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Two-Layer Fabrics for Moisture Management
Abstract
Purpose
Woven fabrics have been popularised in use owing to their superior properties and functionality. Today, weavers strive to add value to their product to be competitive and to secure profit in performance fabrics such as technical fabrics, smart fabrics and sportswear fabrics. Over the years, fabrics with special properties such as moisture management have gained higher demand. In this context, multi-layer fabrics provide a reasonable solution to the demand.
Design/methodology/approach
An attempt was made to develop two-layer fabrics with different compositions and properties. A two-layer woven fabric was produced using handloom weaving, with a hydrophobic inner layer and hydrophilic outer layer, the two layers being attached together using different stitching methods. Different fabric structures and yarn counts were used to achieve the objectives.
Findings
Experiments carried out verified the suitability of the developed fabric for effective moisture management. It was found that a fabric with a 100% cotton outer layer and 100% polyester inner layer, both layers of 2 × 2 matt weave, showed the best properties.
Practical implications
In the present COVID-19 pandemic situation, the use of masks in public has become mandatory in many countries. This research will help handloom manufacturers meet the need using simple methods.
Originality/value
This research uses handloom fabric. As such it provides an opportunity for small and medium enterprises to use available low-cost technology to develop fabric with superior properties.
... For example, fabric knitted of micro polyester yarn has higher breathability than fabric made of texturized polyester and common polyester yarns (Ramratan, 2020). In multi-layer sport wear, fabric structure and proper selection of fiber blend in the internal, middle, and external layers and also their arrangement and combination help to optimize the thermal comfort properties and also breathability of sport wear (Eryuruk, 2019;Niles et al., 2021;Tesinova & Atalie, 2022). It should be prominent that, the test liquid used for water vapour permeability including sweat solution and pure water can change the results of the experiment (Mukhopadhyay et al., 2018). ...
... A study was conducted to investigate the effect of weave structure on drying performance in two-layer fabric samples. It was found that matt weave performs better at transferring moisture compared to twill weave [96]. Another study examined how yarn linear density affects moisture management in nine double-layer cotton and polypropylene knitted fabrics. ...
Quick drying is one of the most crucial factors in the comfort and performance of active sportswear clothing. It helps to keep the wearer dry and comfortable by effectively wicking away sweat and moisture from the body. In the light of this, a substantial number of previous researchers have identified fabric properties and types that have a significant impact on fabric drying performance. Studies have also been conducted to examine the impact of fabric drying on human physiology during sports-related activities. However, there are still some technical knowledge gaps in the existing literature related to the drying performance of active sportswear fabrics. This review article provides a critical analysis of the literature on the impact of various fabric attributes as well as the physiological and environmental factors on moisture management and drying performance. The key issues in this field are determined so that future research can be directed and this scientific field can advance in order to improve the overall performance of active sportswear fabrics.
... This is because the performance of layered fabrics in thermo-physiological regulation is better than that of single-layer textile structures [11][12][13][14]. Several researchers have investigated the influence of fiber fineness and cross-sectional shapes [15,16] as well as the effects of fiber type, stitch type [17,18], yarn type [19], fabric structure [20][21][22][23][24], bi-layer fabrics [25][26][27], multi-layer sportswear [28,29], blended fabric [30,31], and 2D and 3D designs of sportswear [17,[32][33][34]. ...
Consumers expect high-performance functionality from sportswear. To meet athletic and leisure-time activity requirements, further research needs to be carried out. Sportswear layers and their specific thermal qualities, as well as the set and air layer between materials, are all important factors in sports clothing. This research aims to examine the thermal properties of sports fabrics, and how they are affected by structure parameters and maintained with different layers. Three inner and four outer layers of fabric were used to make 12 sets of sportswear in this study. Before
the combination of outer and inner layers, thermal properties were measured for each individual layer. Finally, the thermal resistance, thermal conductivity, thermal absorptivity, peak heat flow density ratio, stationary heat flow density, and water vapor permeability of bi-layered sportswear were evaluated and analyzed. The findings show that sportswear made from a 60% cotton/30% polyester/10% elastane inner layer and a 100% polyester outer layer had the maximum thermal resistance of 61.16 (×103 K·m2 W−1). This performance was followed by the sample made from a 90%polyester/10% elastane inner layer and a 100% polyester outer layer, and the sample composed of a 100% elastane inner layer and a 100% polyester outer layer, which achieved a thermal resistance value of 60.41 and 59.41 (×103 K·m2 W−1), respectively. These results can be explained by the fact that thicker textiles have a higher thermal resistance. This high-thermal-resistance sportswear fabric
is appropriate for the winter season. Sportswear with a 90% polyester/10% elastane inner layer had
worse water vapor resistance than sportswear with a 60% cotton/30% polyester/10% elastane and a
100% elastane layer. Therefore, these sports clothes have a higher breathability and can provide the
wearers with very good comfort. According to the findings, water vapor permeability of bi-layered sportswear is influenced by geometric characteristics and material properties.
In this paper, hydrophilic cotton (CO) yarn and hydrophobic cross-section polyester (PET) filaments were used to prepare single-layer interwoven fabrics (CO/PET fabrics) with plain, 3/1 twill, and 8/5 satin to formulate a hydrophobicity–hydrophilicity gradient across the fabric for obtaining a good water transfer ability. The CO fabrics and PET fabrics were prepared for comparison. The contact angle and thermo-physiology properties of the fabrics, including the wicking property, moisture management ability, drying property, air permeability and water vapor permeability, thermal property, and dynamic cooling property, were investigated. The results show that the asymmetric hydrophobicity–hydrophilicity characteristic can be formed across CO/PET fabric with 3/1 twill and 8/5 satin. This can improve the water transfer ability from the inside to the outside of the fabrics, and the longer the floating length of the fabric is, the stronger the water transfer ability is. These two fabrics also exhibit excellent wicking properties, overall moisture management capability, and thermal comfort, and have good permeability, drying properties, and dynamic cooling properties compared to the corresponding fabrics. As a result, these two CO/PET interwoven textiles are more suitable for application as clothes worn in summer. The interweaving technique combining hydrophilic and hydrophobic yarns is an easy and cost-effective method to prepare fabrics that meet summer requirements. This work provides insight into the thermal and moisture comfort property of interwoven fabrics for summer garments.
With the increasing demand of fabrics for special usage areas, more complex woven structures are designed and from the structural point of view, especially the parameters which affect the comfort properties become more important. This paper reports the effect of structural parameters of double layered woven fabrics, such as number of interlacing picks, period of interlacing and number of weft skips on the basic comfort properties of the fabrics (thickness, air permeability and wicking properties) produced according to Taguchi orthogonal array design. The investigated parameters were determined before and after finishing treatment. According to the results, it is found that period of interlacing has an important effect on the thickness and air permeability of both untreated and treated fabrics whereas in terms of drying coefficient, the effect of the investigated parameters is not statistically important.
The wettability characteristics of different cotton, polyester and multi-layered cotton/polyester fabrics have been studied to manage human perspiration well. The vertical capillary action behavior of these fabrics has been compared by measuring the capillary height as a function of time. Wicking coefficients in multi-layered fabrics are found to be much better than in other fabrics of 100% cotton. The yarn and the bonding weave between the two layers are very important for the capillary rise.
Purpose
This paper aims to deal with the thermal resistance of multilayer nonwovens. The effect of fibre denier, cross-sectional shape and positioning within the layers were analysed with respect to the thermal resistance. Moreover, effect of compression on thermal resistance of the multilayer nonwoven structure have also be studied.
Design/methodology/approach
The study involves multiple layering of thermal bonded nonwoven webs and the effect of fibre denier and positioning of different nonwovens from the hot plate. To avoid the increase in thermal resistance because of the air gaps between layers, the nonwovens were enclosed within an acrylic frame to compress them to a thickness of 12 mm. Compressional behaviour of the nonwovens were tested at a rate of 5 mm/min with peak compressive load of 50 N. Multilayer nonwoven assemblies were tested for thermal resistance with compressive pressure of 3.5 gf/cm² and compared with that tested at zero pressure.
Findings
In the study, three-layered nonwoven structure, provided better thermal resistance than their single component counterparts. The structural characteristic of the multilayer nonwovens affected the conductive, convective and the radiative heat transfer. In a multi-layer nonwoven, the top most layer should have the finest fibre as possible. Second preference may be given to the middle and followed by bottom layers in terms of fibre fineness. However, fine solid fibres performed poorly in terms of compression and recovery resulting in poor thermal resistance under compressive load.
Originality/value
The experimental approach of controlling thickness while evaluating the thermal resistance will help in nullify the effect of air gaps between the layer interface, thus focussing on the effect of fibre denier and the positioning of nonwovens. This paper also discusses the unique properties of fine solid fibre and hollow fibres and their role in providing better thermal insulation for extreme cold weather applications.
An electrical resistance technique has been developed to study the rate of horizontal wicking of different liquids into untreated and finish treated cotton fabrics by estimating the critical surface tension of both the fabrics and equivalent capillary spaces of fabric samples from the experimental work based on Washburn derivation. The finishing agents, namely Perlit based on modified fatty acid derivatives and Baygard 430 AFF with a fluorochemical base, have been used. It is observed that the penetration rate and wicking distance of finish treated samples reduce as compared to those of untreated samples. The results confirm different solid-vapor surface tension of the two types of samples due to the changes in surface characteristics of fabrics after finishing treatment. The radii of open channels which act as capillary tubes tend to decrease, leading to blockage of the tube during water-repellent finishing treatments.
In this study, bamboo charcoal, lyocell, bamboo and micro polyester yarns have been used to enhance the moisture and thermal management properties of the functional fabrics. Two tri-layer fabrics are developed by using both knitted and woven structures. These fabrics are then evaluated for the comfort characteristics, such as water vapour permeability, thermal conductivity, water absorption, wicking, drying rate and spreading rate. The results reveal that the tri-layer weft knitted fabrics possess exceptionally good functional characteristics, such as air permeability, water vapour permeability, transverse wicking and drying rate, due to their structural factors as compared to the woven tri-layer fabrics. The woven tri-layer fabric possesses higher thermal conductivity, water absorption and vertical wicking than the knitted structure. The effects of fibre content on the properties of tri-layer fabrics are also found to be significant. The tri-layer fabric made of bamboo charcoal/micro polyester/lyocell exhibits higher air permeability, water vapour permeability, thermal conductivity, wicking tendency and faster drying rate. In the case of tri-layer fabric made of bamboo/ micro polyester/lyocell combination, the water absorption, verticle wicking, transverse wicking and spreading areas are found to be high. © 2015, National Institute of Science Communication and Information Resources (NISCAIR). All rights reserved.
Cotton-comfortable multi-ply face mask fabrics have been developed at The University of Tennessee's Textiles and Nonwovens Development Center (TANDEC) which have a repellent finished outer spunbond (SB) polypropylene (PP) layer, a middle layer of electrostatically charged (EC) melt blown (MB) PP, and a face side of a cotton-rich nonwoven. The EC MB PP layer effectively filters out aerosols and particulate containing bacteria and viruses, thereby protecting both the wearer and other personnel in the environment. In addition, a cotton-rich nonwoven layer on the body side provides the aesthetics and comfort of cotton, and also better retains antibacterial finish for neutralizing any microbes that penetrate the EC filter media. Filtration efficiency (FE) against 0.1 μm NaCl particles and the pressure drop were determined at TANDEC. FE to water aerosol containing Staphyloccus aureus bacteria per the In Vitro Bacterial Filtration Efficiency (BFE) test and to virus (φX174) per the In Vitro Viral Filtration Efficiency (VFE) were determined at Nelson Laboratories. The percent reduction of bacteria after the BFE test was also ascertained by Nelson Laboratories by a method adapted from AATCC 100.
The fundamentals of wetting and wicking are reviewed. Wetting is the displacement of a fiber-air interface with a fiber-liquid interface. Wicking is the spontaneous flow of a liquid in a porous substrate, driven by capillary forces. Because capillary forces are caused by wetting, wicking is a result of spontaneous wetting in a capillary system. Fiber wettability is therefore a prerequisite for the occurrence of wicking. The inter action of liquids with textile fabrics may involve one or several physical phenomena. On basis of the relative amount of liquid involved and the mode of the liquid-fabric contact, the wicking processes can be divided into two groups: wicking from an infinite liquid reservoir (immersion, transplanar wicking, and longitudinal wicking), and wicking from a finite (limited) liquid reservoir (a single drop wicking into a fabric). According to fiber-liquid interactions, each of the four wicking processes can be divided into four categories: capillary penetration only, simultaneous capillary penetration and imbibition by the fibers (diffusion of the liquid into the interior of the fibers), capillary penetration and adsorption of a surfactant on fibers, and simultaneous cap illary penetration, imbibition by the fibers, and adsorption of a surfactant on fibers. When designing tests to simulate liquid-textile interactions of a practical process, it is essential to understand the primary processes involved and their kinetics.
A combination of two semipermeable microporous hydrophilic polymer films, inserted between two different fabrics (internal and external), proposed for some kinds of protective clothing, when it is necessary to protect the room atmosphere against particles (causing illness) emitted from human body, and to ensure comfort in using.
In this study, a new type of honeycomb-patterned micro-porous polyester fibre was used to develop good moisture absorption and quick drying properties of woven fabrics. Details of the development and after-finish processes of the fabrics were illustrated. The water transport, vapour transmission and quick dry properties of the seven different end products were also investigated. It was evident that weaving parameters and after-finish processes are crucial factors in the fabric production process. The final products can also have good water transport and quick dry properties without additive treatment.
Significance of moisture management for high performance textile fabrics
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Further reading
Corresponding author Nilhan Niles can be contacted at: nilhan.niles@gmail.com For instructions on how to order reprints of this article
- S Arulkumar
- U J Patel
Arulkumar, S. and Patel, U.J. (2013), "Study on water absorption and wickability of modified polyester
fabrics", Pakistan Textile Journal, Vol. 63 No. 9, pp. 57-62.
Corresponding author
Nilhan Niles can be contacted at: nilhan.niles@gmail.com
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