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Cave microclimate data retrieval and volumetric mapping, 2009 Atacama Desert Expedition, Chile, Earth Mars Cave Detection Project

  • October 2009
DOI:10.13140/RG.2.2.18605.92645
  • Report number: Explorers Club Flag Report, Flag # 52
Authors:
Jut Wynne at Northern Arizona University
Jut Wynne
Timothy N. Titus at United States Geological Survey
Timothy N. Titus
Guillermo Baltazar Chong at Universidad Católica del Norte (Chile)
Guillermo Baltazar Chong
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Figures

Pisgah lava beds, Mojave Desert, CA. [A] Color visible image containing cave entrance (red circle) and anomaly (blue circle). [B] IR image acquired at 0510 hr overlaid on the visible image. Cave entrance appears as a warmer feature. [C] Results of Principle Components Analysis show output can be used to differentiate between the cave (red), non-cave anomaly (blue), and high thermal inertia basalt (green). Scatter plot of the 2 nd and 3 rd principle components. [D] Visible image with 3 rd principle component output overlaid; colors match those used in C. From Wynne et al. (2009).
Pisgah lava beds, Mojave Desert, CA. [A] Color visible image containing cave entrance (red circle) and anomaly (blue circle). [B] IR image acquired at 0510 hr overlaid on the visible image. Cave entrance appears as a warmer feature. [C] Results of Principle Components Analysis show output can be used to differentiate between the cave (red), non-cave anomaly (blue), and high thermal inertia basalt (green). Scatter plot of the 2 nd and 3 rd principle components. [D] Visible image with 3 rd principle component output overlaid; colors match those used in C. From Wynne et al. (2009).
… 
HiRISE [A,B,C] and THEMIS IR [D,E] imagery of a pair of pit craters north of Arsia Mons, Mars. Based on interpretations of features in panels B and C, both appear to have an overhanging rock rim. From Cushing et al. 2008.
HiRISE [A,B,C] and THEMIS IR [D,E] imagery of a pair of pit craters north of Arsia Mons, Mars. Based on interpretations of features in panels B and C, both appear to have an overhanging rock rim. From Cushing et al. 2008.
… 
3-D Map of Cueva Chulacao, Atacama Desert, Chile (drafted using Compass). Using our spreadsheet application, Chulacao is approximately 20,005 m 3
3-D Map of Cueva Chulacao, Atacama Desert, Chile (drafted using Compass). Using our spreadsheet application, Chulacao is approximately 20,005 m 3
… 
Comparison of surface and entrance temperature data for the upper entrance of Shredder Cave. This is a screen shot of a software package developed during this project and used to analyze cave temperature. The left panel shows the surface (white) and entrance (blue) temperatures observed over 10 months. The right panel shows the time-of-day and seasonal comparison where warm colors (green-yellow-red) show the greatest thermal contrast and the cool colors (purple-blue) show the least thermal contrast.
Comparison of surface and entrance temperature data for the upper entrance of Shredder Cave. This is a screen shot of a software package developed during this project and used to analyze cave temperature. The left panel shows the surface (white) and entrance (blue) temperatures observed over 10 months. The right panel shows the time-of-day and seasonal comparison where warm colors (green-yellow-red) show the greatest thermal contrast and the cool colors (purple-blue) show the least thermal contrast.
… 
Cave and non-cave study sites,
+1
Cave and non-cave study sites,
… 
Figures - uploaded by Jut Wynne
Author content
All figure content in this area was uploaded by Jut Wynne
Content may be subject to copyright.
Content uploaded by Jut Wynne
Author content
All content in this area was uploaded by Jut Wynne on Oct 27, 2020
Content may be subject to copyright.
!
!!Cave!Microclimate!Data!Retrieval!and!Volumetric!Mapping,!!
2009!Atacama!Desert!Expedition,!Chile,!Earth?Mars!Cave!Detection!Project:!
!
Explorers!Club!Flag!Report!(Flag!#!52)!
!
Submitted)27)O ctober)2009)
!
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<$23'8^!jut.wynne@nau.edu!
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1.0!Introduction!
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,
2.0!!Background!
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!
2009 Atacama Desert Expedition (05-20 June 2009) – Explorers Club Flag Report
2
Importance,of,Martian,Caves^!TQX!9<V+&!1<*!H+!01?'82<(2!0(!23+!&+<8C3!W'8!+V0%+(C+!'W!+_28<2+88+&280<7!
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!
Figure' 1.' Pisgah' l ava' beds,' Mojave' Desert,' CA.' [A ]' Color' visible' image' containin g' cave' entrance' (red' circle)' and ' anomaly' (blue'
circle).' [B]' IR' image' acquired'at'0510' hr' overlaid' on' the' visible'image.' Cave' entrance'appears' as' a' warmer' feature.'[C]'Results' of'
Principle'Components'Analysis'show'output'can'be'used'to'differentiate'between'the'cave'(red),'non‐cave'anomaly'(blue),'and'high'
thermal'inertia'basalt'(green).'Scatter'plot'of'the' 2nd'and'3rd' principle'components.'[D]'Visible'image'with' 3rd'principle' component'
output'overlaid;'colors'match'those'used'in'C.''From'Wynne'et'al.'(2009).'
!
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2009 Atacama Desert Expedition (05-20 June 2009) – Explorers Club Flag Report
3
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3.0!!Goals,!Accomplishments!and!Objectives!
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!
Figure' 2:' HiRISE' [A ,B,C]' and' THEMIS' IR' [D,E]' ima gery' of' a' pair' of' pit'
craters'north'of'Arsia'Mons,'Mars.'Based'on'interpretations'of'features'
in'panels'B' and' C,'both'appear'to'have'an' overhanging'rock' rim.' From'
Cushing'et'al.'2008.''
!
Accomplishments,(2008, Expedition):! )+! T,X! %+?7'*+%!
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4.0!!Methods!
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C'(&0%+8<20'(! H+C<$&+! V+:+2<20'(!C'V+8! P077! C'(W'$(%!'$8! <H0702*! 2'! +WW+C20V+7*! 1+<&$8+!2+1?+8<2$8+!
%0WW+8+(C+&!H+2P++(!C<V+!+(28<(C+!<(%!&$8W<C+#!!
K$8W<C+! 1<2+80<7! (+<8! 23+! C<V+! +(28<(C+&! P+8+! 1'%+8<2+]2']7''&+7*! C'(&'70%<2+%! <77$V0$1-!
C'1?80&+ %! 'W! &072*! 7'<1! <(% ! C7<*&! P023! 0(W8+a$ +(27*! 0(2+8&?+8&+ %!: 8<V+7! 2'! H'$7%+8! & 0=+%! &<(%&2'(+-!
&3<7+-!<(%!V'7C<(0C!C7<&2&#!;$+! 2'! 23+!7''&+7*!C'(&'70%<2+%!(<2$8+!'W! 23+!&$8W<C+-!P+!+_?+C2!23+!&$8W<C+!
2009 Atacama Desert Expedition (05-20 June 2009) – Explorers Club Flag Report
4
23+81<7! 0(+820<! 2'! H+! 7'PR! 8+&$720(:! 0(! 8<?0%! P<810(:! %$80(:! 23+! %<*! <(%! 8<?0%! C''70(:! W'77'P0(:!
&$(&+2#!!
!
Microclimate, Data^') +! C'77+C2+%! 2+1?+8<2$8+! <(%! H<8'1+280C! ?8+&&$8+! $&0(:! `(&+2! 9'1?$2+8! 9'8?#!
B'H']S8'! V.! U.5! 2+1?+8<2$8+! 7'::+8&! <(%! B.,! N0C8']&2<20'(&#! )+! C'77+C2+%! 3'$87*! %<2<! W'8!
<??8'_01<2+7*!,b!1'(23&!TQ$:$&2!.bbI!m!"$(+!.bbJX#!!
/+1?+8<2$8+!%<2<!0&!8+a$08+%!2'! H+&2!1'%+7!C<V+! 23+81<7! H+3<V0'8! <(%!2'! H+&2!$(%+8&2<(%! P3+(!
C<V+&!<8+! 1'&2!%+2+C2<H7+!0(!23+!23+81<7!MG#!\<8'1+280C!?8+&&$8+!%<2<! ?8'V0%+&!$&! P023!<(!<%%020'(<7!
1+280C!2'!H+22+8!$(%+8&2<(%!P3*!C<V+&!<8+!%+2+C2<H7+!<2!C+82<0(!201+&!<(%!('2!'23+8&#!Y'8!+_<1?7+-!<&!
C<V+! <08! 2+1?+8<2$8+! <(%! &$8W<C+! 2+1?+8<2$8+&! +a$070H8<2+! %$+! 2'! H<8'1+280C! ?8+&&$8+! &30W2&-! <08!
1'V+1+(2!1<*!0(W7$+(C+!23+!P<77&!'W!23+!C<V+!+(28<(C+!<(%!23$&!%+2+C2<H0702*#!!!
,
Data, Logger, Deployment^! M(! "$7*]Q$:$&2! .bbI-! P+! %+?7'*+%! 2+1?+8<2$8+! <(%! H<8'1+280C! ?8+&&$8+!
&+(&'8&!0(!+0:32!C<V+&!<(%!W'$8!C<V+]70D+!<('1<70+&#!9<V+!m!)+!%+?7'*+%!2P'!2'!238++!%<2<!7'::+8&!?+8!
+(28<(C+! <(%! <2! <77! &D*70:32&! P0230(! +<C3! C<V+R! '(+! %<2<! 7'::+8! P<&! ?7<C+%! <2! C<V+! 10%?'0(2&! T0#+-!
10%P<*!H+2P++(!+(28<(C+!<(%!2+810($&!'W!C<V+X-!<2!+<C3!H0W$8C<20'(!?'0(2!T0#+#-!P3+8+!?<&&<:+!%0V0%+&!
0(2'!2P'!'8!1'8+!?<&&<:+P<*&X-!<(%!<2!23+!2+810($&!'W!23+!C<V+!T+#:#-!23+!%++?+&2!?<82!'W!23+!C<V+X#!!Y'8!
C<V+&!P023!1$720?7+! ?<&&<:+&-!<!%<2<! 7'::+8!P<&! ?7<C+%!<2!23+!2+810($&!'W!+<C3! ?<&&<:+P<*#!K$8W<C+!m!
)+!%+?7'*+%!<2! 7+<&2!2P'!2+1?+8<2$8+!<(%!H<8'1+280C!?8+&&$8+!%<2<! 7'::+8&!'(!23+!&$8W<C+!P0230(!.b!
1+2+8&! 'W ! +<C3! +(28<(C+k! &D *70:32#! Y'8! +(28<( C+&k! &D*70:32&! 7'C <2+%! P0230(! C<(*' (&-! '(+! %<2<! 7'::+ 8!
P<&!?7<C+%!P0230(!23+!C<(*'(!<(%!<!&+C'(%!'(!23+!C<(*'(!801#!!
!
Cave, Mapping, and, Deriving, Volume^! Y0+7%! /+C3(0a$+&! TN<??0(:X^! )3+(! <V<07<H7+-! P+! $&+%! +_0&20(:!
C<V+! 1<?&! ?8'V0%+%!H*! Y8*+8! T.bb@X! <(%!"'+7! ;+&?<0(! T4SKX#! /3+&+! 1<?&! P+8+! <CC$8<C*! C3+CD+%! 0(!
23+! W0+7%!$&0(:! 70(+! ?7'2!<(%! V'7$1+280C!&70C+! %<2<#! Y'8!C<V+&! <(%! ('(]C<V+! <('1<70+&!W'8! P30C3!1<?&!
%0%! ('2! +_0&2-! P+! $&+%! &2<(%<8%! C<V+! 1<??0(:! 2+C3(0a$+&! T8+W+8! 2'! ;<&3+8! ,JJ>X#! Y0+7%! /+C3(0a$+&!
TO'7$1+X^!Y'8!<77!&2$%*!&02+&-!P+! $&+%!<!.@1! ?$77!2<?+-!7<&+8!%0&2<(C+! W0(%+8&!T%0&2'&X-!C'1?<&&+&!<(%!
0(C70('1+2+8&#!)+!C'77+C2+%!C<V+!V'7$1+!%<2<!+V+8*!W0V+!1+2+8&!T<D<!1<??0(:!&2<20'(&X!<2!+0:32!?'0(2&!
<8'$(%! <! ? 8'28<C2'8! P3++7! W '8! 23+! 2'2<7! 7+(:23! 'W ! +<C3! W+<2$8+#! ;<2< ! S8'C+&&0(:^! A0(+! ? 7'2! <(%! '23+8!
1+<&$8+1+(2&!P+8+!+(2+8+%!0(2'!23+!C<V+!1<??0(:!?8':8<1!9'1?<&&!TO+8&0'(!@#bI#,,#E#,@FX#!!
)307+!9'1?<&&!3<&!<!C<V+!V'7$1+!C<7C$7<2'8-!230&!W$(C20'(!:+(+8<2+&!<!C<V+!V'7$1+!+&201<2+!$&0(:!
W'$8!?'0(2&!<8'$(%!23+! ?8'28<C2'8! P3++7!T$?-!%'P(-!7+W2!<(%!80:32!?+8!+<C3!1<??0(:!&2<20'(X#!\+C<$&+!
P+! 8+a$08+%! 30:3+8! <CC$8<C*! V'7$1+! +&201<2+&-! P+! %+V+7'?+%! <! N0C8'&'W2! L_C+7! &?8+<%&3++2!
<??70C<20'(!2'! C<7C$7<2+! V'7$1+! $&0(:! +0:32! %<2<!?'0(2&! <8'$(%! 23+! ?8'28<C2'8! P3++7! 8<23+8! 23<(!W'$8!
%<2<!?'0(2&#!!
Q!W$77!%+&C80?20'(!'W!23+&+!2+C3(0a$+&!<(%!23+08!<??70C<H0702*!2'!%+80V0(:!C<V+!V'7$1+!+&201<2+&!<8+!
H+0(:!?8+?<8+%!0(!<!?<?+8!2'!H+!&$H1022+%!W'8!?$H70C<20'(!T8+W+8!2'!G$H*!+2!<7#!In,prep#X#!!
!
5.0!Results!
Figure' 3.' 3‐D' Map' of'
Cueva' Chulacao, ' Atacama'
Desert,' Chile' (drafted'
using' Compass).' '' Using'
our' spreadsheet'
application,'Chulacao' is'
approximately' 20,005' m3'
(Ruby'et'al.'In#Prep).'
Y0+7%! '?+8<20'(&!
P+8+! C'(%$C2+%!
W8'1! b@! m! .b! "$(+!
.bbJ#! ;$80(:! 230&!
?+80'%-! P+! T,X!
2009 Atacama Desert Expedition (05-20 June 2009) – Explorers Club Flag Report
5
8+280+V+%! %<2<! W8'1! %<2<! 7'::+8&! 7'C<2+%! <2! <77! &2$%*! &02+&R! T.X! 8+7<$(C3+%! <(%! 8+%+?7'*+%! <77! %<2<!
7'::+8&!23<2!P+8+!8+C'V+8+%R!T5X!<(<7*=+%!%<2<!<(%!%+2+810(+%!P3+23+8!&+(&'8!?7<C+1+(2!P<&!C'88+C2!
W'8! <77! &2$%*! &02+&! <(%! &$WW0C0+(2! 2'! 1'%+7! 2+1?+8<2$8+! 28+(%&R! P+! <7&'! T>X! 1<??+%! <(%! C'77+C2+%!
V'7$1+280C!%<2<!<2!&0_!C<V+&!<(%!2P'!('(]C<V+!<('1<70+&!T8+W+8!2'!Table!1X#!!
;$80(:!W0+7%!'?+8<20'(&-!'(+!'W!'$8!%<2<!&3$227+&!C8<&3+%#!/30&!8+&$72+%!0(!23+!7'&&!'W!,b!1'(23&!'W!
%<2<! W8'1! 2P'! C<V+&! <(%! '(+! ('(]C<V+! <('1<7*! 0(! 23+! 93$7<C<'! C'1?7+_#! /3+&+! %<2<! C'$7%! ('2! H+!
8+C'V+8+%#!
!
Table'1.'Cave'and'non‐cave'study'sites,'
Atacama' Desert,' Chile.' Total' cave'
length' was' derived' using' standard'
cave' cartographi c' techniques' (refer' to'
Dasher' 1994).' Volume' was' estimated'
using' new' volumetric' mapping'
techniques' (Ruby ' et' al.' In# Prep.).' Data'
collected' during' [1]' 2008' and' [2]' 2009'
expeditions.''
Q%%020'(<77*-! 238++! 'W! '$8!
%<2<! 7'::+8&! P+8+! ('2!
8+C'V+8+%#!!
!
!
!
6.0!Discussion!
/30&!+_?+%020'(!P<&!7<8:+7*!&$CC+&&W$7#!)+!C'77+C2+%!V'7$1+280C!%<2<!<(%!C'1?7+2+%!1<?&!'W!<77!'W!'$8!
&2$%*! &02+&!]]!0(! 2'2<7!,.!&2$%*!&02+&! T+0:32!C<V+&!<(%! W'$8!C<V+]70D+!<('1<70+&X!W'8! H'23!23+! .bbI!<(%!
.bbJ!+_?+%020'(&#!)+!P+8+!<H7+!2'!8+280+V+!%<2<!W8'1!'(7*!&0_!C<V+&!<(%!238++!('(]C<V+!<('1<70+&#!)+!
7'&2! ,b! 1'(23&! 'W! %<2<!W8'1!2P'! C<V+&!<(%! '(+! ('(]C<V+! <('1<7*#! `(+! 'W! '$8! %<2<! &3$227+&! C8<&3+%!
<(%!23+!%<2<!C'$7%!('2!H+!8+C'V+8+%!m!%+&?02+!23+!+WW'82&!'W!23+!+(:0(++8&!<2!`(&+2!9'1?$2+8!9'8?#!!
Q7&'-! P+! P +8+! $(<H7+! 2'! 8+7 'C<2+! 238++! 'W! '$8 ! %<2<! 7'::+8&#! )+ ! H+70+V+! 2P'! 7':: +8&! P+8+! &2'7+(R !
23+&+! 0(&2 8$1+(2&! P+8+! %+?7 '*+%! 0(! 23+! +(28<(C+&! 'W! 2P'! C< V+&! W8+a$+(2+%! H*! 2 '$80&2&#! ;+&?02+! '$ 8!
H+&2! +WW'82&! 2'! C'(C+<7! '$8! 0(&28$1+(2&-! 23+*! P+8+! W'$(%! <(%! 8+1'V+%#! /3+! 2308%! %<2<! 7'::+8! P<&!
%+?7'*+%!0(!23+!+(28<(C+!'W!<!8+1'2+!C<V+#! )307+!P+!3<%! H'23!C'?0'$&!('2+&!<(%! ?3'2':8<?3&!'(!23+!
7'C<20'(!'W!230&!0(&28$1+(2-!P+!P+8+!$(<H7+!2'!8+7'C<2+!02#!
;<2<! C'77+ C2+%! %$80(:! 23+! .bb J! +_?+%020'(! P077! H +! $&+%! 2'^! T<X! 1'%+7 ! 2+1?+8<2$8+! 28+(% &! 'W! 23+!
+(28<(C+-!0(2+8(<7! C<V+-!<(%! &$8W<C+!W'8! <77! C<V+&! <(%!('(]C<V+! <('1<70+&R!THX! +_<10(+!<(%! +7$C0%<2+!
2+1?+8<2$8+! %0WW+8+(C+&! H+2P++(! C<V+&! <(%!('(]C<V+! <('1<70+&R!<(%! TCX! 0%+(20W*! 23+! H+&2! <(%!P'8&2!
%+2+C20'(!201+&!2'!C'(%$C2!10&&0'(&!2'!C'77+C2!<08C8<W2]H'8(+!23+81<7!01<:+8*#!!
)307+!'V+8W70:32!201+&!W'8!<77!&2$%*!&02+&!3<V+!('2!H++(!%+2+810(+%-!P+!?8+&+(2!<(!+_<1?7+!'W!3'P!
230&! 0&! +&20 1<2+%! T8+W+8! 2'! F igure! 4X#! Y'8! K38+ %%+8! 9<V+-! 2P'! ' ?201<7! 'V+8W70:3 2! 201+&! +_0&2! m! P 0(2+8!
T"$(+! m! Q$:$&2X! H+2P++(! bEbb! <(%! bIbb38! <(%! &$11+8! T4'V+1H+8! m! "<($<8*X! H+2P++(! ,.bb! <(%!
,>bb38#!/3+!P'8&2!'V+8W70:32!201+!T0#+#-!23+!201+!P3+(!23+8+!0&!10(01<7!C'(28<&2!H+2P++(!+(28<(C+!<(%!
&$8W<C+X! < 8+! 23+81<7! C8'&& ]'V+8! ?+80'%&! <( %! 'CC$8! %$80(:! 1 '&2! 'W! 23+! *+<8! TQ $:$&2! m! N<*X! H+2 P++(!
,Ibb!<(%!..bb38#!
)+!C'(%$C2+%!?8+7010(<8*!<(<7*&0&!'(!23+!Q2<C<1<!%<2<!2'!0(V+&20:<2+!2+1?+8<2$8+!28+(%&!'W!C<V+&!
<(%!C<V+]70D+!<('1<70+&-!<(%!+_<10(+!%0WW+8+(C+&!H+2P++(!C<V+&!<(%!('(]C<V+!<('1<70+&#!/+(2<20V+7*-!
'$8! 8+&$72&! 7<8:+7*! C'(C$8! P023! 23+! 8+&$72&! ?8+&+(2+%! H*! )*((+! +2! <7#! T.bbJX#! /3+&+! 8+&$72&! P077! H+!
?$H70&3+%!0(!<!?++8]8+V0+P+%!j'$8(<7#!!
!
Names!
Type!
Length!(m)!
Volume!(m3)!
,93$7<C<'!
9<V+!
I@J!
.b-bb@!
,/+7'C'2+!
9<V+!
E,.!
@-F>@!
.K<7'(!
9<V+!
.I@!
5-,.,!
,6$0<!
9<V+!
>b!
>bb!
.A$(<!*!N+%0<!
9<V+!
.bb!
5@b!
.l$02'8!
9<V+!
,bE!
5>I!
.A'&!6<2'&!
9<V+!
F,!
.F@!
.K38+%%+8!
9<V+!
,I@!
.,>!
.B$+&'&!
9<V+]70D+!<('1<7*!
.@!
5I!
.9<&C<%<!S+a$+n<!
9<V+]70D+!<('1<7*!
.>!
,F!
.9<82<?+!
9<V+]70D+!<('1<7*!
.,!
,>!
,N0(<!S+a$+n<!
9<V+]70D+!<('1<7*!
>!
5!
2009 Atacama Desert Expedition (05-20 June 2009) – Explorers Club Flag Report
6
Figure'4:'Comparison'of'
surface' and' entrance'
temperature' data' for'
the' upper' entrance' of'
Shredder'Cave.'This'is'a'
screen' shot' of' a'
software' package'
developed' during' this'
project' and' used' to'
analyze' cave'
temperature.' The' left'
panel' shows' the'
surface' (white)' and'
entrance' (blue)'
temperatures' observed'
over' 10' months.' The'
right' panel' shows' the'
time‐of‐day' and'
seasonal' comparison'where'warm' colors' (green‐yellow‐red)' show' the' greatest'thermal' contrast'and'the'cool'colors' (purple‐blue)'
show'the'least'thermal'contrast.'''
`(C+!H+&2!<(%!P'8&2!'V+8W70:32&!201+&!W'8!23+!C<V+&!<(%!C<V+]70D+!<('1<70+&!<8+!%+80V+%!TW'8!23'&+!
&02+&! 23<2!P+!3<V+!%<2<X-! P+!P077! $&+! 23+&+! %<2<!2'!&C3+%$7+!'$8! 'V+8W70:32&#!/3+&+! 8+&$72&-!<7'(:!P023!
23+! 23+81<7! 01<:+8*! <(<7*&0&! <(%! 0(2+8?8+2<20'(-! P077! H+! 0(C'8?'8<2+%! 0(2'! <! ?<?+8! <(%! P077! H+!
?$H70&3+%!0(!<!?++8]8+V0+P+%! j'$8(<7#!MW!H+&2! <(%!P'8&2! 'V+8W70:32!201+&!W'8!'23+8! C<V+&!<(%!('(]C<V+!
W+<2$8+&! <8+! &0107<8!2'! 201+&!W'8! K38+%%+8!9<V+-! P+!1<*! H+!<H7+! 2'!C'(%$C2!H'23! 10&&0'(&! %$80(:! 23+!
&<1+!+_?+%020'(#!'
Table'2:'2009'Atacama'Desert'Cave'Expedition'Team'
/+<1!N+1H+8!
QWW070<20'(!
"$2!)*((+-!Y4fbE!
KL/M]9K9-!4QU!
/01!/02$&!
UK6K!
;<(!G$H*-!N4fbJ!
Y7+0&C31<((! S7<(+2<80$1-! U(0V#!
4+V<%<-!G+('!
6$077+81'!93'(:!
U94!
9380&20(<!9'7?022&!
G+&+<8C3!K$??'82!68'$?!
A*((! B0CD&-! N;-!
N4fbJ!
67*((! M11+%0<2+! 9<8+-! K'$23+<&2!
6+'8:0<!B+<723!K*&2+1!
;+(0&+!B077!
NQGK!
980&20<(!/<1H7+*!
9<1?'!Q72'!
!
Expected, Results, (upon, project, completion):, /38'$:3! '$8! +WW'82&-! P+! P077^,T,X! 0%+(20W*! 201+&! P3+(!
%0WW+8+(C+&! H+2P++(! C<V+! +(28<(C+&! <(%! &$8W<C+! C'(28'7! &2<20'(&! <8+! '?201<7! <(%! &C3+%$7+! 23+81<7!
%<2<! C'77+C20'(! 'V+8W70:32&! <CC'8%0(:7*R! T.X! C'1?<8+! 23+! 23+81<7! H+3<V0'8! 'W! C<V+&! 2'! ('(]C<V+!
<('1<70+&R!<(%-!T5X!?'?$7<2+!&01$7<20'(!1'%+7&!'W!23+!23+81<7!%*(<10C&!'W!N<820<(!C<V+&!<(%!&$8W<C+#!
Q%%020'(<77*-!230&!?8'j+C2!P077!8+&$72!0(!23+^!TiX!%+V+7'?1+(2!'W!<!&*&2+1<20C!<??8'<C3!W'8!2+88+&280<7!<(%!
+_28<2+88+&280<7! C<V+!%+2+C20'(R!TiiX!+&2<H70&31+(2!'W!<! 23+81<7!&0:(<2$8+!70H8<8*! 'W!2+88+&280<7!C<V+&!'W!
V<80'$&! &28$C2$8+! 2*?+&R! TiiiX! %+&0:(<20'(! 'W! '?201<7! 201+&! W'8! %+2+C20'(! 'W! C<V+&! '(! <! ?+8! &28$C2$8+!
H<&0&! W'8! L<823! <(%! N<8&R! <(%! TivX! 0%+(20W0C<20'(! 'W! 0(&28$1+(2<20'(! <(%! 10&&0'(! 8+a$08+1+(2&! W'8!
%+2+C20(:!N<820<(!C<V+&#!
7.0!!Acknowledgements!
)+! +_2+(%! '$8! :8<202$%+! <(%! 23<(D&! 2'! N8#! L%P<8%! G'%8g:$+=! <(%! N8#! /'1<&! 6+8o! N+82+(&! P023!
2009 Atacama Desert Expedition (05-20 June 2009) – Explorers Club Flag Report
7
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8.0!!Literature!Cited!
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10C8'H0'2<#!!6+'7':0C<7!K'C0+2*!'W!Q1+80C<!QH&28<C2&!P023!S8':8<1&-!5,-!Q5b5#!
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2009 Atacama Desert Expedition (05-20 June 2009) – Explorers Club Flag Report
8
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2009 Atacama Desert Expedition (05-20 June 2009) – Explorers Club Flag Report
9
!
Appendix!I!
TL_<1?7+!'W!;<2<!A'::+8!;+?7'*1+(2X!
!
Cueva' Salon,' Atacama' Desert,' Chile.' Boxes' (red)' represent' the' locations' of' where' data' loggers' are' deployed.''
Numbers'(blue)'represent'the'number'of'each'data'logger.'Map'modified'from'Fryer'(2005).'
ResearchGate has not been able to resolve any citations for this publication.
Late Pliocene age for the Atacama Desert: Implications for the Desertification of western South America
Article
Full-text available
The Atacama Desert forms one of the major hyperarid deserts of the world. Previous studies suggest that desertification commenced at 14 Ma during global climate desiccation. Sedimentologic data from middle Miocene to upper Pliocene successions in the modern Atacama Desert indicate that a semiarid climate persisted from 8 to 3 Ma, punctuated by a phase of increased aridity at ca. 6 Ma. As such, hyperaridity did not commence until the late Pliocene. Implications are (1) that the rain shadow generated by the Andean Cordillera has had a minor influence on climate change, and (2) that the upwelling, north- flowing, cold Humboldt Current, although important in establishing the generally arid climate of western South America, did not control the shift to hyperaridity. The formation of the hyperarid Atacama Desert in the late Pliocene accompanied the development of the current phase of aridification in the Sahara and Namib Deserts and is attributed to a phase of global climate cooling.
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Aspects Of The Atmospheric Surface Layers On Mars And Earth
Article
Full-text available
  • Dec 2002
The structures of mean flow and turbulence in the atmospheric surface boundary layer have been extensively studied on Earth, and to a far less extent on Mars, where only the Viking missions and the Pathfinder mission have delivered in-situ data. Largely the behaviour of surface-layer turbulence and mean flow on Mars is found to obey the same scaling laws as on Earth. The largest micrometeorological differences between the two atmospheres are associated with the low air density of the Martian atmosphere. Together with the virtual absence of water vapour, it reduces the importance of the atmospheric heat flux in the surface energy budget. This increases the temperature variation of the surface forcing the near-surface temperature gradient and thereby the diabatic heat flux to higher values than are typical on the Earth, resulting in turn in a deeper daytime boundary layer. As wind speed is much like that of the Earth, this larger diabatic heat flux is carried mostly by larger maximal values of T*, the surface scale temperature. The higher kinematic viscosity yields a Kolmogorov scale of the order of ten times larger than on Earth, influencing the transition between rough and smooth flow for the same surface features.The scaling laws have been validated analysing the Martian surface-layer data for the relations between the power spectra of wind and temperature turbulence and the corresponding mean values of wind speed and temperature. Usual spectral formulations were used based on the scaling laws ruling the Earth atmospheric surface layer, whereby the Earth's atmosphere is used as a standard for the Martian atmosphere.
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AIRBORNE INFRARED THERMAL DETECTION OF CAVES AND CREVASSES.
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Airborne infrared thermal scanners can be used to detect crevasses and cave openings, but only under certain conditions. First, the temperature inside the void must be significantly different from external conditions; and second, some mechanism must exist to bring this thermal difference to the surface where it can be detected by a scanner. It must be determined if other events influence this mechanism. In the case of crevasses, conduction and convection both play a role in altering the surface temperature of the snow bridge over a crevasse. For caves, convection is the mechanism that brings about the temperature alteration. Convection is linked to the breathing cycle which, in turn, is caused by changes in atmospheric pressure. From ground measurements of internal temperature, external temperature, and atmospheric pressure a flight time can be picked that will provide the most favorable circumstances. Results are given for a crevasse field in Greenland and for a cave system in Puerto Rico.
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Lava tubes and basaltic caves as astrobiological targets on Earth and Mars: A review
Article
Lava tubes and basaltic caves are common features in volcanic terrains on Earth. Lava tubes and cave-like features have also been identified on Mars based on orbital imagery and remote-sensing data. Caves are unique environments where both secondary mineral precipitation and microbial growth are enhanced by stable physico-chemical conditions. Thus, they represent excellent locations where traces of microbial life, or biosignatures, are formed and preserved in minerals. By analogy with terrestrial caves, caves on Mars may contain a record of secondary mineralization that would inform us on past aqueous activity. They may also represent the best locations to search for biosignatures. The study of caves on Earth can be used to test hypotheses and better understand biogeochemical processes, and the signatures that these processes leave in mineral deposits. Caves may also serve as test beds for the development of exploration strategies and novel technologies for future missions to Mars. Here we review recent evidence for the presence of caves or lava tubes on Mars, as well as the geomicrobiology of lava tubes and basaltic caves on Earth. We also propose future lines of investigation, including exploration strategies and relevant technologies.
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On the possibility of chemosynthetic ecosystems in subsurface habitats on Mars
Article
  • Feb 1992
We have reexamined the question of extant microbial life on Mars in light of the most recent information about the planet and recently discovered nonphotosynthetic microbial ecosystems on Earth--deep sea hydrothermal vent communities and deep subsurface aquifer communities. On Mars, protected subsurface niches associated with hydrothermal activity could have continued to support life even after surface conditions became inhospitable. Geochemical evidence from the SNC meteorites and geomorphological evidence for recent volcanism suggest that such habitats could persist to the present time. There are also extensive geological features that attest to the ubiquitous nature of volcano-ground ice interactions on Mars. We suggest a possible deep subsurface microbial ecology similar to those discovered to depths of several kilometers below the surface of the Earth. We focus on anaerobic systems utilizing CO2 as the primary source of carbon. Liquid water could be provided by the heat of geothermal or volcanic activity melting permafrost or other subsurface water sources. Gases from volcanic activity deep in the planet could provide reducing power (as CH4, H2, or H2S) percolating up from below and enabling the development of a microbial community based upon chemolithoautotrophy. We suggest a methanogen (or acetogen) and sulfur-based microbial ecology as one possible basis for microbial primary production. Our hypothetical ecosystem is neither supported, nor excluded, by current observations of Mars. Tests for such a subsurface system involve locating active geothermal areas associated with ground ice or detecting trace quantities of reduced atmospheric gases that would leak from such a system.
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CONAF-SanPedroforassistancewith fieldwork and his continued support, Mr. Don Felix Colque, Mrs. Dona Maria Colque and Mr. Carlos ColquewithColqueTours-SanPedroforcontinueduseofourfieldstation
  • Mr. Roberto Cruz Conaf-Antofagasta
  • Cruz
  • Mr. Manuel Cortes Mora Conaf-Calama
  • Asociaciónindígenavalledelalunaforfacilitatingandissuingourresearchpermits
  • Wethankmr
  • Joseluisjara
CONAF-Antofagasta, and Mr. Roberto Cruz Cruz with CONAF-Calama and Mr. Manuel Cortes Mora AsociaciónIndígenaValledelaLunaforfacilitatingandissuingourresearchpermits,andprovidingus withcontinuedsupportinthefield.WethankMr.JoseLuisJara,CONAF-SanPedroforassistancewith fieldwork and his continued support, Mr. Don Felix Colque, Mrs. Dona Maria Colque and Mr. Carlos ColquewithColqueTours-SanPedroforcontinueduseofourfieldstation("RanchoTonka"),Mr.Marc TiritilliandtheIllinoiscavesearchandrescueteamfortheirwillingnesstoremainonstand-byduring thisexpedition,Dr.RandyBertholdandtheNASA-ARCEERRBSafetyReviewPanelfortheirdirection leadingtotheimprovementoftheexpeditionsafetyplan,Mr.MattArcovioandGlobalRescuefortheir stand-byextricationsupport,Mr.ScottElliswithONSETComputerCorp.fordonatingthedatashuttles andforhiscontinuedsupport,andMr.JoelDeSpainandMr.ShaneFryerwiththeU.S.NationalPark ServiceforaccesstoanduseofAtacamaDesertcavemaps.SpecialthankstoTheExplorersClub(Ms.
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