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10/20/2020 Frontier Islands and Climate Change: A Story From Indonesia’s Sangihe Islands - New Naratif
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1/21
RE SE ARCH
Author Naimah Talib
Author Siska Limbengpiah
Jul
Daily life on a small island in Sangihe District a frontier district in Indonesia
demonstrates how local communities are responding to the eects of
climate change and how its impact varies with factors like age gender and
socioeconomic class
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Climate change is the permanent change of climatic conditions in the atmosphere due
to the emissions of greenhouse gases by human activity especially the burning of fossil
fuels These emissions are trapped in the atmosphere making the world warmer
Climate change has fuelled the rise of sea levels increases in sea temperature and an
increased likelihood of coastal ooding and severe weather events including heatwave
prolonged drought and hurricanes Other forms of ecological and environmental
degradation have exacerbated the situation For instance forest and peatland could
absorb some level of carbon emissions but rapid and unsustainable changes in land use
have made peat forest and bush res more likely Thus instead of functioning as
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guardians of the ecosystem and atmosphere peatland and forest turn into disaster
zones releasing large amounts of carbon into the atmosphere
We could go on at length about how a combination of imperialism capitalism and
patriarchy has driven overexploitation of natural resources and accelerated climate
change But instead we will share the illustrative experiences of daily life on a small
island in Sangihe District a frontier district in Indonesia Through this we can
demonstrate how local communities are responding to the eects of climate change
and how its impact varies with factors like age gender and socioeconomic class
Dierent groups have dierent capacities to adapt in the long term or cope in the
short term with the impacts of climate change People in marginalised groups are
aected disproportionately through changes aecting their livelihoods access to
services or social relationships They are also constrained in their responses by limits on
their education health access to and control over resources mobility and power to
inuence public discourse and policy This can drive the poor into deeper poverty and
potentially drag people who are “near poverty” into it risking decades’ worth of
development eorts in poverty alleviation
In extreme cases climate change leads to human migration or displacement again
with dierential impacts based on socioeconomic class gender and age When Palu
Central Sulawesi Province of Indonesia was hit by a tsunami in everyone suered
but women children and the elderly tended to suer more In temporary shelters
women and girls faced higher risks of sexual abuse widowers and single mothers
were at particular risk of sexual exploitation to meet their families’ needs such as for
food and water Moreover pregnant women faced potentially inadequate health
services
Women from lower socioeconomic classes particularly those who are older or
disabled tend to suer more from environmental change than men This was evident in
agrarian societies in Eastern India who experienced massive oods and sand erosion
destroying agricultural land due to the construction of large dams This aected
primarily women who constituted per cent of farmers Furthermore gender roles
aect how communities cope with change For instance poor women faced increased
diculty in fullling their duties to feed their family and provide clean water as well as
to clean up the sands brought by ooding
Indonesia a Southeast Asian archipelagic country with a population of million is
very vulnerable to climate change In the past years it has seen a sea temperature
rise of degrees with an accompanying rise in sea levels and changes in storm
patterns
On a macro level the oceanbased economy has contributed to poverty reduction
through job creation food production and ecotourism According to the World Bank
in shery contributed US billion or per cent of Indonesia’s GDP while
absorbing seven million workers Approximately coastal villages remain under
developed and depend economically on resources collected from the ocean Fisher folks
there are typically traditional shers or smallholders shing for household consumption
while occasionally selling within the community in the village or a nearby market
‘oceantotable’
a
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In addition the Archipelagos in itself has been part of the Indonesian national identity
long before independence in Indonesians attach our identity to negara kepulauan
‘archipelagic country’ and introduce it as ‘tanah air’ literally meaning ‘land water’
understood in English as ‘homeland’ Fisher folks have long been socially understood as
brave and strong men who beat the ocean using traditional boats for instance in the
popular song ‘nenek moyangku seorang pelaut’ ‘my ancestors were sailors’ as well as
other folklore and folktales In one ancestral folktale Toar Lumimuut from the Minahasa
tribe in North Sulawesi recounting the origin of the Tondano Lake ancestors are said to
be closely related with the water and land
Figure Map of Indonesia Source theGorbalslacom
Islands are also understood as the building blocks of our nationarchipelagic identity At
the same time being located on the border of the state carries additional implications
when some sh become rare in certain areas sher folks have to sail further risking
illegal shing in another nation’s territory
The Indonesian Technology Development and Implementation agency found that
Indonesia’s sea surface temperature has increased between and with the
highest rise observed in the West Pacic Ocean This area includes several
archipelagic districts within three provinces including West Papua North Maluku and
North Sulawesi
Kabupaten Kepulauan Sangihe is an archipelagic district in North Sulawesi Province
Indonesia which lays close to the West Pacic Ocean As a frontier district it shares a
sea border with the Philippines Of its hundreds of small islands covering square
kilometres only approximately are inhabited by people Most live on the
main island Sangir Besar The majority religion is Christianity followed by Islam on small
islands religions are usuallycombined with ancestral and traditional beliefs and
practices The district motto “Somahe Kai Kehage” means ‘big obstacles shall pass if
we work hard and pray to God’ Kabupaten Kepulauan Sangihe Website
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Figure Sangihe District Source Mongabay news
Sangihe has a relatively high poverty rate per cent compared to the national
average of per cent In the poverty line was IDR per month
approximately US Fuel is more expensive than in other districts
To understand how local communities deal with climate change we interviewed people
of varying ages and gender on Beeng Darat Island in the Tabukan Selatan Tengah sub
district of Sangihe Beeng Darat is a village of ve hamlets and approximately
households with a population of population Over half of the island is deemed
to live in poverty
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Figure Map created by North Sulawesi Adventure a community club based in
Manado and the onlyavailable map that shows detail of major islands in Sangihe
Source North Sulawesi Adventure
Most people in Beeng Darat are sher folks or grow crops Some teach run micro
groceries or do repairs
Makagansa has been shing with his father since he was an adolescent when it was the
main option for male adults He has his own wooden boat called pambut which uses
one PK machine and weighs under ve gross tonnes In this community the ownership
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of boats or lack thereof reects one’s socialeconomic status The katinting paddle
boat with machine is smaller than the pambut which is in turn smaller than the pamo
There are ve pamo on the island two were bought using the Village Fund and remain
communityowned one belongs to an association of sher folks while the nal two are
owned by private households Most sher folks own pambut or katinting both
traditionally considered good productive assets and some own both
Makagansa like other smallholders uses simple tools such as shcatcher strings knife
bucket and paddles to sh or to bajubi catching sh in coastal areas by means of a long
knifelike tools Some also use cool boxes to store sh
Makagansa usually wakes up at am to sh He returns home at around am or am or
else he goes directly to Salurang market As a smallholder he shes by himself most of
the time but sometimes he joins others on a bigger boat to go further into the deep
sea ‘laut lepas’ Fisher folks in Beeng Darat sh almost every day except during illness
or biannually traditional religiouscultural celebration called Tulude/Mandullu’u Tonna
where everyone participates in the feast They catch just enough sh for family
members which usually comprise four to six people if the grandparents still live with
the nuclear family They can also sell their catches in Pasar Salurang a traditional market
in the main island around minutes away by boat
Figure Fisher folk fish using pambut or a traditional wooden boat with a
machine Siska Limbengpiah
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Figure Kantinting smallwooden boat with engine Source sangihegoid
Figure Perahu dayung or the wooden paddleboat without engine Siska
Limbengpiah
The communities of Beeng Darat identied two reasons why it’s become harder to sh
near the coastal areas First they believe there are more people shing nowadays
compared to three to four decades ago Second sh are less available “Fishes seem
have moved out to laut lepas so we have to go a bit further to the sea… catching sh
started to be not as easy as it was in the past” Makagansa explained As such the use of
an engine rather than paddles has become a must Yet despite this catching enough sh
for daily consumption still takes longer than before
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Figure Fisher folk showing his catch Siska Limbengpiah
This has had implications for those who cannot aord engines about % of the
population and thus use the paddledboat perahu dayung or even poorer members
of the community without any boat at all Paddling consumes three to four more hours
a day With more unpredictable weather especially when the latest information from
outside the island isn’t always accessible an unstable internet connection only became
available two years ago it becomes harder to sh The few men who do not own
pambut usually help other shers or work in someone else’s eld The situation raises
concerns about the risk of food insecurity and an insuciency of protein with a
possible impact on children’s development
Women living in Beeng Darat have dierent stories from their male counterparts
Ostorpin Papuas in her early s said that women tend to work on the land for
instance through vegetables farming bakebung or copra farming bakopra whereby
some islanders cultivate coconut trees either on their own land or on someone else’s
While bakebung is mainly for subsistence bakopra has been one of the main nonshing
sources of income in Beeng Darat Copra is a dried coconut meat or kernel slowly fried
without oil to produce pure coconut oil used in products such as cooking oil soap
and cosmetics
During the wet season from October to April the coconut meat produced is thick
moist and abundant However Ostorpin observes that the dry season is getting longer
and more unpredictable “it used to start around May to August but it can start early
and it can be longer than the previous year” She added “Dry season is not good for
cultivating coconut because the meats become dry and it’s not good for copra” As the
price of copra has plummeted in recent years and the climate becomes unfavourable
the income earned in this way is falling and failing to adequately cover daily needs let
alone allow for savings
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Figure A lady and her daughter engaging in bakopra in the field Siska
Limbengpiah
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Figure Woman carrying coconuts from the field Siska Limbengpiah
Poorer women in the community do not own land and thus work as helpers in the eld
or do paid domestic chores Women are usually paid using the staple foods of sago or
sh and are less likely than men to receive cash Poorer women are visibly busier than
the rest of the community they help in the eld from morning till afternoon then
return home to prepare a meal for the family As climatic conditions change poorer
women bear an extra cost they spend more time working in the eld with a higher
probability of harvest failure due to late and unpredictable rainy seasons This is on top
of their own domestic chores and care responsibilities This situation aects women’s
control over their own use of time with eects on their health wellbeing and ability to
inuence and negotiate within the household and in the community
Climate variability and environmental change also has an impact on the built
environment The rst visible change is in the housing materials which have had to
adapt to more unpredictable and stronger wind Rumbia leaves are no longer used as
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roong and houses are built using cement and stones rather than bamboo and wood
from the forest Seen through the lens of safety and preparedness for climateinduced
disasters this may be a positive outcome but it comes at the cost of intangible cultural
heritage Moreover rumbia leaves were safer when they fell o an important
consideration in a place with a high earthquake risk In addition it is easily accessible
naturally available in all seasons
Kapita Laung or Opo Laung the village chief notes that with more frequent and more
severe storms compared to three decades ago people in Beeng Darat have abandoned
these traditional materials The collective decision to switch away from traditional
materials was also supported by the Government of Indonesia which stipulated building
materials while providing social assistance for housing to approximately households
The change was already taking place before the government intervened but poorer
people tended to make the move only afterward
Figure Building a house as part of the Government’s social assistance for public
housing for people living in the frontier islands Siska Limbegpiah
The risk of sealevel rise has also forced people to build sea walls out of sandbags and
treebased fences to protect their homes from ooding “There has always been
ooding but in the past years it seems to have increased We never used sandbags until
ve years ago We started to put some sand bags while reminding several houses to
be alert if the water comes in” Kapita Laung elaborates that so far the coping strategy
has been deployed in a collective manner the community agreed to use the village fund
to nance the sandbags and worked together to put them in place
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Figure Community making the “seafence” to avoid flood to housing area Siska
Limbegpiah
Figure Naturalbased fence built along the shore to avoid flooding Siska
Limbengpiah
Gender inuences access to and control over land No poor women especially disabled
women and the elderly own land on Beeng Darat island Even their homes are built on
someone else’s land they are allowed to live there on suerance Many do not have
relatives outside the island The chances of being evicted may be low due to a sense of
community obligation but there is still uncertainty for these women and young girls
Some do odd jobs such as helping with bakopra or bakebung or doing paid domestic
chores for the better o Those who are better o such as permanent teachersare not
rich by urban standards but they own land and earn a stable income
By contrast poorer men still have a degree of access to land Better o men often ask
them to take care of the land and they share the produce relatively generously in
recognition of this caretaker role which prevents the land from being idle
Gender also interacts with intergenerational knowledge production and the division of
labour between men and women Some knowledge or skills have been successfully
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transferred from older to younger generations but this often at the cost of maintaining
the gendered relations in the community Thus women have historically been taught to
work in the eld while men tend to sh and some also engage in bakopra in addition
to shing There is no absolute segregation whereby ‘men work in the sea’ and ‘women
work in the land’ but the division of labour often puts particular burdens on women’s
use of time especially poorer women without labour assistance land or stable income
For instance if a man shes the woman in the household clean the sh and cook it on
top of their other activities Sangir people like other islanders are physically strong and
energetic but for some people at the bottom of the ladder physical exhaustion poses a
risk to their wellbeing
Unfortunately health facilities and services remain limited A community health centre
on the island opens every two to three months to perform health checks for the elderly
children and pregnant women The only nurse is only able to treat minor ailments and
often is out of the island There is no doctor and medicine stocks are limited A
traditional midwife used to help with delivery but as she gets older some pregnant
women are concerned that they cannot receive adequate medical assistance The other
nearby community health centre is in Salurang minutes away by machine boat
Gender also aects migration Depleting sh stocks and plunging copra prices have
pushed the younger generation to look for other livelihoods which often means
migrating to Tahuna the capital city of Sangihe on Sangir Besar or to Manado or Bitung
two large cities located on the main island of Sulawesi However it is considered more
acceptable for men than women to live “abroad”
For instance Desprianto Rompa wants to be a mechanical engineer so he lives with
his friends in Bitung where he attends vocational high school supported by social
assistance through the Indonesia Smart Card He lives apart from his family as he
has no other option Despite the challenges he considers the opportunity to continue
schooling to be a blessing Desprianto wishes to continue his studies at Universitas Sam
Ratulangi the largest and oldest university in the North Sulawesi Province Desprianto is
bright and hardworking and attending vocational school is an achievement in itself
Having no boat nor land on the island to some extent became push factors for him to
take more risks
Desprianto’s journey is challenging but in the eyes of M a young woman he is lucky M
still lives on the island but some days she wishes she could migrate to the city Yet for
most young women without relatives living in Sangir Besar who could invite them to
study or work in town leaving is not an option M helps her mother working in the eld
growing and collecting vegetables and fruits for subsistence Some young women in this
position marry early as they literally have nothing else to do Such marriages are normal
practices here
For those who remain do not imagine that they can get connected to the world all the
time electricity and internet signals are new to the village While more people have
installed fuelsourced generators to provide electricity to their households and a new
telecommunication tower has been built in the nearby island the islanders still do not
have hours access to electricity nor stable internet signals Only a few households
own TVs and there are no motorcycles let alone cars in the village
The cumulative impact of these factorswomen having limited mobility while having no
shing ‘knowhow’ as sh become harder to fetch than beforeraises questions How
can a community living on a small island sustain its livelihood? While everyone faces risk
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is it fair that poorer women the elderly and disabled people are at higher risks of
unsustainable lives?
That is how lives have been aected on one of the frontier islands in Sangihe and the
archipelago district in Indonesia Fish abundance has reduced and sh have moved to
deeper parts of the sea The dry season is longer and less predictable Strong wind
comes more frequently and is often unpredictable The slowbutsure rise in sea levels
has forced the community to adapt with marginalised groups at higher risk This
situation risks not only the islanders’ livelihood and wellbeing but also their social and
cultural knowledge and heritage For Desprianto and M and the many others like them
to live their liveson or out of Beeng Daratwill require community resilience to
climate change and thus a political commitment to lead with cooperate on and
implement policies on climate mitigation and adaptation at the global the national and
regional levels
Climate change in IPCC usage refers to a change in the state of the climate that can
be identied eg using statistical tests by changes in the mean and/or the variability of
its properties and that persists for an extended period typically decades or longer It
refers to any change in climate over time whether due to natural variability or as a result
of human activities The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
UNFCCC describes it almost similarly where climate change refers to a change of
climate that is attributed directly or indirectly to human activity that alters the
composition of the global atmosphere and that is in addition to natural climate
variability observed over comparable time periods
Federici Silvia Witches Witchhunting and Women PM Mies Maria & Shiva
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a
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tanggadanratarataanggotarumahtanggakabupatenkepulauansangihehtml
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Data gathered by Village Chief in end of This number of population comprises
males and females
In Indonesia this technique is called ‘sangrai’ or in passive verbs becomes disangrai
Based on interview with Kapita Laung
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EDIT Updated on July to include citation a
Author
Naimah Talib
Naimah Talib is a social science researcher In she worked in Beeng
Darat island as a teacher with an education NGO Teaches Indonesia
Movement
Author
Siska Limbengpiah
Siska Limbengpiah was born in Miulu Sangihe and raised in Beeng Darat
island She works as a primary school teacher in Beeng Darat island
Sangihe
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Singapore is by many measures one of the richest countries in the world
with a government famous for ecient interventions in society So why is
there widespread poverty and why does civil society have to independently
organise to help those in need? PJ Thum talks to a volunteer with Wares
Mutual Aid a communityrun spreadsheet which aims to connect those in
need with oers of support
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It’s been months since Singapore’s rst climate action rally at Hong Lim
Park an event that mobilised citizens and permanent residents But
what exactly is driving climate change what are its eects and how can
such a small country do anything eective about it?
Meerabelle Jesuthasan
Anngee Neo
May RE SE ARCH
ME MB ER S ON LY
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19/21
Mangrove forests can store more carbon dioxide per hectare than upland
forests making them a heavy hitter in the ght against climate change But
they’re underresearched and undermanaged in Indonesia
Warief Djajanto Basorie
Nov JO UR NA LI SM
Indonesia has set itself a target of reducing carbon emissions by % by
a plan that as things stand is not achievable Can the country
correct its course on climate action or will it be left to the next generation
to pick up the pieces?
Warief Djajanto Basorie
Jul JO UR NA LI SM
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