resource constraint factors, such as lack of technology, information, resources, and rugged terrains; and collectivistic societal and cultural issues. Rescue workers improvise through sensemaking, problem identification, and tacit knowledge utilization to handle emergencies.
This paper investigates the impact of automation in the modern workplace, focusing on the dual nature of its effects—both positive and negative. Utilizing a literature review and empirical research, including a survey with 81 participants, the study aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the 'Automation Conundrum' and 'Automation Paradox.' The findings reveal that while automation enhances productivity and reduces routine tasks, it may also lead to job displacement, skill gaps, and increased technology dependence. A significant correlation was found between respondents' preparedness for automation and their optimism about new job opportunities, highlighting the importance of adaptability and continuous skill development. The study acknowledges limitations in its demographic scope and response variability. Implications for policymakers, businesses, and workers suggest a balanced approach to automation, emphasizing reskilling, policy innovation, and maintaining human elements in work.
Background
There are benefits to healthcare from reporting and learning from near misses in patient care. However, there have been longstanding issues with identifying near misses, with variation in definitions. Learning is being lost, unlike in other industries that have harnessed their learning potential. The features of a healthcare near miss have never been described nor modelled. This study aimed to identify those features to support near-miss identification, reporting and learning.
Methods
This study took a mixed-methods approach with participants from healthcare and four high-reliability industries – aviation, maritime, nuclear and rail. Qualitative exploration helped identify the features of a near miss, while quantitative supported assessment of agreement on features between participants through the use of a scenario.
Results
Participants from 17 healthcare and 35 industry organisations took part. Quantitative findings demonstrated variation in agreement of the features of a near miss using Fleiss Kappa. Qualitative findings identified the following themes in relation to the features of a near miss – context dependent, involve control, are complex and represent vulnerabilities. In particular, several industries have lists of specific situations that constitute near misses that support reporting and focus.
Conclusion
Without clear agreement of the features of a healthcare near miss, definitions will continue to vary. This study has, for the first time, provided exploration and clarification of the features of a near miss with the offer of a healthcare model for future validation. Without addressing the fundamentals, such as agreeing what a near miss is, healthcare cannot hope to learn from them.
Objectives
A patient safety near miss is a safety event that had the potential to cause harm, but did not reach the patient. For over 20 years healthcare has been exhorted to learn from patient safety near misses to support improvements in patient safety. The belief is that, by addressing the factors that contribute to patient safety near misses, harmful incidents will be avoided. However, there seems to have been little progress made to learn from patient safety near misses. This study aimed to explore why there has been limited progress, and how best patient safety near misses may be learned from.
Methods
A qualitative case study was undertaken to explore the learning from patient safety near misses in different National Health Service contexts. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with patient safety leads in secondary care, primary care, and regional/national bodies. Interviews were recorded, transcribed, and thematically analysed.
Results
Seventeen interviews were undertaken across the National Health Service, with further data collected from policy, guidance, field notes, and research memos. Thematic analysis identified the following: variations in safety event schema; limited processes for patient safety near misses; unsupportive reporting contexts; and assumed, but non-evidenced improvements in patient safety. Participants also shared their thoughts on how learning from patient safety near misses could be improved.
Conclusion
A lack of progress has been made to learn from patient safety near misses in the National Health Service. This is contributed to by a lack of agreement about what is and how best to learn from a patient safety near miss. The learning value of patient safety near misses lies in the focus they place on controls to hazards, but they should not be learned from in isolation.
Having a higher educational level has been proposed to reduce workers’ unsafe behavior. It remains unclear whether the improvement in safety performance can be enhanced by workers with higher education levels, an individual’s learning ability, and a resilient safety culture. This study aims to examine the moderating effects of individual learning ability and resilient safety culture on the relationship between workers’ educational level and safety performance. A questionnaire survey was conducted to assess the education level, resilience safety culture, safety learning ability, and safety performance of workers. The results indicated that the educational level of construction workers has a significant positive impact on safety performance. They confirmed that an individual’s learning ability and a resilient safety culture have a positive moderating effect. This study supports the crucial relationship between worker education levels and safety performance. Thus, organizations and government entities can leverage this understanding to promote worker engagement in training programs and extend educational support. The study underscores the pivotal role of a resilient safety culture in bolstering the impact of worker educational level on safety performance. Finally, the study acknowledges the influence of an individual’s learning ability on safety performance. Integrating educational levels with individual learning abilities can facilitate the development of targeted strategies to improve safety performance.
The unexpected spread of the pandemic raised concerns regarding pilots' skill decay resulting from the significant drops in the frequency of flights by about 70%. This research retrieved 4,761 Flight Data Monitoring (FDM) occurrences based on the FDM programme containing 123,140 flights operated by an international airline between June 2019 and May 2021. The FDM severity index was analysed by event category, aircraft type, and flight phase. The results demonstrate an increase in severity score from the pre-pandemic level to the pandemic onset on events that occurred on different flight phases. This trend is not present in the third stage, which indicates that pilots and the safety management system of the airline demonstrated resilience to cope with the flight disruptions during the pandemic. Through the analysis of event severity, FDM enables safety managers to recommend measures to increase safety resilience and self-monitoring capabilities of both operators and regulators.
Background
Problems in intrapartum electronic fetal monitoring with cardiotocography (CTG) remain a major area of preventable harm. Poor understanding of the range of influences on safety may have hindered improvement. Taking an interdisciplinary perspective, we sought to characterise the everyday practice of CTG monitoring and the work systems within which it takes place, with the goal of identifying potential sources of risk.
Methods
Human factors/ergonomics (HF/E) experts and social scientists conducted 325 hours of observations and 23 interviews in three maternity units in the UK, focusing on how CTG tasks were undertaken, the influences on this work and the cultural and organisational features of work settings. HF/E analysis was based on the Systems Engineering Initiative for Patient Safety 2.0 model. Social science analysis was based on the constant comparative method.
Results
CTG monitoring can be understood as a complex sociotechnical activity, with tasks, people, tools and technology, and organisational and external factors all combining to affect safety. Fetal heart rate patterns need to be recorded and interpreted correctly. Systems are also required for seeking the opinions of others, determining whether the situation warrants concern, escalating concerns and mobilising response. These processes may be inadequately designed or function suboptimally, and may be further complicated by staffing issues, equipment and ergonomics issues, and competing and frequently changing clinical guidelines. Practice may also be affected by variable standards and workflows, variations in clinical competence, teamwork and situation awareness, and the ability to communicate concerns freely.
Conclusions
CTG monitoring is an inherently collective and sociotechnical practice. Improving it will require accounting for complex system interdependencies, rather than focusing solely on discrete factors such as individual technical proficiency in interpreting traces.
Background
The COVID-19 pandemic has presented many multi-faceted challenges to the maintenance of service quality and safety, highlighting the need for resilient and responsive healthcare systems more than ever before. This review examined empirical investigations of Resilient Health Care (RHC) in response to the COVID-19 pandemic with the aim to: identify key areas of research; synthesise findings on capacities that develop RHC across system levels (micro, meso, macro); and identify reported adverse consequences of the effort of maintaining system performance on system agents (healthcare workers, patients).
Methods
Three academic databases were searched (Medline, EMBASE, Scopus) from 1st January 2020 to 30th August 2022 using keywords pertaining to: systems resilience and related concepts; healthcare and healthcare settings; and COVID-19. Capacities that developed and enhanced systems resilience were synthesised using a hybrid inductive-deductive thematic analysis.
Results
Fifty publications were included in this review. Consistent with previous research, studies from high-income countries and the use of qualitative methods within the context of hospitals, dominated the included studies. However, promising developments have been made, with an emergence of studies conducted at the macro-system level, including the development of quantitative tools and indicator-based modelling approaches, and the increased involvement of low- and middle-income countries in research (LMIC). Concordant with previous research, eight key resilience capacities were identified that can support, develop or enhance resilient performance, namely: structure, alignment, coordination, learning, involvement, risk awareness, leadership, and communication. The need for healthcare workers to constantly learn and make adaptations, however, had potentially adverse physical and emotional consequences for healthcare workers, in addition to adverse effects on routine patient care.
Conclusions
This review identified an upsurge in new empirical studies on health system resilience associated with COVID-19. The pandemic provided a unique opportunity to examine RHC in practice, and uncovered emerging new evidence on RHC theory and system factors that contribute to resilient performance at micro, meso and macro levels. These findings will enable leaders and other stakeholders to strengthen health system resilience when responding to future challenges and unexpected events.
Our urban systems and their underlying sub-systems are designed to deliver only a narrow set of human-centered services, with little or no accounting or understanding of how actions undercut the resilience of social-ecological-technological systems (SETS). Embracing a SETS resilience perspective creates opportunities for novel approaches to adaptation and transformation in complex environments. We: i) frame urban systems through a perspective shift from control to entanglement, ii) position SETS thinking as novel sensemaking to create repertoires of responses commensurate with environmental complexity (i.e., requisite complexity), and iii) describe modes of SETS sensemaking for urban system structures and functions as basic tenets to build requisite complexity. SETS sensemaking is an undertaking to reflexively bring sustained adaptation, anticipatory futures, loose-fit design, and co-governance into organizational decision-making and to help reimagine institutional structures and processes as entangled SETS.
Due to the recent increase in unexpected events that negatively affect projects, the concept of resilience has grasped the attention of researchers, as risk management alone fails to address unpredicted events. This study aims to identify resilience dimensions and their designated factors and then construct a comprehensive definition for resilience in construction projects.
This paper adopted a qualitative research design through content analysis of semi-structured interviews with project engineers on behalf of their construction project; 26 interviews were analyzed via ATLAS.ti. The results demonstrate that resilience in construction projects consists of four main dimensions: preparation, absorption, recovery, and adaptation; each dimension comprises separate factors. The evidence from this study demonstrates that the resilience of the organization, project team, and project manager supports the construction project when facing unpredicted or abnormal conditions. The resilience concept in projects is novel, and has limited knowledge available, especially in a construction project; therefore, it requires additional comprehensive discussion and validation. The findings of this paper will serve as a cornerstone for the development of the resilience field, and enrich the indigent literature on resilience in the construction industry. The results of this paper will help construction project managers to enhance the resilience of their projects by providing different resilience factor
Risks to shared water resources in the Murray–Darling Basin are reviewed after the report by CSIRO on the same topic in 2006. CSIRO outlined six major risks to shared water resources in the Basin. Herein, six groups of researchers have reviewed the risks of climate change, forest growth, groundwater, water infrastructure, water quality, and governance. These reviews bring an updated understanding of risk assessment and management that can contribute to the forthcoming reviews of the Water Act and Basin Plan in 2024–26. Drawing on these six papers, the authors synthesise knowledge of the risks to shared water resources and identify policy and management options and information gaps. We find that few risk factors have decreased in significance. Most risks remain and new risks are identified. Water managers must plan for a significant decrease in water availability and governments need to actively manage these risks under conditions of increasing uncertainty.
The pressures of an everchanging world have impacted the ways in which service-based systems operate, along with their forms and boundaries. Resilience and survivability have been treated interchangeably when readying a system to remain true to its functions despite disturbances. Some situations prove the concepts may not always be the equivalent of the other, not even the consequence of the other. There may come scenarios where system components fail to adhere to certain predefined thresholds and cross a breaking point. It is therefore proposed in this study that systems can be survivable, instead of resilient, when they comply in time with the resurgence property. This property signifies the systematic behavior of overcoming a certain stagnation period and, after a time range, return as a transformed system with new functions and challenges. Through this study, it was detected that the symmetries between resilience and survivability are only superficial if systems suffer breakages after misconceiving the true causes of failure. Still, a lack of consensus among scientists and practitioners remains an issue when applying resilience and survivability in their own problems. Although workful, pushing to achieve a greater consensus would signify optimal performance in multifaceted systems involving technical, social, and economic challenges.
Com o propósito de garantir a segurança e o bom desempenho das organizações, a Engenharia de Resiliência vem emergindo como alternativa para a Gestão da Segurança em cenários sociotécnicos complexos. Através de algumas ferramentas, como o jogo TORC (Training for Operational Resilience Capabilities), é possível desenvolver a capacidade de resiliência dos colaboradores e levar isso para as equipes e para a organização como um todo. Esse trabalho objetiva a proposição de uma capacitação do tipo TORC para uma empresa que trabalha no modelo de assinaturas por recorrência mensal. Utilizou-se o método de entrevistas do tipo CDM (Critical Decision Method) para criação dos cenários e game-changers a serem utilizados no jogo TORC. Como resultado dessa aplicação, descobriu-se que a combinação das entrevistas do CDM com o método dos game-changers do TORC foi viável e propiciou a criação de cenários próprios ao contexto da organização e aumentando a chance de capacitação dos colaboradores. Além de fazer a avaliação do jogo como ferramenta de capacitação, a aplicação do jogo resultou em novas sugestões para outras aplicações e apresentou percepções positivas dos jogadores a respeito do potencial de utilização dessa metodologia para a capacitação de indivíduos, equipes e organizações. Além do desenvolvimento da resiliência da organização, por meio do desenvolvimento da resiliência dos indivíduos e equipe, sugestões de ações para a organização do trabalho emergiram, como: sistema de medição de desempenho formal para fornecedores e para logística.
Odporność organizacyjna, powszechnie rozumiana jako zdolność organiza- cji do radzenia sobie z przeciwnościami (Weick 1993), w ostatnich latach zna- cząco zyskuje na popularności jako obiekt badań w naukach o zarządzaniu i jakości (Williams, Whiteman i Kennedy 2021). Liczba publikacji w tym obsza- rze rośnie z roku na rok, a przyczyn popularności tej tematyki można upatrywać między innymi w niekorzystnych zjawiskach naturalnych (Danes i in. 2009; Clement i Rivera 2017) i ekonomicznych (Koronis i Ponis 2018; Searing, Wiley i Young 2021). Zainteresowanie to wynika z dostrzeżenia wpływu katastrof natu- ralnych (Williams i Shepherd 2016), zjawisk społecznych (Korbi, Ben Slimane i Triki 2021), kryzysów ekonomicznych (Grądzki i Zakrzewska-Bielawska 2009; Amann i Jaussaud 2012), kryzysów powodowanych na przykład przez konflikty militarne (wojna na Ukrainie) czy w ostatnich latach zwłaszcza pandemii koro- nawirusa (Dyduch i in. 2021; Brunelli i in. 2022) na funkcjonowanie podmiotów gospodarczych. Zjawiska te wywołują wzmożone wysiłki badaczy poszukujących mechanizmów pozwalających organizacjom przetrwać i rozwijać się w obliczu nieprzewidzianych, często trudnych do dostrzeżenia z wyprzedzeniem, przeciw- ności (Zastempowski 2010). Źródeł odporności poszukuje się zarówno na płasz- czyźnie indywidualnej (Duchek 2020), badając zespoły (Minichilli, Corbetta i MacMillan 2010), organizacje (Ortiz-de-Mandojana i Bansal 2016), sieci orga- nizacji (Pettit, Fiksel i Croxton 2010), społeczności (Cruz i in. 2014), miasta (Labaka i in. 2019) czy całe regiony (Salvato i in. 2020). W niniejszej monogra- fii uwaga skupiona jest przede wszystkim na odporności przedsiębiorstw, co lokuje to opracowanie w obszarze nauk o zarządzaniu i jakości. Pomimo wielu bardzo wartościowych badań nad zjawiskiem odporności organizacyjnej (Weick 1993; 2016; Williams i in. 2017; Hillmann i Guenther 2021), prowadzonych od lat 2000, głównie po wydarzeniach z 11 września 2000 roku (Coutu 2002; Sutcliffe i Vogus 2003; Gittel i in. 2006), oraz zaangażowa- nia w procesy generowania wiedzy niezwykle wpływowych badaczy (Sutcliffe i Vogu 2003; Weick 1993; Willilams i in. 2017), ciągle w literaturze podnoszone są zarzuty dotyczące niewystarczającego zrozumienia samego zjawiska (Burnard i Bhamra 2011), jego struktury (Conz i Magnani 2020), nośników (Fang i in. 2020) i efektów (Prayag i in. 2018). Nie do końca rozwikłane są także wzajemne zależności pomiędzy odpornością organizacyjną a koncepcjami pokrewnymi (między innymi zarządzaniem ryzykiem – Rød i in. 2020). Literatura zagranicz- na obfituje w rozmaite konceptualizacje odporności organizacyjnej publikowane w najlepszych źródłach (van der Vegt i in. 2015), niemniej ciągle podnoszony jest argument konieczności lepszego zrozumienia samego zjawiska oraz osadze- nia go w ramach nauk o zarządzaniu. Szczególnie ważne z perspektywy po- znawczej są zdaniem naukowców (Hillmann 2021) badania o charakterze empi- rycznym, które w sposób metodycznie poprawny pogłębiłyby zrozumienie istoty samego zjawiska oraz jego związków z funkcjonowaniem przedsiębiorstw (Khlystova, Kalyuzhnova i Belitski 2022). Na tym tle rodzą się istotne pytania, na które przegląd literatury nie daje w pełni satysfakcjonujących odpowiedzi. Dotyczą one istoty odporności organizacyjnej, sposobu jej pomiaru, jej związ- ków z innymi aspektami funkcjonowania organizacji (przedsiębiorstw) oraz mechanizmów i czynników prowadzących do wzrostu odporności wyrażającej się w formułowaniu trafnych odpowiedzi na nieprzewidziane zdarzenia o poten- cjalnie negatywnych konsekwencjach dla przedsiębiorstwa. W sferze teoretycznej niniejsza monografia zmierza do wypełnienia wska- zanej powyżej luki poprzez próbę doprecyzowania rozmytego pojęcia odporno- ści organizacyjnej, czyli określenia jej ram teoretycznych. Mając na uwadze różnorodność podmiotów rynkowych, które mogą być grupowane według wielu kryteriów, rozważania w niej odnoszą się przede wszystkim do grupy przedsię- biorstw rodzinnych, postrzeganych jako quasi-homogeniczna populacja wysoce specyficznych podmiotów gospodarczych (Glinka i Gudkowa 2003; Sułkowski 2011; Dibrell i Memili 2019). Zawężenie to wynika z trzech zasadniczych prze- słanek. Po pierwsze, jak wskazują Steinerowska-Streb i Kraśnicka (2020), przedsiębiorstwa rodzinne w gospodarkach rozwiniętych tworzą znaczącą część produktu krajowego brutto, dają zatrudnienie znacznej grupie osób i w dużej mierze decydują o poziomie rozwoju gospodarczego państw. Są one zatem nie- zwykle istotnym elementem rynku. Po drugie, specyfika przedsiębiorstw rodzin- nych, odróżniająca je od firm o charakterze nierodzinnym, sprawia, że w obliczu kryzysu są one w stanie skuteczniej odpowiadać na wyzwania tworzone przez nieprzewidziane przeciwności (Amman i Jaussaud 2012). W związku z tym rozpoznanie źródeł ponadprzeciętnej odporności przedsiębiorstw rodzinnych może potencjalnie wskazać kierunki doskonalenia procesów w innych typach organizacji. Po trzecie, o ile w odniesieniu do przedsiębiorstw w ogólności na temat odporności wiadomo relatywnie dużo, o tyle wiedza dotycząca odporności organizacyjnej przedsiębiorstw rodzinnych jest wysoce rozproszona i wycinko- wa, a prowadzone nieliczne badania kierują do często rozbieżnych wniosków (por. Mihotić, Raynard i Ćorić 2022). Zatem w niniejszej monografii, w zakresie teoretycznym, zamierzeniem jest dookreślenie istoty i mechanizmów odporności organizacyjnej tej właśnie grupy przedsiębiorstw. W sferze metodycznej podstawowym wyzwaniem jest próba operacjonali- zacji i zaproponowania metody pomiaru samej odporności rozumianej przez pryzmat zdolności przedsiębiorstwa, osadzenie jej w kontekście charakterystycz- nym dla przedsiębiorstw rodzinnych i powiązanie z główną zmienną zależną inte- resującą badaczy nauk o zarządzaniu – efektywnością organizacyjną przedsię- biorstwa. Do tej pory dociekania prowadzone na łamach międzynarodowych publikatorów nie doprowadziły do jednoznacznych rozstrzygnięć dotyczących wzajemnych związków odporności organizacyjnej z efektywnością organizacyj- ną w przedsiębiorstwach rodzinnych, choć literatura z obszaru odporności orga- nizacyjnej jako takiej daje podstawy dla dostrzeżenia możliwych powiązań (Alonso-Dos-Santos i Llanos-Contreras 2019; Battisti i in. 2019). Od strony metodycznej celem jest zatem operacjonalizacja pojęcia odporności organiza- cyjnej i kontekstualizacja zależności pomiędzy odpornością a efektywnością organizacyjną w przedsiębiorstwie rodzinnym. W sferze empirycznej praca zmierza do sprawdzenia zależności pomiędzy odpornością organizacyjną i efektywnością organizacyjną przedsiębiorstw ro- dzinnych w kontekście zmiennych charakterystycznych dla tej grupy firm – w szczególności pod uwagę wzięto zagadnienia bogactwa społeczno-emocjo- nalnego, które określane jest jako czynnik najsilniej odróżniający przedsiębior- stwa rodzinne od nierodzinnych (Berrone, Cruz i Gomez-Mejia 2012), uczenia się na błędach i niepowodzeniach, stanowiącego podstawę dla tworzenia organi- zacyjnych zdolności do adekwatnych odpowiedzi na zagrożenia płynące z oto- czenia (Williams i in. 2017; Duchek 2020), oraz wrogości, złożoności i zmien- ności otoczenia, postrzeganych jako tworzące zbiór uwarunkowań, w których funkcjonuje każde przedsiębiorstwo, także rodzinne (Bryce i in. 2020). Zgodnie z wiedzą autora, tak zakrojone badania nie były do tej pory prezentowane ani w krajowej, ani też międzynarodowej literaturze, co powinno istotnie wzbogacić wiedzę dotyczącą antecedencji i mechanizmów prowadzących do odporności organizacyjnej oraz jej powiązań z efektywnością organizacyjną przedsiębior- stwa rodzinnego. W końcu, w sferze praktycznej podjęto próbę zaprezentowania wskazówek pomagających przedsiębiorcom kierującym firmami rodzinnymi tworzyć wa- runki organizacyjne sprzyjające oraz zwiększające szanse na przetrwanie zawi- rowań i nieprzewidzianych trudności. Niemniej, ze względu na naukowy charak- ter opracowania trzeba mieć na uwadze, że wnioski płynące z prowadzonych analiz literatury i wyników badań empirycznych mają charakter silnie uzależ- niony od kontekstu – nie jest intencją autora dostarczenie zbioru uniwersalnych praktyk gwarantujących sukces, gdyż takowy nie byłby uprawniony w świetle przeprowadzonych dociekań. Aby zrealizować tak postawione cele, zdecydowano się na wykorzystanie wieloetapowego procesu badawczego, zakładającego pogłębione studia literatu- rowe, wykorzystujące między innymi technikę systematycznego przeglądu lite- ratury, oraz badania empiryczne, zaprojektowane i zrealizowane zgodnie z wy- tycznymi prowadzenia badań ilościowych. Dane stanowiące podstawę rozważań zostały zgromadzone na przełomie lat 2018 i 2019 i pochodzą od respondentów z 339 krajowych małych i średnich przedsiębiorstw rodzinnych. Treść monografii została podzielona na pięć rozdziałów, przy czym dwa pierwsze mają charakter teoretyczny, w których starano się zrealizować sformu- łowany cel odnoszący się do doprecyzowania pojęcia odporności organizacyjnej przedsiębiorstwa rodzinnego. W pierwszej kolejności na podstawie systematyczne- go przeglądu literatury dotyczącej odporności organizacyjnej zidentyfikowano ob- szary, w których do tej pory koncentrowała się uwaga badaczy w odniesieniu do odporności organizacyjnej przedsiębiorstw w ogólności. Z przeprowadzonych analiz płynie wniosek, że odporność organizacyjna jest związana ze sposobami odpowiedzi na zagrożenia – przede wszystkim zewnętrzne względem organiza- cji, a wśród nich należy wyszczególnić kryzysy i katastrofy, charakterystyki otoczenia, a zwłaszcza jego wrogość, złożoność i zmienność oraz szeroko pojęte ryzyko. Badania nad odpornością były prowadzone w wielu przypadkach w prze- krojach branżowych, w różnych typach organizacji, funkcjonujących w różnych krajach. W literaturze obecne są również badania nad odpornością zespołów, w tym zespołów projektowych. Wśród koncepcji pokrewnych pojawiających się w opracowaniach odnoszących się do odporności należy wskazać przede wszystkim koncepcje zarządzania ryzykiem, a także solidności organizacyjnej i społecznej odpowiedzialności. Wśród czynników towarzyszących odporności niezbywalne miejsce mają procesy prowadzące do przetrwania i mechanizmy przeciwdziała- nia przeciwnościom, zasoby organizacji, charakterystyki osób, szeroko pojmo- wane zdolności organizacji, przedsiębiorczość i innowacje, a także strategie, procesy zarządzania w przedsiębiorstwie, uczenia się, struktury organizacyjne czy zagadnienia współpracy. Wśród efektów odporności wyszczególniane są przede wszystkim zagadnienia trwałości organizacji i efektywności organizacyj- nej. Podstaw samej koncepcji należy poszukiwać przede wszystkim na gruncie zarządzania strategicznego i zasobowej teorii organizacji, a także zarządzania zasobami ludzkimi oraz koncepcji kapitału społecznego. W dalszym kroku przedstawiono rozwój teorii odporności organizacyjnej w przekroju chronologicznym, gdzie wskazano na trzy okresy rozwoju zaintere- sowania koncepcją – od źródeł (lata 1981-2002), przez zintensyfikowanie zain- teresowań i zabieganie o akceptację, które miały miejsce w latach 2003-2013, do rozwoju teorii odporności i jej empirycznej weryfikacji, która trwa aż do chwili obecnej. W każdym z tych okresów omówiono kluczowe z perspektywy rozwoju wiedzy opracowania naukowe wyłonione w drodze analizy cytowalności po- szczególnych prac. Efektem przeprowadzonych analiz, w tym analiz definicji pojęcia, było sformułowanie autorskiego podejścia opartego na 50 najczęściej przywoływanych w literaturze źródłach, co doprowadziło do przedstawienia głównych wniosków i podsumowania rozważań na temat samej odporności or- ganizacyjnej w końcowej części rozdziału I. Jako główne wnioski z dokonanego przeglądu warto wskazać powiązanie odporności z efektywnością organizacyjną przedsiębiorstwa, konieczność kontekstualizacji przedmiotowej zależności oraz szczególną rolę uczenia się – zwłaszcza na błędach i niepowodzeniach – dla kształtowania zdolności do przetrwania w obliczu kryzysów. Rozdział II jest kontynuacją dociekań dotyczących odporności, tym razem w przedsiębiorstwach rodzinnych. Rozpoczyna się charakterystyką przedsiębior- stwa rodzinnego jako specyficznego obiektu badania, a rozważania w tej części prowadzą do identyfikacji cech wyróżniających firmy rodzinne. Szczególną rolę odgrywają w tym przypadku kwestie sukcesji w przedsiębiorstwie rodzinnym i rodzinności oraz zagadnienia nadzoru właścicielskiego, profesjonalizacji za- rządzania, roli rodziny, a także czynnik, który zdaniem autorów zajmujących się funkcjonowaniem przedsiębiorstw rodzinnych różnicuje te firmy od innych naj- bardziej, czyli bogactwo społeczno-emocjonalnego. Dociekania te doprowadziły do doprecyzowania pojęcia odporności organizacyjnej przedsiębiorstwa rodzin- nego, które na potrzeby niniejszej pracy sformułowano następująco: Odporność organizacyjna przedsiębiorstwa rodzinnego przejawia się w zdolności do przewidywania wystąpienia potencjalnych, niekorzyst- nych i nieoczekiwanych zakłóceń w otoczeniu zagrażających jej funk- cjonowaniu oraz dobrobytowi rodziny, a gdy się zdarzą, do szybkiego i efektywnego odpowiadania (reagowania) na nie. Prowadzą do niej procesy adaptacji (zmiany struktur, strategii i sposobów działania, wprowadzanie nowych rozwiązań i eksploatowanie nadarzających się szans), wykorzystujące dostępne dla przedsiębiorstwa i członków rodziny zasoby dla zapewnienia przetrwania (to jest do podtrzymania podstawo- wych funkcji, realizacji celów, w tym bogactwa społeczno-emocjonalnego, stabilności i sukcesji w dłuższym czasie). W przypadku wystąpienia ne- gatywnych skutków odporność prowadzi do odbudowy i powrotu do co najmniej pierwotnego stanu. W kolejnej części rozdziału II uwaga została poświęcona rozpoznaniu kwe- stii istotnych dla przedsiębiorstw rodzinnych, kluczowych z perspektywy stanu wiedzy odporności organizacyjnej w tej grupie przedsiębiorstw. W tym przy- padku analiza słów kluczowych zidentyfikowanych w opracowaniach doprowa- dziła do sporządzenia mapy badań nad odpornością ukazującej źródła zagrożeń dla organizacji, źródła i mechanizmy odporności wraz z konstruktami powiąza- nymi, konteksty prowadzonych badań, kluczowe teorie i metody, a także efekty samej odporności. W dalszym kroku przeprowadzono analizę kluczowych z per- spektywy wiedzy badań, wyłonionych na podstawie liczby cytowań. Analiza ta doprowadziła do wielu obserwacji dotyczących samej natury odporności w przed- siębiorstwach rodzinnych i umożliwiła kontekstualizację podstawowej z per- spektywy celów pracy zależności pomiędzy odpornością organizacyjną i efek- tywnością. Zmiennymi kontekstowymi, w świetle analiz literatury, godnymi szczególnego rozpoznania, są uczenie się na błędach i niepowodzeniach, wspo- mniane już bogactwo społeczno-emocjonalne oraz wrogość, złożoność i zmienność otoczenia. Analizy te dały podstawy do postawienia ośmiu hipotez badawczych, które były wyprowadzane na bieżąco, a potem syntetycznie przedstawione w rozdziale III. Hipotezy te sformułowano następująco: H1: Odporność organizacyjna przedsiębiorstwa jest pozytywnie powiązana z jego efektywnością organizacyjną. H2: Organizacyjne uczenie się na błędach i niepowodzeniach prowadzi do wzrostu odporności organizacyjnej przedsiębiorstwa rodzinnego. H3: Uczenie się na błędach i niepowodzeniach prowadzi do wzrostu efektywno- ści organizacyjnej przedsiębiorstwa rodzinnego. H4: Odporność organizacyjna mediuje w zależności pomiędzy uczeniem się na błędach i niepowodzeniach a efektywnością organizacyjną przedsiębior- stwa rodzinnego. H5: Bogactwo społeczno-emocjonalne prowadzi do wzrostu odporności organi- zacyjnej przedsiębiorstwa rodzinnego. H6: Bogactwo społeczno-emocjonalne prowadzi do wzrostu efektywności orga- nizacyjnej przedsiębiorstwa rodzinnego. H7: Odporność organizacyjna mediuje w zależności pomiędzy bogactwem spo- łeczno-emocjonalnym a efektywnością organizacyjną przedsiębiorstwa ro- dzinnego. H8: Otoczenie przedsiębiorstwa moderuje zależność pomiędzy odpornością organizacyjną przedsiębiorstwa rodzinnego a jego efektywnością organiza- cyjną w taki sposób, że im otoczenie jest bardziej wrogie, złożone i dyna- miczne, tym zależność pomiędzy odpornością organizacyjną przedsiębior- stwa rodzinnego i jego efektywnością organizacyjną jest silniejsza. Rozdział III ma charakter metodyczny i prezentuje efekty konceptualizacji kluczowych zależności pomiędzy zmiennymi, by w dalszym kroku przedstawić przebieg badań empirycznych (w tym dobór próby i techniczne aspekty groma- dzenia danych), zaprezentować podstawowe informacje o badanych firmach i scharakteryzować podejście do pomiaru podstawowych zmiennych. Wykorzy- stując podstawowe statystyki, w tej części ukazano rzetelność przyjętych skal i opisano sposób potraktowania zjawisk w dalszych etapach analizy. Rozdział IV prezentuje wyniki badań empirycznych nad wynikającymi z modelu badawczego zależnościami. Analizy rozpoczęto od przedstawienia podstawowych statystyk opisowych i miar współzależności, by w dalszej części poddać testowaniu relacje pomiędzy zmiennymi z wykorzystaniem modelowa- nia równań strukturalnych, analiz mediacji i moderacji. Wyniki doprowadziły do przyjęcia H1, H5 i H7, przyniosły częściowe potwierdzenie dla H2, H3 i H4 oraz nie potwierdziły poprawności przypuszczeń wyrażonych w H6 i H8. Zatem odporność organizacyjna w przedsiębiorstwie rodzinnym prowadzi do wzrostu jego efektywności organizacyjnej, jest zależna od uczenia się na błędach i nie- powodzeniach oraz silnie uzależniona od bogactwa społeczno-emocjonalnego. Istotnie mediuje ona zależność pomiędzy bogactwem społeczno-emocjonalnym a efektywnością organizacyjną przedsiębiorstwa. Uczenie się na błędach i nie- powodzeniach, w zależności od jego typu, różnie wpływa na efektywność orga- nizacyjną przedsiębiorstwa. Nie potwierdzono natomiast bezpośrednich związków pomiędzy bogactwem społeczno-emocjonalnym i efektywnością organizacyjną przedsiębiorstwa, a wrogość, złożoność i zmienność otoczenia nie jest istotnym moderatorem zależności pomiędzy odpornością a efektywnością w przedsiębior- stwie rodzinnym. W rozdziale V przeprowadzono dyskusję nad uzyskanymi wynikami badań, która doprowadziła do sformułowania wielu wniosków o charakterze teoretycz- nym i praktycznym, a także do identyfikacji potencjalnie interesujących przy- szłych kierunków badań. W części tej wskazano również słabości i ograniczenia przyjętych rozwiązań metodycznych i założeń. Całość kończy syntetyczne pod- sumowanie. Przyjęta metoda badawcza miała w założeniu sprzyjać realizacji postawio- nych we wstępie celów, a w poszczególnych częściach starano się konsekwent- nie odpowiadać na pojawiające się pytania. W świetle prowadzonych analiz odporność organizacyjna jest konstruktem złożonym i silnie uwikłanym w za- leżności z innymi elementami przedsiębiorstwa rodzinnego. Ma ona zdolność do kształtowania efektywności organizacyjnej i jest budowana w procesach uczenia się na błędach i niepowodzeniach oraz korzysta z bogactwa społeczno-emocjo- nalnego firmy rodzinnej. Wkład w rozwój teorii to przede wszystkim doprecy- zowanie pojęcia odporności organizacyjnej – w tym odporności organizacyjnej przedsiębiorstwa rodzinnego – oraz określenia jego ram teoretycznych. Zabieg ten zrealizowano w pierwszych dwóch rozdziałach monografii. Kluczową kwe- stią wydaje się w tym zakresie opracowanie autorskiej definicji odporności or- ganizacyjnej przedsiębiorstwa rodzinnego osadzonej na gruncie analizy pięć- dziesięciu ujęć odporności pobranych z najczęściej przywoływanych artykułów naukowych z tego obszaru. Definicja ta uwzględnia ponadto wyróżniki przed- siębiorstwa rodzinnego. Przegląd literatury doprowadził także do operacjonali- zacji odporności organizacyjnej w przedsiębiorstwie rodzinnym. Stworzona skala została uprzednio przetestowana, a w niniejszej monografii poddana głęb- szym analizom. Osadzenie odporności przedsiębiorstwa rodzinnego w kontekście uczenia się na błędach i niepowodzeniach, bogactwa społeczno-emocjonalnego oraz otoczenia zadaniowego organizacji, a także powiązanie odporności z efek- tywnością przedsiębiorstwa rodzinnego doprowadziło do stworzenia własnego modelu badawczego. Został on w dalszej kolejności poddany testowaniu, co doprowadziło do empirycznej weryfikacji zależności pomiędzy zmiennymi uję- tymi w modelu. Wyniki badań wskazują na istotną rolę odporności organizacyj- nej w kształtowaniu efektywności przedsiębiorstwa rodzinnego. Uwypuklają również rolę uczenia się na błędach i niepowodzeniach oraz bogactwa społeczno- -emocjonalnego w kreowaniu samej odporności. Analizy mediacji wykazały natomiast mediującą rolę samej odporności w zależności pomiędzy bogactwem społeczno-emocjonalnym a efektywnością przedsiębiorstwa rodzinnego. Co za- skakujące, wrogość, złożoność i zmienność otoczenia nie odgrywają zakładanej oraz wskazywanej w literaturze roli moderatora zależności pomiędzy odporno- ścią a efektywnością przedsiębiorstwa rodzinnego. Skonfrontowanie analiz statystycznych z przeprowadzonymi w dwóch pierwszych rozdziałach analizami literatury doprowadziło do identyfikacji im- plikacji teoretycznych, wniosków o charakterze praktycznym oraz wskazania przyszłych kierunków badań nad odpornością organizacyjną przedsiębiorstwa rodzinnego. Zgodnie z przeglądem literatury to pierwsze opracowanie systema- tyzujące zagadnienia odporności organizacyjnej przedsiębiorstw rodzinnych w tak szerokim ujęciu. Praca wpisuje się w badania prowadzone w nurcie zarzą- dzania strategicznego oraz badań prowadzonych w przedsiębiorstwach rodzin- nych, których dorobek starano się wzbogacić.
Traditional risk-based design processes seek to mitigate operational hazards by manually identifying possible faults and devising corresponding mitigation strategies—a tedious process which critically relies on the designer’s limited knowledge. In contrast, resilience-based design seeks to embody generic hazard-mitigating properties in the system to mitigate unknown hazards, often by modelling the system’s response to potential randomly generated hazardous events. This work creates a framework to adapt these scenario generation approaches to the traditional risk-based design process to synthetically generate fault modes by representing them as a unique combination of internal component fault states, which can then be injected and simulated in a model of system failure dynamics. Based on these simulations, the designer may then better understand the underlying failure mechanisms and mitigate them by design. The performance of this approach is evaluated in a model of an autonomous rover, where cluster analysis shows that elaborating the faulty state-space in the drive system uncovers a wider range of possible hazardous trajectories and failure consequences within each trajectory than would be uncovered from manual mode identification. However, this increase in hazard information gained from exhaustive mode sampling comes at a high computational expense, highlighting the need for advanced, efficient methods to search and sample the faulty state-space.
Background
The Resilience Assessment Grid (RAG) has attracted increasing interest in recent healthcare discourse as an instrument to understand and measure the resilience performance of socio-technical systems. Despite its growing popularity in healthcare, its applicability and utility remain unclear. This scoping review aims to understand the practical application of RAG method and its outcomes in healthcare.
Method
We followed the Arksey and O’Malley, and the Levac and colleagues’ framework for scoping reviews and the PRISMA-ScR Checklist. We conducted searches of three electronic databases [Medline, Embase and Web of Science] in May 2021. Supplementary searches included Google Scholar, web and citation searches, and hand searches of the nine seminal edited books on Resilience Engineering and Resilient Health Care. All English language, empirical studies of RAG application in the healthcare setting were included. Open Science Framework [Registration-DOI. 10.17605/OSF.IO/GTCZ3].
Results
Twelve studies met the inclusion criteria. Diversities were found across study designs and methodologies. Qualitative designs and literature reviews were most frequently used to develop the RAG and applied it in practice. Eight of the studies had qualitative designs, three studies had mixed-methods designs and one study had a quantitative design. All studies reported that the RAG was very helpful for understanding how frontline healthcare professionals manage the complexity of everyday work. While the studies gained insights from applying the RAG to analyze organizational resilience and identify areas for improvement, it was unclear how suggestions were implemented and how they contributed to quality improvement.
Conclusion
The RAG is a promising tool to manage some of the current and future challenges of the healthcare system. To realise the potential benefits of the RAG, it is important that we move beyond the development phase of the RAG tool and use it to guide implementation and management of quality initiatives.
Background
The healthcare system is frequently subject to unpredictable conditions such as organisational changes and pandemics. In order to perform as required under these conditions (i.e. exhibiting resilient behaviour), it is necessary to know the current position of the organisation with respect to the four resilient potentials i.e. respond, monitor, learn and anticipate. The study aimed to understand and assess resilient performance of an Internal Medicine Department in a public hospital in Denmark using the resilience assessment grid (RAG).
Methods
A modified Delphi method was used to develop the context specific RAG, using interviews to generate items, two rounds of expert panel reviews and pilot testing the developed RAG questionnaire. The four sets of structured RAG questions were tested and revised until satisfactory face and content validity for application was achieved. The final version of the RAG (28-item Likert scale) questionnaire was sent electronically to 87 healthcare professionals (clinicians and managers) in January 2021 and 2022. The data was statistically analysed and illustrated in radar charts to assist in interpreting the resilience profiles.
Results
While the resilience profiles in 2021 and 2022 were similar, the scores in 2022 were slightly lower for some of the sub-indicators. The results indicate areas for improvement, especially related to the Internal Medicine Department’s potential to respond and learn. The results from the RAG were presented to the chief clinical consultants and managers to identify initiatives for quality improvement and for planning a new workflow at the Internal Medicine Department.
Conclusion
The RAG is a managerial tool to assess the potential resilient performance of the organisation in respect to the four resilience potentials, i.e., responding, monitoring, learning, and anticipating. It can be used to construct the resilience profile of the system over time to manage organisational changes.
Improvisation is the decision-making process addressing unexpected obstacles in a spontaneous but rational manner. Although undesirable, as it indicates deviation from plans, improvisation is unavoidable in construction to address issues related to unforeseen uncertainties. An adap-tive planning system employing improvisation to react rapidly to unplanned events may therefore boost the performance in construction projects. Accordingly, this research aims to predict the outcomes of construction planning processes from an improvisational perspective by better understanding the dynamics of improvisation. It seeks to identify how different variations of improvisa-tional parameters influence the improvisational outcome. This objective is achieved through an agent-based model used to simulate the improvisation practices at the level of planners interacting together. Parameters relating to planners, projects, and problems influencing each planner's impro-visational means are illustrated in the model. The model's inputs were validated through data from large-sized projects. Linear regression models that predict the results of the improvisational practices were then developed through simulation experiments. Findings regarding the impacts of different types of improvisors on the improvisational outcomes are presented. The contribution of this study lies in enhancing the overall improvisational performance in construction planning to ultimately guide decision makers and planners to better handle uncertainties in projects.
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