ResearchPDF Available

Equinox play of light and shadow at Mnajdra

Authors:
  • Independent researcher

Abstract and Figures

The observations around the period of the autumn equinox at Mnajdra South in 2020 clarified the role of light and shadow and its evolution during sunrise and over several days. The discovered holes in appropriate positions under the altar in the far end apse show that the altar was equipped with a screen underneath. During the sunrise the combination of light and shadow marks 9 events. Eight of them are determined by the altitude of the sun and one by the azimuth. The role of the shadow stone near Ħaġar Qim remains unclear. The temple builders had an easy way to predict the autumn equinox a couple of days ahead using the combination of light and shadow. A possible link with the tally stones of Mnajdra East is considered. This paper describes the observed events and the role of the various elements of the temple in the play of light and shadow.
Content may be subject to copyright.
Equinox play of light and shadow at Mnajdra

Abstract
 !
"#"$%!
###!
%&"!"#'(%)"
$$*%#+,
-!%$#$!!$
"!"#%.'#$)
!%!
$"#%
Introduction
&"/0123%4%50"!"#
!!%#+,-/-5!#
!%!!"/ 
6)5$"/"%5%
 $7*!#)%
&"/#!"!
5! /"%5%
8."7%9:;%/(<5=>%/05=>%/05=!4%
/5= 7%;%?'%9:;%/((5=:%/5!=:%/@5
 ;"(8)A%&%/(@5%
)$"#
%
;"B::C'D!#*%.
%
Equinox and precession
./! 5"$"%
&!"#7"!$!$/
5#$##B
0%
.!$)/*(E5F/@E5
*/E5%
.#!$
*BE"*/(E5%
%G #080H4%equinox
sunrise$'$!!%equinox sunrise4!
!%I<%"%#0 8BH4
B8H4%
&!!")!$!
$1$!$!"
"$$%
I34#0G!034
G!1/"!7"!@5%
.#"#"!*
%;will$"*
/###$5%!#!#
6#!%!
#!!J$%
2020 Autumn equinox campaign
!"'!#(
0."@ 1<G!%0B #!
!'"!%
I."!#!!!'<%I
#"#%$G!
#""%
0 8KK%#'%"K#'K L
B IMN!$#%
 8KK%#'%"K#'K.L!
1 !!# #%%/8KK%"K5%
@ 8KK%#'%"K#'K!L7"L!%
< ")A%&%/(@5
)$"#
!!!#!$!
!!#"!1(%
&"!."I!
%3"$#"!
/B!5%"#
"!%$0!/"0B5%
!"/Arundo donax5
%."$!$!Poaceae,$
#!""%
( %/@5
0
Fig. 3: Left hole under the altar. Fig 4: Right hole under the altar
(weathered).
Fig. 5: Left giant reed pole. Fig. 6: Right giant reed pole.
)$"#
.I!!!
!"
"*
/"15!
/5#!"$!!
!"
6!%$
"$#
!!/"%@5%
"
#"#
!#
%
Observations
&"/"5!
"#'!%
$#"#!
/5%!!$$/#
5!!$%$
'$*%G*%
G"!!"$!
#!$!!$"%
I#!!
"/'"%(5"!#
!%!/5$$%
3#"/"%5%!$
"%I$""%I!#
!"%
"#K"!!!!
!$"$%
"<($"$"
#%
!!/.35%!$
!!!/4&5!/)5%$
!"/;75/?5%"
7"$!%
$"/I5%"$%
B
Fig. 7: Screen under the altar to view the play of
light and shadow at sunrise.
)$"#
/A5!#/'5%
'"#%
">$/#5%
!/)5!/'"%<5""
%.!'!<1<#!'#$
%
6!)!#A%
!
!!""
!$%!
""$
!#
%I!
&"$!#
%&"!!
#$!!
!'!$"$!"
%
I"##
)
!"
""%

*%;
#&
!"
)$"#
#"$#% 7!#
!"%
! /$
5#!$$
%
!%!"$
#!%
Event 1
;"%8
888
$$%"
"$
!#"#!%
O .%B%@E/P%%E5%
&"$$!
B%E/<5B%@E/5* 
#%
Event 2
;"%8
888@
#"#
%.#!"!
"$%
*#!$!/)5
#"#
%
O .%B%BE/P%BE5
Event 3
;"%08
88<80<
#!/)5!
%$%
O .%%@BE/P%BE5
1
O .%<%@E/P%0E5
@
)$"#
Event 7
;"%@8
88B8/5
"!$%
#"/?5
%$%
O .%%@E/P%E5
Event 8
;"%<8
88B(8/5
#!/)5
!%#!$"/?5'
$#/#5%
O .%0%0E/!'#5
The shadow stone
."!$
'!!%
"!
$#
+,-/"%(5%
0
1/"%5
!$
"%I
$"
#
"#/"%
05%
 %/@5
<
)$"#
&!!!/*5
!##1!%G$%
G$ $$!#!
!"!!/"%B5%41
"$#"%*(%1(EB%0E%
.$"*
#!##%
(
Fig. 23: Detail of the repositioning of the
shadow stone.
)$"#
.""
!###
$"#"
%
I$

%
;#$!$
%
Limits between shadow and light
*#"#/#!$5"
"'$%"!$
!#"!!%
*%;!B*#/
)?5!#!!
%
!#/#!$!!"5
" %"!$
#"*%!
% *##!#!!
!#$!##!
%.#/!#5!$%
!#!!"$1#'
%
G<."/B$5!!'#$%

)$"#
$##1G!/QB$5%
#$"/"%5%
$$B#/"%1#$""5
Interpretations
;##%
Assumption 1
7!##!#!
%
Assumption 2
;"#!"
!!!#!$
"##!$%
Assumption 3
!#!!!!$""%!
#!$!#"%
!!8
!! /"%<5!$"
##$!"!!%
!!#'#"
 K#%

)$"#
!#!"#!
"#!%
Visibility of the play of light and shadow
"#"!$
#%G$
!"/B5%
#"!'/B5
"%
!"!!!#!#
%"/5%
!#"/5
B#""!#"
%;"12#$
$"#%G$10#
/#B5%
#$#$"
""*!$#%
I!!!!$""!#!"
%
.$!#MN$
"$""$!"!"
#!$%
I!#"#'$!
/#'#M!N5$"/MN5%.!$"*#$
#!*'#""""
$!$#%)%%$"%
.!!!8!$$
$%
4"!$!! #!!
$!$"#'$$M!N
!$"#"!%

)$"#
Using light and shadow to define the day of the autumn equinox
.!!!#!$!
%
F!/!*%"%5"$!!
!$%!
#%
$!K$!$
!"$%
!""
#$%
.$$!"#
"/;"%<5""%G
""!
#"!!!"!!!#
%
I$;%.
"#!!!/"%@5%
0
Fig. 27: Sequence illustrating the evolution of the illumination of slab F during the sunrise on the
19th of September 2020. The last picture is just before the “alignment event”.
)$"#
"#
""%<%
*##"
!!#/"<5
/5$$
"%
!"$!$
#"
/;5#"
%
;!#"$!
$!!
%
G$#
/!5#!$;#!
#/"%@5
."/;5
$%3
!"*#!$
!!#
!"$#
$
!%.$!
!"$
*!#%
Purpose of the screen
!#!!"!!
#!$#%3!!
"""$""%
#$"##$"
B
)$"#
#!%$#$
#%."!#!##
%
I#!!!#
$"#"!##'
'#"$!$$!'!"%
#!$#!!!$"

!!!"!#/5
"/$5!
"!/"%<<5/"5
!#%
.!""#!$##
$%G$"!
%
I!#/5!"
'!$!*!
#!!!"
!%.!B#!$/!$
#5!!%
!/*#"#5
*/!5!!$#!$/5%
#*##$/##$!!
5%
&"$#!
$%
;"(###*#
!%
;/#!!!!5#!
$$% "!!#
!!%
!!!!/)5!
""/75%
$!"#!!!"%&
"!"$#"
!%
!#%
 ;874%/(<5=>%/05

)$"#
Possible link with the tally stones
.!!'!)
#!"/"%05!"
#!$
%
*#
/"%005%"!$
'#$%
##1(!
#@1!%"%%
#!!$%"
%$"%
#!!$1(/F5Q@1/)5Q@1/R5%$
#!%
$%;!J"
!"%I#!$
!!#!!""$
 :;% 7%;%9?'%/((05
1
Fig. 30: Mnajdra East temple.
)$"#
$"%
I!'$"$!
!'$$""!#"
!%
$#$#"!'$
%
F#"!#/5
!##'<!/"
"5%!##!!
#$%
4!"!$"#
#"#!/5%
I!#!#$"%G
@
Fig. 31: West tally stone.
)$"#
!!!#!$%
I#$#!"'!
'#"#'%
#$$#
!!%F##!!$
!"#!%
F#!"#!
!!"%
!!$#$#!!
%
!!*#"#/#
5K%.!
!!!%$"
"%.!!!"$
!!#%
!##%""S!
!%#
+,-!!$%FJ'#
#!$!!#!!
!""!"K!%.
!"!!
#$!%
#!!%
./#'$$5$#!M"N
!"$"%$!$!#
!##"#
##%!"$
/5!$"$
!#$!%3$!!"
"$%
Conclusions
!! 
!#$!
%'!%"!!
"4;!/"5#!"#
/5%!
/5%.
"##/15%
!!$!#!
!
"%
;1!#!"
!%
<
)$"#
!""#$
"/$1#'!
5%
;$!#
"#!!$#$!
$%
!!!/5"B$
!!!!$#
!"!%
#$"#"$#$!!
!$'"!"%.2B!#
$%
!#+,-!$"
#""%
.#$'!
"%
References13
."7%:;%/(<5%Investigation into the possible astronomical alignments of the
Copper Age Temples in Malta%8H$%
)A%&%/(@5%The Prehistoric Antiquities of the Maltese Islands: A Survey%>8.
%
74%/(<5%4!%The Sunday Times of Malta/(<2
5<2(%
>%/05%Is there evidence of intentionality of sky involvement in the prehistoric
megalithic sites of Mnajdra in Malta?8KK$%#%!%'KKKB@
>%/05%F63&$%II%T!9%/)%5/:%$
UIU%<@2(@5%
!4%/5%.".".%Xjenza, Jounal of the
Malta Chamber of Scientists5/2502%
%/@5% 8.$!%
8KK%"K%0BK7%%%0B(%(<(
0 "$3""#'7!#!7
!%I!#"B!#!V!%
7!!"!!!$!
"!"!%7G!$""'#"
!$7/ 78KK###%"%K5%$
"$"!#!3%
J$#!!%
(
)$"#
7%;%?'%:;%/((5%G%
Journal for the History of Astronomy23/5@2(%
8KK%"K%@@K<<1(00
:%/5% #W"!%The Sunday Times of Malta
/205B2B%
:%/5% #W"!2%The Sunday Times of Malta
/205BB2B%
:%/!5% #W"!20%4!X%
The Sunday Times of Malta/2150120@%
:%/@5%!6!%The Sunday Times of
Malta/@<215BBB1%
:;% 7%;%?'%/((05%$ %Journal
for the History of Astronomy24/05@2<0%

Research
Full-text available
For the purpose of this paper we accept Sri Yukteswar Giri's short yuga cycle. It has astronomical consequences and implications on the level of consciousness and capabilities of individuals. This is applied to the Temple Period of Malta's prehistory (3800-2400 B.C.). We don't report new discoveries, but some of the enigma's, or those with a not so satisfactory explanation, can find an alternate interpretation if this theory is integrated in our belief system. Astronomical alignments, megalithic construction logistics and techniques, immigration and the absence of a writing system are discussed.
Research
Full-text available
This paper presents the observations and interpretations of various aspects of the winter solstice at Mnajdra (Qrendi, Malta) and the posthole commonly known as the “winter solstice sunrise posthole” close to the Tal-Ħamrija Coastal Tower. The observations were documented by photo and video showing the evolution of light and shadow combinations during sunrises in the days around the winter solstice. Archaeoastronomical calculations infer what the situation was during the Temple Period. All relevant core data and detailed calculations are presented in the annexes. The work results from observations since 2016 but the main activities were carried out in 2020.
Research
Full-text available
The Mnajdra megalithic buildings in Qrendi (Malta) have in rooms 1 (Mnajdra South) and 7 (Mnajdra North) a pair of features on either side of the central passage . These features are often called altars, but I prefer the term seat as they look like seats and seem to be too low for altars. From a position in the middle of those seats, special features in the area are visible through the entrance (Mnajdra South) or the porthole (Mnajdra North), save for one of them.
Research
Full-text available
This bibliography contains at this moment 547 references which is estimated at 20% of all the publications. The bibliography is on-going work of the Gaia-online project which is part of the Gaia project. The Gaia project is a innovative artificial intelligence initiative composed of an ecosystem of servers that should become a general artificial intelligence. The Gaia Online component is the story telling element that generates knowledge acquired by Gaia in the form of stories (See a beta version of Gaia-online at https://www.gaia-online.eu/). The very first stages of these story telling capabilities will be centered around the Temple Builder Period of Malta. The information about this period of Malta's prehistory will be extracted from all the available publications. This bibliography is made for the convenience of other researchers in two forms (bibtex and APA) and will be updated regularly.
Calendric observations from Mnajdra. The Sunday Times of Malta
  • C Grima
Grima, C. (1980). Calendric observations from Mnajdra. The Sunday Times of Malta, (1980-05-25), 18-19.
Is there evidence of intentionality of sky involvement in the prehistoric megalithic sites of Mnajdra in Malta?
  • T Lomsdalen
Lomsdalen, T. (2013a). Is there evidence of intentionality of sky involvement in the prehistoric megalithic sites of Mnajdra in Malta? Retrieved from http://repository.uwtsd.ac.uk/id/eprint/427
Mnajdra Was Not Built in a Day
  • T Lomsdalen
Lomsdalen, T. (2013b). Mnajdra Was Not Built in a Day. In I. Sprajc & P. Pehani (Eds.) (Vol. year XIX, supplement, pp. 187-197).
Alignments Along the Main Axes at Mnajdra Temples. Xjenza
  • C Micallef
Micallef, C. (2000). Alignments Along the Main Axes at Mnajdra Temples. Xjenza, Jounal of the Malta Chamber of Scientists, 5(1-2), 3-15.
Sun worship and Malta's megalithic temples -2. The Sunday Times of Malta
  • M Vassallo
Vassallo, M. (2000b). Sun worship and Malta's megalithic temples -2. The Sunday Times of Malta, (2000-01-30), 44-45.