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Дані нейронаук у дослідженні природномовної категоризації // Studia Ukrainica Posnaniensia

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Abstract

The article analyzes some of the most important results of human brain studies concerning linguistic categorization of the world. It is shown that there are valid reasons to believe that speakers use multiple categorization strategies. In this light, the author describes a model of colour categorization involving Ukrainian colour names
STUDIA UKRAINICA POSNANIENSIA, vol. III: 2015, pp. 303-309.
ISBN 978-83-936654-6-4. ISSN 2300-4754.
ȾȺɇȱ ɇȿɃɊɈɇȺɍɄ ɍ ȾɈɋɅȱȾɀȿɇɇȱ
ɉɊɂɊɈȾɇɈɆɈȼɇɈȲ ɄȺɌȿȽɈɊɂɁȺɐȱȲ
ȼȺɋɂɅɖ ɋɌȺɊɄɈ
ɋɯɿɞɧɨɽɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɶɤɢɣ ɧɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɭɧɿɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ ɿɦɟɧɿ Ʌɟɫɿ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɤɢ,
Ʌɭɰɶɤ ! ɍɤɪɚʀɧɚ
DANE NAUK NEUROLOGICZNYCH W BADANIU
NATURALNEJ KATEGORYZACJI JĉZYKOWEJ
WASYL STARKO
Wschodnioeuropejski Uniwersytet Narodowy im. àesi Ukrainki,
àuck ! Ukraina
STRESZCZENIE. W artykule omówiono najwaĪniejsze wyniki badaĔ mózgu czáowieka
dotyczące jĊzykowej kategoryzacji Ğwiata. Stwierdzono, Īe istnieją podstawy uzasadniające
korzystanie osób mówiących z wielorakich strategii kategoryzacji. Z tego punktu widzenia
autor opisuje model kategoryzacji barw na materiale nazewnictwa kolorów w jĊzyku
ukraiĔskim.
NEUROSCIENCE DATA IN THE STUDY
OF NATURAL-LANGUAGE CATEGORIZATION
VASYL STARKO
Lesya Ukrainka Eastern European National University, Lutsk ! Ukraine
ABSTRACT. The article analyzes some of the most important results of human brain
studies concerning linguistic categorization of the world. It is shown that there are valid rea-
sons to believe that speakers use multiple categorization strategies. In this light, the author
describes a model of colour categorization involving Ukrainian colour names.
Ⱦɨɫɥɿɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɧɟɣɪɨɧɧɢɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ ɦɨɡɤɭ ɜɿɞɿɝɪɚɽ ɞɟɞɚɥɿ ɛɿɥɶɲɭ ɪɨɥɶ ɭ ɥɿɧɝ-
ɜɿɫɬɢɰɿ. ɇɨɜɿɬɧɿ ɦɟɬɨɞɢ ɜɢɜɱɟɧɧɹ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ ɧɟɣɪɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɭɛɫɬɪɚɬɭ ɦɨɡɤɭ
ɜ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɱɚɫɿ ɜɿɞɤɪɢɥɢ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɧɨɜɢɣ ɧɚɩɪɹɦɨɤ, ɚ ɰɿɥɢɣ ɜɢɦɿɪ ɞɨ-
ɫɥɿɞɠɟɧɶ ɣ ɫɩɪɢɱɢɧɢɥɢɫɹ ɞɨ ɟɤɫɩɨɧɟɧɰɿɣɧɨɝɨ ɡɪɨɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɞɨɫɥɿɞɠɟɧɶ ɧɟɣɪɨɧ-
ɧɨʀ ɚɪɯɿɬɟɤɬɭɪɢ ɦɨɜɧɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɣ. Ɂɚɜɞɚɧɧɹ ɧɚɲɨʀ ɪɨɡɜɿɞɤɢ ɩɨɥɹɝɚɽ ɜ ɡ"ɹɫɭɜɚɧɧɿ
ɜɧɟɫɤɭ ɧɟɣɪɨɧɚɭɤ ɞɨ ɥɿɧɝɜɿɫɬɢɱɧɢɯ ɞɨɫɥɿɞɠɟɧɶ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɦɨɜɧɨʀ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɡɚɰɿʀ.
ɐɟ ɩɢɬɚɧɧɹ ɦɚɽ ɬɢɦ ɛɿɥɶɲɭ ɚɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɿɫɬɶ, ɳɨ ɡɚɬɨɪɤɭɽ ɝɥɢɛɢɧɧɿ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɢ ɡɜ"ɹɡɤɭ
ɦɨɜɢ ɣ ɦɢɫɥɟɧɧɹ ɣ ɦɨɠɟ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɞɨ ɜɚɠɥɢɜɢɯ ɜɢɫɧɨɜɤɿɜ ɜ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɞɿɥɹɧɤɚɯ
ɦɨɜɧɢɯ ɫɬɭɞɿɣ. ɇɚɫ ɧɚɫɚɦɩɟɪɟɞ ɰɿɤɚɜɢɬɢɦɟ ɩɢɬɚɧɧɹ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɿɣ, ɱɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪ, ɤɚ-
ɬɟɝɨɪɢɡɚɰɿʀ ɡɚ ɞɚɧɢɦɢ ɧɟɣɪɨɞɨɫɥɿɞɠɟɧɶ. ɍ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɭ ɿɥɸɫɬɪɚɰɿʀ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɨ ɪɨɡɝɥɹ-
ɧɟɦɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɿ ɭɤɪɚʀɧɫɶɤɿ ɤɨɥɨɪɚɬɢɜɢ ɧɚ ɩɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɫɢɧɶɨʀ ɱɚɫɬɢɧɢ ɫɩɟɤɬɪɭ.
ɇɚɫɚɦɩɟɪɟɞ ɜɚɪɬɨ ɡɚɡɧɚɱɢɬɢ, ɳɨ ɧɟɣɪɨɧɚɭɤɢ ɞɚɸɬɶ ɡɦɨɝɭ ɩɨ-ɧɨɜɨɦɭ ɩɿɞɿ-
ɣɬɢ ɞɨ ɞɟɹɤɢɯ ɡɚɞɚɜɧɟɧɢɯ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɧɢɯ ɩɢɬɚɧɶ ɥɿɧɝɜɿɫɬɢɤɢ ɣ ɡɨɤɪɟɦɚ ɩɪɢɪɨɞ-
ɧɨɦɨɜɧɨʀ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɡɚɰɿʀ. ɐɟ ɩɟɪɟɞɭɫɿɦ ɩɨɜ"ɹɡɚɧɨ ɡ ɭɫɜɿɞɨɦɥɟɧɧɹɦ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨɫ-
ɬɟɣ ɧɟɣɪɨɧɧɨʀ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɦɨɡɤɭ. Ɇɨɡɨɤ ! ɫɤɥɚɞɧɚ ɦɟɪɟɠɚ ɫɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɯ ɧɟɣɪɨ-
ɧɿɜ, ɬɨɦɭ ɛɭɞɶ-ɹɤɿ ɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɿ ɹɜɢɳɚ, ɹɤ-ɨɬ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ ɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɢ, ɦɚɸɬɶ ɦɟɪɟ-
304 ȼ. ɋ ɬɚ ɪɤɨ
ɠɟɜɭ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɭ ɧɚ ɪɿɜɧɿ ɧɟɣɪɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɭɛɫɬɪɚɬɭ. Ɂɚ ɩɟɜɧɢɯ ɭɦɨɜ ɧɟɣɪɨɞɨɫɥɿɞɠɟɧ-
ɧɹ ɞɚɸɬɶ ɡɦɨɝɭ ɡɧɹɬɢ ɚɛɨ ɩɟɪɟɮɨɪɦɭɥɸɜɚɬɢ ɩɢɬɚɧɧɹ, ɫɮɨɪɦɭɥɶɨɜɚɧɿ ɜ ɦɟɠɚɯ
ɫɭɬɨ ɚɧɚɥɿɬɢɱɧɨʀ ɧɚɭɤɢ. ɇɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, ɭ ɥɿɧɝɜɿɫɬɢɰɿ ɜɿɞɨɦɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɤɥɚ-
ɫɢɱɧɨʀ ɦɨɞɟɥɿ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɡɚɰɿʀ ɡ ɜɥɚɫɬɢɜɢɦ ʀɣ ɛɿɧɚɪɧɢɦ ɱɥɟɧɫɬɜɨɦ (ɨɛɽɤɬ ɚɛɨ ɜɯɨ-
ɞɢɬɶ ɞɨ ɤɥɚɫɢɱɧɨʀ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ, ɚɛɨ ɧɟ ɜɯɨɞɢɬɶ) ɬɚ ɚɥɶɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɧɢɯ ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ, ɳɨ ɩɟ-
ɪɟɞɛɚɱɚɸɬɶɝɪɚɞɭɚɥɶɧɟɱɥɟɧɫɬɜɨ. ȼɢɹɜɥɹɽɬɶɫɹ, ɳɨ ɬɚɤɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɞɟɳɨ
ɨɦɚɧɥɢɜɟ, ɩɨɡɚɹɤ ɨɛɢɞɜɿ ɜɥɚɫɬɢɜɨɫɬɿ ɪɟɚɥɿɡɨɜɚɧɨ ɜ ɽɞɢɧɨɦɭ ɦɟɯɚɧɿɡɦɿ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ
ɧɟɣɪɨɧɧɢɯ ɦɟɪɟɠ: ɫɬɭɩɿɧɶ ɚɤɬɢɜɚɰɿʀ ɦɟɪɟɠɿ ɱɢ ʀʀ ɞɿɥɹɧɤɢ ɦɚɽ ɝɪɚɞɭɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɯɚ-
ɪɚɤɬɟɪ, ɚɥɟ ɿɫɧɭɽ ɩɨɪɿɝ ɚɤɬɢɜɚɰɿʀ, ɳɨ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɽ, ɱɢ ɛɭɞɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɧɢɣ
ɧɟɣɪɨɧ ɭ ɦɟɪɟɠɿ. ȱɧɚɤɲɟ ɤɚɠɭɱɢ, ɜ ɦɟɠɚɯ ɨɞɧɿɽʀ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ ɦɨɠɧɚ ɫɩɨɫɬɟɪɿɝɚ-
ɬɢ ɤɥɚɫɢɱɧɿ ɣ ɧɟɤɥɚɫɢɱɧɿ ɟɮɟɤɬɢ, ɚ ɬɚ ɫɚɦɚ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɹ ɦɨɠɟ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɚɬɢ ɹɤɬɪɚ-
ɞɢɰɿɣɧɚ (ɤɨɥɢ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɣɧɚ ɧɚɥɟɠɧɿɫɬɶ ɫɩɢɪɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɭɤɭɩɧɿɫɬɶ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɢɯ
ɿ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɧɿɯ ɨɡɧɚɤ) ɿɪɨɡɦɢɬɚ” (ɤɨɥɢ ɧɚɹɜɧɚ ɩɨɥɶɨɜɚ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ).
Ⱦɨɜɝɢɣ ɱɚɫ ɜ ɿɫɬɨɪɿʀ ɤɨɝɧɿɬɢɜɧɢɯ ɧɚɭɤ ɩɚɧɭɜɚɥɨ ɭɹɜɥɟɧɧɹ, ɳɨ ɥɸɞɢɧɚ ɤɚ-
ɬɟɝɨɪɢɡɭɽ ɡɚ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɨɦ. ɇɚ ɣɨɝɨ ɩɨɲɭɤɢ ɣ ɛɭɥɢ ɫɤɟɪɨɜɚɧɿ ɡɭɫɢɥɥɹ ɞɨ-
ɫɥɿɞɧɢɤɿɜ. Ɉɞɧɚɤ ɧɟɳɨɞɚɜɧɿɣ ɩɪɨɪɢɜ ɭ ɤɨɝɧɿɬɢɜɧɿɣ ɧɟɣɪɨɧɚɭɰɿ ɩɪɢɜɿɜ ɞɨ ɜɚɠ-
ɥɢɜɨɝɨ ɜɿɞɤɪɢɬɬɹ: ɛɭɥɨ ɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɨ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɣ ɿ ɩɟɪɟɤɨɧɥɢɜɢɣ ɦɚɫɢɜ ɞɚɧɢɯ, ɹɤɿ ɜɤɚ-
ɡɭɸɬɶ ɧɚ ɬɟ, ɳɨ ɥɸɞɢɧɚ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɛɿɥɶɲɟ, ɧɿɠ ɨɞɧɿɽɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɸ ɡɚɫɜɨɽɧɧɹ
ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɣ1. ɇɚ ɡɦɿɧɭ ɭɧɿɬɚɪɧɢɦ ɩɿɞɯɨɞɚɦ ɩɪɢɣɲɨɜ ɦɧɨɠɢɧɧɢɣ ɩɿɞɯɿɞ, ɳɨ ɜɢ-
ɡɧɚɽ ɧɚɹɜɧɿɫɬɶ ɪɿɡɧɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɿɣ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɡɚɰɿʀ. ɇɨɜɿɬɧɿ ɞɨɫɥɿɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɜ ɰɿɣ ɝɚɥɭ-
ɡɿ ɜɿɞɲɬɨɜɯɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɜɠɟ ɜɿɞ ɬɟɡɢ ɩɪɨ ɧɚɹɜɧɿɫɬɶ ɤɿɥɶɤɨɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɣɧɨ ɜɿɞɦɿɧɧɢɯ ɧɚ
ɧɟɣ ɪɨɧɧɨɦɭ ɣ ɤɨɝɧɿɬɢɜɧɨɦɭ ɪɿɜɧɹɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ2. ɋɶɨɝɨɞɧɿ ɧɚɜɪɹɞ ɱɢ ɯɬɨɫɶ ɡɚɩɟɪɟ-
ɱɭɜɚɬɢɦɟ, ɳɨ ɞɨ ɪɿɡɧɢɯ ɬɢɩɿɜ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɣ ɥɸɞɢ ɩɨɫɬɿɣɧɨ ɡɚɫɬɨɫɨɜɭɸɬɶ ɜɿɞɦɿɧɧɿ
ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɡɚɰɿɣɧɿ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɢ. ɇɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɹɤ ɩɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɱɢ ɧɟɩɚɪ-
ɧɨɝɨ ɫɩɢɪɚɽɬɶɫɹ, ɛɟɡ ɫɭɦɧɿɜɭ, ɧɚ ɨɡɧɚɤɭ ɩɨɞɿɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ɧɚ 2 (ɳɨ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ ɤɚɬɟɝɨ-
ɪɢɡɚɰɿɣɧɟ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ), ɚ ɡɜɭɱɚɧɧɹ ɤɥɚɪɧɟɬɚ ɣ ɫɤɪɢɩɤɢ ɪɨɡɩɿɡɧɚɸɬɶ ɡɚ ɩɨɞɿɛɧɿɫɬɸ
ɞɨ ɪɚɧɿɲɟ ɞɚɧɢɯ ɭ ɞɨɫɜɿɞɿ ɟɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɿɜ (ɭ ɰɶɨɦɭ ɪɚɡɿ ɡɜɭɤɨɜɢɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɿɜ) ɨɛɨɯ ɤɚ-
ɬɟɝɨɪɿɣ, ɚ ɧɟ ɡɚ ɩɟɜɧɢɦ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨɦ.
ɇɚɛɚɝɚɬɨ ɜɚɠɥɢɜɿɲɿ ɿɦɩɥɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɦɚɽ ɩɢɬɚɧɧɹ ɩɪɨ ɬɟ, ɱɢ ɡɚɫɬɨɫɨɜɭɽ ɥɸɞɢɧɚ
ɦɧɨɠɢɧɧɿ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɡɚɰɿɣɧɿ ɦɟɯɚɧɿɡɦɢ ɞɨ ɬɨɝɨ ɫɚɦɨɝɨ ɨɛɽɤɬɚ. ɇɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, ɭ ɜɿɞɨ-
ɦɨɦɭ ɟɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɿ Ʌ. Ɋɿɩɫɚ3 ɛɭɥɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ, ɳɨ ɥɸɞɢɧɚ ɦɨɠɟ ɡɚɫɬɨɫɨɜɭɜɚɬɢ ɪɿɡ-
ɧɿ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɢ (ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢ) ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɡɚɰɿʀ ɞɨ ɬɨɝɨ ɫɚɦɨɝɨ ɨɛɽɤɬɚ ɡɚɥɟɠɧɨ ɜɿɞ ɧɚ-
ɫɬɚɧɨɜ. ɍɱɚɫɧɢɤɚɦ ɞɚɥɢ ɨɩɢɫ ɤɪɭɝɥɢɣ ɨɛɽɤɬ ɞɿɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ ɭ ɞɜɚ ɞɸɣɦɢɣ ɩɨɩɪɨ-
ɫɢɥɢ ɫɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɡɭɜɚɬɢ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɣ ɨɛɽɤɬ, ɡɚɪɚɯɭɜɚɜɲɢ ɞɨ ɨɞɧɿɽʀ ɡ ɞɜɨɯ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɣ:
25-ɰɟɧɬɨɜɿ ɦɨɧɟɬɢ ɚɛɨ ɩɿɰɢ. Ʉɨɥɢ ɭɱɚɫɧɢɤɚɦ ɫɤɚɡɚɥɢ, ɳɨ ɥɢɲɟ ɨɞɧɚ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɶ
ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɚ, ɰɟ ɫɩɨɧɭɤɚɥɨ ʀɯ ɫɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɬɢɫɹ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨɦ, ɿ ɜɨɧɢ ɡɚɪɚɯɭɜɚɥɢ ɨɛɽɤɬ ɞɨ
ɩɿɰ, ɚ ɧɟ ɞɨ ɦɨɧɟɬ, ɛɨ ɣɨɝɨ ɞɿɚɦɟɬɪ ɹɜɧɨ ɛɿɥɶɲɢɣ, ɧɿɠ ɦɨɠɟ ɛɭɬɢ ɜ ɦɨɧɟɬɢ. Ʉɨɥɢ
ɠ ɪɟɫɩɨɧɞɟɧɬɿɜ ɩɨɩɪɨɫɢɥɢ ɨɰɿɧɢɬɢ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɭ ɩɨɞɿɛɧɿɫɬɶ ɨɛɽɤɬɚ ɞɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢ-
ɤɿɜ ɨɛɨɯ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɣ, ɬɨ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɿ ɪɨɡɞɿɥɢɥɢɫɹ.
ȱɧɲɿ ɧɚɭɤɨɜɰɿ ɩɿɲɥɢ ɳɟ ɞɚɥɿ ɣ ɫɩɪɨɛɭɜɚɥɢ ɩɪɨɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɭɜɚɬɢ, ɳɨ ɦɨɜɰɿ
ɜ ɧɨɪɦɿ ɩɚɪɚɥɟɥɶɧɨ ɣ ɨɞɧɨɱɚɫɧɨ ɡɚɫɬɨɫɨɜɭɸɬɶ ɪɿɡɧɿ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɿʀ ɞɨ ɬɢɯ ɫɚɦɢɯ
ɨɛɽɤɬɿɜ. ɇɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, ɜ ɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɟɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɿ4 ɛɭɥɨ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɨ ɞɜɿ ɲɬɭɱɧɿ ɤɚɬɟ-
1 ȿ. ȿ. S m it h, M . G r o s s ma n, Multiple systems of category learning, [in:] „Neuroscience
and Biobehavioral Reviews” 2008, No. 32, pp. 249–264; F . G . A s h b y , W. T. M a d d o x, Human
category learning 2.0, [in:] „Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences” 2011, No. 1224, pp. 147–161.
2 F. G . A s h b y , W. T . M a d do x, Ibidem.
3 L. J . R i p s , Similarity, typicality, and categorization, [in:] S. Vosn ia d o u , A . O r t o n y (eds.):
Similarity and Analogical Reasoning, Cambridge 1989, pp. 21–59.
4 S . W . A l l en , L . R . B r oo ks , Specializing the operation of an explicit rule, [in:] „Journal of
Experimental Psychology” 1991, No. 120, pp. 3–19.
305
Ⱦɚɧɿ ɧɟɣɪɨɧɚɭɤ ɭ ɞɨɫɥɿɞɠɟɧɧɿ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɦɨɜɧɨʀ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɡɚɰɿʀ
ɝɨɪɿʀ ɭɹɜɧɢɯ ɧɚɦɚɥɶɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɬɜɚɪɢɧ. Ȳɯ ɦɨɠɧɚ ɛɭɥɨ ɫɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɡɭɜɚɬɢ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɫɬɢɦ
ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨɦ (ɧɚɹɜɧɿɫɬɶ ɞɜɨɯ ɿɡ ɩɹɬɢ ɛɿɧɚɪɧɢɯ ɨɡɧɚɤ) ɚɛɨ ɡɚ ɩɨɞɿɛɧɿɫɬɸ. Ɍɜɚɪɢɧ
ɛɭɥɨ ɫɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɣɨɜɚɧɨ ɬɚɤ, ɳɨ ɩɟɜɧɚ ʀɯɧɹ ɱɚɫɬɢɧɚ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɥɚ ɩɟɪɟɯɿɞɧɿ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɢ:
ɡɚ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨɦ ɜɨɧɢ ɩɨɬɪɚɩɥɹɥɢ ɞɨ ɨɞɧɿɽʀ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ, ɚ ɡɚ ɩɨɞɿɛɧɿɫɬɸ ɞɨ ɿɧɲɨʀ.
ɍɱɚɫɧɢɤɢ, ɹɤɢɦ ɞɚɥɢ ɿɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɿɸ ɡɚɫɬɨɫɨɜɭɜɚɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɡɚɰɿʀ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɬɢɦ
ɧɟ ɦɟɧɲ ɞɨɫɢɬɶ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɩɨɤɥɚɞɚɥɢɫɹ ɧɚ ɡɜɹɡɤɢ ɩɨɞɿɛɧɨɫɬɿ ɩɿɞ ɱɚɫ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ
ɩɟɪɟɯɿɞɧɢɯ ɟɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɿɜ, ɡɚɪɚɯɨɜɭɸɱɢ ʀɯ ɞɨ ɿɧɲɨʀ, „ɧɟɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨʀɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ. ȱɧ-
ɲɢɦɢ ɫɥɨɜɚɦɢ, ɜɫɭɩɟɪɟɱ ɧɚɫɬɚɧɨɜɿ ɧɚ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɡɚɰɿɸ ɡɚ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚɦɢ ɜ ɧɢɯ ɦɢɦɨ-
ɜɨɥɿ ɫɩɪɚɰɶɨɜɭɜɚɜ ɦɟɯɚɧɿɡɦ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɡɚɰɿʀ ɡɚ ɩɨɞɿɛɧɿɫɬɸ. Ʉɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɩɨɦɢ-
ɥɨɤ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɥɚ 45 %, ɿ ɱɚɫ ɪɟɚɤɰɿʀ ɛɭɜ ɛɿɥɶɲɢɣ, ɧɿɠ ɞɥɹ ɨɞɧɨɡɧɚɱɧɢɯ ɟɤɡɟɦɩɥɹ-
ɪɿɜ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɱɢɧɨɦ, ɛɭɥɨ ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɨ, ɳɨ ɨɛɢɞɜɚ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɡɚɰɿɣɧɿ ɦɟɯɚɧɿɡɦɢ ɩɪɚ-
ɰɸɜɚɥɢ ɩɚɪɚɥɟɥɶɧɨ; ɤɨɠɟɧ ɞɚɜɚɜ ɫɜɨʀ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɢ, ɿ ɧɚ ɟɬɚɩɿ ɜɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɜɿɞɛɭɜɚɜ-
ɫɹ ɜɢɛɿɪ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɿ. ɋɭɩɟɪɟɱɥɢɜɿ ɞɚɧɿ ɩɪɢɡɜɨɞɢɥɢ ɞɨ ɡɚɬɪɢɦɤɢ ɪɟɚɤɰɿʀ, ɚ ɡɝɿɞɧɿ
ɞɚɧɿ ɨɛɪɨɛɥɹɥɢɫɹ ɲɜɢɞɲɟ, ɬɨɛɬɨ ɫɭɛɽɤɬɢ ɩɨɫɬɿɣɧɨ ɡɚɫɬɨɫɨɜɭɜɚɥɢ ɞɜɿ ɫɬɪɚɬɟ-
ɝɿʀ ɨɞɧɨɱɚɫɧɨ, ɚ ɧɚ ɤɿɧɰɟɜɨɦɭ ɟɬɚɩɿ ɜɿɞɛɭɜɚɜɫɹ ɜɢɛɿɪ ɨɞɧɿɽʀ ɪɟɚɤɰɿʀ. ɉɨɩɪɢ ɪɿɡɧɿ
ɦɨɞɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɩɨɛɭɞɨɜɢ ɟɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɭ ɡ ɦɟɬɨɸ ɡɦɟɧɲɢɬɢ ɣɦɨɜɿɪɧɿɫɬɶ ɜɿɞɯɨɞɭ ɜɿɞ
ɡɚɫɬɨɫɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɪɚɜɢɥ, ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɡɚɰɿɹ ɡɚ ɩɨɞɿɛɧɿɫɬɸ ɡɛɟɪɟɝɥɚɫɹ, ɳɨ ɫɜɿɞɱɢɬɶ ɩɪɨ
ɝɥɢɛɨɤɭ ɜɤɨɪɿɧɟɧɿɫɬɶ ɰɶɨɝɨ ɦɟɯɚɧɿɡɦɭ.
Ⱦɚɧɿ ɧɟɣɪɨɜɿɡɭɚɥɿɡɚɰɿɣɧɢɯ ɞɨɫɥɿɞɠɟɧɶ ɩɿɞɬɜɟɪɞɠɭɸɬɶ ɩɚɪɚɥɟɥɶɧɭ ɪɨɛɨ-
ɬɭ ɪɿɡɧɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɡɚɰɿʀ. Ɂɚ ɜɢɛɿɪ ɿ ɩɟɪɟɦɢɤɚɧɧɹ ɦɿɠ ɧɢɦɢ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚ-
ɸɬɶ ɨɤɪɟɦɿ ɞɿɥɹɧɤɢ ɩɟɪɟɞɥɨɛɨɜɨʀ ɱɚɫɬɤɢ ɤɨɪɢ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɡɤɭ5. əɤɳɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɶ-
ɬɚɬɢ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ ɰɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɡɛɿɝɚɸɬɶɫɹ, ɬɨ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɡɚɰɿɹ ɩɪɢɲɜɢɞɲɭɽɬɶɫɹ, ɜɢɧɢɤɚɽ
ɟɮɟɤɬ ɩɪɚɣɦɿɧɝɭ. əɤɳɨ ɠ ɜɨɧɢ ɫɭɩɟɪɟɱɥɢɜɿ, ɬɨ ɪɟɚɤɰɿɹ ɡɚɬɪɢɦɭɽɬɶɫɹɜ ɬɚɤɨ-
ɦɭ ɪɚɡɿ ɝɨɜɨɪɹɬɶ ɩɪɨ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɰɿɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɡɚɰɿʀ.
ɇɚɤɨɩɢɱɟɧɧɹ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɪɨɞɭ ɟɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɞɚɧɢɯ ɩɪɢɜɟɥɨ ɞɨ ɧɢɡɤɢ ɭɡɚ-
ɝɚɥɶɧɟɧɶ6:
ɞɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɿɜ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɡɚɰɿʀ ɜ ɦɨɡɤɭ ɥɸɞɢɧɢ ɡɚɥɭɱɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɪɿɡɧɿ ɧɟɣɪɨɧɧɿ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ, ɡɚɥɟɠɧɨ ɜɿɞ ɬɢɩɭ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ ɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɭ ʀʀ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ;
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɣ ɪɨɡɩɨɞɿɥɟɧɨ ɩɨ ɡɨɧɚɯ ɦɨɡɤɭ, ɜɨɧɢ ɨɯɨɩɥɸɸɬɶ
ɪɿɡɧɿ ɧɟɣɪɨɧɧɿ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ. Ⱦɨ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɧɧɹ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɜɞɚɧɧɹ ɡ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɡɚɰɿʀ ɦɨɠɟ ɡɚ-
ɥɭɱɚɬɢɫɹ ɧɢɡɤɚ ɜɿɞɦɿɧɧɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ;
ɨɩɚɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɣ ɜɢɦɚɝɚɽ ɤɨɦɩɪɨɦɿɫɭ ɦɿɠ ɭɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɟɧɧɹɦ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɞ-
ɧɶɨɝɨ ɞɨɫɜɿɞɭ ɣ ɡɚɩɚɦɹɬɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹɦ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɢɯ ɨɛɽɤɬɿɜ ɱɢ ɩɨɞɿɣ;
ɭ ɜɢɜɱɟɧɧɿ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɣ ɩɟɪɟɯɪɟɳɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɣ ɧɚɤɥɚɞɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɿɦɩɥɿɰɢɬɧɚ ɣ ɟɤɫ-
ɩɥɿ ɰɢɬɧɚ, ɞɟɤɥɚɪɚɬɢɜɧɚ ɣ ɧɟɞɟɤɥɚɪɚɬɢɜɧɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɩɚɦɹɬɿ;
ɞɨ ɚɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɡɚɜɞɚɧɶ ɧɚɥɟɠɢɬɶ ɡɹɫɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɬɨɝɨ, ɹɤɿ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɜɢɜɱɟɧɧɹ
ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɣ ɡɚɥɭɱɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɢɯ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɿɹɯ, ɡɚɥɟɠɧɨ ɜɿɞ ɹɤɢɯ ɱɢɧɧɢɤɿɜ ɿ ɹɤ
ɜɨɧɢ ɜɡɚɽɦɨɞɿɸɬɶ.
ɍ ɦɟɠɚɯ ɩɚɪɚɞɢɝɦɢ, ɜ ɹɤɿɣ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɿʀ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɡɚɰɿʀ ɩɨɜɹɡɭɸɬɶ ɿɡ ɪɿɡɧɢɦɢ ɬɢ-
ɩɚɦɢ ɩɚɦɹɬɿ, ɛɭɥɨ ɜɢɨɤɪɟɦɥɟɧɨ ɧɢɡɤɭ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɡɚɰɿɣɧɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ, ɨɞɧɚɤ ɛɪɚɤɭɽ
ɨɞɧɨɫɬɚɣɧɨɫɬɿ ɳɨɞɨ ʀɯɧɶɨʀ ɫɭɬɿ ɣ ɤɿɥɶɤɨɫɬɿ. ɇɚɣɛɿɥɶɲ ɞɨɫɥɿɞɠɟɧɢɦ ɭ ɧɟɣɪɨɤɨɝ-
ɧɿɬɢɜɧɿɣ ɥɿɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɿ ɽ ɦɟɯɚɧɿɡɦ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɡɚɰɿʀ ɡɚ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚɦɢ ɡ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹɦ ɞɢɫ-
ɤɪɟɬɧɢɯ ɨɡɧɚɤ. Ƀɨɝɨ ɩɨɜɹɡɭɸɬɶ ɿɡ ɪɨɛɨɱɨɸ ɩɚɦɹɬɬɸ, ɳɨ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɽ ɡɚ ɬɢɦɱɚ-
ɫɨɜɟ ɡɛɟɪɿɝɚɧɧɹ ɩɪɚɜɢɥ ɬɚ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɿɜ ɡɜɿɪɹɧɧɹ ɨɡɧɚɤ, ɿɡ ɹɤɢɯ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɚ-
ɜɢɥɚ, ɡ ɨɡɧɚɤɚɦɢ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɡɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɨɛɽɤɬɿɜ. ɐɟɣ ɦɟɯɚɧɿɡɦ ɟɤɫɩɥɿɰɢɬɧɢɣ, ɬɨɛɬɨ
ɦɟɧɲ-ɛɿɥɶɲ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɢɣ ɫɜɿɞɨɦɨɫɬɿ. ɉɪɨɰɟɫ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɡɚɰɿʀ ɥɨɝɿɱɧɢɣ ɿ ɩɪɨɡɨɪɢɣ,
ɜɿɧ ɦɨɠɟ ɨɯɨɩɥɸɜɚɬɢ ɩɟɪɟɜɿɪɤɭ ɝɿɩɨɬɟɡɢ, ɫɩɨɫɿɛ ɫɩɪɨɛ ɿ ɩɨɦɢɥɨɤ, ɜɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ
5 F. G . A s h b y , W. T . M a d do x, Ibidem.
6 C . A . S e g e r, Category Learning in the Brain, [in:] „Annual Review of Neuroscience” 2010,
No. 33, pp. 203-19.
306 ȼ. ɋ ɬɚ ɪɤɨ
ɣ ɩɟɪɟɜɿɪɤɭ ɩɟɜɧɨʀ ɬɟɨɪɿʀ”, ɡɚɫɬɨɫɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɟɜɧɨʀ ɭɫɜɿɞɨɦɥɟɧɨʀ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɿʀ, ɚ ɬɚ-
ɤɨɠ ɡɚɩɚɦɹɬɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɧɚɡɜɢ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨʀ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɹɜɥɟɧɨɝɨ
ɫɬɢɦɭɥɭ. Ɉɩɚɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɽɸ ɦɨɠɟ ɜɿɞɛɭɜɚɬɢɫɹ ɨɞɧɨɦɨɦɟɧɬɧɨ ɤɨɥɢ ɥɸ-
ɞɢɧɚ ɫɚɦɚ ɜɥɨɜɥɸɽ ɚɛɨ ʀɣ ɩɨɜɿɞɨɦɥɹɸɬɶ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɳɨ ɨɤɪɟɫɥɸɽ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɸ. ɇɚɣ-
ɩɪɨɫɬɿɲɢɦ ɩɪɢɤɥɚɞɨɦ ɦɨɠɟ ɛɭɬɢ ɫɨɪɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɿɜ ɧɚ, ɫɤɚɠɿɦɨ, ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɿ
ɣ ɨɤɪɭɝɥɿ. ȼ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɚɯ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɨɯɨɩɥɸɜɚɬɢ ɛɿɥɶɲɭ ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ
ɨɡɧɚɤ. Ɂɚɝɚɥɨɦ ɲɜɢɞɤɿɫɬɶ ɜɢɜɱɟɧɧɹ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ ɡɚɥɟɠɢɬɶ ɜɿɞ ɬɨɝɨ, ɫɤɿɥɶɤɢ ɱɚɫɭ
ɡɧɚɞɨɛɢɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɤɨɪɟɤɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ. Ɂɜɨɪɨɬɧɢɣ ɡɜɹɡɨɤ (ɿɧɮɨɪ-
ɦɚɰɿɹ ɩɪɨ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɿɫɬɶ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɡɚɰɿʀ ɬɨɝɨ ɱɢ ɬɨɝɨ ɨɛɽɤɬɚ) ɧɟ ɽ ɨɛɨɜɹɡɤɨɜɢɣ.
Ɉɫɨɛɥɢɜɿɫɬɸ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɡɚɰɿʀ ɡɚ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚɦɢ ɽ ɧɚɹɜɧɿɫɬɶ ɱɿɬɤɢɯ, ɞɢɫɤɪɟɬɧɢɯ ɨɡɧɚɤ,
ɳɨ ɫɬɚɸɬɶ ɨɛɽɤɬɨɦ ɜɢɛɿɪɤɨɜɨʀ ɭɜɚɝɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɦɨɡɤɭ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɿ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɡɚɰɿʀ
ɨɛɽɤɬɿɜ. ɉɪɢ ɰɶɨɦɭ ɞɟɹɤɿ ɧɚɭɤɨɜɰɿ ɧɚɝɨɥɨɲɭɸɬɶ, ɳɨ ɰɿ ɨɡɧɚɤɢ ɦɚɸɬɶ ɥɟɝɤɨ
ɜɟɪɛɚɥɿɡɭɜɚɬɢɫɹ7, ɚ ɿɧɲɿ ɳɨ ɜɨɧɢ ɦɚɸɬɶ ɥɟɝɤɨ ɜɢɨɤɪɟɦɥɸɜɚɬɢɫɹ ɡ ɨɛɽɤɬɿɜ8.
ɐɟɣ ɦɟɯɚɧɿɡɦ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɡɚɰɿʀ ɧɚɡɢɜɚɸɬɶ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɞɟɤɥɚɪɚɬɢɜɧɢɦ, ɛɨ ɜɿɧ ɩɨɜɹɡɚɧɢɣ
ɿɡ ɞɟɤɥɚɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɸ ɩɚɦɹɬɬɸ ɭɫɜɿɞɨɦɥɟɧɨɸ, ɩɪɢɫɬɨɫɨɜɚɧɨɸ ɞɨ ɦɢɬɬɽɜɨɝɨ
ɡɚɩɚɦɹɬɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ. ɇɟɣɪɨɧɧɢɦ ɫɭɛɫɬɪɚɬɨɦ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɡɚɰɿʀ ɡɚ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ-
ɦɢ ɜɜɚɠɚɸɬɶ (ɯɨɱɚ ɣ ɡ ɞɟɹɤɢɦɢ ɪɨɡɛɿɠɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ) ɩɟɪɟɞɥɨɛɨɜɭ ɤɨɪɭ (ɩɨɜɹɡɚɧɭ
ɡ ɪɨɛɨɱɨɸ ɩɚɦɹɬɬɸ ɣ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɜɱɢɦɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɹɦɢ ɦɨɡɤɭ), ɝɿɩɨɤɚɦɩ, ɦɟɞɿɚɥɶɧɨ-
ɫɤɪɨɧɟɜɿ ɜɿɞɞɿɥɢ ɤɨɪɢ9. Ɂɚɮɿɤɫɨɜɚɧɨ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɩɿɞɜɢɳɟɧɭ ɚɤɬɢɜɚɰɿɸ ɬɿɦɹɧɢɯ ɞɿɥɹ-
ɧɨɤ ɤɨɪɢ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɡɤɭ10 ɬɚ ɫɦɭɝɚɫɬɨɝɨ ɬɿɥɚ11, ɳɨ, ɨɞɧɚɤ, ɡɚɥɭɱɟɧɨ ɞɨ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ
ɣ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɡɚɰɿʀ.
ȱɧɲɢɣ ɡɧɚɱɧɢɣ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɡɚɰɿɣɧɢɣ ɦɟɯɚɧɿɡɦ ɫɩɢɪɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɨɞɿɛɧɿɫɬɶ. Ɍɭɬ
ɩɨɝɥɹɞɢ ɞɨɫɥɿɞɧɢɤɿɜ ɪɨɡɯɨɞɹɬɶɫɹ: ɞɟɹɤɿ ɜɜɚɠɚɸɬɶ ɣɨɝɨ ɨɤɪɟɦɨɸ ɿɦɩɥɿɰɢɬɧɨɸ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɸ12, ɚ ɿɧɲɿ ɜɢɨɤɪɟɦɥɸɸɬɶ ɟɤɫɩɥɿɰɢɬɧɭ ɬɚ ɿɦɩɥɿɰɢɬɧɭ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɡɚɰɿɸ ɡɚ
ɩɨɞɿɛɧɿɫɬɸ13. Ʉɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɡɚɰɿɹ ɡɚ ɩɨɞɿɛɧɿɫɬɸ ɦɚɽ ɪɨɡɦɚʀɬɿ ɡɚɫɬɨɫɭɜɚɧɧɹ. ȱɦɩɥɿɰɢɬ-
ɧɭ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɡɚɰɿɸ ɩɨɜɹɡɭɸɬɶ ɿɡ ɿɦɩɥɿɰɢɬɧɨɸ ɞɨɜɝɨɬɟɪɦɿɧɨɜɨɸ ɩɚɦɹɬɬɸ, ɹɤɭ
ɨɤɪɟɫɥɸɸɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɜɚɠɧɨ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɿ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢɜɿɞɫɭɬɧɿɫɬɶ ɚɤɬɢɜɚ-
ɰɿʀ ɜ ɪɿɡɧɢɯ ɡɨɧɚɯ. ɑɟɪɟɡ ɰɟ ɧɟ ɜɢɤɥɸɱɟɧɨ ɿɫɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɤɿɥɶɤɨɯ ʀʀ ɪɿɡɧɨɜɢɞɿɜ. ȿɤɫ-
ɩɥɿɰɢɬɧɚ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɡɚɰɿɹ ɡɚ ɩɨɞɿɛɧɿɫɬɸ ɫɩɢɪɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɝɟɲɬɚɥɶɬɢ, ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɿ ɰɿɥɿɫ-
ɧɿ ɨɛɪɚɡɢ ɨɛɽɤɬɿɜ. ɍ ɟɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɯ ɩɟɪɟɜɚɠɧɨ ɞɨɫɥɿɞɠɭɸɬɶ ɩɟɪɰɟɩɬɢɜɧɿ ɨɛɪɚ-
ɡɢ, ɯɨɱ ɟɤɫɩɥɿɰɢɬɧɚ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɡɚɰɿɹ ɡɚ ɩɨɞɿɛɧɿɫɬɸ ɦɨɠɟ ɫɬɨɫɭɜɚɬɢɫɹ ɣ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɱ-
ɧɢɯ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɣ. ɍ ɦɟɠɚɯ ɰɶɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɭ ɥɟɠɢɬɶ ɩɨɪɿɜɧɹɧɧɹ ɡ ɟɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɨɦ ɿ ɩɨɪɿɜ-
ɧɹɧɧɹ ɡ ɩɪɨɬɨɬɢɩɨɦ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ. ɇɟɣɪɨɧɧɢɣ ɫɭɛɫɬɪɚɬ ɟɤɫɩɥɿɰɢɬɧɨʀ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɡɚɰɿʀ
ɡɚ ɩɨɞɿɛ ɧɿɫɬɸɞɿɥɹɧɤɢ ɦɟɞɿɚɥɶɧɨʀ ɫɤɪɨɧɟɜɨʀ ɱɚɫɬɤɢ ɤɨɪɢ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɡɤɭ14.
ɇɚ ɩɿɞɬɜɟɪɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɿɫɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɰɢɯ ɜɿɞɦɿɧɧɢɯ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɡɚɰɿɣɧɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɡɿɛɪɚ-
ɧɨ ɜɚɝɨɦɢɣ ɦɚɫɢɜ ɞɨɤɚɡɿɜ:
ɜɿɞɦɿɧɧɿɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɮɿɥɿɜ ɬɜɟɪɞɠɟɧɶ ɩɪɨ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɡɚɰɿɸ. ɍɱɚɫɧɢɤɢ ɟɤɫɩɟɪɢ-
ɦɟɧɬɿɜ, ɹɤɿ ɡɚɫɬɨɫɨɜɭɜɚɥɢ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ, ɩɨɞɚɜɚɥɢ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɱɧɿ ɫɭɞɠɟɧɧɹ (ɧɚɥɟɠɢɬɶ
ɚɛɨ ɧɟ ɧɚɥɟɠɢɬɶ ɞɨ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ), ɚ ɜ ɪɚɡɿ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɡɚɰɿʀ ɡɚ ɩɨɞɿɛɧɿɫɬɸ ɩɪɨɮɿɥɶ ɦɚɜ
ɝɪɚɞɭɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ;
ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɡɚɰɿɣɧɿ ɞɟɮɟɤɬɢ ɫɟɪɟɞ ɩɚɰɿɽɧɬɿɜ ɿɡ ɯɜɨɪɨɛɨɸ Ⱥɥɶɰɝɟɣɦɟɪɚ ɬɚ
ɡ ɤɨɪɬɢɤɨ-ɛɚɡɚɥɶɧɨɸ ɞɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɿɽɸ ɦɚɸɬɶ ɜɢɛɿɪɤɨɜɢɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ: ɭ ɧɢɯ ɩɨɪɭɲɟ-
7 F. G . A s hb y, W. T. M a dd ox , Ibidem.
8 ȿ. ȿ. S m it h, M . G r o s s m a n , Ibidem.
9 F. G . A s h b y, W. T. M a d d o x , Ibidem.
10 ȿ. ȿ. S m i t h , M . G ro ss ma n , Ibidem.
11 F. G. A s h b y, Categorization, Neural Basis, [in:] H. Pashler (ed.): The Encyclopedia of the
Mind, Oaks, CA 2013, pp. 130–134.
12 F. G . A s hb y, W. T. M a dd ox , Ibidem.
13 ȿ. ȿ. S m it h, M . G r o s s m a n , Ibidem.
14 Ibidem.
307
Ⱦɚɧɿ ɧɟɣɪɨɧɚɭɤ ɭ ɞɨɫɥɿɞɠɟɧɧɿ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɦɨɜɧɨʀ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɡɚɰɿʀ
ɧɚ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɡɚɰɿɹ ɡɚ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚɦɢ, ɚɥɟ ɧɟ ɡɚ ɩɨɞɿɛɧɿɫɬɸ. Ɍɚɤɿ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɢ ɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɨ
ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɿ ɧɨɜɢɯ ɩɟɪɰɟɩɬɢɜɧɢɯ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɣ ɬɚ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɢɯ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɱɧɢɯ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɣ.
ɧɟɣɪɨɜɿɡɭɚɥɿɡɚɰɿɣɧɿ ɞɨɫɥɿɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɧɚ ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɿ ɧɨɜɢɯ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɣ ɬɚ ɩɪɢ-
ɪɨɞɧɢɯ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɣ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɢ ɩɨɞɜɿɣɧɭ ɞɢɫɨɰɿɚɰɿɸ (ɚɧɝɥ. double dissociation), ɬɨɛ-
ɬɨ ɛɭɥɨ ɜɢɹɜɥɟɧɨ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɿɱɧɿ ɞɿɥɹɧɤɢ, ɳɨ ɚɤɬɢɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɩɿɞ ɱɚɫ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧ-
ɧɹ ɩɪɚɜɢɥ (ɡɨɤɪɟɦɚ ɩɟɪɟɞɥɨɛɨɜɿ ɡɨɧɢ), ɿ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɿɱɧɿ ɞɿɥɹɧɤɢ, ɳɨ ɤɨɪɟɥɸɸɬɶ
ɿɡ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɡɚɰɿɽɸ ɡɚ ɩɨɞɿɛɧɿɫɬɸ (ɡɨɤɪɟɦɚ ɬɿɦɹɧɿ ɡɨɧɢ, ɳɨ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɸɬɶ ɡɚ ɿɧɬɟ-
ɝɪɚɰɿɸ ɩɟɪɰɟɩɬɢɜɧɢɯ ɨɡɧɚɤ)15.
Ʉɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɡɚɰɿɹ ɧɨɜɢɯ, ɧɟɡɧɚɧɢɯ ɨɛɽɤɬɿɜ (ɡɚɫɜɨɽɧɧɹ ɧɨɜɢɯ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɣ) ɜɿɞ-
ɛɭɜɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɧɚɛɚɝɚɬɨ ɪɿɞɲɟ, ɧɿɠ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɧɚ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɡɚɰɿɹ (ɨɩɟɪɚɰɿʀ ɡ ɜɿɞɨɦɢɦɢ
ɨɛɽɤɬɚɦɢ), ɨɞɧɚɤ ɩɟɪɲɢɣ ɪɿɡɧɨɜɢɞ ɞɨɫɥɿɞɠɟɧɨ ɧɚɛɚɝɚɬɨ ɤɪɚɳɟ. ȯ ɜɚɝɨɦɿ ɩɿɞɫɬɚ-
ɜɢ ɜɜɚɠɚɬɢ, ɳɨ ɧɟɣɪɨɧɧɿ ɦɟɯɚɧɿɡɦɢ ɩɨɱɚɬɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɜɢɜɱɟɧɧɹ ɧɨɜɢɯ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɣ ɬɚ ɚɜ-
ɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɪɨɛɥɟɧɧɹ ɞɨɛɪɟ ɡɚɫɜɨɽɧɢɯ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɣ ɜɿɞɪɿɡɧɹɸɬɶɫɹ16. ɐɸ ɜɿɞɦɿɧ-
ɧɿɫɬɶ ɹɫɤɪɚɜɨ ɿɥɸɫɬɪɭɽ ɜɿɞɨɦɢɣ ɮɚɤɬ: ɥɸɞɢɧɚ ɩɨɜɨɥɿ ɜɢɜɱɚɽ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɸ, ɚ ɩɨɬɿɦ
ɦɨɠɟ ɲɜɢɞɤɨ ɡɜɟɪɬɚɬɢɫɹ ɞɨ ɧɟʀ ɜ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɧɨɦɭ ɪɟɠɢɦɿ”. ɉɪɨɰɟɫɢ ɭɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɹ
ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ ɣ ɜɨɥɨɞɿɧɧɹ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɽɸ ɪɿɡɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɤɨɝɧɿɬɢɜɧɨɦɭ ɣ ɧɟɣ ɪɨɧɧɨɦɭ ɪɿɜɧɹɯ.
ɇɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, ɥɸɞɢ ɡ ɯɜɨɪɨɛɨɸ ɉɚɪɤɿɧɫɨɧɚ ɦɚɸɬɶ ɩɨɪɭɲɟɧɧɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɿɜ ɨɩɚɧɭɜɚɧ-
ɧɹ ɧɨɜɢɯ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɣ, ɚɥɟ ɡɛɟɪɿɝɚɸɬɶ ɡɞɚɬɧɿɫɬɶ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɬɢɫɹ ɫɬɚɪɢɦɢ, ɜɿɞɨɦɢ-
ɦɢ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɹɦɢ. Ɇɚɫɢɜ ɧɟɞɚɜɧɿɯ ɞɨɫɥɿɞɠɟɧɶ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɧɚɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɞɭɦɤɭ ɩɪɨ ɬɟ, ɳɨ
ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɿ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɿʀ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɡɚɰɿʀ ɜɿɞɛɭɜɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɩɟɪɟɪɨɡɩɨɞɿɥ ɪɨɥɟɣ: ɫɩɨɱɚɬɤɭ
ɩɟɪɟɞɥɨɛɨɜɚ ɱɚɫɬɤɚ ɬɚ ɫɦɭɝɚɫɬɟ ɬɿɥɨ ɜɿɞɿɝɪɚɸɬɶ ɤɥɸɱɨɜɭ ɪɨɥɶ, ɚ ɡ ɱɚɫɨɦ, ɜ ɦɿɪɭ
ɭɡɜɢɱɚɽɧɧɹ, ɳɟ ɞɨ ʀɯɧɶɨɝɨ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɧɹ ɩɨɱɢɧɚɸɬɶ ɪɟɚɝɭɜɚɬɢ ɩɟɪɟɞɪɭɯɨɜɚ ɬɚ ɪɭɯɨ-
ɜɚ ɡɨɧɢ. ȱɧɚɤɲɟ ɤɚɠɭɱɢ, ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɜɿɞ ɞɿɥɹɧɨɤ, ɳɨ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɸɬɶ ɡɚ ɩɨ-
ɱɚɬɤɨɜɭ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɡɚɰɿɸ, ɞɨ ɫɭɬɨ ɤɨɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɦɟɪɟɠ, ɹɤɿ ɩɨɽɞɧɭɸɬɶ ɞɿɥɹɧɤɢ ɫɟɧ-
ɫɨɪɧɢɯ ɚɫɨɰɿɚɰɿɣ, ɳɨ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɸɬɶ ɡɚ ɩɟɪɰɟɩɰɿɸ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɭ, ɬɚ ɩɟɪɟɞɪɭɯɨɜɿ / ɪɭɯɨɜɿ
ɡɨɧɢ, ɹɤɿ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɸɬɶ ɡɚ ɦɨɬɨɪɧɭ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɶ17. Ⱦɥɹ ɭɡɜɢɱɚɽɧɨʀ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɡɚɰɿʀ, ɚɥɟ
ɧɟ ɞɥɹ ɜɢɜɱɟɧɧɹ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɣ, ɜɚɠɥɢɜɿ ɚɫɨɰɿɚɬɢɜɧɿ ɡɨɧɢ ɤɨɪɢ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɡɤɭ, ɹɤ-ɨɬ
ɧɢɠɧɶɨɫɤɪɨɧɟɜɚ ɞɿɥɹɧɤɚ. ȼɨɧɚ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɽ ɡɚ ɜɢɫɨɤɨɪɿɜɧɟɜɭ ɪɟɩɪɟɡɟɧɬɚɰɿɸ ɜɿɡɭ-
ɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɿɜ, ɿ ɡ ɧɟɸ ɩɨɜɹɡɚɧɿ ɞɟɹɤɿ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɽɡɚɥɟɠɧɿ ɚɝɧɨɡɿʀ, ɬɨɛɬɨ ɧɟɫɩɪɨɦɨɠ-
ɧɿɫɬɶ ɪɨɡɩɿɡɧɚɬɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɤɿɜ ɩɟɜɧɨʀ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ, ɹɤ-ɨɬ ɿɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɢ ɱɢ ɮɪɭɤɬɢ18.
ɐɿɤɚɜɢɦ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɨɦ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɡɚɰɿʀ ɽ ɜɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ ɧɚɡɜ ɤɨɥɶɨɪɿɜ. ȱɫɬɨɪɢɱɧɨ ɫɤɥɚ-
ɥɢɫɹ ɞɜɚ ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɨɬɢɥɟɠɧɿ ɩɿɞɯɨɞɢ ɞɨ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɡɚɰɿʀ ɤɨɥɶɨɪɿɜ. Ʉɪɚɣɧɿ ɭɧɿ-
ɜɟɪɫɚɥɿɫɬɢ ɧɚɩɨɥɹɝɚɸɬɶ, ɳɨ ɩɨɡɚɹɤ ɛɿɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɚ ɛɭɞɨɜɚ ɥɸɞɢɧɢ ɨɞɧɚɤɨɜɚ, ɬɨ ɿɫɧɭ-
ɸɬɶ ɭɧɿɜɟɪɫɚɥɶɧɿ ɨɛɦɟɠɟɧɧɹ, ɧɚɤɥɚɞɟɧɿ ɧɚ ɤɨɥɶɨɪɨɛɚɱɟɧɧɹ. Ʉɪɚɣɧɿɣ ɪɟɥɹɬɢɜɿɡɦ
ɨɬɨɬɨɠɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɬɜɟɪɞɠɟɧɧɹɦ ɩɪɨ ɰɿɥɤɨɜɢɬɭ ɞɨɜɿɥɶɧɿɫɬɶ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɡɚɰɿʀ ɤɨɥɶɨɪɭ
ɜ ɪɿɡɧɢɯ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɚɯ. Ɉɛɢɞɜɿ ɤɪɚɣɧɿ ɩɨɡɢɰɿʀ ɧɚ ɫɶɨɝɨɞɧɿ ɽ ɧɟɩɪɢɣɧɹɬɧɢɦɢ. ɇɚɬɨ-
ɦɿɫɬɶ ɜɿɞɛɭɜɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɩɨɲɭɤ ɤɨɦɩɪɨɦɿɫɧɨʀ, ɪɟɚɥɿɫɬɢɱɧɿɲɨʀ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɿʀ, ɹɤɚ ɜɪɚɯɨɜɭ-
ɜɚɥɚ ɛ ɹɤɨɦɨɝɚ ɛɿɥɶɲɟ ɱɢɧɧɢɤɿɜ, ɳɨ ɜɩɥɢɜɚɸɬɶ ɧɚ ɫɩɪɢɣɧɹɬɬɹ ɤɨɥɶɨɪɭ ɥɸɞɢ-
ɧɨɸ. Ɉɪɢɝɿɧɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɤɨɦɩɪɨɦɿɫ ɭ ɫɭɩɟɪɟɱɰɿ ɭɧɿɜɟɪɫɚɥɿɫɬɿɜ ɬɚ ɪɟɥɹɬɢɜɿɫɬɿɜ ɡɚɩɪɨ-
ɩɨɧɭɜɚɥɢ ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɶɤɿ ɧɚɭɤɨɜɰɿ Ɍ. Ɋɟɝɿɪ ɬɚ ɉ. Ʉɟɣ, ɹɤɿ ɡɚɝɚɥɨɦ ɫɯɢɥɶɧɿ ɜɿɞɫɬɨ-
ɸɜɚɬɢ ɩɟɪɲɭ ɩɨɡɢɰɿɸ: ɭɧɿɜɟɪɫɚɥɿɫɬɚɦ ɜɨɧɢ ɜɿɞɞɚɥɢ ɩɪɚɜɭ ɩɿɜɤɭɥɸ ɦɨɡɤɭ ɥɸɞɢ-
ɧɢ, ɚ ɪɟɥɹɬɢɜɿɫɬɚɦ ɥɿɜɭ. Ȼɭɥɨ ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɨ, ɳɨ ɦɨɜɧɿ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ ɤɨɥɶɨɪɭ ɥɨɤɚ-
ɥɿɡɨɜɚɧɿ ɜ ɥɿɜɿɣ ɩɿɜɤɭɥɿ ɦɨɡɤɭ ɣ ɜɩɥɢɜɚɸɬɶ, ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨ, ɧɚ ɤɨɥɿɪɧɭ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɡɚ-
ɰɿɸ ɜ ɩɪɚɜɨɦɭ ɜɿɡɭɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɩɨɥɿ, ɚɥɟ ɧɟ ɜ ɥɿɜɨɦɭ19. ɐɟ ɬɜɟɪɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɩɿɞɬɪɢɦɭɸɬɶ
15 Ibidem.
16 F. G . A s hb y, W. T. M a dd ox , Ibidem; F. G . A s hb y, Ibidem.
17 F. G . A s hb y, W. T. M a dd ox , Ibidem; F. G . A s hb y, Ibidem.
18 F. G . A s hb y, Ibidem.
19 T . R e g i e r, P. K a y, Language, thought, and color: Whorf was half right, [in:] „Trends in
Cognitive Sciences” 2009, Vol. 13, Is. 10, pp. 439–446.
308 ȼ. ɋ ɬɚ ɪɤɨ
ɣ ɧɚɭɤɨɜɰɿ, ɫɯɢɥɶɧɿ ɞɨ ɩɨɦɿɪɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɥɹɬɢɜɿɡɦɭ20. ɍ ɧɚɭɤɨɜɿɣ ɫɩɿɥɶɧɨɬɿ ɤɨɝɧɿɬɢɜɿɫ-
ɬɿɜ ɮɨɪɦɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɤɨɧɫɟɧɫɭɫɧɚ ɩɨɡɢɰɿɹ ɩɪɨ ɧɚɹɜɧɿɫɬɶ ɞɜɨɯ ɹɤɿɫɧɨ ɜɿɞɦɿɧɧɢɯ ɫɢɫ-
ɬɟɦ ɨɛɪɨɛɥɟɧɧɹ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿʀ ɩɪɨ ɤɨɥɿɪ ! ɩɟɪɰɟɩɬɢɜɧɨʀ ɣ ɦɨɜɧɨʀ. ɉɟɪɲɚ ɜ ɧɨɪ-
ɦɿ ɥɨɤɚɥɿɡɨɜɚɧɚ ɜ ɩɪɚɜɿɣ ɩɿɜɤɭɥɿ, ɚ ɞɪɭɝɚ ! ɜ ɥɿɜɿɣ. ɉɟɪɲɚ ɨɰɿɧɸɽ ɤɨɥɿɪɧɿ ɜɡɿɪɰɿ
ɡɚ ɩɨɞɿɛɧɿɫɬɸ, ɫɤɚɡɚɬɢ ɛ, ɨɛɽɤɬɢɜɧɨ$, ɬɨɛɬɨ ɫɩɪɢɣɦɚɽ ɫɭɬɨ ɫɟɧɫɨɪɧɿ ɞɚɧɿ. Ɇɨɜ-
ɧɚ ɠ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɿɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɭɽ ɫɟɧɫɨɪɧɭ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɸ, ɩɪɨɩɭɫɤɚɸɱɢ ʀʀ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɮɿɥɶɬɪ
ɭɫɬɚɥɟɧɢɯ ɦɨɜɧɢɯ ɤɨɥɿɪɧɢɯ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɣ ɿ ɫɩɪɢɱɢɧɹɸɱɢɫɶ ɞɨ ɬɚɤ ɡɜɚɧɨɝɨ ɟɮɟɤɬɭ
ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɣɧɨɝɨ ɫɩɪɢɣɧɹɬɬɹ. Ɉɛɢɞɜɿ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɩɪɚɰɸɸɬɶ ɩɚɪɚɥɟɥɶɧɨ, ɚɥɟ ɧɚ ɩɟɜ-
ɧɨɦɭ ɟɬɚɩɿ ɜɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿʀ ɜɟɪɯ ɛɟɪɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɦɨɜɧɨʀ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɡɚɰɿʀ. ȼɩɥɢɜ
ɦɨɜɧɢɯ ɤɨɥɿɪɧɢɯ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɣ ɧɚ ɫɩɪɢɣɧɹɬɬɹ ɤɨɥɶɨɪɭ ɧɟ ɜɢɤɥɢɤɚɽ ɫɭɦɧɿɜɿɜ.
ɉɨɜɢɳɿ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɢ ɧɟɣɪɨɞɨɫɥɿɞɠɟɧɶ ɦɚɸɬɶ ɧɟ ɥɢɲɟ ɜɟɥɢɤɟ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɧɟ ɡɧɚ-
ɱɟɧɧɹ ɞɥɹ ɝɥɢɛɲɨɝɨ ɪɨɡɭɦɿɧɧɹ ɡɜ#ɹɡɤɭ ɦɨɜɢ ɣ ɦɢɫɥɟɧɧɹ, ɚ ɣ ɡɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɶ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱ-
ɧɟ ɡɚɫɬɨɫɭɜɚɧɧɹ. ȼɨɧɢ ɜɢɫɨɤɨɸ ɦɿɪɨɸ ɪɟɥɟɜɚɧɬɧɿ, ɧɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, ɜ ɝɚɥɭɡɿ ɜɢɤɥɚ-
ɞɚɧɧɹ ɱɭɠɢɯ ɦɨɜ, ɛɨ ɫɩɨɧɭɤɚɸɬɶ ɲɭɤɚɬɢ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɿ ɲɥɹɯɢ ɩɨɞɚɧɧɹ ɧɚɜɱɚɥɶ-
ɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɭ ɡɚɥɟɠɧɨ ɜɿɞ ɬɨɝɨ, ɹɤɭ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɡɚɰɿʀ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɢ ɫɯɢɥɶɧɿ ɡɚ-
ɫɬɨɫɨɜɭɜɚɬɢ ɩɿɞ ɱɚɫ ɣɨɝɨ ɨɩɚɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ. ɐɿ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɢ ɩɨɦɿɱɧɿ ɣ ɭ ɥɿɧɝɜɿɫɬɢɱɧɢɯ
ɫɬɭɞɿɹɯ, ɡɨɤɪɟɦɚ ɭ ɜɢɜɱɟɧɧɿ ɤɨɥɿɪɧɢɯ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɣ. Ɇɢ ɞɨɫɥɿɞɢɥɢ ɜɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ ɭɤɪɚʀɧ-
ɫɶɤɢɯ ɤɨɥɨɪɚɬɢɜɿɜ ɫɢɧɿɣ, ɛɥɚɤɢɬɧɢɣ ɿ ɝɨɥɭɛɢɣ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɿ ɩɿɞɯɨɞɭ, ɦɟɬɚ ɹɤɨɝɨ ɩɨ-
ɥɹɝɚɽ ɭ ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɿ ɪɟɮɟɪɟɧɬɧɢɯ ɜɡɿɪɰɿɜ (ɟɬɚɥɨɧɿɜ, ɩɪɨɬɨɬɢɩɿɜ) ɤɨɥɶɨɪɭ. ɐɟɣ
ɦɟɬɨɞ ɨɛʉɪɭɧɬɭɜɚɥɚ Ⱥ. ȼɟɠɛɢɰɶɤɚ21 ɣ ɪɨɡɜɢɧɭɥɢ, ɡɨɤɪɟɦɚ, ɩɨɥɶɫɶɤɿ ɣ ɭɤɪɚʀɧ-
ɫɶɤɿ ɧɚɭɤɨɜɰɿ22. Ⱦɟɬɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɜɢɤɥɚɞ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɿɜ ɧɚɲɨɝɨ ɞɨɫɥɿɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟ-
ɧɨ ɜ ɨɤɪɟɦɿɣ ɩɪɚɰɿ23, ɚ ɬɭɬ ɩɨɞɚɦɨ ɥɢɲɟ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɿ ɜɢɫɧɨɜɤɢ ɣ ɨɛɝɨɜɨɪɟɧɧɹ ɭ ɫɜɿɬ-
ɥɿ ɞɚɧɢɯ ɧɟɣɪɨɧɚɭɤ.
Ɉɩɪɚɰɸɜɚɜɲɢ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɣ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɧɢɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥ, ɦɢ ɞɿɣɲɥɢ ɜɢɫɧɨɜɤɭ, ɳɨ ɜ ɬɚ-
ɤɢɯ ɤɨɥɨɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɢɯ ɫɬɭɞɿɹɯ ɡɚ ɨɞɢɧɢɰɸ ɚɧɚɥɿɡɭ ɫɥɿɞ ɨɛɪɚɬɢ ɧɟ ɨɛ#ɽɤɬɢ, ɚ ɟɬɚɥɨɧ-
ɧɿ ɜɿɡɭɚɥɶɧɿ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɿʀ, ɬɨɛɬɨ ɬɢɩɨɜɿ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɿʀ, ɜ ɹɤɢɯ ɨɛ#ɽɤɬ ɫɩɨɫɬɟɪɟɠɭɜɚɧɨ ɡɚ
ɩɟɜɧɢɯ ɭɦɨɜ. ɋɚɦɢɯ ɜɡɿɪɰɟɜɢɯ ɨɛ#ɽɤɬɿɜ ɧɟ ɞɨɫɢɬɶ, ɩɨɡɚɹɤ ɜɨɧɢ ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɛɭɬɢ ɨɞ-
ɧɚɤɨɜɢɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɤɿɥɶɤɨɯ ɤɨɥɶɨɪɨɧɚɡɜ, ɿ ɬɨɞɿ ɜɢɪɿɲɚɥɶɧɢɦ ɱɢɧɧɢɤɨɦ ɜɢɹɜɥɹɸɬɶɫɹ
ɭɦɨɜɢ ɫɩɨɫɬɟɪɟɠɟɧɧɹ. Ⱦɨ ɬɨɝɨ ɠ, ɡɚ ɦɟɬɭ ɪɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɿʀ ɜɚɪɬɨ ɩɨɤɥɚɫɬɢ ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜ-
ɥɟɧɧɹ ɰɿɥɨʀ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɡɚɰɿɣɧɨʀ ɦɨɞɟɥɿ, ɞɨ ɹɤɨʀ ɦɨɠɟ ɧɚɥɟɠɚɬɢ ɧɢɡɤɚ ɟɬɚɥɨɧɧɢɯ
ɫɢɬɭɚɰɿɣ ɿɡ ɪɿɡɧɢɦ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɟɦ ɜɚɠɥɢɜɨɫɬɿ. ɇɚ ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɿ ɞɚɧɢɯ ɚɫɨɰɿɚɬɢɜɧɢɯ ɟɤɫ-
ɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɿɜ ɬɚ ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɭ ɟɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɪɩɭɫɭ ɭɤɪɚʀɧɫɶɤɨʀ ɦɨɜɢ ɦɢ ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɢ-
ɥɢ, ɳɨ ɜ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɡɚɰɿɣɧɿɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɿ ɫɢɧɶɨʀ ɱɚɫɬɢɧɢ ɫɩɟɤɬɪɭ ɡɿ ɡɧɚɱɧɨɸ ɩɟɪɟɜɚɝɨɸ
ɞɨɦɿɧɭɽ ɜɡɿɪɟɰɶ ɧɟɛɨ$: ɤɨɠɟɧ ɿɡ ɬɪɶɨɯ ɪɨɡɝɥɹɞɭɜɚɧɢɯ ɤɨɥɨɪɚɬɢɜɿɜ ɧɚɣɬɿɫɧɿɲɟ
ɩɨɜ#ɹɡɚɧɢɣ ɫɚɦɟ ɡ ɧɢɦ. ɇɚ ɞɪɭɝɨɦɭ ɳɚɛɥɿ ɿɽɪɚɪɯɿʀ ɫɬɨʀɬɶ ɜɡɿɪɟɰɶɩɨɜɿɬɪɹɧɢɣ
ɩɪɨɫɬɿɪ$, ɩɿɞ ɹɤɢɦ ɦɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɭɜɚɡɿ ɦɚɫɚ ɩɨɜɿɬɪɹ, ɳɨ ɡɚɩɨɜɧɸɽ ɩɪɨɫɬɿɪ ɦɿɠ ɡɟɦ-
ɥɟɸ ɿ ɧɟɛɨɦ. ɇɚ ɥɟɤɫɢɱɧɨɦɭ ɪɿɜɧɿ ɧɨɦɿɧɚɰɿʀ ɰɶɨɝɨ ɟɬɚɥɨɧɚ ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɛɭɬɢ ɞɨɫɢɬɶ
ɪɿɡɧɢɦɢ: ɛɥɚɤɢɬɧɢɣ ɪɚɧɨɤ, ɝɨɥɭɛɿ ɯɜɢɥɿ ɱɢɫɬɨɝɨ ɩɨɜɿɬɪɹ, ɫɢɧɿɣ ɧɟɛɨɤɪɚɣ ɬɨɳɨ.
Ⱦɨ ɞɪɭɝɨɪɹɞɧɢɯ ɜɡɿɪɰɿɜ ɦɨɞɟɥɿ ɧɚɥɟɠɚɬɶ ɬɚɤɨɠɦɨɪɟ$, ɿɧɲɿ ɜɨɞɨɣɦɢ ɬɚɿɦɥɚ$,
ɬɨɛɬɨ ɩɨɜɿɬɪɹ ɡ ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɨɸ ɩɪɨɡɨɪɿɫɬɸ (ɧɚɩɪ., ɬɭɦɚɧ, ɫɟɪɩɚɧɨɤ ɬɨɳɨ). Ɋɟɲɬɚ
ɧɨɦɿɧɚɰɿɣ ɡɧɚɱɧɨ ɦɟɧɲ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɧɿ ɚɛɨ ɠ ɧɟ ɭɬɜɨɪɸɸɬɶ ɨɞɧɨɪɿɞɧɢɯ ɝɪɭɩ. əɤɳɨ
ɦɨɞɟɥɿ ɬɪɶɨɯ ɪɨɡɝɥɹɞɭɜɚɧɢɯ ɤɨɥɨɪɚɬɢɜɿɜ ɦɿɫɬɹɬɶ ɬɭ ɫɚɦɭ ɿɽɪɚɪ ɯɿɸ (ɡ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɧɢ-
20 D . R o b e r s o n , J. R. Ha nl e y , Only half right: comment on Regier and Kay, [in:] „Trends
in Cognitive Sciences$ 2009, Vol. 13, Is. 12, PP. 500%501.
21 A. Wi e r z b i ck a, Semantic Primes and Universals, Oxford 1996.
22 R . G r e g o r c z y k o w a, K . Wa sz ak ow a (red.): Studia z semantyki porównawczej, Warsza-
wa 2000; S . M a r t i n e k , PomaraĔcze i rewolucja czyli zmiany w kategoryzacji barw podstawowych,
[w:] „Etnoligwistyka” 2006, Nr 18, s. 295–310.
23 V. S t ar k o , Ukrainian Colour Concepts for Blue, [in:] „Slovo. Journal of Slavic Languages
and Literatures” 2013, No. 54, PP. 150–163.
309
Ⱦɚɧɿ ɧɟɣɪɨɧɚɭɤ ɭ ɞɨɫɥɿɞɠɟɧɧɿ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɦɨɜɧɨʀ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɡɚɰɿʀ
ɦɢ ɜɿɞɦɿɧɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ) ɪɟɮɟɪɟɧɰɿɣɧɢɯ ɜɡɿɪɰɿɜ, ɬɨ ɜ ɱɨɦɭ ɠ ɩɪɢɯɨɜɚɧɨ ɜɿɞɦɿɧɧɨɫɬɿ?
Ɇɢ ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɥɢ, ɳɨ ʀɯɧɿɦ ɞɠɟɪɟɥɨɦ ɽ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɢ ɟɬɚɥɨɧɧɢɯ ɜɿɡɭɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɿɣ,
ɩɪɢɱɨɦɭ ɤɥɸɱɨɜɭ ɪɨɥɶ ɜɿɞɿɝɪɚɽ ɫɬɭɩɿɧɶ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɨɫɜɿɬɥɟɧɧɹ: ɛɥɚɤɢɬɧɢɣ ɦɚɽ
ɧɚɣɬɿɫɧɿɲɭ ɚɫɨɰɿɚɰɿɸ ɡ ɤɨɥɶɨɪɨɦ ɧɟɛɚ ɜ ɹɫɤɪɚɜɢɣ ɫɨɧɹɱɧɢɣ ɞɟɧɶ; ɫɮɟɪɚ ɪɟɮɟ-
ɪɟɧɰɿʀ ɝɨɥɭɛɨɝɨ ɦɚɣɠɟ ɬɚɤɚ ɫɚɦɚ, ɩɪɨɬɟ ɡɜɹɡɨɤ ɿɡ ɨɫɜɿɬɥɟɧɿɫɬɸ ɫɥɚɛɲɢɣ, ɚ ɧɚɬɨ-
ɦɿɫɬɶ ɜɢɹɜɥɹɽɬɶɫɹ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɿɹ ɞɨ ɩɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɧɚɫɢɱɟɧɨʀ ɱɢɫɬɨʀ ɛɚɪɜɢ; ɫɢɧɿɣ ɭɠɢ-
ɜɚɸɬɶ ɡɚ ɭɦɨɜ ɿ ɩɨɜɧɨɝɨ, ɿ ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɨɝɨ ɱɢ ɧɢɡɶɤɨɝɨ ɨɫɜɿɬɥɟɧɧɹ (ɫɢɧɿ ɫɦɟɪɤɢ, ɫɢ-
ɧɿɣ ɜɟɱɿɪ, ɫɢɧɹ ɧɿɱ ɬɨɳɨ), ɳɨ ɣ ɩɨɹɫɧɸɽ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɣ ɞɿɚɩɚɡɨɧ ɨɯɨɩɥɟɧɧɹ ɜɿɞɬɿɧɤɿɜ
ɰɢɦ ɤɨɥɨɪɚɬɢɜɨɦ.
Ⱦɚɧɿ ɧɟɣɪɨɞɨɫɥɿɞɠɟɧɶ ɞɚɸɬɶ ɡɦɨɝɭ ɝɥɢɛɲɟ ɨɫɦɢɫɥɢɬɢ ɣ ɬɨɱɧɿɲɟ ɩɪɨɿɧɬɟɪ-
ɩɪɟɬɭɜɚɬɢ ɜɢɤɥɚɞɟɧɿ ɜɢɳɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɢ. Ɉɱɟɜɢɞɧɨ, ɳɨ ɨɩɚɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɤɨɥɿɪɧɢɯ ɤɚ-
ɬɟɝɨɪɿɣ ɜ ɨɧɬɨɝɟɧɟɡɿ ɜɿɞɛɭɜɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɿ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɡɚɰɿʀ ɡɚ ɩɨɞɿɛɧɿɫɬɸ, ɳɨ ɦɚɽ
ɩɨɤɪɨɤɨɜɢɣ, ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɨɜɢɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ. ɐɟɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ ɜɢɦɚɝɚɽ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɟɧɧɹ ɱɢɫɥɟɧ-
ɧɢɯ ɚɤɬɿɜ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɡɚɰɿʀ, ɜɧɚɫɥɿɞɨɤ ɱɨɝɨ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɚ ɞɿɥɹɧɤɚ ɧɟɣɪɨɧɧɨʀ ɦɟɪɟɠɿ
ɧɚɥɚɲɬɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɬɚɤ, ɳɨ ɦɨɜɧɨɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɡɚɰɿɣɧɚ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɰɿɹ ɦɨɜɰɹ ɧɚɛɥɢɠɚɽɬɶ-
ɫɹ ɞɨ ɫɟɪɟɞɧɶɨʀ ɣ ɫɬɚɽ ɩɪɢɣɧɹɬɧɨɸ ɜ ɦɨɜɧɨɦɭ ɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɿ. Ɂɪɨɡɭɦɿɥɨ ɬɚɤɨɠ, ɳɨ
ɜ ɰɢɯ ɚɤɬɚɯ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɡɚɰɿʀ ɮɿɝɭɪɭɸɬɶ ɧɟ ɥɢɲɟ ɩɟɪɟɥɿɱɟɧɿ ɜɢɳɟ ɜɡɿɪɰɿ. Ɉɛɽɤɬɿɜ, ɳɨ
ɽ ɧɨɫɿɹɦɢɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɢɯ ɜɿɞɬɿɧɤɿɜ, ɞɭɠɟ ɛɚɝɚɬɨ, ɣ ɜ ɨɫɨɛɢɫɬɨɦɭ ɞɨɫɜɿɞɿ ɥɸɞɟɣ
ɜɨɧɢ ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɛɭɬɢ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɢɦɢ ɱɢ ɧɚɜɿɬɶ ɧɟɩɨɜɬɨɪɧɢɦɢ. ȱɧɲɢɦɢ ɫɥɨɜɚɦɢ, ɧɚ ɿɧ-
ɞɢɜɿɞɭɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɪɿɜɧɿ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɹ ɬɨɝɨ ɱɢ ɬɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɶɨɪɭ ɮɨɪɦɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɿ ɜɡɚ-
ɽɦɨɞɿʀ ɡ ɪɿɡɧɨɦɚɧɿɬɧɢɦɢ ɨɛɽɤɬɚɦɢ ɜ ɪɿɡɧɢɯ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɿɹɯ. ȼɨɧɢ ɜɢɤɨɧɭɸɬɶ ɪɨɥɶ
ɦɧɨɠɢɧɧɢɯ ɤɨɥɿɪɧɢɯ ɜɡɿɪɰɿɜ ɧɚ ɪɿɜɧɿ ɿɧɞɢɜɿɞɭɚɥɶɧɨʀ ɚɛɨ ɣ ɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɨʀ ɦɨɜɧɨʀ
ɫɜɿɞɨɦɨɫɬɿ (ɩɨɪɿɜɧ. ɭɫɬɚɥɟɧɿ ɩɨɪɿɜɧɹɧɧɹ ɧɚ ɤɲɬɚɥɬ ɝɨɥɭɛɢɣ / ɫɢɧɿɣ ɹɤ ɥɶɨɧ, ɫɢ-
ɧɿɣ ɹɤ ɜɨɥɨɲɤɢ / ɬɟɪɟɧ ɬɨɳɨ). ɋɩɟɰɢɮɿɤɨɸ ɭɫɬɚɥɟɧɢɯ ɜɡɿɪɰɿɜ ɦɨɠɧɚ ɩɨɹɫɧɢɬɢ
ɜɿɞɦɿɧɧɨɫɬɿ ɭ ɫɮɟɪɿ ɪɟɮɟɪɟɧɰɿʀ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɢɯ ɤɨɥɶɨɪɨɧɚɡɜ ɭ ɞɿɚɥɟɤɬɚɯ ɦɨɜɢ. ɇɚ-
ɬɨɦɿɫɬɶ ɽɞɧɿɫɬɶ ɬɚ ɭɧɿɮɿɤɚɰɿɸ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɸɬɶ ɟɬɚɥɨɧɧɿ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɿʀ, ɳɨ ɽ ɫɩɿɥɶɧɢɦɢ
ɣ ɜɿɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɫɬɚɥɢɦɢ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɞɨɫɜɿɞɭ ɜɫɿɽʀ ɦɨɜɧɨʀ ɫɩɿɥɶɧɨɬɢ. ȼɨɧɢ ɫɬɚɧɨɜ-
ɥɹɬɶ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɡɚɰɿɣɧɭ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɧɚ ɧɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɪɿɜɧɿ ɦɨɜɧɨʀ ɫɜɿɞɨɦɨɫɬɿ, ɣ ɫɚɦɟ
ɬɚɤɢɣ ɬɢɩ ɦɨɞɟɥɿ ɦɢ ɨɤɪɟɫɥɢɥɢ, ɨɩɢɫɚɥɢ ɜɢɳɟ ɫɬɨɫɨɜɧɨ ɫɢɧɶɨʀ ɱɚɫɬɢɧɢ ɤɨɥɿɪ-
ɧɨɝɨ ɫɩɟɤɬɪɭ. Ɍɚɤɚ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɚ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɨɩɚɧɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɤɨɥɿɪɧɢɯ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɣ ɭɪɚɯɨɜɭɽ
ɜɿɞɧɨɫɧɭ ɫɬɿɣɤɿɫɬɶ ɿ ɜɨɞɧɨɱɚɫ ɝɧɭɱɤɿɫɬɶ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ, ɨɞɧɨɪɿɞɧɿɫɬɶ ɬɚ ɜɿɞɯɢɥɟɧɧɹ.
Ɉɬɠɟ, ɞɨɫɥɿɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɧɟɣɪɨɧɧɢɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ ɦɨɡɤɭ ɦɚɽ ɜɟɥɢɤɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɞɥɹ ɜɢ-
ɜɱɟɧɧɹ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɦɨɜɧɨʀ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɡɚɰɿʀ, ɪɨɡɤɪɢɜɚɽ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɢ ɡɜɹɡɤɭ ɦɨɜɢ ɣ ɦɢɫ-
ɥɟɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɫɩɪɢɹɽ ɝɥɢɛɲɨɦɭ ɪɨɡɭɦɿɧɧɸ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɡɚɰɿɣɧɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɿɜ. Ɂɿ
ɫɜɨɝɨ ɛɨɤɭ, ɥɿɧɝɜɿɫɬɢɱɧɿ ɫɬɭɞɿʀ ɩɨɤɚɡɭɸɬɶ, ɹɤ ɦɟɯɚɧɿɡɦɢ, ɳɨ ɛɭɥɢ ɜɢɹɜɥɟɧɿ ɜ ɥɚ-
ɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɢɯ ɭɦɨɜɚɯ, ɩɪɚɰɸɸɬɶ ɭ ɠɢɜɨɦɭ ɦɨɜɧɨɦɭ ɫɟɪɟɞɨɜɢɳɿ. ɉɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɚɽɦɨ,
ɳɨ ɡ ɱɚɫɨɦ ɨɛɦɿɧ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɽɸ ɦɿɠ ɥɿɧɝɜɿɫɬɢɤɨɸ ɬɚ ɧɟɣɪɨɧɚɭɤɚɦɢ ɩɨɫɢɥɢɬɶɫɹ,
ɳɨ ɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɦɟ ɩɥɿɞɧɢɦ ɦɿɠɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɿɧɚɪɧɢɦ ɞɨɫɥɿɞɠɟɧɧɹɦ.
ResearchGate has not been able to resolve any citations for this publication.
  • T R E G I E R
  • P Language
  • Color
T. R e g i e r, P. K a y, Language, thought, and color: Whorf was half right, [in:] "Trends in Cognitive Sciences" 2009, Vol. 13, Is. 10, pp. 439-446.
  • D R O B E R S O N
D. R o b e r s o n, J. R. H a n l e y, Only half right: comment on Regier and Kay, [in:] "Trends in Cognitive Sciences" 2009, Vol. 13, Is. 12, PP. 500-501.
Ukrainian Colour Concepts for Blue
V. S t a r k o, Ukrainian Colour Concepts for Blue, [in:] "Slovo. Journal of Slavic Languages and Literatures" 2013, No. 54, PP. 150-163.