Pantropical modelling of canopy functional traits using Sentinel-2 remote sensing data Remote Sensing of Environment

Abstract

Tropical forest ecosystems are undergoing rapid transformation as a result of changing environmental conditions and direct human impacts. However, we cannot adequately understand, monitor or simulate tropical ecosystem responses to environ ⁎ mental changes without capturing the high diversity of plant functional characteristics in the species-rich tropics. Failure to do so can oversimplify our understanding of ecosystems responses to environmental disturbances. Innovative methods and data products are needed to track changes in functional trait composition in tropical forest ecosystems through time and space. This study aimed to track key functional traits by coupling Sentinel-2 derived variables with a unique data set of precisely located in-situ measurements of canopy functional traits collected from 2434 individual trees across the tropics using a standardised methodology. The functional traits and vegetation censuses were collected from 47 field plots in the countries of Australia, Brazil, Peru, Gabon, Ghana, and Malaysia, which span the four tropical continents. The spatial positions of individual trees above 10 cm diameter at breast height (DBH) were mapped and their canopy size and shape recorded. Using geo-located tree canopy size and shape data, community-level trait values were estimated at the same spatial resolution as Sentinel-2 imagery (i.e. 10 m pixels). We then used the Geographic Random Forest (GRF) to model and predict functional traits across our plots. We demonstrate that key plant functional traits can be measured at a pantrop-ical scale using the high spatial and spectral resolution of Sentinel-2 imagery in conjunction with climatic and soil information. Image textural parameters were found to be key components of remote sensing information for predicting functional traits across tropical forests and woody savannas. Leaf thickness (R 2 = 0.52) obtained the highest prediction accuracy among the morphological and structural traits and leaf carbon content (R 2 = 0.70) and maximum rates of photosynthesis (R 2 = 0.67) obtained the highest prediction accuracy for leaf chemistry and photosynthesis related traits, respectively. Overall, the highest prediction accuracy was obtained for leaf chemistry and photosynthetic traits in comparison to morphological and structural traits. Our approach offers new opportunities for mapping, monitoring and understanding biodiversity and ecosystem change in the most species-rich ecosystems on Earth.

Full text

UNCORRECTED PROOF
-;CEJ;.;DI?D=E< DL?HEDC;DJ NNN NNNN NNNNNN
EDJ;DJIB?IJI7L7?B78B;7J.9?;D9;?H;9J
-;CEJ;.;DI?D=E< DL?HEDC;DJ
@EKHD7B>EC;F7=;MMM;BI;L?;H9EC
+7DJHEF?97B CE:;BB?D= E< 97DEFO <KD9J?ED7B JH7?JI KI?D= .;DJ?D;B H;CEJ; I;DI?D= :7J7
%;IZI =K?HH;"KJ?THH;P 7 8 ⁎ .7C? -?<7? 7 B;N7D:;H .>;DA?D 7 $CC7 *B?L;H7I 7 '?I7 +7JH?9A ;DJB;O 9
(7HJ?D .LRJ;A : T9?B; % "?H7H:?D 7 .78?D; EJ> ; /;H>? -?KJJ7 7 H?A7 ;H;D=K;H 7 2 7D?;B &?IIB?D= <
7L?: 7KC7D 7 = )?9EB7I -778 7 .7C (EEH; 7 2?BB?7C !7H<7D-?EI > ? @ N7 !?=K;?H;:E A
.?CED; (7J?7I -;?I 7 B %EIKT :P7D= ):ED= C !?:UB; LEKD7 *D:E C )7J79>7 )II? ;D=ED; D
1?7D;J (?>?D>EK D (7H?D7 (7H?7 (EH7;I :; .;?N7I E .J;F>;D :KH;:K F &7J; 8;HD;J>O G H
"H;=EHO + ID;H I %EI 7HBEM J K 7L?: !-+ KHIB;C L 7L?:  EEC;I M 'K97I  ;HDKI7A N
"H;J7  7H=?; O H?7D % DGK?IJ P -E8;HJ ( M;HI 77 %E?9; !;HH;?H7 K &7J>HOD % %;c;HO 77 7HBEI  %EBO 78
.?CED ' ';M?I O 79 ;D #KH (7H?CED%KD?EH B -E8;HJ7  (7HJ?D I +7KBE . (EH7D:? B *B?L;H ' +>?BB?FI O
7HBEI  ,K;I7:7 7: )EHC7 .7B?D7I 7 7; ;7JH?P .9>M7DJ;I (7H?CED B (?B;I .?BC7D 7< 4?J HD /;> 7=
';; %/ 2>?J; D G H 47:L?D:;H (7B>? 7
7;C7?<;:3;A/9 6/;53 ;@A7ABA3 '16<<9 <4 3<5?/=6F /;2 A63 ;C7?<;:3;A );7C3?@7AF <4 #E4<?2 #E4<?2 )
87<27C3?@7AF F;/:71@ "/AB?/97@ 7<27C3?@7AF 3;A3? 3723; A63 "3A63?9/;2@
93=/?A:3;A <4 7<9<5F '<;<:/ 'A/A3 );7C3?@7AF  /@A <A/A7 C3;B3 &<6;3?A $/?8   )'
:3=/?A:3;A <4 <?3@A <A/;F 3;2?<9<5F /;2 3<07<1<3;<9<5F /1B9AF <4 <?3@A?F /;2 +<<2 (316;<9<5F !3;239 );7C3?@7AF 7; ?;< ?;< G316 &3=B0971
;;C7?<;:3;A/9 /;2 &B?/9 '173;13 );7C3?@7AF <4 "3D ;59/;2 ?:72/93  "'+ B@A?/97/
<;@A7ABA3 4<? 7<27C3?@7AF /;2 1<@F@A3: F;/:71@  );7C3?@7AF <4 :@A3?2/: :@A3?2/: A63 "3A63?9/;2@
= /0<?/A<7?3 2H1<9<573 *L5LA/93 3A 7<5L<167:73 $  );7C3?@7AL 70?3 23 ?BE3993@ ?B@@39@ 3957B:
> 7C7;5 /?A6 <99/0<?/A7C3 +/@67;5A<; );7C3?@7AF 7; '/7;A <B7@ 'A <B7@ !# )'
?3;A3? 4<? <;@3?C/A7<; /;2 'B@A/7;/093 3C39<=:3;A !7@@<B?7 <A/;71/9 /?23; 'A <B7@ !# )'
@3?0/?7< */?5/@ ). @1B39/ $?<43@7<;/9 23 7<9<5O/ );7C3?@72/2 "/17<;/9 23 '/; ;A<;7< 0/2 239 B@1< B@1< $3?B
A"/A7<;/9 ;@A7ABA3 <4 :/G<;7/; &3@3/?16 –"$ $   !/;/B@ ! ?/G79
B /0<?/AP?7< 23 1<9<57/ *353A/9  * );7C3?@72/23 2< @A/2< 23 !/A< ?<@@< "<C/ ,/C/;A7;/ ?/G79
C53;13 "/A7<;/93 23@ $/?1@ "/A7<;/BE $ 70?3C7993 /0<;
D!7;7@AM?3 23@ /BE 23@ <?NA@ 23 9/ !3? 3A 23 ;C7?<;;3:3;A 70?3C7993 /0<;
E:0?/=/ :/GQ;7/ #?73;A/9 (?/C ? ;L/@ $7;637?< @; $   39L: $ ?/G79
F'&<?3@A?F &3@3/?16 ;@A7ABA3 <4 6/;/ );7C3?@7AF $# <E  B:/@7 6/;/
G;@A7ABA 23 &3163?163 3; H1<9<573 (?<=71/93 70?3C7993 /0<;
H7<9<571/9 /;2 ;C7?<;:3;A/9 '173;13@ );7C3?@7AF <4 'A7?97;5 'A7?97;5 )
I3;A3? 4<? 9<0/9 7@1<C3?F /;2 <;@3?C/A7<; '173;13 ?7G<;/ 'A/A3 );7C3?@7AF (3:=3 . );7A32 'A/A3@
J /;1/@A3? ;C7?<;:3;A 3;A?3 /;1/@A3? );7C3?@7AF /;1/@A3?  -% )
K!(!B@3B $/?/3;@3 :O97< <3927 C !/5/96J3@ /?/A/  'J< ?/G  39L: $ ?/G79
L'16<<9 <4 7<9<571/9 '173;13@ );7C3?@7AF <4 03?233; 03?233; )
M<;@3?C/A7<; &3@3/?16 ;@A7ABA3 3=/?A:3;A <4 $9/;A '173;13@ );7C3?@7AF <4 /:0?7253 /:0?7253  %. )
N<99353 <4 '173;13 /;2 ;57;33?7;5 /:3@ <<8 );7C3?@7AF /7?;@ %92  B@A?/97/
O1<9<5F /;2 9<0/9 6/;53 '16<<9 <4 3<5?/=6F );7C3?@7AF <4 332@ 332@ +3@A -<?8@67?3 )
P3=/?A:3;A <4 1<9<5F /;2 C<9BA7<;/?F 7<9<5F );7C3?@7AF <4 ?7G<;/ (B1@<; . )'
77 3=/?A:3;A <4 743 '173;13@ :=3?7/9 <99353 <;2<; @1<A )
78 );7C3?@72/23 @A/2B/9 23 /:=7;/@ ;@A7ABA< 23 7<9<57/ 3=/?A/:3;A< 23 7<9<57/ *353A/9 /:=7;/@ 'J< $/B9< ?/G79
79 3=/?A:3;A <4 3<5?/=6F );7C3?@7AF <99353 <;2<; <;2<; )
7: <<?23;/KJ< 23 7;I:71/ :073;A/9 ;@A7ABA< "/17<;/9 23 $3@>B7@/@ 2/ :/GQ;7/ !/;/B@ ?/G79
7; '3117P; %BO:71/ $<;A7S17/ );7C3?@72/2 /AP971/ 239 $3?R C3;72/ );7C3?@7A/?7/  '/; !75B39 7:/  $3?B
7< 3=/?A:3;A <4 7<9<5F +/83 <?3@A );7C3?@7AF +7;@A<;'/93: "  )'
7= '16<<9 <4 "/AB?/9 /;2 ;C7?<;:3;A/9 '173;13@ "3D1/@A93 );7C3?@7AF "3D1/@A93 )=<; (F;3 )
-/$' $)!* ./-/
/HEF?97B <EH;IJ ;9EIOIJ;CI 7H; KD:;H=E?D= H7F?: JH7DI<EHC7J?ED 7I 7 H;IKBJ E< 9>7D=?D= ;DL?HEDC;DJ7B 9ED
:?J?EDI 7D: :?H;9J >KC7D ?CF79JI #EM;L;H M; 97DDEJ 7:;GK7J;BO KD:;HIJ7D: CED?JEH EH I?CKB7J; JHEF
?97B ;9EIOIJ;C H;IFEDI;I JE ;DL?HED
⁎EHH;IFED:?D= 7KJ>EH 7J DL?HEDC;DJ7B >7D=; $DIJ?JKJ; .9>EEB E< ";E=H7F>O 7D: J>; DL?HEDC;DJ 0D?L;HI?JO E< *N<EH: *N<EH: 0&
:/79 /22?3@@ @;7==K=C7?B9EC % =K?HH;"KJ?THH;P
>JJFI:E?EH=@HI;
-;9;?L;: (7O-;9;?L;:?DH;L?I;:<EHC .;FJ;C8;H99;FJ;: .;FJ;C8;H
L7?B78B;EDB?D; NNN
 \ 

UNCORRECTED PROOF
5B7??3BA7L??3G3A/9 &3:<A3'3;@7;5<4;C7?<;:3;A EEE EEEE EEEEEE
3FD<?2@
+B7DJ JH7?JI
.;DJ?D;B
/HEF?97B <EH;IJI
-7D:EC !EH;IJ
+?N;BB;L;B FH;:?9J?EDI
$C7=; J;NJKH;
C;DJ7B 9>7D=;I M?J>EKJ 97FJKH?D= J>; >?=> :?L;HI?JO E< FB7DJ <KD9J?ED7B 9>7H79J;H?IJ?9I ?D J>; IF;9?;IH?9> JHEF
?9I !7?BKH; JE :E IE 97D EL;HI?CFB?<O EKH KD:;HIJ7D:?D= E< ;9EIOIJ;CI H;IFEDI;I JE ;DL?HEDC;DJ7B :?IJKH87D9;I
$DDEL7J?L; C;J>E:I 7D: :7J7 FHE:K9JI 7H; D;;:;: JE JH79A 9>7D=;I ?D <KD9J?ED7B JH7?J 9ECFEI?J?ED ?D JHEF?97B
<EH;IJ ;9EIOIJ;CI J>HEK=> J?C; 7D: IF79; />?I IJK:O 7?C;: JE JH79A A;O <KD9J?ED7B JH7?JI 8O 9EKFB?D= .;DJ?D;B
:;H?L;: L7H?78B;I M?J> 7 KD?GK; :7J7 I;J E< FH;9?I;BO BE97J;: ?DI?JK C;7IKH;C;DJI E< 97DEFO <KD9J?ED7B JH7?JI
9EBB;9J;: <HEC  ?D:?L?:K7B JH;;I 79HEII J>; JHEF?9I KI?D= 7 IJ7D:7H:?I;: C;J>E:EBE=O />; <KD9J?ED7B JH7?JI
7D: L;=;J7J?ED 9;DIKI;I M;H; 9EBB;9J;: <HEC  `;B: FBEJI ?D J>; 9EKDJH?;I E< KIJH7B?7 H7P?B +;HK "78ED
">7D7 7D: (7B7OI?7 M>?9> IF7D J>; <EKH JHEF?97B 9EDJ?D;DJI />; IF7J?7B FEI?J?EDI E< ?D:?L?:K7B JH;;I 78EL;
 9C :?7C;J;H 7J 8H;7IJ >;?=>J # M;H; C7FF;: 7D: J>;?H 97DEFO I?P; 7D: I>7F; H;9EH:;: 0I?D= =;EBE
97J;: JH;; 97DEFO I?P; 7D: I>7F; :7J7 9ECCKD?JOB;L;B JH7?J L7BK;I M;H; ;IJ?C7J;: 7J J>; I7C; IF7J?7B H;IEBKJ?ED
7I .;DJ?D;B ?C7=;HO ?;  C F?N;BI 2; J>;D KI;: J>; ";E=H7F>?9 -7D:EC !EH;IJ "-! JE CE:;B 7D: FH;:?9J
<KD9J?ED7B JH7?JI 79HEII EKH FBEJI 2; :;CEDIJH7J; J>7J A;O FB7DJ <KD9J?ED7B JH7?JI 97D 8; C;7IKH;: 7J 7 F7DJHEF
?97B I97B; KI?D= J>; >?=> IF7J?7B 7D: IF;9JH7B H;IEBKJ?ED E< .;DJ?D;B ?C7=;HO ?D 9ED@KD9J?ED M?J> 9B?C7J?9 7D:
IE?B ?D<EHC7J?ED $C7=; J;NJKH7B F7H7C;J;HI M;H; <EKD: JE 8; A;O 9ECFED;DJI E< H;CEJ; I;DI?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED <EH
FH;:?9J?D= <KD9J?ED7B JH7?JI 79HEII JHEF?97B <EH;IJI 7D: MEE:O I7L7DD7I ';7< J>?9AD;II &  E8J7?D;: J>;
>?=>;IJ FH;:?9J?ED 799KH79O 7CED= J>; CEHF>EBE=?97B 7D: IJHK9JKH7B JH7?JI 7D: B;7< 97H8ED 9EDJ;DJ & 
7D: C7N?CKC H7J;I E< F>EJEIODJ>;I?I &  E8J7?D;: J>; >?=>;IJ FH;:?9J?ED 799KH79O <EH B;7< 9>;C?IJHO
7D: F>EJEIODJ>;I?I H;B7J;: JH7?JI H;IF;9J?L;BO *L;H7BB J>; >?=>;IJ FH;:?9J?ED 799KH79O M7I E8J7?D;: <EH B;7<
9>;C?IJHO 7D: F>EJEIODJ>;J?9 JH7?JI ?D 9ECF7H?IED JE CEHF>EBE=?97B 7D: IJHK9JKH7B JH7?JI *KH 7FFHE79> E<<;HI
D;M EFFEHJKD?J?;I <EH C7FF?D= CED?JEH?D= 7D: KD:;HIJ7D:?D= 8?E:?L;HI?JO 7D: ;9EIOIJ;C 9>7D=; ?D J>; CEIJ
IF;9?;IH?9> ;9EIOIJ;CI ED 7HJ>
1. Introduction
.EC; E< J>; CEIJ KH=;DJ GK;IJ?EDI ?D ;9EBE=O 7D: ;9EIOIJ;C I9?;D9;
JE:7O <E9KI ED >EM 9ECCKD?J?;I E< EH=7D?ICI H;IFED: JE =BE87B ;DL?
HEDC;DJ7B 9>7D=;I )7;;C ;J 7B  >EM 8?E:?L;HI?JO 7D: ;9EIOI
J;C 9>7D=;I 79HEII J>; MEHB: 97D 8; 9EDI?IJ;DJBO C7FF;: 7D: CED
?JEH;: )7L7HHE ;J 7B  7D: >EM IF7J?7B J;CFEH7B 7D: J7NE
DEC?9 L7H?78?B?JO ?D 8?E:?L;HI?JO ?DaK;D9;I ;9EIOIJ;C H;I?B?;D9; JE 9B?
C7J; 9>7D=; *B?L;H ;J 7B  $D J;HCI E< 7HJ> IOIJ;C I9?;D9; M;
D;;: JE KD:;HIJ7D: 7D: CE:;B >EM J>; J;HH;IJH?7B 8?EIF>;H; M?BB H;
IFED: 7D: 7BH;7:O ?I H;IFED:?D= JE =BE87B ;DL?HEDC;DJ7B 9>7D=; 7D:
M>;J>;H J>;H; 7H; 9H?J?97B J>H;I>EB:I EH “J?FF?D= FE?DJI”8;OED: M>?9>
C7@EH 8?EC;I C7O DEJ 8; 78B; JE H;9EL;H )EM>;H; ?I J>; 9>7BB;D=;
CEH; KH=;DJ J>7D ?D J>; IF;9?;IH?9> JHEF?97B <EH;IJ 7D: MEE:O I7L7DD7
8?EC;I M>?9> JE=;J>;H 7H; >EC; JE CEH; J>7D >7B< E< =BE87B 8?E:?L;H
I?JO 7D: EL;H  E< J;HH;IJH?7B FHE:K9J?L?JO ;;H ;J 7B  />;H;
?I ;L?:;D9; J>7J 7JCEIF>;H?9 9>7D=; C7O >7L; ;<<;9JI ED JHEF?97B <EH
;IJ FHE:K9J?L?JO 7D: JH;; <KD9J?ED7B 9ECFEI?J?ED  IGK?L;B(K;B8;HJ ;J
7B  #K87K ;J 7B  />;I; ;<<;9JI C7O ?D9BK:; 7 IJ?CKB7J?ED
E< FHE:K9J?L?JO F;H>7FI :K; JE H?I?D= * 7D:EH 7 :;=H7:7J?ED EH
:?;879A FEII?8BO 97KI;: 8O ?D9H;7I;: I;7IED7B?JO 7D: ?D9KHH;: ?DJ;DI?JO
E< ;NJH;C; :HEK=>J ;L;DJI (7B>? ;J 7B  (7B>? ;J 7B  .K9>
;L;DJI 7H; F7HJBO H;IFEDI?8B; <EH J>; ?D9H;7I;: JH;; CEHJ7B?JO 7D: :;
9H;7I;: 97H8ED H;I?:;D9; J?C; ?D JHEF?97B <EH;IJI MEHB:M?:; (9EM;BB
;J 7B  #EM;L;H JE 7:;GK7J;BO KD:;HIJ7D: IK9> H;IFEDI;I M;
D;;: JE 97FJKH; 7D: C7F J>; >?=> :?L;HI?JO E< FB7DJ ;9EIOIJ;C <KD9J?ED
?D J>; IF;9?;IH?9> JHEF?9I 7D: I7L7DD7I
.F;9?;I <KD9J?ED7B JH7?JI 7H; :;`D;: 7I J>; CEHF>EBE=?97B F>OI?
EBE=?97B EH F>;DEBE=?97B 7JJH?8KJ;I M>?9> :;J;HC?D; J>; `JD;II E< EH
=7D?ICI J>;?H H;IFEDI; JE 9>7D=;I ?D J>; ;DL?HEDC;DJ 7D: J>;?H ?DaK
;D9; ED ;9EIOIJ;C <KD9J?EDI &?IIB?D= ;J 7B  V7P 7D: 78?:E
 !KD9J?ED7B JH7?JI FHEL?:; J7D=?8B; 7D: C;9>7D?IJ?9 C;7DI E< 7I
I;II?D= J>; 78?B?JO E< 9ECCKD?J?;I JE 7:7FJ JE 9B?C7J; 9>7D=; +79?`9?
;J 7B  7D: FB7O 7 C7@EH HEB; ?D :;J;HC?D?D= ;9EIOIJ;C FHE:K9J?L
?JO <KD9J?ED?D= 7D: DEJ78BO D7JKH;I 9EDJH?8KJ?ED JE F;EFB; ;= M7J;H
7D: MEE: 7L7?B78?B?JO V7P ;J 7B  7HCED7 ;J 7B  DO
JEEBI EH C;J>E:I J>7J <79?B?J7J; GK7DJ?`97J?ED E< <KD9J?ED7B JH7?JI 79HEII
B7H=; IF7J?7B I97B;I 7D: 7J >?=> IF7J?7B H;IEBKJ?ED MEKB: 8; ?DL7BK78B;
<EH GK7DJ?<O?D= ;9EIOIJ;C <KD9J?ED?D= 7D: ;9EBE=?97B H;IFEDI;I JE :?I
JKH87D9; 7J I97B;I H;B;L7DJ <EH FEB?9O 7D: C7D7=;C;DJ &?IIB?D= ;J 7B
 #EM;L;H ?J ?I IJ?BB 9>7BB;D=?D= JE C7F <KD9J?ED7B JH7?J :?L;HI?JO
?D JHEF?97B H;=?EDI =?L;D J>; B79A E< FB7DJ JH7?J :7J7 7L7?B78B; <EH CEIJ
E< J>EI; BE97J?EDI %;JP ;J 7B  ::?J?ED7B 9>7BB;D=;I 9EC; <HEC
:?<<;H;DJ 7D: E<J;D ?D9ECF7J?8B; JH7?J 9EBB;9J?ED FHEJE9EBI 7D: J>; B79A
E< IOIJ;C7J?9 >?=> IF7J?7B IF;9JH7B 7D: J;CFEH7B H;IEBKJ?ED H;CEJ; I;DI
?D= ?C7=;HO J>7J 9E?D9?:;I M?J> :7J7 <EH <KD9J?ED7B JH7?JI 7J J>; 97DEFO
B;L;B 7D: J>; B79A E< =;EBE97J;: JH;; IJ;CI 7J J>; FBEJ B;L;B />KI J>;H;
?I 7 D;;: <EH IF7J?7BBO;NFB?9?J C;J>E:I JE C7F 7D: GK7DJ?<O FB7DJ <KD9
J?ED7B JH7?JI 7J >?=> IF7J?7B H;IEBKJ?ED ?D JHEF?97B <EH;IJ 7D: MEE:O I7
/H79A?D= <KD9J?ED7B JH7?JI 97D I>;: B?=>J ED :?<<;H;D9;I ?D ;9EIOIJ;C
<KD9J?ED?D= 79HEII 8HE7: IF7J?7B ;NJ;DJI 7D: J>;H;<EH; 7?: FEB?9O 7D: :;
9?I?ED C7A?D= ;= <EH 9H;7J?D= 7:;GK7J; 8?E:?L;HI?JO 9EDI;HL7J?ED FEB?
9?;I EH <EH FHEL?:?D= ;7HBO M7HD?D= E< :?H;9J?ED7B I>?<JI ?D ;9EIOIJ;CI
/>; A;O 9>7BB;D=;I E< 7DO <KD9J?ED7B JH7?J 7FFHE79> 7H; I97B78?B?JO 7D:
CED?JEH?D= >EM 97D <KD9J?ED7B I>?<JI ?D >?=>BO :?L;HI; JHEF?97B <EH;IJI
7D: MEE:O I7L7DD7I 8; CED?JEH;: 7D: JH79A;: EL;H B7H=; IF7J?7B ;N
J;DJI $DJ;DI?L; `;B: I7CFB?D= E< FB7DJ <KD9J?ED7B JH7?JI 7J 7 F7DJHEF?
97B I97B; ?I J?C;9EDIKC?D= 7D: ;9EDEC?97BBO KDL?78B; />;H; 7H; B7H=;
=7FI ?D J>; 7L7?B78?B?JO E< FB7DJ JH7?J :7J7 =BE87BBO 7D: J>; B7H=;IJ =7FI
7H; ?D J>; JHEF?9I %;JP ;J 7B  '7H=; FB7DJ JH7?J :7J7I;JI 7?C JE
EL;H9EC; J>?I ?IIK; 7D: >7L; 7:L7D9;: EKH 78?B?JO JE 97HHO EKJ FB7DJ
<KD9J?ED7B JH7?J 7D7BOI?I ?D 7D KDFH;9;:;DJ;: M7O &7JJ=; ;J 7B 
"7BB7=>;H ;J 7B  #EM;L;H 7I M?J> 7DO :7J787I; J>; FB7DJ JH7?J
L7BK;I <HEC IK9> :7J787I;I M?BB H;FH;I;DJ J>; BE97B JH7?J;DL?HEDC;DJ H;
B7J?EDI>?FI <EH J>; I?J; M>;H; J>;O M;H; 9EBB;9J;: M>?9> C7O DEJ 8; J>;
7H;7 E< ?DJ;H;IJ  A;O 7IIKCFJ?ED ?D JH7?J87I;: ;9EBE=O ?I J>7J J>; ;D
L?HEDC;DJ ?I `BJ;H?D= <EH 7D EFJ?C7B I;J E< JH7?J 9>7H79J;H?IJ?9I IE J>7J
J>; H;IKBJ?D= 9ECCKD?J?;I 7H; 7:7FJ;: JE J>; ;DL?HEDC;DJ M>;H; J>;O
7H; :?IJH?8KJ;: !;BB 7D: *=B;  ';8H?@7/H;@EI ;J 7B  'EHJ?; ;J
7B  #;D9; M; C?=>J ;NF;9J 7D EFJ?C7B I;J E< JH7?J 9>7H79J;H?IJ?9I
<EH 7 =?L;D BE97J?ED M>?9> M>;D 7D7BOI;: EL;H J?C; 9EKB: GK7DJ?<O J>;
:OD7C?9I E< 9ECCKD?JO JH7?J :?IJH?8KJ?EDI EH I>?<JI ?D <KD9J?ED7B 9ECFE
I?J?ED H;B7J?D= JE ;DL?HEDC;DJ7B 9>7D=;I  DGK?IJ ;J 7B 
-;9;DJBO J>;H; >7I 8;;D 7D ?D9H;7I?D= ?DL;IJC;DJ ?DJE C7FF?D=
FB7DJ <KD9J?ED7B JH7?J :?IJH?8KJ?EDI =?L;D ;9EDEC?9 7D: :7J7 7L7?B78?B?JO
9EDIJH7?DJI IK9> ;<<EHJI >7L; CEIJBO <E9KI;: ED >OF;HIF;9JH7B ?C7=;HO
7J BE97B .9>D;?:;H ;J 7B  JE H;=?ED7B I97B;I ID;H ;J 7B 
ID;H ;J 7B  #EM;L;H >?=> H;IEBKJ?ED >OF;HIF;9JH7B ?C7=;HO ?I
DEJ M?:;BO 7L7?B78B; B7HA  .P78X ;J 7B  '7D:I7J ?C
7=;HO 7J 9E7HI;H IF7J?7B  C F?N;B IF;9JH7B 7D: J;CFEH7B H;IEBKJ?ED
J>7D .;DJ?D;B ?C7=;HO >7I 8;;D KI;: JE C7F <EKH JH7?JI EL;H IC7BB
 e  C L;=;J7J?ED FBEJI 9EL;H?D= IC7BB IF7J?7B ;NJ;DJI 27BB?I ;J 7B
 />; IF7J?7B C?IC7J9> 8;JM;;D I?J;B;L;B JH7?J I7CFB?D= 7D: J>;
IF7J?7B H;IEBKJ?ED E< F?N;BI C7O F7HJBO 7<<;9J EL;H7BB CE:;B FH;:?9J?EDI
27BB?I ;J 7B  *J>;H IJK:?;I H;IJH?9J;: JE KHEF;7D <EH;IJI (7 ;J
7B  I>EM >EM .;DJ?D;B ?C7=;HO 9EKB: 8; KI;: JE C7F <KD9J?ED7B
JH7?J :?L;HI?JO ?D J>; 9ECF7H7J?L;BO BEM JH;; :?L;HI?JO <EH;IJI E< KHEF;
(7 ;J 7B  7D: JE H;JH?;L; IF;9?`9 B;7< 7H;7 <HEC '7D:I7J ?C
7=;HO B? ;J 7B  #EM;L;H J>; JHEF?9I FH;I;DJ 7 :?<<;H;DJ I;J E<
9>7BB;D=;I IK9> 7I J>; >?=> IF;9?;I H?9>D;II BEM 799;II?8?B?JO 7D: 9EC
F7H7J?L;BO BEM 7L7?B78?B?JO E< JH7?J :7J7 FBKI J>; BEM 9EL;H7=; E< H;CEJ;
I;DI?D= :7J7 8;97KI; E< F;HI?IJ;DJ >?=> 9BEK: 9EL;H />;I; 9>7BB;D=;I
>7L; >7CF;H;: :;L;BEFC;DJI ?D C7FF?D= FB7DJ <KD9J?ED7B JH7?J :?IJH?8
KJ?EDI 79HEII CEIJ JHEF?97B 7H;7I
.7J;BB?J; ?C7=;HO M?J> >?=> IF;9JH7B IF7J?7B 7D: J;CFEH7B H;IEBKJ?ED
?I F7HJ?9KB7HBO D;;:;: ?D J>; M;J JHEF?9I ID;H ;J 7B  M>;H;
9B;7H :7OI 97D 8; ?D<H;GK;DJ 7D: I;L;H7B ?C7=;I C7O 8; H;GK?H;: JE 9ED
IJHK9J 7 9BEK:<H;; 9ECFEI?J; />; EF;HD?9KI C?II?ED <HEC J>; KHE

UNCORRECTED PROOF
5B7??3BA7L??3G3A/9 &3:<A3'3;@7;5<4;C7?<;:3;A EEE EEEE EEEEEE
MMM;I7?DJ 7?:I ?D J>; ?CFHEL;C;DJ ?D J>?I 7H;7 />; .;DJ?D;B CKB
J?IF;9JH7B ?C7=;H I7J;BB?J;I 7H; F7HJ E< J>; EF;HD?9KI FHE=H7CC; M>?9>
>7I J>; FEJ;DJ?7B JE FHEL?:; D;M EFFEHJKD?J?;I JE ;L7BK7J; 97DEFO
JH7?JI H;CEJ;BO .;DJ?D;B >7I  IF;9JH7B 9>7DD;BI 9EL;H?D= J>; L?I?
8B; D;7H?D<H7H;: 7D: I>EHJM7L; ?D<H7H;: 7 IF7J?7B H;IEBKJ?ED E<  C
<EH L?I?8B; 7D: D;7H?D<H7H;:  C <EH I>EHJM7L; ?D<H7H;: H;L?I?J F;
H?E: E<  :7OI 7D: ?J FHEL?:;I EF;D :7J7 7L7?B78?B?JO />; ?CFHEL;: IF;9 
JH7B I7CFB?D=  87D:I  ;N9BK: ?D= J>;  C 7JCEIF>;H?9 87D:I 7D:
`D; IF7J?7B H;IEBKJ?ED E< J>; .;DJ?D;B ?C7=;I >7L; J>; FEJ;DJ?7B JE
;BK9?:7J; B;7< 9>;C?IJHO CEHF>EBE=O F>EJEIODJ>;I?I 7D: M7J;H 9EDJ;DJ
7J J>; F?N;BB;L;B 7BJ>EK=> J>?I H;C7?DI B7H=;BO KDJ;IJ;: (KBJ?IF;9JH7B
I;DIEHI :E DEJ FHEL?:; J>; H?9> ?D<EHC7J?ED 7L7?B78B; <HEC >OF;HIF;9
JH7B I;DIEHI M>?9> >7L; 8;;D KI;: ?D DKC;HEKI IJK:?;I JE C7F <KD9
J?ED7B JH7?JI 7J IC7BB IF7J?7B ;NJ;DJI /EMDI;D: ;J 7B  '7KH?D ;J
7B  ID;H ;J 7B  (7HJ?D ;J 7B  #EM;L;H >?=> H;IEBK
J?ED EF;D799;II >OF;HIF;9JH7B ?C7=;HO ?I DEJ 9KHH;DJBO 7L7?B78B; <HEC
IF79; BJ>EK=> '7D:I7J ?C7=;I >7L; 8;;D KI;: JE FH;:?9J 7 <;M <KD9
J?ED7B JH7?JI 7J 7 BE97B I97B; 27BB?I ;J 7B  J>; ;NJ;D:;: IF;9JH7B
IF7J?7B 7D: J;CFEH7B 97F78?B?J?;I E< J>; IJ7J;E<J>;7HJ I;DIEHI ED8E7H:
J>; .;DJ?D;B I7J;BB?J;I FHEL?:; =H;7J;H FEJ;DJ?7B <EH C7FF?D= <KD9J?ED7B
JH7?J :?L;HI?JO ?D JHEF?97B <EH;IJ ;9EIOIJ;CI 7J B7H=; ;NJ;DJI
#;H; M; ;CFBEO 7 KD?GK; 7D: B7H=; :7J7I;J E< ?DI?JK FB7DJ 97DEFO
JH7?JI 7D: L;=;J7J?ED 9;DIKI :7J7 9EBB;9J;: M?J> 7 IJ7D:7H:?I;: FHEJE
9EB 7J CKBJ?FB; I?J;I 79HEII J>; JHEF?9I JE 97B?8H7J; 7D: L7B?:7J; .;D
J?D;B ?C7=;HO <EH FH;:?9J?D= 9ECCKD?JO B;7< JH7?J 9ECFEI?J?ED />;
:7J7 FHEL?:;  IJ7D:7H:?I;: C;7IKH;C;DJI E< ?DI?JK 9EBB;9J;: FB7DJ
<KD9J?ED7B JH7?JI FH;9?I;BO =;EBE97J;: 7D: :;B?D;7J;: ?D:?L?:K7B JH;;
9HEMDI 7D: L;=;J7J?ED 9;DIKI;I <HEC KIJH7B?7 .EKJ> 7IJ I?7 <H?97
7D: .EKJ> C;H?97 JE CE:;B 7D: FH;:?9J <KD9J?ED7B JH7?J 9ECFEI?J?ED 7J
J>; F?N;BB;L;B 2; ?DL;IJ?=7J; >EM <KD9J?ED7B JH7?JI E< JHEF?97B <EH;IJI
L7HO M?J>?D 7D: 8;JM;;D J>;I; :?<<;H;DJ JHEF?97B H;=?EDI 7D: M>;J>;H
.;DJ?D;B IF;9JH7B :7J7 ?D 9ED@KD9J?ED M?J> 9B?C7J?9 7D: IE?B ?D<EHC7
J?ED FHEL?:; IK<`9?;DJ ?D<EHC7J?ED JE FH;:?9J IK9> F?N;BB;L;B JH7?J 9EC
FEI?J?ED ?D BED=J;HC L;=;J7J?ED FBEJI 79HEII J>; JHEF?9I 2; >OFEJ>;
I?I;: J>7J J>;H; MEKB: 8; :?<<;H;D9;I ?D JH7?J L7H?7J?ED 7CED= I?J;I 7D:
H;=?EDI =?L;D J>; H7D=; E< 9B?C7J?9 7D: IE?B 9ED:?J?EDI 79HEII J>; JHEF?9I
"?L;D J>; >?=> IF;9JH7B 7D: IF7J?7B H;IEBKJ?ED E< .;DJ?D;B ?C7=;HO M;
<KHJ>;H >OFEJ>;I?I;: J>7J H7M IF;9JH7B 87D:I 7D: J;NJKH7B ?D<EHC7J?ED
M?BB FHEL; JE 8; A;O FH;:?9JEHI E< <KD9J?ED7B JH7?J :?IJH?8KJ?EDI 79HEII
J>; JHEF?9I />; L;HO >?=> IF7J?7B H;IEBKJ?ED 7D: BE97B EH?=?D E< J>; ?DFKJ
FB7DJ JH7?JI 7D: 9;DIKI :7J7I;J M>?9> H;FH;I;DJ JH7?JI 7:7FJ;: JE BE97B
;DL?HEDC;DJI FBKI J>; KI; E< J>; .;DJ?D;B :7J7 M?BB 7BBEM KI JE 79
9KH7J;BO FH;:?9J FB7DJ <KD9J?ED7B JH7?J :?IJH?8KJ?EDI J>7J 7H; FEJ;DJ?7BBO
=;D;H7B?I78B; 79HEII J>; JHEF?97B <EH;IJ 8?EC;
2. Methods
 *353A/A7<; =9<A@
2; 9EBB;9J;: L;=;J7J?ED 9;DIKI :7J7 <HEC  F;HC7D;DJ L;=;J7J?ED
FBEJI J>7J 7H; F7HJ E< J>; "BE87B 9EIOIJ;CI (ED?JEH?D= D;JMEHA " (
MMM=;CJHEF?97B<EH;IJIEN79KA />;I; FBEJI ;D9ECF7II M;J JHEF?97B
<EH;IJI I;7IED7BBO :HO JHEF?97B <EH;IJI 7D: JHEF?97B <EH;IJI7L7DD7 JH7D
I?J?ED7B L;=;J7J?ED />; I7CFB;: L;=;J7J?ED FBEJI >7L; 7D 7H;7 H7D=?D=
<HEC  JE  >7 M?J> CEIJ  8;?D=  >7 />; FBEJI KI;: 7H; BE97J;:
79HEII <EKH JHEF?97B 9EDJ?D;DJI 7D: IF;9?<?97BBO ?D J>; 9EKDJH?;I E< KI
JH7B?7 H7P?B "78ED ">7D7 (7B7OI?7D EHD;E <HEC >;H; EDM7H:I H;
<;HH;: JE 7I (7B7OI?7 7D: +;HK /78B;  $D ;79> FBEJ 7BB MEE:O FB7DJ
?D:?L?:K7BI M?J> 7 :?7C;J;H ≥ 9C 7J 8H;7IJ >;?=>J # EH 78EL;
8KJJH;II HEEJI M;H; C;7IKH;: 7D: J>;?H ;N79J =;E=H7F>?9 BE97J?ED M7I
H;9EH:;: I;; J>; ‘$D:?L?:K7B JH;; 9HEMDI’I;9J?ED 8;BEM <EH CEH; :;
J7?BI $D JME FBEJI )31 7D: )31 ?D )EL7 37L7DJ?D7 >;H; ED
M7H:I H;<;HH;: JE 7I H7P?B)3 J>; # M7I C;7IKH;: D;7H =HEKD: B;L;B
7I ?I IJ7D:7H: ?D I7L7DD7 CED?JEH?D= FHEJE9EBI
 B;1A7<;/9 A?/7A@
2; 9EBB;9J;: FB7DJ <KD9J?ED7B JH7?J C;7IKH;C;DJI <HEC 7BB MEE:O
FB7DJI BE97J;: ?D ;79> E< J>;  L;=;J7J?ED FBEJI C;DJ?ED;: 78EL;
/78B;  BB JH7?JI
M;H; =7J>;H;: <HEC J>; " ( D;JMEHA 7D: M;H; 9EBB;9J;: <EBBEM?D= 7
IJ7D:7H:?I;: C;J>E:EBE=O 79HEII FBEJI !EH;IJ ?DL;DJEHO :7J7 M;H; KI;:
JE IJH7J?<O JH;; IF;9?;I 8O 87I7B 7H;7 :EC?D7D9; 7 FHENO <EH 97DEFO 7H;7
:EC?D7D9; />; JH;; IF;9?;I J>7J 9EDJH?8KJ;: CEIJ JE 87I7B 7H;7 78KD
:7D9; M;H; I7CFB;: M?J> – H;FB?97J; ?D:?L?:K7BI F;H IF;9?;I M?J>
7 =E7B E< I7CFB?D= – E< 87I7B 7H;7 79HEII J>; I7CFB?D= H;=?ED
?=>JO F;H9;DJ E< 87I7B 7H;7 M7I E<J;D 79>?;L;: ?D BEM :?L;HI?JO I?J;I
;= CEDJ7D; EH :HO <EH;IJI 8KJ EDBO 7HEKD:  M7I 79>?;L;: ?D IEC;
>?=> :?L;HI?JO I?J;I BEMB7D: >KC?: H7?D<EH;IJI !EH ;79> I;B;9J;: JH;;
7 IKD 7D: 7 I>7:; 8H7D9> M;H; I7CFB;: 7D: ?D ;79> 8H7D9> – B;7L;I
M;H; KI;: <EH JH7?J C;7IKH;C;DJI 2; EDBO ?D9BK:;: J>; IKD ;NFEI;:
8H7D9>;I ?D EKH 7D7BOI?I 8;97KI; M; M;H; ?DJ;H;IJ;: ?D J>; 8H7D9>;I
J>7J 9EKB: FEJ;DJ?7BBO 8; H;9;?L?D= :?H;9J IKD H7:?7J?ED 7D: J>KI I>EM
:?H;9J IF;9JH7B H;a;9J7D9; />?I H;FH;I;DJ;: 7 JEJ7B I7CFB; E<  ?D
:?L?:K7B JH;;I 79HEII J>; JHEF?9I /78B;  />; FB7DJ <KD9J?ED7B JH7?JI
9EBB;9J;: M;H; J>EI; H;B7J;: JE F>EJEIODJ>;J?9 97F79?JO 7J 8EJ> I7JKH7J
?D= *9ED9;DJH7J?ED  FFC * C7N 7D: 7C8?;DJ *9ED9;D
JH7J?ED  FFC * I7J B;7< 9>;C?IJHO D?JHE=;D F>EIF>EHKI 97H
8ED 97B9?KC FEJ7II?KC 7D: C7=D;I?KC 9EDJ;DJ 7D: B;7< CEHF>EBE=
?97B 7D: IJHK9JKH7B JH7?JI 7H;7 IF;9?`9 B;7< 7H;7 J>?9AD;II :HO C7II
<H;I> C7II 7D: M7J;H 9EDJ;DJ D EL;HL?;M E< J>; C;J>E:I <EH ?D:?L?:
K7B B;7< <KD9J?ED7B JH7?J C;7IKH;C;DJI ?I FHEL?:;: ?D J>; .KFFB;C;DJ7HO
$D<EHC7J?ED I;; <KBB JH7?JI 9EBB;9J?ED FHEJE9EB I;9J?ED !KHJ>;H :;J7?BI
E< C;7IKH;C;DJI <EH J>; +;HKL?7D D:;I 97CF7?=D 7H; =?L;D ?D (7HJ?D
;J 7B  7D: DGK?IJ ;J 7B  <EH J>; (7B7OI?7D 97CF7?=D ?D
EJ> ;J 7B  7D: <EH J>; ">7D7 7D: H7P?B 97CF7?=DI ?D *B?L;H7I
;J 7B  7D: "LEP:;L7?J; ;J 7B 
.EC; ?D:?L?:K7BI ?D J>; FBEJI B79A;: <KD9J?ED7B JH7?J L7BK;I /E 7II?=D
H;FH;I;DJ7J?L; JH7?J L7BK;I JE KDI7CFB;: ?D:?L?:K7BI M; :?: J>; <EBBEM
?D=  ?D:?L?:K7BI <HEC M>?9> JH7?JI M;H; C;7IKH;: A;FJ J>;?H EH?=?D7B
JH7?J ?D<EHC7J?ED  <EH ?D:?L?:K7BI M?J> DE JH7?J ?D<EHC7J?ED M; H7D
:ECBO I7CFB;: JH7?J L7BK;I <HEC EJ>;H ?D:?L?:K7BI <HEC J>; I7C; IF;9?;I
FH;I;DJ ?D J>; I7C; FBEJ  ?< J>; IF;9?;I M7I DEJ I7CFB;: ?D J>; =?L;D
FBEJ J>;D M; H7D:ECBO I7CFB;: 7D ?D:?L?:K7B <HEC J>; I7C; IF;9?;I J>7J
>7: JH7?J ?D<EHC7J?ED ?D EJ>;H FBEJI <HEC J>; I7C; H;=?ED /78B;  />?I
FHEJE9EB <EH JH7?J L7BK; 7BBE97J?ED 7BBEM;: KI JE MEHA M?J> J>; ;N?IJ?D=
H7D=; E< JH7?J L7BK;I 7J J>; IF;9?;I B;L;B 7D: 7LE?:;: JE 9H;7J; 7L;H7=;
L7BK;I F;H IF;9?;I 7:EJJ; ;J 7B  .9>D;?:;H ;J 7B  2; :?:
DEJ 7II?=D JH7?J L7BK;I JE J>; H;C7?D?D= ?D:?L?:K7BI 8;BED=?D= JE IF;9?;I
<HEC M>?9> DE JH7?J 9EBB;9J?ED M7I E8J7?D;: 7J J>; H;=?ED7B B;L;B
 ;27C72B/9 A?33 1?<D;@
/H;; 9HEMD BE97J?EDI 7D: IJHK9JKH7B 7JJH?8KJ;I M;H; H;9EH:;: <EH
;79> JH;; M>;H; 9HEMD 7H;7 7D: I>7F; M;H; C;7IKH;: 8O :?H;9J 9HEMD
`;B: C;7IKH;C;DJI ?D J>; 97I; E< FBEJI ?D (7B7OI?7 7D: +;HK I;; FHE
JE9EB 8;BEM EH 8O C;7DI E< H;=?ED7B B;L;B 7BBEC;JH?9 ;GK7J?EDI :;L;B
EF;: 8O .>;DA?D ;J 7B  7BB EJ>;H FBEJI $D J>; B7JJ;H 97I; J>;
9HEMDI I>7F; M7I 7IIKC;: JE 8; 9?H9KB7H />; :?H;9J `;B: 9HEMD C;7
IKH;C;DJI M;H; 7I <EBBEMI 7BB JH;;I ≥ 9C # ?;  C <HEC J>;
=HEKD: M;H; C7FF;: KI?D= 7 =HEKD:87I;: !?;B:(7F B7I;H J;9>DEBE=O
$! - 'J: %VBELT K +H7>O P;9> -;FK8B?9 #T:B ;J 7B  />;
!?;B:(7F J;9>DEBE=O M7I 87I;: ED 7 9EC8?D7J?ED E< $CFKBI;  .J7D
:7H: B7I;H H7D=;`D:;H M?J> ?D8K?BJ J?BJ I;DIEH <EH C;7IKH?D= L;HJ?97B
7D=B;I (7F.J7H CE:KB; $$ ;B;9JHED?9 9ECF7II 8EJ> '7I;H /;9>DEBE=O
$D9 EBEH7:E 0. 7D: J>; IF;9?7B?P;: C7FF?D= IE<JM7H; !?;B:(7F
L  $! - P;9> -;FK8B?9 />; J;9>DEBE=O M7I KI;: JE H;9EH: IF7
J?7B FEI?J?EDI E< JH;; IJ;CI ?D J>H;;:?C;DI?ED7B IF79; N O P9EEH:?
D7J;I 7I M;BB 7I JE C7F ?D:?L?:K7B >EH?PEDJ7B FHE@;9J?EDI E< JH;; 9HEMDI
?D J>; FBEJI />; >EH?PEDJ7B 9HEMD FHE@;9J?ED E< ;L;HO JH;; M7I E8
J7?D;: 8O C;7IKH?D= IF7J?7B FEI?J?EDI N 7D: O9EEH:?D7J;I E< I;H?;I
E< FE?DJI H7D=?D= <HEC  JE  FE?DJI :;F;D:?D= ED J>; I?P; E< J>;
9HEMD 7J J>; 8EKD:7HO E< 7 9HEMD FHE@;9J;: JE J>; >EH?PEDJ7B FB7D;
/>; I>7F; E< 9HEMD FHE@;9J?ED M7I IK8I;GK;DJBO ICEEJ>;: KI?D= J>;
“ICEEJ> 9EDJEKH B?D;”<;7JKH; E< !?;B:(7F IE<JM7H; L  #;?=>JI E<
7BB JH;;I M?J> # ≥ 9C M;H; C;7IKH;: 8O J>; $CFKBI; 7D: /HK+KBI;
 - B7I;H H7D=;`D:;HI 8EJ> '7I;H /;9>DEBE=O $D9 EBEH7:E 0.
/>KI ;79> ?D:?L?:K7B 9HEMD M7I 799KH7J;BO =;EBE97J;: H;D:;H?D= ?D<EH
C7J?ED 78EKJ ?JI I>7F; 7D: L;HJ?97B 7D: >EH?PEDJ7B FEI?J?ED

UNCORRECTED PROOF
5B7??3BA7L??3G3A/9 &3:<A3'3;@7;5<4;C7?<;:3;A EEE EEEE EEEEEE
Table 1
EBB;9J?ED :;J7?BI <EH L;=;J7J?ED FBEJI 7D: FB7DJ <KD9J?ED7B JH7?JI  JEJ7B E<  ?D:?L?:K7B JH;;I M;H; I7CFB;: <EH <KD9J?ED7B JH7?JI
'E97J?ED .F;9?;II7CFB;:<EHJH7?JI +BEJ9E:; .?P;>7 ;DJHE?:9EEH:?D7J;I 7J;E<9EBB;9J?ED
3 4 1;=;J7J?ED9;DIKI /H7?JI
KIJH7B?7   +   −  %KD;–.;FJ;C8;H
 +   −
-*   −
-*   −
">7D7  )&  −   *9JE8;H–(7H9>=H7CC
)&  − 
*  −  
*  − 
"78ED  '+"   −  !;8HK7HO–(7H9>
'+"   −
()"    
H7P?B)3  )31  − −  (7H9>–(7O
)31  − −
1-  − −
)31  − − 
)31  − −
)31  − −
)31  − −
)31  − −
)31  − −
)31  − −
)31  − −
)31  − −
)31  − −
H7P?B./  –  − −  K=KIJ–.;FJ;C8;H
–  − −
–  − −
–  − −
–  − −
+;HK  .+  − −  FH?B–)EL;C8;H
+)  − −
.+  − −
.+  − −
/-0  − −
24  − −
%  − − 
+)  − −
/(  − −
/(  − −
(7B7OI?7  .!     %KBO–;9;C8;H
.!   
.!   
.!   
)   
)   
('   
('   
H7P?B )3 )EL7 37L7DJ?D7 H7P?B ./ .7DJ7H;C (7B7OI?7 (7B7OI?7D EHD;E
 /91B9/A7;5 =7E3993C39 A?/7A 1<:=<@7A7<;
2; 97B9KB7J;: J>; 9ECCKD?JO M;?=>J;: C;7D E< ;79> JH7?J <EH ;79>
 e  C IK8FBEJ C7J9>?D= J>; >?=>;IJ F?N;B IF7J?7B H;IEBKJ?ED E< J>;
.;DJ?D;B ?C7=;HO 87I;: ED J>; C7II H7J?E >OFEJ>;I?I M>?9> IJ7J;I
J>7J J>; CEIJ :EC?D7DJ IF;9?;I :H?L; J>; ;9EIOIJ;C FHE9;II;I 8O C;7DI
E< J>;?H <KD9J?ED7B JH7?JI "H?C;  2; `HIJ =;EBE97J;: J>; L;=;
J7J?ED FBEJ M?J> ?JI 7BH;7:O C7FF;: JH;; 9HEMDI I;; FHEJE9EB 78EL;
JE J>; .;DJ?D;B ?C7=;HO 87I;: ED J>; 9EHD;H 9EEH:?D7J;I E< J>; FBEJI
/>?I ?I 7D ?CFEHJ7DJ IJ;F 7I =;EBE97J?ED ;HHEHI 8;JM;;D J>; L;=;J7J?ED
FBEJ 7D: J>; 9EHH;9J BE97J?ED ?D J>; I7J;BB?J; ?C7=; 9EKB: H;FH;I;DJ 7
B7H=; FHEFEHJ?ED E< 7 =?L;D FBEJ :;F;D:?D= ED J>; FBEJI 7H;7 />;D <EH
;79> E< J>; JH7?JI A 7D: F?N;BI = M; 97B9KB7J;: J>;?H 9ECCKD?JO B;L;B
M;?=>J;: C;7D 2( KI?D= J>; ?D:?L?:K7B JH;; 9HEMD >EH?PEDJ7B 7H;7
7I J>; M;?=>J?D= <79JEH !?=  7I <EBBEMI

2>;H; 7= ?I J>; 9HEMD 7H;7 E< ?D:?L?:K7B 7?D F?N;B = A7= ?I J>; JH7?J
L7BK; E< ?D:?L?:K7B 7?D F?N;B ="?I J>; JEJ7B DKC8;H E< ?D:?L?:K7BI F;H
F?N;B 7D: =?I J>; 9HEMD 7H;7 E< F?N;B = />; 9HEMD 9EDJH?8KJ?ED JE J>;
2( M7I M;?=>J;: 8O ?JI FHEFEHJ?ED7B 9EL;H E< J>; 9EHH;IFED:?D= F?N;B
/>; JEJ7B DKC8;H E< F?N;BI KI;: ?D EKH 97B9KB7J?EDI 7H;  <EH KIJH7B?7
 <EH H7P?B )3 )EL7 37L7DJ?D7  <EH H7P?B ./ .7DJ7H;C 
<EH "78ED  <EH ">7D7  <EH (7B7OI?7 7D:  <EH +;HK
 '3;A7;39 2/A/ C353A/A7<; 7;2713@ /;2 1/;<=F A3EAB?3 =/?/:3A3?@
2; =7J>;H;: .;DJ?D;B ?C7=;HO J>7J M7I 9BEI;IJ ?D J?C; 7D: I;7IED
JE J>; I7CFB?D= :7J;I E< <KD9J?ED7B JH7?JI 7D: L;=;J7J?ED 9;DIKI 79HEII
J>; JHEF?9I <EH ;79> E< J>; IJK:O BE97J?EDI /78B; . />; .;DJ?D;B
?C7=;HO M7I `HIJ I;B;9J;: KI?D= J>; KHEF;7D .F79; =;D9O  . .9?
;D9;#K8 9>EEI?D= ?C7=;I M?J> >?=> F?N;B GK7B?JO 7D: BEM 9BEK: 9EL;H
 JCEIF>;H?9 H7:?EC;JH?9 7D: JEFE=H7F>?9 9EHH;9J?EDI M;H;
7FFB?;: JE J>; I;B;9J;: ?C7=;HO ';L;B  KI?D= J>; .;DEH 7B=E
H?J>C ?D J>; .;DJ?D;B .)+ JEEB8EN IJ;F;I7?DJ *KH EL;HB7FF?D= ?C
7=;HO M?J> J>; L;=;J7J?ED FBEJI 7FF;7H;: <H;; E< 9BEK:I 7D: 9?HHKI ;<
<;9JI />; 78EL;C;DJ?ED;: IJ;FI 7BBEM;: KI JE E8J7?D B;L;B  ?C7=;HO


UNCORRECTED PROOF
5B7??3BA7L??3G3A/9 &3:<A3'3;@7;5<4;C7?<;:3;A EEE EEEE EEEEEE
Table 2
;I9H?FJ?ED E< FB7DJ <KD9J?ED7B JH7?JI 9EBB;9J;: 79HEII J>; JHEF?9I 7D: J>;?H H;B;L7D9; KD:;H 7 9>7D=?D= ;DL?HEDC;DJ
/H7?J 88H;L?7J?ED 0D?JI ;I9H?FJ?ED -;B;L7D9; -;<;H;D9;I⁎
';7<7H;7 H;7 9C*D;I?:;:7H;7E<J>;
B;7<
#?=>;HB;7<7H;79EKB:H;IKBJ?D>?=>;HB;L;BIE<B?=>J
97FJKH;7D:F>EJEIODJ>;J?979J?L?JO
27BA;H;J7B 2H?=>J;J7B
 %KD;7K7D:/7H7IEc V7P
;J7B #7MJ>EHD; >7L;;J
7B #K7D=;J7B
.F;9?`9B;7<
7H;7
.' C=−*D;I?:;:7H;7E<7B;7<
:?L?:;:8O:HOC7II
-;B;L7DJ<EHF>EJEIODJ>;J?997F79?JOB?=>J97FJKH;
M7J;HBEIID;J7II?C?B7J?EDH7J;B;7<B?<;IF7D
';7<
J>?9AD;II
/>?9AD;II CC />?9AD;IIE<7<H;I>B;7< /H7:;Ec8;JM;;D:;9H;7I?D=M7J;HJH7DIF?H7J?ED7JJ>;
;NF;DI;E<>?=>;H9EDIJHK9J?ED?DL;IJC;DJ7D:FHE878BO
BEM;HF>EJEIODJ>;J?9;b9?;D9O?DJ>?9A;HB;7L;I
';7<D?JHE=;D
9EDJ;DJ
)  EDJ;DJF;HKD?J:HO
B;7<C7II
)KJH?;DJH;B;L7DJ<EHC;J78EB?9H;79J?EDI?D9BK:?D=B?=>J
97FJKH;H;B7J;:JEF>EJEIODJ>;J?997F79?JO7D:=HEMJ>
-;IJH?9J;:7L7?B78?B?JOE<IEC;DKJH?;DJIC7OB?C?JFB7DJ
97H8ED79GK?I?J?ED7D:=HEMJ>
';7<
F>EIF>EHKI
9EDJ;DJ
+ 
';7<97H8ED
9EDJ;DJ
 
';7<97B9?KC
9EDJ;DJ
7 
';7<
FEJ7II?KC
9EDJ;DJ
& 
';7<
C7=D;I?KC
9EDJ;DJ
(= 
';7<M7J;H
9EDJ;DJ
'2  CEKDJE<M7J;H?DJ>;
B;7<H;B7J?L;JE?JI:HO
7D:<H;I>C7II
';7<C7II?I7FHENOE<B;7<8?EC7II?DL;IJC;DJM>?9>
C7OL7HO:;F;D:?D=ED;DL?HEDC;DJ7B9ED:?J?EDI7D:
F>;DEBE=OE<IF;9?;I$J>7I8;;D9EDI?:;H;:H;B;L7DJ<EH
F>EJEIODJ>;J?9FEJ;DJ?7B
';7<:HOC7II HOC7II = (7IIE<7:HOB;7<
';7<<H;I>
C7II
!H;I>C7II = (7IIE<7<H;I>B;7<
C7N C7N μCEB C−I−'?=>JI7JKH7J;:
C7N?CKCH7J;IE<D;J
F>EJEIODJ>;I?I7J
I7JKH7J;:*
 FFC*
$D:?97J;J>;C7N?CKC*7II?C?B7J?ED7D:7H;J>KI
?D:?9;IE<B;7<F>EJEIODJ>;J?997F79?JO
I7J I7J μCEB C−I−'?=>JI7JKH7J;:H7J;IE<
D;JF>EJEIODJ>;I?I7J
7C8?;DJ*
9ED9;DJH7J?ED
 FFC*
⁎-;<;H;D9;I 7H; DEJ ;N>7KIJ?L;
M?J> IKH<79; H;a;9J7D9; L7BK;I 2; J>;D H;I7C FB;: J>;  C 87D:I JE
 C IF7J?7B H;IEBKJ?ED KI?D= 8?B?D;7H ?DJ;HFEB7J?ED />; .;DJ?D;B  C
H;IEBKJ?ED 87D:I    M;H; DEJ KI;: 7I J>;I; 7H; :;I?=D;:
<EH 9?HHKI M7J;H L7FEKH 7D: 9BEK: :;J;9J?ED /78B;  7D:  M7I DEJ
KI;: 7I ?J 9EL;HI 7D EL;HB7FF?D= IF;9JH7B M?D:EM M?J> 87D:  7D: >7I
7 BEM;H IF7J?7B H;IEBKJ?ED .?D9; L;=;J7J?ED ?D:?9;I C7O ?D9H;7I; FH;:?9
J?ED 799KH79O M>;D CE:;BB?D= 9ECCKD?JO M;?=>J;: JH7?JI 27BB?I ;J 7B
 M; 97B9KB7J;: J>H;; E< J>;C /78B;  M>?9> M; >OFEJ>;I?I;: JE
?D<EHC JH7?J :?IJH?8KJ?EDI =?L;D J>;?H 7IIE9?7J?ED M?J> 9>BEHEF>OBB 7D:
DKJH?;DJ B;L;BI ?D J>; B;7L;I 7D: J>;?H KI; E< J>; L?I?8B;JEH;: ;:=; IF;9
JH7B 87D:I
7DEFO IJHK9JKH; C7O FB7O 7D ?CFEHJ7DJ HEB; ?D I;F7H7J?D= :?<
<;H;DJ L;=;J7J?ED JOF;I 7D: :?<<;H;D9;I ?D 97DEFO IF;9JH7B 9ECFEI?
J?ED /E 9>7H79J;H?I; 97DEFO IJHK9JKH; M; 97B9KB7J;: J>; "H;O ';L;B
E*99KHH;D9; (7JH?N "'( 87I;: J;NJKH; <;7JKH;I #7H7B?9A ;J 7B
 />; :;I?H;: J;NJKH; C;JH?9I 7H; 9ECFKJ;: <HEC 7 =H;O JED;
C7JH?N J>7J ?I IF7J?7BBO :;F;D:;DJ />; 9EE99KHH;D9; C7JH?N :;F;D:I
ED J>; 7D=KB7H H;B7J?EDI>?F 7D: :?IJ7D9; 8;JM;;D JME D;?=>8EKH?D=
F?N;BI 7D: :;F?9JI J>; DKC8;H E< E99KHH;D9;I E< J>; H;B7J?EDI>?F 8;
JM;;D 7 F?N;B 7D: ?JI D;?=>8EKH <J;H JH?7BI M?J> IC7BB;H M?D:EMI
I?P;  e  M; EFJ;: JE KI; 7  e  F?N;B A;HD;B M?D:EM M>?9> M7I
IK<`9?;DJ JE H;D:;H ;DEK=> 97DEFO 9EDJH7IJ ?D<EHC7J?ED :KH?D= J>;
CE:;BB?D= IJ;F I;; I;9J?ED  8;BEM M?J>EKJ J7A?D= B7H=; F;H?E:I
E< J?C; <EH ?JI 97B9KB7J?ED />; J;NJKH; H;IKBJI E8J7?D;: M?J> J>; KI;:
A;HD;B M?D:EM M7I >?=>BO 9EHH;B7J;: JE J>; IC7BB;H A;HD;B M?D:EM
<?   $≤ 7I;: ED J>; "'( M; 97B
9KB7J;: JME L7H?78B;I J>7J 7H; B;7IJ 9EHH;B7J;: M?J> ;79> EJ>;H J>; D
JHEFO 7D: EHH;B7J?ED <EH ;79> E< J>; L;=;J7J?ED ?D:?9;I 2>?B; DJHEFO
C;7IKH;I J>; >ECE=;D;?JO B;L;B <EH 7 =?L;D 7H;7 J>; EHH;B7J?ED C;7
IKH;I FHE878?B?JO E< E99KHH;D9; E< J>; IF;9?`;: F?N;B F7?HI 79HEII J>; ?C
7=; #7H7B?9A ;J 7B  27BB?I ;J 7B  BB H;CEJ; I;DI?D= 7D7BO
I;I H;B7J;: JE J>; =;D;H7J?ED E< L;=;J7J?ED ?D:?9;I 7D: J;NJKH; C;JH?9I
M;H; 97HH?;: EKJ KI?D= J>; .;DJ?D;B .)+ JEEB8EN IJ;F;I7?DJ 7D: J>;
- IJ7J?IJ?97B ;DL?HEDC;DJ - ;L;BEFC;DJ EH; /;7C  M?J> J>;
‘.;D-’F79A7=;
 ;C7?<;:3;A/9 /;2 @<79 2/A/
B?C7J?9 JEFE=H7F>?9 7D: IE?B 9>7H79J;H?IJ?9I C7O L7HO 79HEII H;
=?EDI 7D: 9EKB: 7J B;7IJ F7HJBO :;J;HC?D; J>; H;=?EDI L;=;J7J?ED 7D:
?DJH?DI?9 JH7?J 9ECFEI?J?ED 2; E8J7?D;: ?D<EHC7J?ED ED J>;I; J>H;;
9ECFED;DJI <EH ;79> I7CFB?D= BE97J?ED />; J>H;; 9ECFED;DJI M;H;
=HEKF;: 7I 8;BED=?D= JE ;DL?HEDC;DJ7B 9B?C7J; EH IE?BJ;HH7?D J;NJKH;
F# 97J?ED ;N9>7D=; 97F79?JO 7D: JEFE=H7F>O :H?L;HI /78B; 
!EH 9B?C7J; 7D: <EH ;79> I7CFB?D= BE97J?ED M; =7J>;H;: =H?::;:
:7J7 ED J>; C;7D 7DDK7B 9B?C7J?9 M7J;H :;`9?J (2 M>?9> ?I 7
C;JH?9 E< :HEK=>J ?DJ;DI?JO 7D: I;L;H?JO C;7D 7DDK7B C7N?CKC J;C
F;H7JKH; (/C7N IEB7H H7:?7J?ED .- 7D: IE?B CE?IJKH; .(
/78B;  BB 9B?C7J?9 :7J7 M?J> 7 IF7J?7B H;IEBKJ?ED E< Q AC M;H;
E8J7?D;: <HEC J>; /;HH7B?C7J; =H?::;: 9B?C7J; FHE:K9J 87JPE=BEK
;J 7B  /E 9>7H79J;H?I; J>; 9B?C7J?9 9ED:?J?EDI <EH


UNCORRECTED PROOF
5B7??3BA7L??3G3A/9 &3:<A3'3;@7;5<4;C7?<;:3;A EEE EEEE EEEEEE
Fig. 1. ?7=H7C IKCC7H?I?D= J>; IJ;FI <EBBEM;: JE 7II?=D JH7?J L7BK;I F;H .;DJ?D;B F?N;B  !?HIJ J>; L;=;J7J?ED FBEJI 7H; :;`D;: 87I;: ED J>; " ( "BE87B DL?HEDC;DJ7B (ED?JEH?D=
:7J7I;J 7D:  <HEC ;79> L;=;J7J?ED FBEJ J>; 9EHD;H 9EEH:?D7J;I 7H; ;NJH79J;:  !HEC ;79> L;=;J7J?ED FBEJ J>; 34 FEI?J?ED E< ;79> IJ;C ≥ 9C # ?I ;NJH79J;: 7D:  J>; 9HEMD
>EH?PEDJ7B 7H;7 ?I 97B9KB7J;: 87I;: ED J>; FHEJE9EB :;I9H?8;: ?D J>; C;J>E:I I;9J?ED  />;D J>; .;DJ?D;B ?C7=;HO <EH J>; IJK:O 7H;7 ?I FHE9;II;: JE B;L;B  KI?D= J>; . .)+ JEEB8EN
7D:  J>; L;=;J7J?ED FBEJ ?I EL;HB7?: ?D J>; .;DJ?D;B ?C7=; 87I;: ED ?JI 9EHD;H 9EEH:?D7J;I $D J>?I B7IJ IJ;F  ;79> F?N;B :;`D;I 7 ‘IK8FBEJ’M>?9> ?I J>; KD?J KI;: JE 97B9KB7J; J>; JH7?J
9ECCKD?JO M;?=>J;: C;7D 87I;: ED J>; 9HEMD 7H;7 E< J>; JH;;I J>7J 7H; 9EDJ7?D;: 8O J>7J F?N;B $D  ;H;<;HI JE 7 =?L;D JH;; ?D 7 =?L;D F?N;B JH7?J 7H;FH;I;DJI 7 =?L;D JH7?J 7D: E7D: F
7H; L7BK;I <EH J>7J JH7?J />; ?C7=; KI;: 7I 7D ;N7CFB; ?D IJ;F  M7I J7A;D 8O %;IKI =K?HH;"KJ?;HH;P EL;H 7 L;=;J7J?ED FBEJ KI?D= 7 CKBJ?IF;9JH7B '/0( 97C;H7 CEKDJ;: ED 7D $DIF?H;
 :HED;”
;79> BE97J?ED M; KI;: 7 9B?C7JEBE=O E<  O;7HI – 7I IK=
=;IJ;: 8O J>; 2EHB: (;J;EHEBE=?97B *H=7D?P7J?ED 2(* MMMMCE
?DJF7=;IFHE=M9F99B<7GIF>F 2; KI;: J>; J;HH7?D IBEF; JE 9>7H
79J;H?I; J>; FBEJI JEFE=H7F>O 7I ?J >7I 8;;D I>EMD J>7J JEFE=H7F>O
C7O I>7F; J>; 9ECFEI?J?ED 7D:
IJHK9JKH; E< JHEF?97B <EH;IJI %K9A;H ;J 7B  7D: C7O 7<<;9J J>;
L;=;J7J?ED IF;9JH7B H;a;9J7D9; 8O CE:?<O?D= IE?B M7J;H 7D: DKJH?;DJ
7L7?B78?B?JO /;HH7?D IBEF; M7I 97B9KB7J;: KI?D= 7 >?=>H;IEBKJ?ED :?=
?J7B ;B;L7J?ED CE:;B Q C F?N;B I?P; 7J J>; ;GK7JEH <HEC J>; .>KJ
JB; /EFE=H7F>O (?II?ED !7HH ;J 7B


UNCORRECTED PROOF
5B7??3BA7L??3G3A/9 &3:<A3'3;@7;5<4;C7?<;:3;A EEE EEEE EEEEEE
Table 3
.F;9JH7B H;CEJ; I;DI?D= ;DL?HEDC;DJ7B 7D: IE?B H;B7J;: L7H?78B;I KI;: :KH?D= J>; CE:
;BB?D= FHEJE9EB BB 9B?C7J?9 L7H?78B;I 8KJ IBEF; M;H; 97B9KB7J;: KI?D= 7 9B?C7JEBE=O E<
 O;7HI – BB IE?B L7H?78B;I M;H; 97B9KB7J;: <EH J>; JEF 9C IE?B B7O;H .;D
J?D;B 87D: M7L;B;D=J>I DC 7H; =?L;D ?D F7H;DJ>;I?I 7<J;H J>; 87D: D7C;
/OF; 17H?78B; ;I9H?FJ?ED -;<;H;D9;I
-. 


.;DJ?D;B87D:I
M?J>IF7J?7B
H;IEBKJ?EDE<
 C
MMM;I7?DJ




.;DJ?D;B87D:I
M?J>IF7J?7B
H;IEBKJ?EDE<
 C
(-$ (E:?`;:
>BEHEF>OBB
8IEHFJ?ED?D
-;a;9J7D9;$D:;N
7K=>JHO;J7B
(.1$ (E:?`;:.E?B
:@KIJ;:
1;=;J7J?ED$D:;N

,?;J7B
)- )EHC7B?P;:
?c;H;D9;-;:
;:=;$D:;N
7HD;I;J7B
/;NJKH; DJHEFO
97B9KB7J;:<EH
L;=;J7J?ED
?D:?9;I
#7H7B?9A;J7B
EHH;B7J?ED
97B9KB7J;:<EH
L;=;J7J?ED
?D:?9;I
B?C7J; (2 (;7D7DDK7B
9B?C7J?9M7J;H
:;`9?J
87JPE=BEK;J7B
(/C7N (;7DC7N?CKC
7DDK7B
J;CF;H7JKH;
.( .E?BCE?IJKH;7I7
M7J;H87B7D9;
?D:?97JEH
.- EMDM7H:.EB7H
-7:?7J?ED
.E?B
/;HH7?D
;  7J?ED N9>7D=;
7F79?JOCCEB
A=−
+BEJB;L;BIE?B:7J7<HEC
J>;"BE87B DL?HEDC;DJ7B
(ED?JEH?D=" (
:7J787I;
F# .E?BF##*
IEBKJ?ED
B7O CEKDJE<9B7O
M;?=>J
.7D: CEKDJE<I7D:
M;?=>J
.BEF; /;HH7?DIBEF;
 CH;IEBKJ?ED
!7HH;J7B
 J CEIJ I?J;I IE?B :7J7 M;H; I7CFB;: BE97BBO 7D: 7D7BOI;: JE 7
IJ7D:7H:?I;: FHEJE9EB ?D B78I ?D ;?J>;H $)+ (7D7KI H7P?B EH J>; 0D?
L;HI?JO E< ';;:I 0& <EBBEM?D= J>; -$)!*- IE?B FHEJE9EB ,K;I7:7 ;J
7B  !HEC J>;I; :7J7 M; IKCC7H?I;: FBEJ B;L;B IE?B :7J7 7L;H7=;:
EL;H J>; `HIJ  9C <EH J;NJKH; .7D: 7D: B7O 97J?ED ;N9>7D=; 97
F79?JO ;  7D: F##* F# +BEJ B;L;B J;NJKH; :7J7 M;H; DEJ 7L7?B
78B; <EH FBEJI ?D KIJH7B?7 7D: J>; )31 FBEJI 7D: M;H; J>KI :;H?L;:
<HEC J>; .E?B"H?:I :7J7I;J 7J  C F?N;B IF7J?7B H;IEBKJ?ED <EH J>EI;
FBEJI EDBO #;D=B ;J 7B 
 <:=/?7;5 1<::B;7AF 93C39 A?/7A 27@A?70BA7<;@ /1?<@@ ?357<;@
2; J;IJ;: ?< 7D: JE M>7J ;NJ;DJ J>; 9ECCKD?JOB;L;B JH7?J :?IJH?8K
J?EDI :?<<;H;: 7CED= H;=?EDI 2; IGK7H;HEEJ JH7DI<EHC;: J>; JH7?J L7BK;
JE ?CFHEL; DEHC7B?JO 7D: 7FFB?;: 7D 7D7BOI?I E< L7H?7D9; )*1 2;
J>;D 7FFB?;: 7 /KA;OI #ED;IJ .?=D?<?97DJ ?<<;H;D9; /KA;O #. J;IJ JE
?DL;IJ?=7J; J>; I?=D?<?97D9; E< J>; :?<<;H;D9;I 8;JM;;D J>; C;7DI E< J>;
9ECCKD?JO M;?=>J;: C;7D 2( JH7?J L7BK;I 7CED= BE97J?EDI />;
)*1 7D: /KA;O J;IJ M;H; 97HH?;: EKJ KI?D= J>; ‘IJ7JI’F79A7=; <EH -
 &39/A7;5 =7E3993C39 A?/7A 1<:=<@7A7<; A< @=31A?/9 ?3T31A/;13
3;C7?<;:3;A /;2 @<79 1<;27A7<;@
2; CE:;BB;: J>; 9ECCKD?JO M;?=>J;: C;7D 2( E< ;79> JH7?J 7J
J>; F?N;BB;L;B  e C 7I 7 <KD9J?ED E< J>; .;DJ?D;B H;CEJ; I;DI
?D= ;DL?HEDC;DJ7B 7D: IE?B 9EL7H?7J;I /78B;  KI?D= 7 ‘IF7J?7B’L;HI?ED
E< J>; C79>?D; B;7HD?D= -7D:EC !EH;IJ -! 7B=EH?J>C H;?C7D 
D7C;: ";E=H7F>?9 -7D:EC !EH;IJI "-! ";EH=7DEI ;J 7B  -!
?I 7 DEDF7H7C;JH?9 7B=EH?J>C J>7J >7I 8;;D I>EMD JE 8; HE8KIJ JE EL;H
`JJ?D= 7D: L7H?78B; ?DFKJI J>7DAI JE J>; 87==?D= FHE9;II 7D: ?JI H7D
:EC <;7JKH; I;B;9J?ED #7IJ?; ;J 7B  (EH;EL;H ?J >7I 8;;D ;N
J;DI?L;BO KI;: JE CE:;B 7D: FH;:?9J ;9EBE=?97B 7D: H;CEJ; I;DI?D= :7J7
M?J>?D 7D: 79HEII ;9EIOIJ;CI ;= ID;H ;J 7B  17D :;H +B7I ;J
7B  $D 9EDJH7IJ JE -! "-! :?I7==H;=7J;I J>; KD:;HBO?D= :7J7 ?D
=;E=H7F>?9 IF79; ?D J>?I 97I; 87I;: ED J>; IF7J?7B 9EEH:?D7J;I E< J>;
.;DJ?D;B F?N;BI 8K?B:?D= =BE87B 7D: BE97B IK8CE:;BI FBEJ B;L;B C7A
?D= J>; CE:;BB?D= <H7C;MEHA J>KI IF7J?7BBO ;NFB?9?J />; ;NFB?9?J ?D9BK
I?ED E< J>; IF7J?7B 9ECFED;DJ 34 F?N;B BE97J?ED ?D J>; CE:;BI M>?9>
7H; I;GK;DJ?7BBO `JJ;: M?J> :?<<;H;DJ I;JI E< J>; JH7?D?D= :7J7 J>; 87=
=?D= FHE9;II C7O 9EDJH?8KJ; JE J>; E8I;HL;: H;:K9;: IF7J?7B 7KJE9EHH;
B7J?ED E< "-! ?D 9ECF7H?IED JE J>; 9ECCED -! ";EH=7DEI ;J 7B 
$D J>; "-! 7 =BE87B CE:;B ?I 8K?BJ 7I ?D EJ>;H -! 7FFB?97J?EDI #EM
;L;H "-! 7BIE =;D;H7J;I 7 BE97B -! <EH ;79> BE97J?ED M>?9> ?D9BK:;I 7
IF;9?`;: DKC8;H E< D;7H8O E8I;HL7J?EDI >;H; :;`D;: 8O 7BB F?N;BI ?D
J>; L;=;J7J?ED FBEJ CEIJBO  >7 /78B;  97BB;: ‘D;?=>8EKH>EE:’ E8
J7?D?D= ?D J>?I M7O C;JH?9I E< BE97B 7D: =BE87B CE:;B FH;:?9J?L; FEM;H
7D: L7H?78B; ?CFEHJ7D9; !EH CE:;B FH;:?9J?EDI 7 <KI?ED 8;JM;;D J>;
=BE87B CE:;B J>7J KI;I CEH; :7J7 7D: BE97B CE:;BI M?J> BEM 8?7I 97D
8; 7FFB?;: M;?=>J?D= J>; 9EDJH?8KJ?EDI E< J>; =BE87B 7D: BE97B CE:;BI
87I;: ED J>; F7H7C;J;HI J>7J ?D9H;7I; J>; FH;:?9J?L; 799KH79O 7D: :;
9H;7I; J>; CE:;BI -EEJ (;7D .GK7H; HHEH -(.  2; KI;: J>; IF7J?7B
"-! JE `J 7 =BE87B CE:;B <EH ;79> <KD9J?ED7B JH7?J 7D: 7BIE `J 7 IF;9?`9
CE:;B <EH ;79> H;=?ED KIJH7B?7 H7P?B ./ H7P?B )3 "78ED ">7D7
(7B7OI?7 7D: +;HK KI?D= J>; .F7J?7B(' F79A7=; ?D -
2; F;H<EHC;: 7D ;NJ;DI?L; I;J E< CE:;B EFJ?C?P7J?ED 7D: H;=KB7H
?P7J?ED FHE9;:KH;I JE H;:K9; EL;H`JJ?D= !EH J>; 2( CE:;BI M; I;
B;9J;: J>; DKC8;H E< JH;;I JE `J 8O <EB: 9HEIIL7B?:7J?ED 7D7BOI?I M?J>
DKC8;H E< JH;;I H7D=?D= 8;JM;;D  7D:  7D: J>; DKC8;H E< L7H?
78B;I H7D:ECBO I7CFB;: 7I 97D:?:7J;I 7J ;79> IFB?J CJHO H7D=?D= 8;
JM;;D  7D:  KI?D= ?D J>; `D7B CE:;B J>; 9EC8?D7J?ED E< J;HCI J>7J
=;D;H7J;: J>; BEM;IJ -(.  BB 9EL7H?7J;I ?D9BK:;: ?D J>; CE:;BI >7:
F7?HM?I; +;7HIED 9EHH;B7J?ED 9E;<`9?;DJI ?≤ /78B;  !EH J>; `D7B
=BE87B 7D: BE97B CE:;BI M; KI;:  E< J>; :7J7 <EH CE:;B `JJ?D= 7D:
J>; H;C7?D?D=  <EH CE:;B ;L7BK7J?ED 17H?78B; ?CFEHJ7D9; <EH ;79>
CE:;B M7I 9ECFKJ;: 7I J>; :;9H;7I; ?D DE:; ?CFKH?J?;I <HEC IFB?JJ?D=
ED J>; L7H?78B; 7L;H7=;: EL;H 7BB JH;;I 7D: :;H?L;: <HEC J>; *KJ E< 7=
** ;HHEH />;D J>; H;IKBJ?D= ?CFEHJ7D9; M7I IJ7D:7H:?I;: JE 7 –
I97B; <EH 9ECF7H?IED FKHFEI;I
2; 97HH?;: EKJ 7BB 7D7BOI;I IJ7J;: 78EL; M?J> J>; <KBB I;J E< JH;; ?D
:?L?:K7BI FH;I;DJ ?D ;79> L;=;J7J?ED FBEJ M?J> <KD9J?ED7B JH7?JI 7IIKC
?D= J>7J J>; 9EDJH?8KJ?ED E< IC7BB ?D:?L?:K7BI JE J>; JH7?J 2( L7BK;
7D: J>KI JE J>; 9ECCKD?JO H;a;9J7D9; 7J J>; F?N;BB;L;B MEKB: 8; C?D
?C7B =?L;D J>; M;?=>J?D= <79JEH KI;: ?; J>; ?D:?L?:K7BI 9HEMD 7H;7
#EM;L;H JE KD:;HF?D J>?I M; 97HH?;: EKJ 7BB 7D7BOI;I ED JME IC7BB;H
:7J7I;JI ED; M>;H; J>; J> 7D: EJ>;H M>;H; J>; J> F;H9;DJ?B; E< J>;
IC7BB;IJ JH;;I F;H H;=?ED M;H; H;CEL;: BB 7D7BOI;I M;H; 97HH?;: EKJ
?D J>; - IJ7J?IJ?97B ;DL?HEDC;DJ M?J> J>; ‘97H;J’‘J?:OL;HI;’7D: ‘.F7
J?7B('’F79A7=;I
3. Results
 */?7/A7<; 7; A?/7A 1<:=<@7A7<; /1?<@@ A?<=71/9 4<?3@A@
(EIJ B;7< <KD9J?ED7B JH7?JI ;N>?8?J;: I?=D?<?97DJ :?<<;H;D9;I 79HEII J>;
JHEF?9I !?=  ?D9BK:?D= M?:; JH7?J H7D=; L7H?7J?ED M?J>?D J>; I7C; H;
=?ED !?= . M?J> B;7< <H;I> C7II 7D: B;7< J>?9AD;II 8;?D= ED 7L;H7=;
B;II L7H?78B; 7CED= BE97J?EDI /78B; .

UNCORRECTED PROOF
5B7??3BA7L??3G3A/9 &3:<A3'3;@7;5<4;C7?<;:3;A EEE EEEE EEEEEE
Fig. 2. ECF7H?IED E< JH7?J :?IJH?8KJ?EDI 79HEII JHEF?97B H;=?EDI />; 8ENFBEJI 7H; 87I;:
ED J>; F?N;BB;L;B  e  C 9ECCKD?JO JH7?J L7BK;I <EH ;79> JH7?J 7D: H;=?ED ; 
<EH KIJH7B?7  <EH H7P?B)3  <EH H7P?B./  <EH "78ED  <EH ">7D7
 <EH (7B7OI?7 7D:  <EH +;HK #EH?PEDJ7B B?D;I ?D ;79> 8ENFBEJ I>EM J>; C;
:?7D L7BK; 7D: L;HJ?97B B?D;I 7H; J>; M>?IA;HI J>7J ;NJ;D: JE J>; B7H=;IJ L7BK; EH DEJ
<KHJ>;H J>7D  J?C;I J>; ?DJ;HGK7HJ?B; H7D=; !EH IEC; BE97
J?EDI ?D<EHC7J?ED <EH 7BB JH7?JI M7I DEJ 7L7?B78B; !EH <KBB :;J7?BI ?D I?=D?<?97DJ :?<<;H;D9;I
?D C;7D JH7?J L7BK;I 7CED= BE97J?EDI I;; /78B; . H7P?B )3 )EL7 37L7DJ?D7 H7P?B ./
.7DJ7H;C
';7< 9>;C?IJHO 7D: F>EJEIODJ>;J?9 97F79?JO C7N 7D: I7J E<J;D
I>EM;: I?=D?<?97DJ :?<<;H;D9;I 7CED= BE97J?EDI /78B; . H?;H BE97
J?EDI 7I ?D )EL7 37L7DJ?D7 H7P?B )3 :?IFB7O;: JH7?J 7:7FJ7J?EDI JE
I;7IED7B H7?D<7BB 7D: J;CF;H7JKH; M?J> ED 7L;H7=; J>?9A;H 7D: IC7BB;H
 ]  CC 7D:  ]  9CH;IF;9J?L;BO B;7L;I 7J J>; 9EC
CKD?JO B;L;B M?J> IEC; E< J>; >?=>;IJ 9ECCKD?JOB;L;B B;7< D?JHE=;D
9ED9;DJH7J?ED  ]  7D: >?=>;IJ F>EJEIODJ>;J?9 97F79?JO C;7D
C7N   ]  μCEB C−I− 7D: I7J   ]  μCEB C−I− $D
9EDJH7IJ M;JJ;H H;=?EDI IK9> 7I (7B7OI?7 :?IFB7O;: ED 7L;H7=; IEC;
E< J>; 8?==;IJ  ]  9C 7D: J>?DD;IJ  ]  CC B;7L;I
M?J> >?=> B;7< M7J;H 9EDJ;DJ  ]  />; +;HKL?7D 7BJ?JK:?D7B JH7D
I;9J I>EM;: B7H=; L7H?7J?ED ?D 9ECCKD?JOB;L;B JH7?JI L7BK;I M>?9>
E<J;D EL;HB7FF;: M?J> JH7?J L7BK;I <HEC 7BB EJ>;H I7CFB;: BE97J?EDI
79HEII J>; JHEF?9I !?=  !EH CEIJ DKJH?;DJI B;7< DKJH?;DJ 9ED9;DJH7
J?ED M7I E<J;D >?=>;IJ ?D <EH;IJI <EKD: ?D ">7D7 ;= &  ] 
7D: (=   ]  7D: (7B7OI?7 &   ]  7D:
(=   ]  KIJH7B?7D <EH;IJI I>EM;: ED 7L;H7=; IEC; E< J>;
BEM;IJ 9ECCKD?JOB;L;B )  ]  7D: + ]  B;7<
9ED9;DJH7J?EDI
 $/;A?<=71/9 /;2 9<1/9 1<::B;7AF 93C39 4B;1A7<;/9 A?/7A :<239@
/>; 7D7BOI;I 97HH?;: EKJ M?J> J>; <KBB :7J7I;J 7D: J>; :7J7I;J M>;H;
J>; J> 7D: J> F;H9;DJ?B; E< J>; IC7BB;IJ JH;;I F;H H;=?ED M;H; H;
CEL;: =7L; I?C?B7H H;IKBJI <EH J>; =BE87B & 7D: & H;
IF;9J?L;BO /78B; . 7D: BE97B & 7D: & H;IF;9J?L;BO
/78B; . CE:;BI E< FB7DJ JH7?J :?IJH?8KJ?EDI />;H;<EH; ?D J>; <EBBEM?D=
M; EDBO FH;I;DJ J>; H;IKBJI <EH J>; CE:;BI 97HH?;: EKJ M?J> J>; <KBB L;=
;J7J?ED :7J7I;J
/>; 799KH79O E< J>; F7DJHEF?97B FH;:?9J?ED E< <KD9J?ED7B JH7?JI H7D=;:
8;JM;;D 7 C?D?CKC E< &  <EH B;7< <H;I> C7II 7D: 7 C7N ?CKC
E< &  <EH B;7< 97H8ED 9EDJ;DJ  87I;: ED J>; EKJE<I7CFB;:
J;IJ?D= :7J7 79HEII J>; JHEF?9I /78B;  />; FH;:?9J?L; 799KH79?;I E<
B;7< 9>;C?IJHO 7D: F>EJEIODJ>;J?9 JH7?JI M;H; E<J;D >?=>;H J>7D <EH CEH
F>EBE=?97B 7D: IJHK9JKH7B JH7?JI IK9> 7I B;7< :HO C7II &  7D:
B;7< 7H;7 & !?=  J J>; F7DJHEF?97B B;L;B J>; >?=>;IJ FH;
:?9J?ED 799KH79O M7I E8J7?D;: <EH B;7< J>?9AD;II &  <EH CEH
F>EBE=?97B 7D: IJHK9JKH7B JH7?JI <EH B;7< 7 7 &  7D: B;7< &
& &  <EH J>; 9>;C?97B JH7?JI EJ>;H J>7D 97H8ED ';7< ) 7D: +
9ED9;DJH7J?EDI M;H; 7BIE FH;:?9J;: M?J> >?=> 799KH79O &  ';7<
F>EJEIODJ>;J?9 97F79?JO JH7?JI C7N 7D: I7J I>EM;: IEC; E< J>; >?=>
;IJ FH;:?9J?ED 799KH79?;I H7D=?D= <HEC &  JE  H;IF;9J?L;BO
(E:;B IF7J?7B FH;:?9J?EDI <EH I;L;H7B JH7?JI 7D: BE97J?EDI 7H; I>EMD ?D
!?=  7D: EJ>;HI 97D 8; I;;D ?D !?= .!?= .
(E:;BI 8K?BJ <EH ;79> JHEF?97B H;=?ED 7D: JH7?J KD9EL;H;: C7HA;:
:?<<;H;D9;I ?D FH;:?9J?ED 799KH79O 7CED= J>;C !?=  /78B;  7D:
/78B; . ';7< 7H;7 FH;:?9J?ED 799KH79O H7D=;: <HEC &  H7P?B
./ JE  KIJH7B?7
Table 4
.J7J?IJ?97B H;IKBJI ED J>; J;IJ :7J7  E< <KBB :7J7I;J <EH J>; =BE87B JH7?J :?IJH?8KJ?ED
CE:;BI />; FH;:?9J?ED 799KH79O ?I I>EMD 8O J>; -I9EH;
/OF; /H7?J ( -(. -
(EHF>EBE=?97B7D:IJHK9JKH7B H;79C   
HOC7II=   
!H;I>C7II=   
.'C=−   
/>?9AD;IICC   
>;C?IJHO '2   
   
7   
&   
(=   
)   
+   
+>EJEIODJ>;J?9 C7NμCEB C−I−   
I7JμCEB C−I−   
(  (;7D 8IEBKJ; HHEH -(.  -EEJ C;7D IGK7H; ;HHEH

UNCORRECTED PROOF
5B7??3BA7L??3G3A/9 &3:<A3'3;@7;5<4;C7?<;:3;A EEE EEEE EEEEEE
Fig. 3. (E:;B FH;:?9J?EDI JE J>;  J;IJ :7J7 <HEC J>; =;D;H7B CE:;B M>?9> M7I `JJ;: M?J>  E< J>; JH7?J :7J7 <HEC 79HEII J>; JHEF?9I "H;O :EJI 7H; J>; E8I;HL;: 7=7?DIJ FH;:?9J;:
JH7?J L7BK;I E< J>; F?N;BB;L;B  e C 9ECCKD?JO M;?=>J;: C;7D JH7?JI <HEC J>; J;IJ :7J7I;J />; 8B79A B?D; I>EMI J>;  H;B7J?EDI>?F 8;JM;;D E8I;HL;: 7D: FH;:?9J;: L7BK;I (E:;B
FH;:?9J?ED 799KH79O ?I I>EMD ?D J>; JEF B;<J !KBB CE:;B H;IKBJI 7H; I>EMD ?D /78B; 


UNCORRECTED PROOF
5B7??3BA7L??3G3A/9 &3:<A3'3;@7;5<4;C7?<;:3;A EEE EEEE EEEEEE
Fig. 4. .F7J?7B FH;:?9J?EDI E< JH7?J :?IJH?8KJ?EDI <EH 7 I;B;9J;: IK8I;J E< FB7DJ JH7?JI 7D: BE97J?EDI />; C7F C?::B; I>EMI J>; BE97J?EDI E< L;=;J7J?ED FBEJI J>7J M;H; KI;: :KH?D= J>;
CE:;BB?D= <H7C;MEHA />; IF7J?7B FH;:?9J?EDI JEF 7D: 8EJJEC HEMI M;H; E8J7?D;: KI?D= J>; =;D;H7B CE:;BI /78B;  <EH ;79> E< J>; JH7?JI 7D: BE97J?EDI 7J 7  e C F?N;B H;IEBKJ?ED
/>; 7FFHEN?C7J;: BE97J?ED E< ;79> L;=;J7J?ED FBEJ KI;: ?I I>EMD 7I 7 M>?J; IGK7H; M?J>?D ;79> IF7J?7B FH;:?9J?ED C7F <EH L?IK7B?I7J?ED FKHFEI;I M>?J; IGK7H;I 7H; DEJ I97B;: JE J>; FBEJI
H;7B I?P; .F7J?7B FH;:?9J?EDI <EH EJ>;H JH7?JI 97D 8; <EKD: ?D !?= ..
7D: J>7J E< IF;9?`9 B;7< 7H;7 .' H7D=;: <HEC &  <EH (7B7OI?7
JE  <EH H7P?B )3 /78B; . />; BE97B CE:;BI I>EM;: 7 >?=>;H
799KH79O <EH FH;:?9J?D= BE97B B;L;B B;7< 9>;C?97B DKJH?;DJI KF JE
&  ;IF;9?7BBO <EH + 7 7D: ) 9ED9;DJH7J?EDI ?D 9ECF7H?IED JE
CEHF>EBE=?97B ;= B;7< 7H;7 7D: .' JH7?JI /78B;  !?=  /H7?JI H;
B7J;: JE F>EJEIODJ>;J?9 97F79?JO I>EM;: 7D EL;H7BB 8;JJ;H FH;:?9J?ED 79
9KH79O J>7D B;7< 7H;7 7D: .' M?J> FH;:?9J?ED L7BK;I H7D=?D= 8;JM;;D
 +;HK JE  ">7D7 <EH C7N 7D: KF JE  <EH I7J H7P?B
)3 !?=  *D 7L;H7=; J>; >?=>;IJ FH;:?9J?ED 799KH79O 79HEII H;=?EDI
<EH 7 =?L;D JH7?J M;H; H;79>;: <EH B;7< + 9ED9;DJH7J?ED &  7D:
C7N & 7D: J>; BE97J?EDI M?J> J>; >?=>;IJ 7L;H7=; FH;:?9
J?ED 799KH79O 79HEII JH7?JI M;H; J>; )EL7 37L7DJ?D7 I7L7DD7 H7P?B
)3 &  7D: J>; +;HK ;B;L7J?ED =H7:?;DJ &  /78B; 
8EJ> I?J;I ;D9ECF7II?D= IJHED= =H7:?;DJI ?D L;=;J7J?ED CEHF>EBE=O 7D:
IJHK9JKH;
 :=<?A/;13 <4 @=31A?/9 ?3:<A3 @3;@7;5 197:/A71 /;2 @<79 2/A/ 4<?
:/==7;5 A?/7A 27@A?70BA7<;@
2; ?D9BK:;: .;DJ?D;B 87D: :;H?L;: H;a;9J7D9; L7BK;I L;=;J7J?ED
?D:?9;I J>;?H 97DEFO J;NJKH; F7H7C;J;HI 9B?C7J?9 7D: IE?B L7H?78B;I
?D J>; =;D;H7B JH7?J CE:;BI JE FH;:?9J 9ECCKD?JO B;L;B JH7?JI 7J J>;
F?N;BB;L;B /78B;  />; ?CFEHJ7D9; E< J>;I; L7H?78B;I <EH FH;:?9J?D=
JH7?JI :;F;D:;: ED J>; IF;9?`9 JH7?J 8;?D= 7::H;II;: !?=  $D J>;
=BE87B CE:;B J>; H;CEJ; I;DI?D= J;NJKH; F7H7C;J;HI M;H; J>; `HIJ EH
I;9ED: C7@EH 9EDJH?8KJEH <EH FH;:?9J?D= D?D; E< J>; <KD9J?ED7B JH7?JI
79HEII J>; JHEF?9I !?=  7D: !?= . -7M IF;9JH7B L7H?78B;I M;H;
J>; I;9ED: CEIJ ?CFEHJ7DJ =HEKF <EH FH;:?9J?D= <EKH E< IK9> <KD9J?ED7B
JH7?JI 8KJ E<J;D BEM;H ?D ?CFEHJ7D9; J>7D J>; J;NJKH7B F7H7C;J;HI $D
J>; =BE87B CE:;B IE?B 7D: J;HH7?D <79JEHI M;H; ED 7L;H7=; IEC; E< J>;
CEIJ ?CFEHJ7DJ <EH FH;:?9J?D= F>EJEIODJ>;J?9 JH7?JI 7D: <EB?7H + 9ED9;D
JH7J?ED *D 7L;H7=; 9B?C7J?9 L7H?78B;I M;H; ?CFEHJ7DJ <EH FH;:?9J?D= 
EKJ E<  <KD9J?ED7B JH7?JI 8KJ J>;?H 9EDJH?8KJ?ED M7I BEM;H <EH FH;:?9J
?D= B;7< :HO 7D: <H;I> C7II 7D: B;7< M7J;H 9EDJ;DJ !?=  #EM;L;H ?J
?I ;L?:;DJ J>7J 7 9EC8?D7J?ED E< J;NJKH7B IF;9JH7B 9B?C7J?9 7D: IE?B ?D
<EHC7J?ED ?I H;GK?H;: JE E8J7?D J>; 8;IJ =;D;H7B CE:;B FH;:?9J?EDI 79HEII
<KD9J?ED7B JH7?JI 7D: DE I?D=B; L7H?78B; 7FF;7HI 7I J>; CEIJ ?CFEHJ7DJ
79HEII 7BB JH7?JI !?= .
/>; BE97B CE:;BI FHEL?:;: 7 I?J;IF;9?`9 L?;M E< J>; CEIJ ?CFEHJ7DJ
H;CEJ; I;DI?D= :;H?L;: L7H?78B;I ;DL?HEDC;DJ7B 7D: IE?B 9ED:?J?EDI <EH
:;H?L?D= 9ECCKD?JO B;L;B JH7?JI 9ECFEI?J?ED !?= . .;DJ?D;B H;
CEJ; I;DI?D= H;B7J;: L7H?78B;I M;H; CEH; ?CFEHJ7DJ <EH :;J;9J?D= B;7<
CEHF>EBE=O 7D: DKJH?;DJ L7BK;I J>7D ;DL?HEDC;DJ7B 7D: IE?B H;B7J;:
L7H?78B;I ?D  E< J>; JH7?J CE:;BI ?D  EKJ E<  FEII?8B; JH7?JI 8O
H;=?ED 9EC8?D7J?EDI ?=>JOED; F;H9;DJ E< J>; J?C;  BE97J?ED 8O
JH7?J 9EC8?D7J?EDI J>; 97DEFO J;NJKH; F7H7C;J;HI M;H; CEH; ?CFEHJ7DJ
J>7D J>; H7M IF;9JH7B H;a;9J7D9; <79JEHI $D  7D:  E< J>; FEI
I?8B; JH7?J 7D: H;=?ED 9EC8?D7J?EDI 9B?C7J?9 EH IE?BJEFE=H7F>O H;B7J;:
L7H?78B;I H;IF;9J?L;BO M;H; J>; CEIJ ?CFEHJ7DJ <EH :;J;9J?D= 9ECCKD?JO
JH7?JI !?= .
4. Discussion
/E J>; 8;IJ E< EKH ADEMB;:=; J>?I ?I J>; `HIJ IJK:O ;L7BK7J?D= J>;
78?B?JO E< .;DJ?D;B I7J;BB?J; :7J7 JE C7F FB7DJ <KD9J?ED7B JH7?JI 79HEII
JHEF?97B ;9EIOIJ;CI /HEF?97B <EH;IJ JH7?J C7FF?D= ?I <KD:7C;DJ7B <EH KD
:;HIJ7D:?D= E< FB7DJ H;IFEDI;I JE =BE87B 9>7D=; 7D: DEJ78BO J>; FB7DJ
<KD9J?ED7B JH7?JI M; FH;:?9J ?D J>?I IJK:O 7H; H;B;L7DJ JE FB7DJ IF;9?;I
H;IFEDI;I JE 7 9>7D=?D= ;DL?HEDC;DJ EJ> ;J 7B  )KD;I ;J 7B
 .EK:P?BELIA7?7 ;J 7B  =K?HH;"KJ?THH;P ;J 7B  2;
>7L; :;CEDIJH7J;: J>7J 799KH7J; F?N;BB;L;B  e  C FH;:?9J?EDI E<
JHEF?97B <EH;IJ <KD9J?ED7B JH7?J :?IJH?8KJ?EDI 79HEII J>; JHEF?9I 97D 8;
=;D;H7J;: 8O C7A?D= KI; E< ;NJ;DI?L; ?DI?JK 9EBB;9J;: FB7DJ <KD9J?ED7B
JH7?JI =;EBE97J;: 97DEFO IJHK9JKH; L;=;J7J?ED 9;DIKI;I 7D: >?=> IF;9
JH7B 7D: IF7J?7B H;IEBKJ?ED H;CEJ; I;DI?D= :7J7 <HEC J>; .;DJ?D;B I7J;B
B?J;I
 (?<=71/9 4<?3@A A?/7A 27@A?70BA7<;@
+B7DJ <KD9J?ED7B JH7?JI 7H; 9>7H79J;H?IJ?9I J>7J 7?: IF;9?;I JE J>H?L; ?D
J>;?H ;DL?HEDC;DJ EH 7:7FJ JE D;M 9ED:?J?EDI "?L;D IK9> 7:7FJ7J?EDI
JE IF;9?`9 ;DL?HEDC;DJI ?J C?=>J 8; ;NF;9J;: J>7J JH7?J L7H?7J?ED MEKB:
8; >?=>;H ?D H;=?EDI J>7J ;D9ECF7II CEH; L7H?;: ;DL?HEDC;DJ7B 9ED
:?J?EDI  DGK?IJ ;J 7B  DL?HEDC;DJ7B 7:7FJ7J?ED ?I ;N;CFB?`;:
8O J>; IJHED= L7H?7J?ED ?D L7BK;I <EH CEIJ JH7?JI ?D +;HK 7D: (7B7OI?7
$D +;HK J>; :7J7 H;FH;I;DJ 7 9B?C7J?9 7D: 7BJ?JK:?D7B =H7:?;DJ H7D=?D=
<HEC J>; BEMB7D: C7PED ?D J>; /7C8EF7J7 )7J?ED7B +7HA 7J 7D ;B;
L7J?ED E< – C7IB JE FBEJI ?D 9@7D79E 7J 78EL;  C7IB $D
(7B7OI?7 J>; L;=;J7J?ED FBEJI 7H; :?IJH?8KJ;: 79HEII 7 B7D:KI; =H7:?;DJ
H7D=?D= <HEC KD:?IJKH8;: JE >;7L?BO BE==;: <EH;IJI EJ> ;J 7B 
DL?HEDC;DJ7B 7:7FJ7J?ED C7O 8; 7BIE I>EMD 8O J>; E8I;HL;: :?<<;H
;D9;I ?D JH7?J :?IJH?8KJ?EDI 8;JM;;D :?<<;H;DJ H;=?EDI 79HEII J>; JHEF?9I
;= KIJH7B?7 7D: "78ED I;; 7BIE !?=  />; F?N;B87I;: 9ECCKD?JO
JH7?J L7BK;I ?D J>; +;HKL?7D JH7DI;9J E<J;D ;NJ;D: 79HEII CK9> E< J>;
H7D=; ?D JH7?J L7BK;I E8I;HL;: ?D EJ>;H BE97J?EDI !?=  2; :;J;9J;:
7D EL;H7BB I?=D?<?97DJ :?<<;H;D9; 7CED= BE97J?EDI ?D J;HCI E< CEHF>E
BE=?97B 9>;C?97B 7D: F>EJEIODJ>;J?9 JH7?JI /78B; . />?I M?:; L7H?7
J?ED ?D JH7?JI IK==;IJI J>; FH;I;D9; E< BE97B 8?EJ?9 7D: 78?EJ?9 9EDJHEBI E<
JH7?J :?IJH?8KJ?EDI 7D: FB7DJ IF;9?;I 7:7FJ7J?EDI J>7J C7O :?<<;H 7CED=
JHEF?97B H;=?EDI .K9> :?<<;H;D9;I ?D JH7?J 9ECFEI?J?ED >?=>B?=>J J>; ?C
FEHJ7D9; 7D: J>; 9>7BB;D=; E< I7CFB?D= 7I <KBBO 7I FEII?8B; J>; <KD9
J?ED7B JH7?J :?L;HI?JO 79HEII :?<<;H;DJ JHEF?97B <EH;IJI />?I ?I E< F?LEJ7B
?CFEHJ7D9; M>;D 9ECF7H?D= <EH;IJ H;IFEDI;I JE 9>7D=?D= ;DL?HEDC;DJI
79HEII CKBJ?FB; H;=?EDI 2; J>KI IK==;IJ J>7J <KHJ>;H `;B: JH7?J IKHL;O
97CF7?=DI 79HEII J>; JHEF?9I 7H; D;;:;: JE ?CFHEL; F7DJHEF?97B JH7?J
FH;:?9J?EDI I <EH J>; BE97B 8?EJ?9 7D: 78?EJ?9 9EDJHEBI E< JH7?J :?IJH?
8KJ?EDI <EH ?DIJ7D9; ?J ?I M?:;BO ADEMD J>7J <H?97D JHEF?97B <EH;IJI
7H; ?D =;D;H7B B;II IF;9?;I :?L;HI; J>7D J>;?H I?7D 7D: .EKJ> C;H?
97D 9EKDJ;HF7HJI 8KJ J>7J J>;O >7L; IEC; E< J>; >?=>;IJ 8?EC7II 97H8ED

UNCORRECTED PROOF
5B7??3BA7L??3G3A/9 &3:<A3'3;@7;5<4;C7?<;:3;A EEE EEEE EEEEEE
Fig. 5. (E:;BI FH;:?9J?EDI JE J>;  J;IJ :7J7 <HEC J>; H;=?ED7B CE:;BI `JJ;: M?J>  E< J>; JH7?J :7J7 <HEC ;79> H;=?ED 79HEII J>; JHEF?9I 79> 9EBEKH H;FH;I;DJI 7D ?D:?L?:K7B H;=?ED7B
CE:;B 7D: J>; 9EBEKH;: IOC8EBI 7H; J>; E8I;HL;: 7=7?DIJ FH;:?9J;: JH7?J L7BK;I E< J>; F?N;BB;L;B  e C 9ECCKD?JO M;?=>J;: C;7D JH7?JI <HEC J>; J;IJ :7J7I;J />; 8B79A B?D; I>EMI
J>;  H;B7J?EDI>?F 8;JM;;D E8I;HL;: 7D: FH;:?9J;: L7BK;I (E:;B FH;:?9J?ED 799KH79O ?I I>EMD ?D /78B;  !KBB CE:;B H;IKBJI 7H; I>EMD ?D /78B; . H7P?B )3 )EL7 37L7DJ?D7 H7P?B
./ .7DJ7H;C


UNCORRECTED PROOF
5B7??3BA7L??3G3A/9 &3:<A3'3;@7;5<4;C7?<;:3;A EEE EEEE EEEEEE
Table 5
+H;:?9J?ED 799KH79O - ED J>; J;IJ?D= :7J7 7CED= H;=?EDI I>7:;: -;=?ED C;7D -9EBKCD 7D: <KD9J?ED7B JH7?JI I>7:;: /H7?J C;7D -HEM )EJ I>7:;: L7BK;I ?D J>; J78B; I>EM J>;
FH;:?9J?ED 799KH79O - ED J>; J;IJ :7J7 F;H H;=?ED 7D: JH7?J
 DE :7J7 7L7?B78B; H7P?B )3 )EL7 37L7DJ?D7 H7P?B ./ .7DJ7H;C
IJEH7=; 97F79?JO F;H KD?J 7H;7 .KBB?L7D ;J 7B  /HEF?97B <EH;IJI
?D 2;IJ <H?97 7H; ?D =;D;H7B :H?;H ?D 9ECF7H?IED JE C7PED?7D JHEF?
97B <EH;IJI +7HC;DJ?;H ;J 7B  7D: IEC; <H?97D H;=?EDI IK9> 7I
"78ED >7L; ;NF;H?;D9;: ?D9H;7I;I ?D J;CF;H7JKH; 7D: :;9H;7I;I ?D FH;
9?F?J7J?ED EL;H J>; B7IJ  O;7HI KI> ;J 7B  />KI IK9> 9>7D=;I
?D 9B?C7J?9 9ED:?J?EDI 7I J>EI; E8I;HL;: ?D 2;IJ <H?97D JHEF?97B <EH;IJ
C7O 7BIE KD:;HB?; L7H?7J?EDI ?D IF;9?;I 9ECFEI?J?ED 7D: J>; BE97BBO E8
I;HL;: <KD9J?ED7B JH7?J FEEB 7I I>EMD ?D J>?I IJK:O $J ?I 7BIE MEHJ> DEJ
?D= J>7J JME 97L;7JI E< J>; 9ECCKD?JOM;?=>J;: C;7D JH7?J 7FFHE79>
C7O 799EKDJ <EH F7HJ E< J>; KD;NFB7?D;: JH7?J L7H?7J?ED !?HIJ ?J C7A;I
J>; 7IIKCFJ?ED E< 7 KD?GK; <KD9J?ED7B EFJ?CKC ?D 7 =?L;D ;DL?HEDC;DJ
M>?B; CKBJ?FB; EFJ?C7B IJH7J;=?;I –FEJ;DJ?7BBO 9EHH;IFED:?D= JE 9ED
JH7IJ?D= JH7?J L7BK;I –9EKB: 9E;N?IJ '7K=>B?D ;J 7B  .;9ED:BO ?J
:E;I DEJ 799EKDJ <EH J>; :OD7C?9 D7JKH; E< 9ECCKD?J?;I IE J>7J 7 9EC
CKD?JO M;?=>J;: C;7D 7J 7 =?L;D J?C; FE?DJ C?=>J DEJ ;D9ECF7II J>;
EFJ?CKC 7J ;GK?B?8H?KC '7K=>B?D ;J 7B 
(EHF>EBE=?97B 7D: IJHK9JKH7B JH7?JI IK9> 7I B;7< 7H;7 <H;I> 7D: :HO
C7II B;7< J>?9AD;II .' 7D: '2 H;FH;I;DJ JH7:;EcI 8;JM;;D ;D
;H=O 79GK?I?J?ED 9EDIKCFJ?ED 7D: IKHL?L7B 7D: <EHC 7 C7?D F7HJ E<
J>; =BE87B IF;9JHKC E< FB7DJ <KD9J?ED?D= V7P ;J 7B  ;I?:;I ?D
L;IJ?=7J?D= J>; FH;:?9J78?B?JO E< IK9> FB7DJ IJHK9JKH7B JH7?JI M; <KHJ>;H
7D7BOI;: J>; FEJ;DJ?7B <EH FH;:?9J?D= B;7< 9>;C?IJHO  & (= 7 )
+ 7D: F>EJEIODJ>;I?I H;B7J;: JH7?JI C7N 7D: I7J (7FF?D= 9>;C?97B
7D: F>EJEIODJ>;J?9 JH7?JI 7J 7 F7DJHEF?97B I97B; >7I J>; FEJ;DJ?7B <EH ?D
9H;7I?D= EKH KD:;HIJ7D:?D= E< >EM F>EJEIODJ>;J?9 97F79?JO I>?<JI 79HEII
JHEF?97B H;=?EDI 7D: ED FEII?8B; ?CF79JI E< 7 9>7D=?D= ;DL?HEDC;DJ ED
JHEF?97B <EH;IJI FHE:K9J?L?JO "K7D ;J 7B  (K;BB;H ;J 7B 
 '3;A7;39 ?3:<A3 @3;@7;5 4<? :/==7;5 1<::B;7AF 93C39 A?/7A
27@A?70BA7<;@ /1?<@@ A63 A?<=71@
$D J>;?H F?ED;;H?D= MEHA M?J> >OF;HIF;9JH7B ?C7=;HO 7D: I?CKB7J;:
CKBJ?IF;9JH7B .;DJ?D;B :7J7 EL;H ">7D7 '7KH?D ;J 7B  :;CED
IJH7J;: J>7J .;DJ?D;B ?C7=;HO 9EKB: 8; KI;: JE :?I9H?C?D7J; JHEF?97B
<EH;IJ JOF;I 7D: C7F FB7DJ <KD9J?ED7B JOF;I />; 7KJ>EHI 7H=K;: J>7J
J>; <KBB 87D: I;J 7D: L;=;J7J?ED ?D:?9;I :;H?L;: <HEC J>; .;DJ?D;B
MEKB: 8; 7:L7DJ7=;EKI <EH 799KH7J;BO C7FF?D= FB7DJ <KD9J?ED7B =K?B:I
?D J>; JHEF?9I O KI?D= <KD9J?ED7B JH7?J :7J7 9EBB;9J;: ?D I?JK 79HEII
JHEF?97B <EH;IJI 7D: CE:;BB?D= 7J >?=> IF7J?7B H;IEBKJ?ED F?N;BB;L;B
M; I>EM J>7J CEIJ E< EKH =BE87B JH7?J :?IJH?8KJ?ED CE:;BI FH;I;DJ 7
>?=> FH;:?9J?L; FEM;H <EH CEIJ JH7?JI 7D7BOI;: M?J> FH;:?9J?ED 799K
H79O ED J>; J;IJ?D= :7J7I;JI 8;?D= >?=>;IJ <EH FH;:?9J?D= B;7< 9>;C
?97B 7D: F>EJEIODJ>;J?9 97F79?JO JH7?JI #EM;L;H M; 7BIE I>EM J>7J
J>; BE97B B;L;B JH7?J CE:;BI FHE:K9;: B;II 799KH7J; FH;:?9J?EDI J>7D
J>; =BE87B CE:;BI FHE878BO 7I 7 H;IKBJ E< J>; D7HHEM;H H7D=; E< ?D
FB7DJ JH7?J L7BK;I <EKD: 7J J>; BE97B H;=?ED ?D 9ECF7H?IED JE 79HEII
J>; H;=?EDI IEC;J>?D= 7BIE I>EMD 8O 27BB?I ;J 7B  />; FH;
:?9J?ED 799KH79O E8J7?D;: <HEC EKH CE:;BI KI?D= .;DJ?D;B CKBJ?IF;9
JH7B :7J7 ?I I?C?B7H 7D: ?D IEC; 97I;I >?=>;H J>7D J>7J I>EMD 8O H;
9;DJ IJK:?;I J>7J C7A; KI; E< >OF;HIF;9JH7B ?C7=;HO 7D: EJ>;H CKB
J?IF;9JH7B I;DIEHI JE C7F <KD9J?ED7B JH7?JI (7HJ?D ;J 7B  ID;H
;J 7B  ID;H ;J 7B  !EH ?DIJ7D9; EKH FH;:?9J?EDI ED J;IJ
:7J7 <EH B;7< D?JHE=;D F>EIF>EHKI 7D: 97H8ED 7H; 9ECF7H78B; EH >?=>;H
J>7D J>EI; E8J7?D;: 8O EJ>;H ?DDEL7J?L; IJK:?;I ?D (7B7OI?7 & 
 7D:  H;IF;9J?L;BO (7HJ?D ;J 7B  +;HK &  
7D:  ID;H ;J 7B  7D: J;CF;H7J; <EH;IJI & 
  )KD;I ;J 7B  7D: 9BEI;BO H;B7J;: JE J>EI; E8J7?D;:
8O 27BB?I ;J 7B  M?J> EJ>;H CKBJ?IF;9JH7B I;DIEH <EH D?JHE=;D 7D:
F>EIF>EHKI &  7D:  .F;9?7BBO J>; MEHA E< ID;H ;J 7B
 >7I I>EMD >EM IK9> FB7DJ JH7?J FH;:?9J?EDI M?J> ?JI ?D>;H;DJ 79
9KH79?;I 97D 8; KI;: <EH EJ>;H 7FFB?97J?EDI IK9> 7I JE =K?:; 8?E:?L;H
I?JO 9EDI;HL7J?ED 79J?EDI $D EKH 7FFHE79> M; H;I7CFB; J>;  C IF7J?7B
H;IEBKJ?ED 87D:I <HEC J>; .;DJ?D;B JE  C F?N;BI 7I JE MEHA M?J> J>;
>?=>;IJ IF7J?7B H;IEBKJ?ED 7L7?B78B; <EH CEIJ IF;9JH7B 87D:I .K9> H;I7C
FB?D= 9EKB: ?D FH?D9?FB; >7L; 7D ;<<;9J ED J>; C7J9> 8;JM;;D J>; JH;;
97DEF?;I H;a;9J7D9; I?=D7B 7D: J>; IF;9JH7B I?=D7B <HEC J>; .;DJ?D;B
F?N;B 7D: 9EKB: J>KI ?DaK;D9; J>; J;NJKH7B F7H7C;J;HI 8O <EH ?DIJ7D9;
:;J;9J?D= BEM;H >;J;HE=;D;?JO
.EC; E< J>; B;7< 9>;C?IJHO M; CE:;BB;: 97D 8; :?H;9JBO H;B7J;: JE J>;
H;a;9J7D9; E8J7?D;: <HEC J>; .;DJ?D;B H;CEJ; I;DIEH ?D J>; L?I?8B;
?D<H7H;: 7D: H;:;:=; H;=?EDI M>?9> 97FJKH; J>; B;7< 8?E=;E9>;C?IJHO
0IJ?D 7D: "7CED  !EH ?DIJ7D9; ?J >7I 8;;D I>EMD >EM 97H8ED
7D: 97H8ED 9EDJ7?D?D= C;J78EB?J;I F;7A ?D H;a;9J7D9; 7J 7HEKD:  DC
87D:  ?D J>; .;D?JD;B 7D: 7J J>; BEM;H F7HJ E< J>; – DC  BO
;J 7B  M>?9> MEKB: 8; :;F?9J;: 8;IJ 8O J>; H;:;:=; 87D:  ?D
J>; .;DJ?D;B IK9> IF;9JH7B 8;>7L?EKH 97FJKH;: 8O J>; .;DJ?D;B 87D:I
9EDJH?8KJ;: JE J>; >?=> FH;:?9J?ED 799KH79O E< B;7< 97H8ED ?D EKH IJK:O
*KH CE:;BI I>EM >EM .;DJ?D;B ?C7=;HO 7D: ;IF;9?7BBO J>; 97DEFO
J;NJKH; F7H7C;J;HI :;H?L;: <HEC ?J 97D 8; ;IF;9?7BBO KI;<KB <EH C7FF?D=
JH7?JI H;B7J;: JE B;7< 9>;C?IJHO !?=  7D: !?= . (EH;EL;H EKH >?=>
FH;:?9J?L; 799KH79O <EH F>EJEIODJ>;J?9 97F79?JO C7N I7J ?I 9EDI?IJ;DJ
M?J> IJK:?;I 97HH?;: EKJ ?D EJ>;H L;=;J7J?ED JOF;I ;= 7=HE;9EIOIJ;CI
.;H8?D ;J 7B  M>;H; 7 IJHED= 7IIE9?7J?ED M7I I>EMD 8;JM;;D F>E
JEIODJ>;I?I H;B7J;: JH7?JI 7D: J>; H;:;:=; IF;9JH7B H;=?ED .;DJ?D;B >7I
 87D:I EL;H J>; H;:;:=; IF;9JH7B H;=?ED 87D:I    7D: JME EL;H
J>; D;7H ?D<H7H;: 87D:I  7D: 7 M?J> :?<<;H;DJ 87D:M?:J>I M>?9> 7I
I>EMD 8O .>?ABEC7DEL ;J 7B  97D 8; 7:L7DJ7=;EKI <EH :;J;9J?D=
<EB?7H DKJH?;DJI IK9> 7I B;7< ) .9>B;CC;H ;J 7B  7I IC7BB :?<
<;H;D9;I ?D M7L;B;D=J> FEI?J?ED ?D :?<<;H;DJ 87D:I C7O ?CF79J J>;?H 97
F79?JO JE H;JH?;L; 97DEFO JH7?J 9>7H79J;H?IJ?9I (EH;EL;H J>; IJHED= H;
B7J?EDI>?F 8;JM;;D F>EJEIODJ>;J?9 97F79?JO 7D: IF;9JH7B H;a;9J7D9; 97D
8; F7HJBO 97FJKH;: <HEC J>; B;7< ) I?=D7B 7I B;7< ) 9ED9;DJH7J?EDI 7H;
IJHED=BO 7IIE9?7J;: M?J> F>EJEIODJ>;J?9 97F79?JO -;?9>  1?D9;DJ
 />; ) H;a;9J7D9; I?=D7B ?I E<J;D 8;IJ E8J7?D;: ?D M7L;87D:I 9;D
JH;: 8;JM;;D  7D:  DC !;HM;H:7 ;J 7B 
$D J>?I IJK:O M; B;L;H7=; ;L?:;D9; ED 9EL7H?7J?ED 7CED= JH7?JI JE
;IJ?C7J; 7D: FH;:?9J L7BK;I E< JH7?JI J>7J >7L; DE 9B;7H F>OI?97B ;<
<;9JI ED IF;9JH7B H;a;9J7D9; />;H; ?I 7CFB; ;L?:;D9; E< J>; ;N?IJ;D9;
E< 9EL7H?7J?ED 7CED= FB7DJ JH7?JI 7I <EH ?DIJ7D9; 8;JM;;D B;7< ) 9ED
9;DJH7J?ED IF;9?`9 B;7< 7H;7 7D: B;7< BED=;L?JO 27BA;H ;J 7B 
.K9> 9EL7H?7J?ED 7CED= JH7?JI C7O ?D FH?D9?FB; 7BIE H;FH;I;DJ 9EL7H?
7J?ED ?D J>; IF;9JH7B H;a;9J7D9; F7JJ;HDI 79HEII L;=;J7J?ED JOF;I (7
;J 7B  ;IF;9?7BBO ?< IK9> ?D:?L?:K7BI L7HO ?D B;7< IJHK9JKH7B J?I
IK; J>7J :H?L; ;D;H=O I97JJ;H?D= 7D: H;a;9J7D9; *BB?D=;H  .K9>
9EL7H?7J?ED 8;JM;;D JH7?JI 97D 8; >;BF<KB <EH C7FF?D= <KD9J?ED7B JH7?J
:?L;HI?JO 79HEII B7H=; IF7J?7B ;NJ;DJI J>7J ?D9BK:; :?L;HI; L;=;J7J?ED
JOF;I /EMDI;D: ;J 7B  EJ> ;J 7B  2; I>EM J>7J J>;
IF;9JH7B H;a;9J7D9; ?C7=; J;NJKH7B F7H7C;J;HI  DJHEFO 7D: EHH;B7
J?ED 9B?C7J; 7D: IE?B 7H; >?=>BO H;B;L7DJ <EH CE:;BB?D= FB7DJ JH7?J :?I
JH?8KJ?EDI 79HEII J>; JHEF?9I M?J> >?=> FH;:?9J?ED 799KH79O #EM;L;H
J>; 97DEFO J;NJKH; F7H7C;J;HI  DJHEFO 7D: EHH;B7J?ED 7H; IEC; E<
J>; CEIJ ?CFEHJ7DJ <EH 7JJ7?D?D= >?=> JH7?J FH;:?9J?ED 799KH79?;I 79HEII

UNCORRECTED PROOF
5B7??3BA7L??3G3A/9 &3:<A3'3;@7;5<4;C7?<;:3;A EEE EEEE EEEEEE
Fig. 6. "HEKF C;:?7D L7H?78B; ?CFEHJ7D9; E< IF;9JH7B H;CEJ; I;DI?D= ;DL?HEDC;DJ7B 7D: IE?B H;B7J;: L7H?78B;I <EH :;J;HC?D?D= <KD9J?ED7B JH7?J FH;:?9J?EDI ?D J>; =BE87B CE:;B 17H?78B;
?CFEHJ7D9; 4 7N?I H7D=;I <HEC  DE ?CFEHJ7D9; JE  >?=>;IJ ?CFEHJ7D9; 7D: H;FH;I;DJI J>; :;9H;7I; ?D DE:; ?CFKH?J?;I <HEC IFB?JJ?D= ED J>; L7H?78B; 7L;H7=;: EL;H 7BB JH;;I 7D:
:;H?L;: <HEC J>; *KJ E< 7= ;HHEH J>; H;IKBJ?D= L7BK; >7I 8;;D IJ7D:7H:?I;: JE 7 – I97B; <EH 9ECF7H?IED FKHFEI;I />; IF;9JH7B =HEKF . .F;9JH7B 9EDJ7?DI J>; I;B;9J H7M 87D:I
<HEC J>; .;DJ?D;B 7D: J>; L;=;J7J?ED ?D:?9;I /;NJKH; F7H7C;J;HI . /;NJKH; 9EDJ7?D J>; EHH;B7J?ED 7D: DJHEFO C;JH?9I <HEC J>; =H;O B;L;B 9EE99KHH;D9; C7JH?N E8J7?D;: <HEC J>;
L;=;J7J?ED ?D:?9;I B?C7J; 9EDJ7?DI 7BB 9B?C7J?9 L7H?78B;I .E?B/;HH7?D 9EDJ7?DI 7BB IE?B 9>7H79J;H?IJ?9I 7D: IBEF; BB L7H?78B;I 7H; :;I9H?8;: ?D /78B; 
FB7DJ <KD9J?ED7B JH7?JI .7HA;H 7D: )?9>EB  27BB?I ;J 7B  7D:
:?<<;H;D9;I ?D IF;9JH7B 9B?C7J?9 7D: IE?B 9ED:?J?EDI 8;JM;;D :?<<;H;DJ H;
=?EDI 7H; A;O 9ECFED;DJI <EH ?CFHEL?D= CE:;B FH;:?9J?EDI 79HEII 8HE7:
IF7J?7B ;NJ;DJI
$C7=; J;NJKH; F7H7C;J;HI M;H; :;H?L;: <HEC J>; L;=;J7J?ED ?D:?9;I
J>7J M; 97B9KB7J;: M>?9> ?D JKHD M;H; :;H?L;: <HEC J>; H7M IF;9JH7B
87D:I E< J>; .;DJ?D;B />KI J>; J;NJKH; C;JH?9I 8;I?:;I J7A?D= 7:L7D
J7=; E< J>; >?=> IF;9JH7B H;IEBKJ?ED E< J>; I;DIEH 7BIE J7A; 7:L7DJ7=;
E< ?JI >?=> IF7J?7B H;IEBKJ?ED BJ>EK=> J>; H7M IF;9JH7B 87D:I E< J>;
.;DJ?D;B M;H; DEJ 7I ?CFEHJ7DJ <EH FH;:?9J?D= IEC; <KD9J?ED7B JH7?JI
7I ?C7=; J;NJKH; ?J ?I H;B;L7DJ JE 9EDI?:;H J>7J J;NJKH; L7BK;I J;D: JE
:?<<;H 87I;: ED J>; IF7J?7B H;IEBKJ?ED E< J>; KD:;HBO?D= :7J7 ED M>?9>
J>;O 7H; 87I;:  B7H=;H F?N;B ;= '7D:I7JI  e  C F?N;BI C7O J>KI
C7IA :?<<;H;D9;I ?D J>; B7D:I97F; J>7J 9EKB: ?D FH?D9?FB; 8; 97FJKH;:
8O J>; .;DJ?D;B  e  C H;IEBKJ?ED J;NJKH; =;D;H7J;: C;JH?9I />?I
J>;H;<EH; >?=>B?=>JI J>; H;B;L7D9; E< .;DJ?D;B ?C7=;HO <EH <KD9J?ED7B
FB7DJ <KD9J?ED7B JH7?J FH;:?9J?EDI ?D 9ECF7H?IED JE EJ>;HI M?J> BEM;H
IF;9JH7B 7D: IF7J?7B H;IEBKJ?ED $C7=; J;NJKH; F7H7C;J;HI 97D >;BF 9>7H
79J;H?I; J>; KFF;H IKH<79; E< J>; L;=;J7J?ED M>?9> ?D EKH IJK:O ?I
9ECFEI;: E< L7H?;: I;JI E< <KD9J?ED7B JH7?J 9>7H79J;H?IJ?9I J>7J 9ED
<;H J>;C :?<<;H;DJ IF;9JH7B H;IFEDI;I 2>;D IK9> IF;9JH7B :?<<;H;D9;I
7H; 7D7BOI;: M?J> =H;O B;L;B 9EE99KHH;D9; C7JH?9;I J>; =;D;H7J;: ?C
7=; J;NJKH; F7H7C;J;HI ;= ;DJHEFO 7D: 9EHH;B7J?ED 97D >;BF :?<
<;H;DJ?7J; 9EDJH7IJ?D= L;=;J7J?ED ?D J>; B7D:I97F; />; HEB; E< J;N
JKH; F7H7C;J;HI <EH CE:;BB?D= 8?EC7II 7D: <KD9J?ED7B JH7?JI >7I 7BIE
8;;D H;9E=D?I;: 8O EJ>;H IJK:?;I <E9KI?D= DEJ EDBO ED C7FF?D= <KD9
J?ED7B JH7?JI 7BED= ;B;L7J?ED =H7:?;DJI 8KJ 7BIE <EH ;IJ?C7J?D= IJ7D:
?D= 8?EC7II 27BB?I ;J 7B  (EH;EL;H IK9> H;B;


UNCORRECTED PROOF
5B7??3BA7L??3G3A/9 &3:<A3'3;@7;5<4;C7?<;:3;A EEE EEEE EEEEEE
L7D9; E< J;NJKH; F7H7C;J;HI :E;I DEJ I;;C JE 8; B?C?J;: JE J>; IF7
J?7B H;IEBKJ?ED E< J>; .;DJ?D;B ?C7=;HO 7I I>EMD M>;D KI?D= >?=> IF7
J?7B H;IEBKJ?ED .+*/ ?C7=;HO <EH CE:;BB?D= <EH;IJ 78EL;=HEKD: 8?EC7II
#B7JI>M7OE ;J 7B  7D: 2EHB:1?;M <EH JH;; IF;9?;I ?:;DJ?`97
J?ED !;HH;?H7 ;J 7B  EH BEM;H IF7J?7B H;IEBKJ?ED :7J7 7I J>7J <HEC
J>; '7D:I7J 27BB?I ;J 7B  *J>;H 7::;: L7BK; E< J>; .;DJ?D;B
?D 9EDJH7IJ JE `D;H IF7J?7B H;IEBKJ?ED I7J;BB?J;I ;= .+*/ 7D: 2EHB:
1?;M ?I ?JI >?=> H;L?I?J F;H?E: JE E8J7?D 9BEK: <H;; ?C7=;HO 7D:
?JI <H;; 7L7?B78?B?JO (EH;EL;H IE?B FHEF;HJ?;I 97D 8; ?D<EHC7J?L; M>;D
CE:;BB?D= JH7?J :?IJH?8KJ?EDI 79HEII H;=?EDI ?D J>; JHEF?9I 7I J>;O F7HJBO
:H?L; J>; FB7DJ <KD9J?ED7B 7D: IF;9?;I 9ECFEI?J?ED7B JKHDEL;H +H7:7 ;J
7B  ID;H ;J 7B  $D EKH IJK:O :?<<;H;DJ L;=;J7J?ED FBEJI 7F
F;7H;: JE 8; ED IE?BI M?J> :?<<;H;DJ F7H;DJ C7J;H?7BI H;IKBJ?D= ?D L7HO?D=
97J?ED ;N9>7D=; 97F79?JO F# 7D: IE?B J;NJKH; 7D: J>KI ?D9BK:?D= :?<<;H
;D9;I 8;JM;;D I?J;I 9EDJH?8KJ;I JE ?D9H;7I?D= J>; FH;:?9J?ED 799KH79O E<
JH7?J :?IJH?8KJ?EDI
BJ>EK=> ?D J>; F7IJ ?J M7I J>EK=>J DEJ JE 8; FEII?8B; JE C7F ?D:?
L?:K7B FB7DJ IF;9?;I EH <KD9J?ED7B JH7?JI +H?9;  0IJ?D 7D: "7CED
 J>; 7:L;DJ E< H;CEJ;BO I;DI;: :7J7 M?J> >?=> IF;9JH7B IF7J?7B
7D: J;CFEH7B H;IEBKJ?ED >7I C7:; ?J FEII?8B; JE ;NJH79J ?D<EHC7J?ED
ED J>; 9>;C?97B 7D: IJHK9JKH7B 9ECFEI?J?ED E< <EH;IJ 97DEF?;I ;L;D ?D
>?=>BO 8?E:?L;HI; JHEF?97B <EH;IJI />?I >7I 8;;D :;CEDIJH7J;: M?J> J>;
KI; E< >OF;HIF;9JH7B I;DIEHI ID;H ;J 7B  ID;H ;J 7B  %;JP
;J 7B  M>?9> E<J;D 9EBB;9J >KD:H;:I E< IF;9JH7B 87D:I 7J L;HO
>?=> IF7J?7B 7D: IF;9JH7B H;IEBKJ?EDI 8KJ 7J H;B7J?L;BO IC7BB IF7J?7B ;N
J;DJI 7D: E<J;D M?J>EKJ J;CFEH7B H;FB?97J?ED (EH; H;I;7H9> ?I D;;:;:
JE :?I;DJ7D=B; JE M>7J ;NJ;DJ >OF;HIF;9JH7B :7J7 E<<;HI CEH; ?D<EHC7
J?ED JE J>7J E<<;H;: 8O J>; .;DJ?D;B I;DIEHI <EH 7D ?D9H;7I;: C7FF?D=
799KH79O E< <KD9J?ED7B JH7?JI E< JHEF?97B <EH;IJI I I>EMD 8O '7KH?D ;J
7B  H;IKBJI E8J7?D;: M?J> I?CKB7J;: .;DJ?D;B :7J7 7H; >?=>BO
9ECF7H78B; JE J>EI; E8J7?D;: <HEC >OF;HIF;9JH7B ?C7=;HO <EH C7FF?D=
<EH;IJ JOF;I :EC?D7DJ JH;; IF;9?;I 7D: <KD9J?ED7B =K?B:I ;?D= 78B; JE
CED?JEH <KD9J?ED7B JH7?JI 7J >?=> IF7J?7B 7D: J;CFEH7B H;IEBKJ?ED M?J>
CKBJ?IF;9JH7B :7J7 H7D=?D= <HEC J>; L?I?8B; JE J>; I>EHJM7L; ?D<H7H;:
79HEII J>; JHEF?9I 7D: M?J> <H;;BO 7L7?B78B; :7J7 EF;DI D;M EFFEHJKD?
J?;I <EH KD:;HIJ7D:?D= J>; ;<<;9JI E< ;DL?HEDC;DJ7B 9>7D=;I ED 8?E:?L;H
I?JO 7J 7 BE97B I97B; />?I ?I 8;97KI; <KD9J?ED7B JH7?JI FB7O 7 C7@EH HEB;
?D :;J;HC?D?D= ;9EIOIJ;C FHE:K9J?L?JO 7D: <KD9J?ED?D= ;= 97H8ED 97F
JKH; V7P ;J 7B  7HCED7 ;J 7B  (EH;EL;H IF7J?7BBO ;N
FB?9?J CE:;BI E< <KD9J?ED7B JH7?JI I>?<J 79HEII J>; JHEF?9I 97D >;BF :;9?
F>;H >EM ;9EIOIJ;C <KD9J?ED?D= L7H?;I ;L;D 7CED= JHEF?97B 7H;7I FHE
L?:?D= 7 9EIJ;<<;9J?L; F7J>M7O JE ?:;DJ?<O?D= H;=?EDI E< >?=> 9EDI;HL7
J?ED L7BK; 7D: >;D9; 7?: ?D J>; 9H;7J?ED E< BE97BBO 7:;GK7J; 8?E:?L;H
I?JO 9EDI;HL7J?ED FEB?9?;I *L;H7BB EKH `D:?D=I 7H; E< H;B;L7D9; <EH ?D
<EHC?D= 8?E:?L;HI?JO CED?JEH?D= FEB?9?;I KD:;H ;9EIOIJ;C 9>7D=; 7I M;
I>EM J>7J 799KH7J; FH;:?9J?EDI E< H;B;L7DJ FB7DJ <KD9J?ED7B JH7?JI 97D 8;
E8J7?D;: ?D >?=> 8?E:?L;HI?JO 7H;7I IK9> 7I J>; JHEF?9I *KH 7FFHE79>
J>KI <79?B?J7J;I JH79A?D= FEII?8B; I>?<JI ?D JH7?J :?IJH?8KJ?EDI 7D: 9ECFEI?
J?ED 79HEII B7H=; IF7J?7B ;NJ;DJI 7I 7 H;IFEDI; JE ;DL?HEDC;DJ7B 9>7D=;I
KI?D= J>; .;DJ?D;B I7J;BB?J;I
5. Conclusions
/HEF?97B <EH;IJ ;9EIOIJ;CI 7H; M?JD;II?D= 7 H7F?: JH7DI<EHC7J?ED 7I
7 H;IKBJ E< 9>7D=?D= ;DL?HEDC;DJ7B 9ED:?J?EDI 7D: :?H;9J >KC7D ?C
F79JI ';M?I ;J 7B  /7K8;HJ ;J 7B  =K?HH;"KJ?THH;P ;J 7B
 #EM;L;H M; 97DDEJ 7:;GK7J;BO KD:;HIJ7D: EH I?CKB7J; JHEF?
97B ;9EIOIJ;C H;IFEDI;I JE ;DL?HEDC;DJ7B 9>7D=;I 87I;: IEB;BO ED 9KH
H;DJ ;9EIOIJ;C CE:;B 7FFHE79>;I 7I J>;I; 7H; KD78B; JE 97FJKH; J>;
>?=> :?L;HI?JO E< FB7DJ ;9EIOIJ;C <KD9J?EDI ?D J>; IF;9?;IH?9> JHEF
?9I );=B;9J E< <KD9J?ED7B 8?E:?L;HI?JO 97D EL;HI?CFB?<O J>; I?CKB7J;:
H;IFEDI; E< 7D ;9EIOIJ;C JE 7D ;DL?HEDC;DJ7B :?IJKH87D9; #;H; M;
I>EM J>; >?=> L7H?7J?ED ?D <KD9J?ED7B JH7?JI J>7J ;N?IJI 7CED= JHEF
?97B H;=?EDI M>?9> >?DJI 7J J>; :?<<;H;DJ 97F78?B?J?;I E< IK9> <EH;IJI
JE H;IFED: JE 7 9>7D=?D= ;DL?HEDC;DJ 2; :;CEDIJH7J; EFFEHJKD?
J?;I <EH C;7IKH?D= J>; :?IJH?8KJ?ED E< A;O <KD9J?ED7B JH7?JI 79HEII JHEF
?97B <EH;IJ ;9EIOIJ;CI 7J J>; F?N;BB;L;B KI?D= J>; .;DJ?D;B I7J;BB?J;I
M>?9> ?< :ED; 79HEII J?C; 9EKB: H;L;7B 7H;7I M>;H; <KD9J?ED7B I>?<JI
>7L; E99KHH;: 7D: B?A;BO M>;H; 8?E:?L;HI?JO 9EDI;HL7J?ED7C;B?EH7
J?ED C;7IKH;I 7H; D;;:;: BJ>EK=> J>; .;DJ?D;B I7J;BB?J;I I>EM >?=>
FHEC?I; <EH J>?I ;D:;7LEKH EKH 7FFHE79> ?I B?C?J;: 8O J>; I>EHJ J?C;
?DJ;HL7B I?D9; J>;O M;H; B7KD9>;: ?;  7D: J>; BEM;H IF;9JH7B H;I
EBKJ?ED E< .;DJ?D;B ?C7=;HO ?D 9ECF7H?IED JE J>7J :;H?L;: <HEC >OF;H
IF;9JH7B I;DIEHI (;J>E:I 7D: :7J7 FHE:K9JI 7H; D;;:;: JE JH79A 9>7D=;I
?D <KD9J?ED7B 9ECFEI?J?ED ?D <EH;IJ ;9EIOIJ;CI 79HEII J?C; 7D: IF79;
2; :;CEDIJH7J; 7 D;M 7FFHE79> JE :;L;BEF 7 H7F?: CED?JEH?D= JEEB
<EH 97FJKH?D= J>; ;<<;9JI E< 7 9>7D=?D= ;DL?HEDC;DJ 79HEII J>; JHEF?9I
/>?I D;M JEEB >7I J>; FEJ;DJ?7B JE 9EDJH?8KJ; JE 7 CEH; HE8KIJ 7D: ;L
?:;D9;87I;: FEB?9OC7A?D= <EH 9EDI;HL7J?ED E< JHEF?97B <EH;IJ ;9EIOI
J;CI
Authorship contribution statement
%" 9ED9;?L;: J>; IJK:O :;I?=D;: 7D: 97HH?;: EKJ J>; 7D7BOI?I 7D:
MHEJ; J>; `HIJ :H7<J E< J>; F7F;H 4( 9ED9;?L;: 7D: ?CFB;C;DJ;: J>;
" ( );JMEHA E8J7?D;: <KD:?D= <EH CEIJ E< J>; " ( JH7?JI `;B: 97C
F7?=DI 7D: 9ECC;DJ;: ED ;7HB?;H L;HI?EDI E< J>; C7DKI9H?FJ .- 7:
L?I;: ED IJ7J?IJ?97B 7D: H;CEJ; I;DI?D= 7D7BOI?I 7D: 9ECC;DJ;: ED ;7H
B?;H L;HI?EDI E< J>; C7DKI9H?FJ BB 9E7KJ>EHI F7HJ?9?F7J;: ?D EH 9EEH:?
D7J;: L;=;J7J?ED JH7?J :7J7 7D:EH IE?B :7J7 9EBB;9J?ED EH FHE9;II;: `;B:
:7J7 />; 7KJ>EHI D7C;: 8;JM;;D . 7D: '%/2 7H; B?IJ;: 7BF>7
8;J?97BBO BB 9E7KJ>EHI 9ECC;DJ;: ED 7D: 7FFHEL;: J>; C7DKI9H?FJ
Declaration of Competing Interest
/>; 7KJ>EHI :;9B7H; J>7J J>;O >7L; DE ADEMD 9ECF;J?D= `D7D9?7B
?DJ;H;IJI EH F;HIED7B H;B7J?EDI>?FI J>7J 9EKB: >7L; 7FF;7H;: JE ?DaK;D9;
J>; MEHA H;FEHJ;: ?D J>?I F7F;H
Acknowledgements
/>?I MEHA ?I 7 FHE:K9J E< J>; "BE87B 9EIOIJ;CI (ED?JEH?D= " (
D;JMEHA =;CJHEF?97B<EH;IJIEN79KA %" M7I <KD:;: 8O J>; )7J
KH7B DL?HEDC;DJ -;I;7H9> EKD9?B ) - ) / 7D: ) 
. 7D: J>; );J>;HB7D:I *H=7D?P7J?ED <EH .9?;DJ?`9 -;I;7H9>
)2* KD:;H J>; -K8?9ED FHE=H7CC; M?J> FHE@;9J DKC8;H
'2 />; JH7?JI `;B: 97CF7?=D M7I <KD:;: 8O 7 =H7DJ JE
4( <HEC J>; KHEF;7D -;I;7H9> EKD9?B :L7D9;: "H7DJ
" (/-$/  KD:;H J>; KHEF;7D 0D?ED‘I .;L;DJ> !H7C;MEHA
+HE=H7CC; !+ M?J> 7::?J?ED7B IKFFEHJ <HEC ) -
"H7DJ )  7D: ) % <EH JH7?JI MEHA ?D +;HK ) -
"H7DJ *!*- ) & <EH JH7?JI MEHA ?D .7DJ7H;C ) -
"H7DJ '$ ) & <EH FBEJ 7D: JH7?JI MEHA ?D (7B7OI?7 7D:
- :L7D9;: "H7DJ /!*- .  JE +>?BB?FI <EH JH7?JI MEHA ?D
KIJH7B?7 +BEJ I;JKF ?D ">7D7 7D: "78ED M;H; <KD:;: 8O 7 ) - "H7DJ
) $ 7D: 8O J>; -EO7B .E9?;JO';L;H>KBC; <H?97 7F79?JO
K?B:?D= +HE=H7CC; />; (7B7OI?7 97CF7?=D M7I 7BIE <KD:;: 8O ) -
"H7DJ ) & +BEJ ?DL;DJEH?;I ?D +;HK M;H; IKFFEHJ;: 8O <KD:
?D= <HEC J>; 0. )7J?ED7B .9?;D9; !EKD:7J?ED 'ED=/;HC -;I;7H9> ?D
DL?HEDC;DJ7B ?EBE=O FHE=H7C '/-     7D: J>; "EH
:ED 7D: ;JJO (EEH; !EKD:7J?ED D:;IC7PED +HE=H7C +BEJI ?DL;D
JEH?;I ?D )EL7 37L7DJ?D7 H7P?B M;H; IKFFEHJ;: 8O J>; )7J?ED7B EKD
9?B <EH .9?;DJ?`9 7D: /;9>DEBE=?97B ;L;BEFC;DJ )+G 'ED= /;HC
9EBE=?97B -;I;7H9> +HE=H7C + ' +HE9  7D: J>;
!EKD:7J?ED E< -;I;7H9> .KFFEHJ E< (7JE "HEIIE !+ (/ +HE@;9J
-;!BEH +HE9  KH?D= :7J7 9EBB;9J?ED $* M7I IKFFEHJ;:
8O 7 (7H?; KH?; !;BBEMI>?F !++ *+' $ ! " ( JH7?J
:7J7 ?D "78ED M7I 9EBB;9J;: KD:;H 7KJ>EH?I7J?ED JE 4( 7D: IKFFEHJ;:
8O J>; "78ED )7J?ED7B +7HAI =;D9O  M7I <KD:;: 8O J>; !ED:7
J?ED 2?;D;HDIF79> 2& 79ADEMB;:=;I IKFFEHJ <HEC J>; !79KBJO
-;I;7H9> BKIJ;H ‘"BE87B 9EBE=O’E< J>; 0D?L;HI?JO E< CIJ;H:7C (.
M7I <KD:;: 8O 7 =H7DJ <HEC J>; (?D?IJHO E< :K97J?ED 4EKJ> 7D: .FEHJI
E< J>; P;9> -;FK8B?9 $)/ -/-).! - '// 4( ?I IKFFEHJ;:
8O J>; %79AIED !EKD:7J?ED 2; J>7DA J>; JME 7DEDOCEKI H;L?;M;HI 7D:
IIE9?7J; :?JEH " #;D;8HO <EH J>;?H ?DI?=>J<KB 9ECC;DJI J>7J >;BF;:
?CFHEL;: J>?I C7DKI9H?FJ

UNCORRECTED PROOF
5B7??3BA7L??3G3A/9 &3:<A3'3;@7;5<4;C7?<;:3;A EEE EEEE EEEEEE
Appendix A. Supplementary data
.KFFB;C;DJ7HO :7J7 JE J>?I 7HJ?9B; 97D 8; <EKD: EDB?D; 7J >JJFI
:E?EH=@HI;
References
87JPE=BEK %/ E8HEMIA? .5 +7HAI . #;=;M?I9> &  /;HH7B?C7J; 7
>?=>H;IEBKJ?ED =BE87B :7J7I;J E< CEDJ>BO 9B?C7J; 7D: 9B?C7J?9 M7J;H 87B7D9; <HEC
– .9? :7J7  
=K?HH;"KJ?THH;P % *B?L;H7I $ -?<7? . !7KI;J . :KH;:K . <<KC7<<E; & ;J
7B  H?;H JHEF?97B <EH;IJI 7H; IKI9;FJ?8B; JE <KD9J?ED7B 9>7D=;I ?D H;IFEDI; JE 7
BED=J;HC :HEK=>J 9EB ';JJ  –
B? ( 7HL?I>P7:;> - .A?:CEH; &  -;JH?;L7B E< IF;9?`9 B;7< 7H;7 <HEC B7D:
I7J IKH<79; H;a;9J7D9; :7J7 KI?D= IJ7J?IJ?97B 7D: F>OI?97B CE:;BI $ % .;B;9J;:
/EF?9I FFB 7HJ> *8I -;CEJ; .;DI  –
ID;H "+ (7HJ?D -  D:;HIED  &D7FF    ,K7DJ?<O?D= <EH;IJ 97DEFO
JH7?JI ?C7=?D= IF;9JHEI9EFO L;HIKI `;B: IKHL;O -;CEJ; .;DI DL?HED  –
ID;H "+ &D7FF   D:;HIED  (7HJ?D -  17K=>D )  '7H=;I97B; 9B?
C7J?9 7D: =;EF>OI?97B 9EDJHEBI ED J>; B;7< ;9EDEC?9I IF;9JHKC +HE9 )7JB 97: .9?
 – 
ID;H "+ (7HJ?D -  &D7FF   /KF7O79>? - D:;HIED  .?D97 ! ;J 7B
 ?H8EHD; B7I;H=K?:;: ?C7=?D= IF;9JHEI9EFO JE C7F <EH;IJ JH7?J :?L;HI?JO 7D:
=K?:; 9EDI;HL7J?ED .9?;D9;  –
7HD;I ( B7HA; /- -?9>7H:I .  EB7?PP? + #78;HB7D: % &EIJHP;MIA? (
;J 7B  E?D9?:;DJ ;J;9J?ED E< HEF 27J;H .JH;II )?JHE=;D .J7JKI 7D: 7DEFO
;DI?JO KI?D= "HEKD: 7I;: (KBJ?IF;9JH7B 7J7 
;;H  -;?9>IJ;?D ( /EC;BB;H?  ?7?I + %KD= ( 7HL7B>7?I ) ;J 7B  /;H
H;IJH?7B =HEII 97H8ED :?EN?:; KFJ7A; =BE87B :?IJH?8KJ?ED 7D: 9EL7H?7J?ED M?J> 9B?C7J;
.9?;D9;  –
EJ> . -?KJJ7 / +7?D; / B?7I ( HKP -. %7?D  ;J 7B  'E==?D= 7D:
IE?B DKJH?;DJI ?D:;F;D:;DJBO ;NFB7?D FB7DJ JH7?J ;NFH;II?ED ?D JHEF?97B <EH;IJI );M +>O
JEB  –
H;?C7D '  -7D:EC <EH;IJI (79> ';7HD  –
KI> - %;<<;HO & KDD;<;B: ) /KJ?D  (KI=H7L; - (EKII7LEK " ;J 7B
 -7H; =HEKD: :7J7 9ED`HC I?=D?<?97DJ M7HC?D= 7D: :HO?D= ?D M;IJ;HD ;GK7JEH?7B
<H?97 +;;H%  ;
7:EJJ; (2 7HI97::;D & (?HEJ9>D?9A )  ;OED: IF;9?;I <KD9J?ED7B :?L;H
I?JO 7D: J>; C7?DJ;D7D9; E< ;9EBE=?97B FHE9;II;I 7D: I;HL?9;I % FFB 9EB 
–
7HCED7 + :; ;BBE ! (7IED )2 ';Fd %  /H7?JI M?J>EKJ 8EH:;HI ?DJ;=H7J
?D= <KD9J?ED7B :?L;HI?JO 79HEII I97B;I /H;D:I 9EB LEB  –
>7L; % (KBB;H'7D:7K # 7A;H /- 7I:7B; / .J;;=; #J 2;88 * 
-;=?ED7B 7D: F>OBE=;D;J?9 L7H?7J?ED E< MEE: :;DI?JO 79HEII  D;EJHEF?97B JH;;
IF;9?;I 9EB FFB  –
B7HA ('  ECF7H?IED E< I?CKB7J;: >OF;HIF;9JH7B #OIF$-$ 7D: CKBJ?IF;9JH7B '7D:
I7J  7D: .;DJ?D;B ?C7=;HO <EH CKBJ?I;7IED7B H;=?ED7B B7D:9EL;H C7FF?D= -;CEJ;
.;DI DL?HED  –
7K=>JHO  27BJ>7BB ' &?C (. ; EBIJEKD  (9(KHJH;O $?? %   IJ?
C7J?D= 9EHD B;7< 9>BEHEF>OBB 9ED9;DJH7J?ED <HEC B;7< 7D: 97DEFO H;a;9J7D9; -;CEJ;
.;DI DL?HED  –
V7P . 78?:E (  1?L; B7 :?cTH;D9; FB7DJ <KD9J?ED7B :?L;HI?JO C7JJ;HI JE ;9EIOI
J;C FHE9;II;I /H;D:I 9EB LEB  –
V7P . &7JJ=; % EHD;B?II;D %# 2H?=>J $% '7LEH;B . H7O . ;J 7B  />;
=BE87B IF;9JHKC E< FB7DJ <EHC 7D: <KD9J?ED )7JKH;  –
V7P . .;JJ;B; % HED:VP?E  )=E #/ "KUP; ( =7H: % ;J 7B  .KC
C7HO <EH FEB?9OC7A;HI E< J>; =BE87B 7II;IIC;DJ H;FEHJ ED 8?E:?L;HI?JO 7D: ;9EIOIJ;C
I;HL?9;I E< J>; ?DJ;H=EL;HDC;DJ7B I9?;D9;FEB?9O FB7J<EHC ED 8?E:?L;HI?JO 7D: ;9EIOI
J;C I;HL?9;I $D >JJFIMMM?F8;ID;JI?J;I:;<7KBJ`B;I:EMDBE7:IIFC6KD;:?J;:6
7:L7D9;6<EH6FEIJ?D=6>JDF:< 1) 0) $/  1 -.$*)
BO &. KHD;JJ  '?;8;HC7DH?88?D 2 .;H8?D .+ -E=;HI   .F;9
JHEI9EFO 97D FH;:?9J A;O B;7< JH7?JI 7IIE9?7J;: M?J> IEKH9;–I?DA 87B7D9; 7D: 97H
8ED–D?JHE=;D IJ7JKI % NF EJ  –
DGK?IJ % )EH8;H= % EDI;H .+ 1?EBB;  2;88 / #;D:;HIED  ;J 7B 
.97B?D= <HEC JH7?JI JE ;9EIOIJ;CI :;L;BEF?D= 7 =;D;H7B JH7?J :H?L;H J>;EHO L?7 ?DJ;=H7J
?D= JH7?J87I;: 7D: C;J78EB?9 I97B?D= J>;EH?;I $D DEDOCEKI :L7D9;I ?D 9EBE=?97B
-;I;7H9> BI;L?;H FF –
DGK?IJ % ;DJB;O '+ .>;DA?D  (7?JD;H  .7L7=; 1 (?9>7B;JP . ;J 7B 
II;II?D= JH7?J87I;: I97B?D= J>;EHO ?D JHEF?97B <EH;IJI IF7DD?D= 7 8HE7: J;CF;H7JKH;
=H7:?;DJ "BE8 9EB ?E=;E=H  –
IGK?L;B(K;B8;HJ  7A;H /- ;NJ;H &" ';M?I .' H?;D;D -% !;B:F7KI9>
/- ;J 7B  ECFEI?J?ED7B H;IFEDI; E< C7PED <EH;IJI JE 9B?C7J; 9>7D=; "BE8
>7D= ?EB  –
!7HH /" -EI;D + 7HE  H?FF;D - KH;D - #;DIB;O . ;J 7B  />; I>KJ
JB; H7:7H JEFE=H7F>O C?II?ED -;L ";EF>OI 
!;BB ( *=B; &  -;`D;C;DJ E< 7 J>;EH;J?97B JH7?J IF79; <EH DEHJ> C;H?97D JH;;I
L?7 ;DL?HEDC;DJ7B `BJ;H?D= 9EB (EDE=H  –
!;HH;?H7 (+ 27=D;H !# H7=SE '  .>?C78KAKHE 4   :; .EKP7 !?B>E 7HBEI
-E8;HJE  /H;; IF;9?;I 9B7II?`97J?ED ?D JHEF?97B <EH;IJI KI?D= L?I?8B; JE I>EHJ
M7L; ?D<H7H;: 2EHB:1?;M ?C7=;I 7D: J;NJKH; 7D7BOI?I $.+-. % +>EJE=H7CC -;
CEJ; .;DI –
!;HM;H:7 %" .A?:CEH; & (KJ7D=7 *  )?JHE=;D :;J;9J?ED M?J> >OF;HIF;9
JH7B DEHC7B?P;: H7J?E ?D:?9;I 79HEII CKBJ?FB; FB7DJ IF;9?;I $DJ % -;CEJ; .;DI 
–
"7BB7=>;H -1 !7BIJ;H . (7?JD;H . .7B=K;HE"XC;P - 17D:L?A 1 +;7HI; 2
;J 7B  *F;D .9?;D9; FH?D9?FB;I <EH 799;B;H7J?D= JH7?J87I;: I9?;D9; 79HEII J>;
JH;; E< B?<; )7J 9EB LEB  –
";EH=7DEI . "H?FF7 / "7:?7=7 ) '?D7H:  ';DD;HJ ( 17D>KOII; . ;J 7B
 ";E=H7F>?97B H7D:EC <EH;IJI 7 IF7J?7B ;NJ;DI?ED E< J>; H7D:EC <EH;IJ 7B=EH?J>C
JE 7::H;II IF7J?7B >;J;HE=;D;?JO ?D H;CEJ; I;DI?D= 7D: FEFKB7J?ED CE:;BB?D= ";E97HJE
$DJ –
"H?C; %+  ;D;`JI E< FB7DJ :?L;HI?JO JE ;9EIOIJ;CI ?CC;:?7J; `BJ;H 7D: <EKD:;H
;<<;9JI % 9EB  –
"K7D & +7D ( '? # 2EB<  2K % (;:L?=O  ;J 7B  +>EJEIODJ>;J?9 I;7
IED7B?JO E< =BE87B JHEF?97B <EH;IJI 9EDIJH7?D;: 8O >O:HE9B?C7J; )7J ";EI9?  
"LEP:;L7?J;  *B?L;H7I $ EC?D=K;I /! +;FH7> / E7AO; ( <H?O?; ' ;J
7B  ';7<B;L;B F>EJEIODJ>;J?9 97F79?JO :OD7C?9I ?D H;B7J?ED JE IE?B 7D: <EB?7H
DKJH?;DJI 7BED= <EH;IJ–I7L7DD7 8EKD:7H?;I ?D ">7D7 7D: H7P?B /H;; +>OI?EB 
–
#7H7B?9A -( .>7DCK=7C & ?DIJ;?D $#  /;NJKH7B <;7JKH;I <EH ?C7=; 9B7II?`
97J?ED $D $ /H7DI79J?EDI ED .OIJ;CI (7D 7D: O8;HD;J?9I FF –
#7IJ?; / /?8I>?H7D? - !H?;:C7D %  />; B;C;DJI E< .J7J?IJ?97B ';7HD?D= D:
;:D 4EHA );M
#7MJ>EHD; 2  9EBE=?97B +HE`B;I E< ">7D7?7D !EH;IJ /H;;I /HEF?97B <EH;IJHO
F7F;HI
#T:B - .LRJ;A ( 7D_RA ( -E:P7O 2 .7BB;>  &7C7H?7> .   D;M
J;9>D?GK; <EH ?DL;DJEHO E< F;HC7D;DJ FBEJI ?D JHEF?97B <EH;IJI 7 97I; IJK:O <HEC BEM
B7D: :?FJ;HE97HF <EH;IJ ?D &K7B7 ;B7BED= HKD;? 7HKII7B7C BKC;7?E:?L LEB
?E=;E +B7DJI  –
#;D=B / :; %;IKI %( #;KL;B?DA " "EDP7B;P (- &?B?87H:7 ( B7=EJ?^  ;J
7B  .E?B"H?:IC =BE87B =H?::;: IE?B ?D<EHC7J?ED 87I;: ED C79>?D; B;7HD?D=
+'E. *D;  ;
#B7JI>M7OE ./ (KJ7D=7 * 'EJJ;H?D= -/ &?7B7 5 $IC7?B -  (7FF?D= <EH
;IJ 78EL;=HEKD: 8?EC7II ?D J>; H;<EH;IJ;: K<<;BI:H77? B7D:`BB I?J; KI?D= J;NJKH; 9EC
8?D7J?EDI 9ECFKJ;: <HEC .+*/ F7DI>7HF;D;: ?C7=;HO $DJ % FFB 7HJ> *8I
";E?D<  –
#K7D= 2 -7JAEMIAO  #K?  27D= + .K % .>? +  ';7< <H;I> M;?=>J
L;HIKI :HO M;?=>J M>?9> ?I 8;JJ;H <EH :;I9H?8?D= J>; I97B?D= H;B7J?EDI>?F 8;JM;;D B;7<
8?EC7II 7D: B;7< 7H;7 <EH 8HE7:B;7L;: FB7DJI !EH;IJI  
#K87K 2 ';M?I .' +>?BB?FI *' <<KC7<<E; & ;;9AC7D # KDV.7D9>;P 
;J 7B  IOD9>HEDEKI 97H8ED I?DA I7JKH7J?ED ?D <H?97D 7D: C7PED?7D JHEF?97B
<EH;IJI )7JKH;  –
%;JP 2 7L;D:;H7H;I % +7LB?9A - .9>?C;B  7L?I !2 ID;H "+ ;J 7B 
(ED?JEH?D= FB7DJ <KD9J?ED7B :?L;HI?JO <HEC IF79; )7J +B7DJI  
%K9A;H / ED=7BEL  KHIB;C ! )?BKI - 7BFEDJ; ( ';M?I .' ;J 7B 
/EFE=H7F>O I>7F;I J>; IJHK9JKH; 9ECFEI?J?ED 7D: <KD9J?ED E< JHEF?97B <EH;IJ B7D:
I97F;I 9EB ';JJ  –
%KD;7K &% /7H7IEc .  ';7< 7H;7 7D: M7J;H 9EDJ;DJ 9>7D=;I 7<J;H F;HC7D;DJ
7D: J;CFEH7HO IJEH7=; +'E. *D;  ;
&7JJ=; % YD?I9> " V7P . '7LEH;B . +H;DJ?9; $ ';7:B;O + ;J 7B  /-4
FB7DJ JH7?J :7J787I;–;D>7D9;: 9EL;H7=; 7D: EF;D 799;II "BE8 >7D= ?EB
&?IIB?D= 2 27BBI - EMI;H  %ED;I (* &7JJ=; % =EIJ?  ;J 7B  /E
M7H:I =BE87B :7J7 FHE:K9JI E< ;II;DJ?7B 8?E:?L;HI?JO L7H?78B;I ED IF;9?;I JH7?JI )7J
9EB LEB  –
'7K=>B?D  .JH7>7D -/ :B;H + (EEH; ((  .KHL?L7B H7J;I ?D:?97J; J>7J
9EHH;B7J?EDI 8;JM;;D 9ECCKD?JOM;?=>J;: C;7D JH7?JI 7D: ;DL?HEDC;DJI 97D 8; KD
H;B?78B; ;IJ?C7J;I E< J>; 7:7FJ?L; L7BK; E< JH7?JI 9EB ';JJ  –
'7KH?D "1 +KB;JJ? ) #7MJ>EHD; 2 '?;I;D8;H= 1 EHED7 + +7F7B;  ;J 7B
 ?I9H?C?D7J?ED E< JHEF?97B <EH;IJ JOF;I :EC?D7DJ IF;9?;I 7D: C7FF?D= E< <KD9
J?ED7B =K?B:I 8O >OF;HIF;9JH7B 7D: I?CKB7J;: CKBJ?IF;9JH7B .;DJ?D;B :7J7 -;CEJ;
.;DI DL?HED  –
';8H?@7/H;@EI  +TH;P"7H9V7  (;7L; % ED=;HI ! +EEHJ;H '  !KD9
J?ED7B JH7?JI 7D: ;DL?HEDC;DJ7B `BJ;H?D= :H?L; 9ECCKD?JO 7II;C8BO ?D 7 IF;9?;IH?9>
JHEF?97B IOIJ;C 9EBE=O  –
';M?I .' :M7H:I + "7B8H7?J>   $D9H;7I?D= >KC7D :EC?D7D9; E< JHEF?97B
<EH;IJI .9?;D9;  –
'EHJ?; % HEEA;H -2 >EB;H + &?AL?:P; 5 (?9>7B;J - +K=D7?H; !$ ;J 7B
 -;J>?DA?D= FB7DJ 9ECCKD?JO J>;EHO *?AEI  –
(7 3 (7>;9>7 ( (?=B?7L7997 ( L7D :;H +B7I ! ;D7L?:;I - -7J9B?c; . ;J
7B  $D<;HH?D= FB7DJ <KD9J?ED7B :?L;HI?JO <HEC IF79; J>; FEJ;DJ?7B E< .;DJ?D;B
-;CEJ; .;DI DL?HED  
(7B>? 4 -E8;HJI %/ ;JJI - &?BB;;D /% '? 2 )E8H;   B?C7J;
9>7D=; :;<EH;IJ7J?ED 7D: J>; <7J; E< J>; C7PED .9?;D9;  –
(7B>? 4 -EMB7D: ' H7=7E ' * !?I>;H -  );M ?DI?=>JI ?DJE J>; L7H?
78?B?JO E< J>; JHEF?97B B7D: 97H8ED 9O9B; <HEC J>; B )?DE E<  +>?BEI /H7DI
-EO7B .E9 'ED:ED .;H?;I   >JJFI:E?EH=HIJ8
(7HJ?D (  +BEKH:; ' *BB?D=;H .1 .C?J> ( (9);?B     =;D;H7B?P78B;
C;J>E: <EH H;CEJ; I;DI?D= E< 97DEFO D?JHE=;D 79HEII 7 M?:; H7D=; E< <EH;IJ ;9EIOI
J;CI -;CEJ; .;DI DL?HED  –
(7HJ?D -  >7:M?9A & HE:H?9A +" 7HH7DP7%?C;D;P ' 17K=>D )- ID;H
"+  D 7FFHE79> <EH <EB?7H JH7?J H;JH?;L7B <HEC 7?H8EHD; ?C7=?D= IF;9JHEI9EFO
E< JHEF?97B <EH;IJI -;CEJ; .;DI  
(7HJ?D -  ID;H "+ ;DJB;O '+ .>;DA?D  .7B?D7I ) #K7OF7H &, ;J 7B
 EL7H?7D9; E< IKD 7D: I>7:; B;7< JH7?JI 7BED= 7 JHEF?97B !EH;IJ ;B;L7J?ED =H7:?
;DJ !HEDJ +B7DJ .9?  
(9EM;BB ) BB;D  D:;HIED/;?N;?H7 & H7D:E + H?;D;D - >7C8;HI %
;J 7B  H?L;HI 7D: C;9>7D?ICI E< JH;; CEHJ7B?JO ?D CE?IJ JHEF?97B <EH;IJI );M
+>OJEB  –
(K;BB;H / H;IIB;H " /K9A;H  +?DPED % ';?C=HK8;H + K87O7> - ;J 7B 
#KC7D B7D:KI; FH79J?9;I B;7: JE =BE87B BED=J;HC ?D9H;7I;I ?D F>EJEIODJ>;J?9 97F79
?JO -;CEJ; .;DI  –
)7;;C . KDA;H   #;9JEH  'EH;7K ( +;HH?D=I   ?E:?L;HI?JO 9EIOI
J;C !KD9J?ED?D= 7D: #KC7D 2;BB8;?D= D 9EBE=?97B 7D: 9EDEC?9 +;HIF;9J?L; *N
<EH: 0D?L;HI?JO +H;II 
)7L7HHE '( !;HDRD:;P ) "K;HH7  "KH7BD?9A - &?IIB?D= 2 'ED:EWE ( ;J
7B  (ED?JEH?D= 8?E:?L;HI?JO 9>7D=; J>HEK=> ;<<;9J?L; =BE87B 9EEH:?D7J?ED KHH
*F?D DL?HED .KIJ7?D  –
)KD;I ( 7L;O ( EEC;I   *D J>; >7BB;D=;I E< 0I?D= !?;B: .F;9JHEI9EFO

UNCORRECTED PROOF
5B7??3BA7L??3G3A/9 &3:<A3'3;@7;5<4;C7?<;:3;A EEE EEEE EEEEEE
*B?L;H /# #;7H: (. $I779 )% -EO  +HE9J;H  ?=;D8HE: ! ;J 7B 
?E:?L;HI?JO 7D: H;I?B?;D9; E< ;9EIOIJ;C <KD9J?EDI /H;D:I 9EB LEB  –
*B?L;H7I $ ;DJB;O ' !OBB7I )( "LEP:;L7?J;  .>;DA?D ! +H;F7> / ;J 7B
 />; ?DaK;D9; E< J7NEDECO 7D: ;DL?HEDC;DJ ED B;7< JH7?J L7H?7J?ED 7BED= JHEF?
97B 78?EJ?9 =H7:?;DJI !HEDJ !EH;IJI "BE87B >7D=;  
*BB?D=;H .1  .EKH9;I E< L7H?78?B?JO ?D 97DEFO H;a;9J7D9; 7D: J>; 9EDL;H=;DJ FHEF
;HJ?;I E< FB7DJI );M +>OJEB  –
+79?`9? ( !E:;D 2 1?I9EDJ? + 27JIED %  KJ9>7HJ .# &EL79I &( ;J 7B
 II;II?D= IF;9?;I LKBD;H78?B?JO JE 9B?C7J; 9>7D=; )7J B?C >7D=  –
+7HC;DJ?;H $ (7B>? 4 .;DJ;HH;  2>?JJ7A;H -% /) BEDIE  ;J 7B  />;
E:: C7D EKJ (?=>J 9B?C7J; ;NFB7?D J>; BEM;H JH;; α:?L;HI?JO E< <H?97D H7?D <EH;IJI
H;B7J?L; JE C7PED?7D H7?D <EH;IJI % 9EB  –
+H7:7 ( (EHH?I  D:;HI;D &( /KHD;H ' 787BB;HE + 7BB?D= %2 
.E?BI 7D: H7?D<7BB :H?L; B7D:I97F;I97B; 9>7D=;I ?D J>; :?L;HI?JO 7D: <KD9J?ED7B 9EC
FEI?J?ED E< JH;; 9ECCKD?J?;I ?D FH;CEDJ7D; JHEF?97B <EH;IJ % 1;= .9?  –
+H?9; %  #EM KD?GK; 7H; IF;9JH7B I?=D7JKH;I -;CEJ; .;DI DL?HED 
–
,? % >;>8EKD?  #K;J; - &;HH 4# .EHEEI>?7D .   CE:?`;: IE?B 7:
@KIJ;: L;=;J7J?ED ?D:;N -;CEJ; .;DI DL?HED  –
,K;I7:7  +>?BB?FI *' .9>M7HP ( P?C9P?A $ 7A;H /- +7J?WE . ;J 7B
 7I?DM?:; L7H?7J?EDI ?D C7PED <EH;IJ IJHK9JKH; 7D: <KD9J?ED 7H; C;:?7J;: 8O
8EJ> IE?BI 7D: 9B?C7J; ?E=;EI9?;D9;I 
- ;L;BEFC;DJ EH; /;7C  -  B7D=K7=; 7D: ;DL?HEDC;DJ <EH IJ7J?IJ?97B 9EC
FKJ?D= - <EKD:7J?ED <EH IJ7J?IJ?97B 9ECFKJ?D= 1?;DD7 KIJH?7 $.)
–– 0-' >JJFMMM-FHE@;9JEH=
-;?9> +  &;O 97DEFO JH7?JI :H?L; <EH;IJ FHE:K9J?L?JO +HE9;;: -EO7B .E9  
–
.7HA;H '- )?9>EB %   $CFHEL;: <EH;IJ 8?EC7II ;IJ?C7J;I KI?D= '*. 1)$-
J;NJKH; ?D:?9;I -;CEJ; .;DI DL?HED  –
.9>B;CC;H ( "?J;BIED  .9>;F;HI % !;H=KIED - +;D= 4 .>7D7>7D % ;J 7B
 -;CEJ; ;IJ?C7J?ED E< D?JHE=;D 7D: 9>BEHEF>OBB 9EDJ;DJI ?D C7?P; 7J B;7< 7D:
97DEFO B;L;BI $DJ % FFB 7HJ> *8I ";E?D<  –
.9>D;?:;H ! (EHI:EH< ! .9>C?:  +;J9>;O *' #K;D?  .9>?C;B . ;J 7B
 (7FF?D= <KD9J?ED7B :?L;HI?JO <HEC H;CEJ;BO I;DI;: CEHF>EBE=?97B 7D: F>OI?E
BE=?97B <EH;IJ JH7?JI )7J ECCKD  
.;H8?D .+ .?D=>  ;I7? - K8E?I ." %78BEDIA?  &?D=:ED  ;J 7B
 -;CEJ;BO ;IJ?C7J?D= F>EJEIODJ>;J?9 97F79?JO 7D: ?JI H;IFEDI; JE J;CF;H7
JKH; ?D L;=;J7J?ED 97DEF?;I KI?D= ?C7=?D= IF;9JHEI9EFO -;CEJ; .;DI DL?HED 
–
.>;DA?D  ;DJB;O '+ *B?L;H7I $ .7B?D7I ) :KH;:K . (7H?CED # ;J 7B
 />; ?DaK;D9; E< ;9EIOIJ;C 7D: F>OBE=;DO ED JHEF?97B JH;; 9HEMD I?P; 7D:
I>7F; ?E-N?L 
.>?ABEC7DEL ) ?;JP; ( 1?IA7H? / /EMDI;D: + .;H8?D .+  ,K7DJ?<O
?D= J>; ?DaK;D9;I E< IF;9JH7B H;IEBKJ?ED ED KD9;HJ7?DJO ?D B;7< JH7?J ;IJ?C7J;I J>HEK=>
7 7O;I?7D 7FFHE79> JE -/( ?DL;HI?ED -;CEJ; .;DI DL?HED  –
.EK:P?BELIA7?7 ) BKC;;L7 /" *D?F9>;DAE 1" .>?:7AEL $$ .7BF7=7HEL7 !.
&>K8?;L  ;J 7B  !KD9J?ED7B JH7?JI FH;:?9J H;B7J?EDI>?F 8;JM;;D FB7DJ 78KD
:7D9; :OD7C?9 7D: BED=J;HC 9B?C7J; M7HC?D= +HE9 )7JB 97: .9? 
–
.KBB?L7D (% /7B8EJ % ';M?I .' +>?BB?FI *' ,?; ' ;=D; .& ;J 7B  ?
L;HI?JO 7D: 97H8ED IJEH7=; 79HEII J>; JHEF?97B <EH;IJ 8?EC; .9? -;F  
.P78X ' KH7? + ;RA  OA; "% .P78X .  II;II?D= J>; ;<`9?;D9O E< CKB
J?IF;9JH7B I7J;BB?J; 7D: 7?H8EHD; >OF;HIF;9JH7B ?C7=;I <EH B7D: 9EL;H C7FF?D= ?D 7D
7GK7J?9 ;DL?HEDC;DJ M?J> ;CF>7I?I ED J>; M7J;H 97BJHEF /H7F7 D7J7DI $DJ % -;
CEJ; .;DI  –
/7K8;HJ ! !?I9>;H - "HE;D;L;B: % ';>C7DD . ([BB;H (. -Y:?=  ;J 7B 
"BE87B F7JJ;HDI E< JHEF?97B <EH;IJ <H7=C;DJ7J?ED )7JKH;  
/EMDI;D: + !EIJ;H %- >7IJ7?D - KHH?; 2.  FFB?97J?ED E< ?C7=?D=
IF;9JHEI9EFO JE C7FF?D= 97DEFO D?JHE=;D ?D J>; <EH;IJI E< J>; 9;DJH7B FF7B79>?7D
(EKDJ7?DI KI?D= #OF;H?ED 7D: 1$-$. $ /H7DI ";EI9? -;CEJ; .;DI 
–
0IJ?D .' "7CED %  -;CEJ; I;DI?D= E< FB7DJ <KD9J?ED7B JOF;I );M +>OJEB 
–
17D :;H +B7I ! -7J9B?c; . -K?P;D?JE + .9>;H;H'EH;DP;D ( 1;H>;O;D & 2?HJ>
 ;J 7B  EDJ?D;DJ7B C7FF?D= E< <EH;IJ ;9EIOIJ;C <KD9J?EDI H;L;7BI 7 >?=> 8KJ
KDH;7B?I;: FEJ;DJ?7B <EH <EH;IJ CKBJ?<KD9J?ED7B?JO 9EB ';JJ  –
1?D9;DJ "  ';7< F>EJEIODJ>;J?9 97F79?JO 7D: D?JHE=;D 9EDJ;DJ 7:@KIJC;DJ JE
97DEFO EF;DD;II ?D JHEF?97B <EH;IJ JH;; I;;:B?D=I % /HEF 9EB  –
27BA;H + ;9A;HC7D + "K ' &7JJ=; % ;HDKI7A ' EC?D=K;I /! ;J 7B
 />; H;B7J?EDI>?F E< B;7< F>EJEIODJ>;J?9 JH7?JI–19C7N 7D: %C7N–JE B;7< D?JHE
=;D B;7< F>EIF>EHKI 7D: IF;9?`9 B;7< 7H;7 7 C;J77D7BOI?I 7D: CE:;B?D= IJK:O 9EB
LEB  –
27BA;H + (9EHC79A (' (;II?;H % (O;HI.C?J> $# 2KBBI9>B;=;H . 
/H7?J 9EL7H?7D9; J>; <KD9J?ED7B M7HF E< FB7DJ :?L;HI?JO );M +>OJEB  –
27BB?I $ #EC;?;H % +;W7 % H7D:B - !7HM?= ) ;D:?N %  (E:;B?D= JHEF?
97B CEDJ7D; <EH;IJ 8?EC7II FHE:K9J?L?JO 7D: 97DEFO JH7?JI M?J> CKBJ?IF;9JH7B H;CEJ;
I;DI?D= :7J7 -;CEJ; .;DI DL?HED  –
2H?=>J $% -;?9> + 2;IJE8O ( 9A;HBO  7HK9> 5 ED=;HI ! ;J 7B 
/>; MEHB:M?:; B;7< ;9EDEC?9I IF;9JHKC )7JKH;  –
