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ENGINEERINGSCIENCES DEVELOPMENTPROSPECTSINCOUNTRIESOFEUROPEATTHEBEGINNINGOFTHETHIRDMILLENNIUM

October 2020

Publisher: PREMIER Vienna 2019
ISBN: ISBN 978-9934-571-63-3

Authors:

Grigoriy D. Kovalenko

National Science Center Kharkov Institute of Physics and Technology

This study has examined the specific aspects of air dispersion of gaseous and fly ash emissions from the Ukrainian coal-fired TPPs with a capacity of over 300 MW each, including the transboundary transport. The transboundary transport estimates were produced for different fly ash fractions and gaseous emissions, for a broad range of travel distances from the source, in order to assess the environmental risks and impacts to the public health in Ukraine and neighbouring countries (Russia, Poland, Hungary, Slovakia, Belarus, Romania and Moldova). The composition of fly ash emissions and their contribution to the environmental risk levels was determined.

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October 2019

Grigoriy D. Kovalenko

Emissions of volatile ash particles (PM10) and gases of large thermal power plants (TPPs) with a capacity of over 300 MW, which have the greatest negative impact on the air basins of Poland and Ukraine, were investigated. A program has been developed for calculating concentrations of volatile ash particles of various sizes in atmospheric air at large distances from emission sources, which made it ... [Show full abstract] possible to estimate the mass transfer of fly ash (PM10) across the border of any country to neighboring countries. PM10 mass transfer from Ukraine to Poland, as well as in the opposite direction, is estimated. As an example, the transboundary impact of the operation of the Polish thermal power plant Kozienice on the air environment of Ukraine and the domestic Burshtyn TPP on the quality of atmospheric air in Poland was considered. Flows of volatile ash and gases were determined, and concentrations of these pollutants were calculated in the area of the border between Ukraine and Poland. A mutual evaluation of the transboundary impact of large thermal power plants emissions on the degree of air pollution in Ukraine and Poland was carried out. The comparative characteristic of mutual flows of particles of fly ash and gaseous compounds between Ukraine and Poland was given. The concentrations of pollutants in emissions of the investigated TPPs calculated by the flows did not exceed the values established by European standards for clean air. Environmental risks were estimated for the population living near the Ukrainian-Polish border caused by the transboundary transport of gaseous emissions and fly ash from thermal power plants during normal operation in accordance with the requirements of European directives and recommendations of the World Health Organization. It was shown that the main contribution to the formation of the magnitude of this risk is made by atmospheric air pollution with sulfur dioxide (SO2). The environmental risk caused by the transboundary transfer of fly ash and gases emitted from the TPPs under consideration, in the area of the border between Ukraine and Poland, did not exceed the level of acceptable individual risk of 10-6 cases of somatic- stochastic effects in humans per year due to atmospheric pollution air emissions from TPP containing gaseous substances and particles of fly ash. Исследованы выбросы частиц летучей золы (PM10) и газов работающих на угле крупных тепловых электростанций (ТЭС) мощностью свыше 300 МВт, оказывающих наибольшее негативное воздействие на воздушные бассейны Польши и Украины. Разработана программа для расчетов концентраций в атмосферном воздухе потоков различных по размерам частиц летучей золы на больших расстояниях от источников выбросов, что позволяет оценивать массоперенос летучей золы (PM10) через границу любой страны в соседние страны. Оценен массоперенос PM10 из Украины в Польшу, а также в обратном направлении. В качестве примера рассмотрено трансграничное воздействие работы польской теплоэлектростанции Kozienice на состояние воздушной среды Украины и отечественной Бурштынской ТЭС – на качество атмосферного воздуха в Польше. Определены потоки летучей золы и газов, рассчитаны концентрации этих загрязняющих веществ в районе границы между Украиной и Польшей. Выполнена взаимная оценка трансграничного влияния выбросов крупных ТЭС на степень загрязнения атмосферного воздуха в Украине и Польше. Дана сравнительная характеристика взаимных потоков частиц летучей золы и газообразных соединений между Украиной и Польшей. Рассчитанные по потокам концентрации загрязняющих веществ, содержащихся в выбросах исследуемых ТЭС, не превышают значений, установленных европейскими нормативами для чистого воздуха. Оценены экологические риски для населения, проживающего вблизи украинскопольской границы, обусловленные трансграничным переносом газообразных выбросов и летучей золы ТЭС при нормальном режиме эксплуатации в соответствии с требованиями европейских директив и рекомендациями Всемирной организации здравоохранения. Показано, что основной вклад в формирование величины указанного риска вносит загрязнение атмосферного воздуха диоксидом серы (SO2). Экологический риск, обусловленный трансграничным переносом летучей золы и газов, отходящих от рассматриваемых ТЭС, в районе границы между Украиной и Польшей не превышает уровня приемлемого (допустимого) индивидуального риска, составляющего 106 случаев возникновения у человека соматикостохастических эффектов в год вследствие загрязнения атмосферного воздуха выбросами ТЭС, содержащими газообразные вещества и частицы летучей золы.

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Critical aspects of health security of the Republic of Moldova in the context of the COVID-19 pandem...

November 2021

Marica Dumitrasco

In this paper we analyze the state’s preparedness for the COVID-19 crisis, as well as argues the need for selective changes following the detection of critical aspects of health security in the Republic of Moldova. The main objective of this paper is to assess the situation in the fi eld of health security in the Republic of Moldova, as well as its comparison with neighbouring countries in the ... [Show full abstract] regional framework of Eastern European countries, in order to identify gaps in health security indicators in the country. The novelty of the research consists in conducting for the fi rst time the benchmarking analysis of health security in the Republic of Moldova based on the Global Health Security Index. In the benchmarking analysis, the average score calculated for Eastern European countries is considered as the reference value for each category. In the analysis performed the categories with lower than average ratings are considered critical. Research has shown that the most critical categories of health security for the Republic of Moldova are: Rapid response to and mitigation of the spread of an epidemic; Health system; Early detection and reporting for epidemics of potential international concern, and Overall risk environment. Study has found signifi cant weaknesses in the state’s ability to prevent, detect and respond to health emergencies; severe gaps in the health system; vulnerability to political, socio-economic risks that may undermine pandemic preparedness and response. The paper also identifies critical categories of health security in Eastern European countries, including: Poland, Hungary, Czech Republic, Bulgaria, Slovakia, Romania, Bulgaria, Ukraine, Belarus that can be used by decision makers in these countries in the process of adjusting state policies and drafting policy documents.