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Rot-Eiche (Quercus rubra) und phytophage Schmetterlingsarten (Lepidoptera) – ist die Rot-Eiche eine Alternative zu heimischen Eichen-Arten?
Abstract
The literature and own research led to 59 Lepidoptera species that use northern red oak (Quercus rubra) as a food plant in Europe. That is more than twice as many species as in previous studies, but only 16% of the species which found on pedunculate and sessile oak in Germany alone. There is an even bigger discrepancy in the population density. This has effects on zoophagous arthropods, birds and bats. The majority of the proven species of northern red oak is polyphagous and several species tend to outbreaks. While the northern red oak would be a possible alternative from a forest perspective in the course of the expected climatic developments, increased cultivation is expected to have a significant negative impact on biodiversity.
The Black-bordered oak aphid Myzocallis walshii, introduced from North America and living on red oak (Quercus rubra), was first stated for Germany in 2003 without details. In the present paper, locatities are mentioned for Germany for the first time. The species is newly recorded for Bavaria, Brandenburg and Saxony. It has become established in Saxony only within the last five years. Biological observations are communicated.
(English abstract below) Einheimische Gehölzarten spielen eine herausragende Rolle für die Erhaltung der einheimischen Insektenfauna. Von 8.127 geprüften, weitest
gehend phytophagen (pflanzenfressenden), in Deutschland vorkommenden Blattkäfern, Prachtkäfern, Rüsselkäfern, Pflanzenwespen, Schmet
terlingen, Wanzen, Wildbienen und Zikaden sind 3.140 Arten (38,6 %) auf Gehölze als Nahrungspflanzen angewiesen. Diese phytophage Gilde
umfasst je nach Gehölzart 23 – 36 % der daran lebenden Insektenarten. Gemeinsam mit den übrigen Gilden (z. B. Räuber, Parasitoide und
Zersetzer) ist die Anzahl der direkt oder indirekt von Gehölzen abhängigen Insektenarten deutlich höher und entspricht etwa einem Drittel aller in
Deutschland vorkommenden Insektenarten. Unter den in diesem Beitrag betrachteten, in mindestens einem Entwicklungsstadium an Gehölzen
fressenden Phytophagen sind 88,6 % der Insektenarten auf Gehölze aus Gattungen angewiesen, die mit mindestens einer einheimischen Art in
Deutschland vertreten sind. 10,0 % der betrachteten Insektenarten nutzen sowohl Gehölzgattungen mit mindestens einer einheimischen Art als
auch Gehölzgattungen, die in Deutschland nur mit gebietsfremden Arten vertreten sind. 1,4 % ernähren sich ausschließlich an Gehölzgattungen,
die in Deutschland nur mit gebietsfremden Arten vertreten sind. In Deutschland gebietsfremde Gehölzarten, ohne einheimische Verwandte auf
Gattungsebene, sind nur für wenige eingeschleppte Insektenarten oder solche mit einem sehr breiten Nahrungsspektrum als Nahrungspflanzen
geeignet und spielen somit für die Erhaltung der einheimischen Insektenvielfalt eine untergeordnete Rolle.
- ENGLISH -
Native woody species play an outstanding role in the conservation of the indigenous insect fauna. Of a total of 8,127 examined species of herbi
vorous (phytophagous) or predominantly herbivorous taxa (leaf beetles, jewel beetles, weevils, sawflies and horntails, butterflies and moths,
true bugs, wild bees, planthoppers and leafhoppers) occurring in Germany, 3,140 species (38.6 %) depend on woody plants for feeding. With
some variation among tree species, this phytophagous guild accounts for 23 % to 36 % of the total insect fauna on the respective woody plant
species. Together with the other guilds (e. g. predators, parasitoids and decomposers), the number of insect species that are directly or indirectly
dependent on woody plants is significantly higher and corresponds to about a third of all insect species occurring in Germany. Among the
phytophages considered in our analysis which are associated with woody plants in at least one state of their development, 88.6 % of the insect
species depend on woody plants from genera with at least one indigenous species in Germany. 10.0 % feed on woody species of genera with
at least one indigenous species in Germany as well as on woody species of genera that are only represented by non native species in Germany.
1.4 % feed on genera that comprise only non native woody species in Germany. Non native woody species that have no close relatives at genus
level in our indigenous flora are suitable as food plants for only a few introduced or polyphagous insect species (species with a broad food
spectrum) and thus play a subordinate role in the preservation of native insect diversity.
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