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Cholinesterase in the snail Lymnaea acuminata.
Snail control is one of the most efficient methods to reduce fasciolosis. Snails are the intermediate host of fluke Fasciola hepatica and Fasciola gigantica. Control of host snail population is best method to delink the life cycle of fluke. Various snail control methods such as biological, mechanical, chemical control and use of plant-derived molluscicides are discussed. Possibility of using bait formulations with various attractants against host snails is also given in the present chapter. Various recent methods of snail control, such as joint action of molluscicides and synergists, cow urine and phytotherapy of infected host snails by various plant products to kill the fluke larvae inside the snail body, without killing the snail are also extensively discussed. Use of different spectral color of visible sunlight as attractant and chlorophyllin, a product of chlorophyll, as molluscicide against host snails or larvicide against different larvae of Fasciola are also described. Control of snail population by reducing their reproductive capacity is also given in the present chapter.
The effects of carbaryl and phorate on the fecundity and hatchability of the snail Lymnaea acuminata, the survival of young snails were studied. It was observed that the fecundity of Lymnaea acuminata was reduced only at the 11.00 mg/l concentration of carbaryl and phorate, whereas a time- and dose dependent reduction in the hatchability of exposed eggs and the survival of young snails was observed.
In warm climates the control of aquatic snails as intermediate hosts of trematodes is very important for health. A biological control has been successful by a predatory snail (Marisa) as well as by reducing the aquatic vegetation. Of a greater importance, however, still is the chemical control by various molluscicides, especially by cholinesterase inhibitors (carbamates and organophosphorus compounds), which are active also in sublethal concentrations via the carbohydrate and protein metabolism. Of a special importance is also the application of synergistically active compounds, by which the biocidal activity is considerably increased, the required biocide concentration in the water is decisively reduced. Molluscicides of plant origin may be very important in future, especially the later of Euphorbiaceae and the natural products obtained from them which are active at high dilutions. Also the field of chemosterilants need to be explored.
Effects of piperonyl butoxide and carbaryl synergism were studied on the metabolism of the snail Lymnaea acuminata. Snails were exposed to 40 % and 80 % of the 48 h LC50 of carbaryl or carbaryl + piperonyl butoxide mixture (1:5). The amount of carbaryl present in the LC50 mixture was only 0.23 % of the LC50 of carbaryl alone. The treatments caused a dose-dependent decrease in glycogen and protein levels and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and alkaline phosphatase activity; simultaneously, there was an increase in levels of lactic acid, reducing sugars and amino acid and the activity of acid phosphatase. Significant differences in AChE and phosphatase activity were also observed between the effects of equivalent concentrations of carbaryl and carbaryl-synergist.
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