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thesis of phD
Abstract
We used seventy adult male and twenty adult female rats . The present study was carried out in the animal house in the Collage of Pharmacy, University of Basrah, Iraq. The study divided into two experiments as following:
The First experiment: It aimed to investigate the effect of lycopene on some physiological and biochemical parameters in male rats treated with monosodium glutamate such as: body weight, antioxidant activity, blood parameters, biochemical parameters and some hormones as well as the histological study of liver, kidney, and the brain. We used Sixty adult male rats of 4th month age were divided randomly into six groups (10 rats in each) as follow: The First group (Control): rats were given 0.25ml of normal saline orally by oral gavage for 30 days. The Second group (G2): rats were given 0.25 ml of MSG (20 mg/Kg BW) by oral gavage for 30 days. The Third group (G3): rats were given 0.25ml of MSG (20mg/kg BW) by gavage orally for 15 days and after that the animals given 0.25ml of lycopene (200mg/kg BW) by oral gavage for other 15 days. The Fourth group (G4): rats were given 0.25ml of lycopene (200mg/kg BW) by oral gavage for 15 days followed by 0.25ml MSG (20 mg/kg BW) given orally for another 15 days. The Fifth group (G5): rats were given 0.25ml of lycopene (100mg/kg BW) by oral gavage and after one hour the same animals had been given (0.25ml) of MSG (20 mg/kg BW) by oral gavage for 30 days. The sixth group (G6): rats were given 0.25ml of lycopene (200mg/kg) daily by oral gavage and after one hour the same animals had been given 0.25ml of MSG (20mg/kg BW) by gavage for 30 days. At the end of the first experiment, the animals, sacrificed and The blood sample collected for physiological and biochemical analysis, in addition to histological (the liver, kidney and brain) were examined histologically.
The results showed a significant decrease in body weight gain in groups treated with lycopene as a compared with the control group and G2. Most blood parameters shown a significant increase in G2, while the groups which treated with lycopene showed a significant decrease as a compared with the control and G2 groups. Most treated groups have a significant increase of liver enzymes and total protein also total bilirubin,
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creatinine, urea and uric acid. Regarding the lipid profile ,all parameters (except high density lipoprotein) showed a significant increase in most treated groups, especially G2. Adrenocorticotropic hormones showed a significant increase in most treated groups. On the contrary, in cortisol and Triiodothyronine. But Thyroxin showed a significant rise in G2 only. Regarding the antioxidant activity, the Glutathione peroxidase and Superoxide dismutase showed a significant decrease in the whole treated groups as compared with control. Whereas in malondialdehyde, showed a significant increase in G2 as compared with the control and other treated groups. Concerning the histopathologic study, sections of most treated groups has been affected.
The second experiment: The purpose of this experiment to isolate primary hippocampus and cortical neurons cells from prenatal pulps rat at age (E16-18) days of pregnant and to investigate the effect of MSG and lycopene on the cell viability of these cells, depending on dose and time of 7th days of incubation. The results showed a significant decrease cell viability in MSG treated neurons as compared with untreated cells in according time depended or time. While the lycopene treatment cell showed no significant differences as compared vehicle(dimethylallyl diphosphate) treated cells. Furthermore, to prove that isolated cells are neurons, we did Immunocytochemistry study and the results proved it.
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Monosodium Glutamate (MSG) is widely used as a flavor enhanc�er throughout the world. MSG contains glutamic acid, sodium and
water. Glutamic acid serves as a neurotransmitter vital to the
transmission of nerve impulses in many parts of the central nerv�ous system, and in excess it may cause neurotoxicity leading to
endocrinal disorders. The present study was conducted to eva�luate histomorphometrically the effects of monosodium glutamate
on the thyroid gland of adult albino rats. The experimental group
was given 4mg/g body weight of monosodium glutamate intra�peritoneally for seven days. Controls were maintained. After thirty
days of the last dose, all the animals were sacrificed, their thyroid
glands were dissected out, processed and sections stained with
haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS) and
examined for histomorphometry under Zeiss light microscope and
Image Pro-Express Analyzer. The results of the present study
showed a significant increase in the body weight of the MSG
treated animals, although these animals consumed less food than
the controls. A significant increase in the size of the follicles ac�companied by an increase in the mean height and area of the folli�cular cells and decreased colloid in some of the follicles was ob�served, pointing towards an increase in thyroid gland activit
Monosodium glutamate in gesting (MSG) is steadily increasing worldwide as a flavour enhancer and food additive. On the other hand, vitamins C has antioxidant properties and can play an important role in preventing or improving many diseases. So, the aim of the present study is to study the impact of MSG administration on the histological structure of the zonafasciculata (ZF) of adult albino rat adrenal cortex and to clarify the possible amelioration effect of vitamin C co-supplementation. Thirty adult male albino rats were divided equally into three groups: group I; negative and positive (received100mg/kg vitamin C) control subgroups. MSG-treated group were administered 2 mg/g body weight MSG via gastric tube andascorbic acid supplemented group were given the same dose of MSG, followed by vitamin C at a dose similar to the positive control group. Tissue sections were obtained and proceeded for light and electron microscope examination. Plasma ACTH and cortisone were estimated. Morphometric and statistical analysis of the results were performed. Plasma ACTH and corticosterone levels in the MSG-treated group were significantly increased comparing to control and MSG-treated group receiving vitamin C. Histologically, in the MSG-treated group, ZF contained highly vacuolated cells and congested blood vessels. The reticular fibres were increased in MSG-treated group decreased in ascorbic acid supplemented group. Ultrastructurally, ZF contained cells with shrunken nuclei and numerous macrophages containing many lysosomes. On the other hand, the cellular architecture of ascorbic acid supplemented group was less affected and congested blood sinusoids were still detected. The reticular fibres were decreased in ascorbic acid supplemented group. Oral administration of MSG caused histological and functional degenerative changes in the ZF of adrenalin adult male albino rat which was ameliorated by supplementation of vitamin C. So, it is recommended to minimize consumption of foodstuffs containing MSG and to eat foods rich in vitamin C after performing more researchers to be sure of these effects on humans.
The influence of tomato lycopene on hypercholesterolemia has been studied many times. Post Test Randomized Control Group Design is used as the research design. A total of 24 white rats were made hypercholesterolemia before treatment, then they were divided into 4 groups randomly, i.e. K1 (control group), K2, K3, and K4 (Treatment groups 1, 2 and 3). Treatment groups were administered with tomato extract. K2 (given 6 mg / head / day), K3 (12 mg / head / day), K4 (24mg / head / day). The result of ANOVA test showed significant difference (p <0,05) among control group (K) and treatment group (K2, K3 and K4). The results of LSD testing showed a significant difference in the group (p <0.05), on triglyceride levels, total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol. So it can be concluded that tomato extract can decline the status of lipid profile in terms of triglycerides, total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol.
Aims: The sodium salt of most abundant naturally occurring amino acid glutamic acid is a popular flavour enhancer used to generate savoury or umami taste in a variety of foods. Apart from various health implications, high doses of MSG are widely used in a variety of commercial, processed and junk foods. The objective of the present study is to observe haematological alterations in female mice after long-term oral exposure of high dose of MSG. Methodology: Female Swiss albino mice have been divided into two groups named control and treatment for each duration. Mice were given 4 gram/kg/day MSG by oral gavage for thirty and sixty days respectively and then sacrificed for the assessment of haematological parameters. Results: High dose of MSG consumption contributes significantly (p value ≤ 0.05), in the reduction of hemoglobin percentage (p value<0.05) red blood cells (p value ≤ 0.01) white blood cells count (p value ≤ 0.05) Serum bilirubin concentrations (p value ≤ 0.05) were elevated significantly in MSG treated groups after thirty day treatment. Over the time period severity of the implications became more significant (p value ≤ 0.01). Conclusions: MSG consumption could cause haematological alterations. Authors strongly discourage the prolonged use of high doses of monosodium glutamate for better maintenance of health of young female population.
Alzheimer’ s disease (AD) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease. Brain amyloid-β deposition is a crucial feature of AD, causing neuronal cell death by inducing oxidative damage. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) activate NF-κB, which induces expression of Nucling. Nucling is a pro-apoptotic factor recruiting the apoptosome complex. Lycopene is an antioxidant protecting from oxidative stress-induced cell damage. We investigated whether lycopene inhibits amyloid-β-stimulated apoptosis through reducing ROS and inhibiting mitochondrial dysfunction and NF-κB-mediated Nucling expression in neuronal SH-SY5Y cells. We prepared cells transfected with siRNA for Nucling or nontargeting control siRNA to determine the role of Nucling in amyloid-β-induced apoptosis. The amyloid-β increased intracellular and mitochondrial ROS levels, apoptotic indices (p53, Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, caspase-3 cleavage), NF-kB activation and Nucling expression, while cell viability, mitochondrial membrane potential, and oxygen consumption rate decreased in SH-SY5Y cells. Lycopene inhibited these amyloid-β-induced alterations. However, amyloid-β did not induce apoptosis, determined by cell viability and apoptotic indices (p53, Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, caspase-3 cleavage), in the cells transfected with siRNA for Nucling. Lycopene inhibited apoptosis by reducing ROS, and by inhibiting mitochondrial dysfunction and NF-κB-target gene Nucling expression in neuronal cells. Lycopene may be beneficial for preventing oxidative stress-mediated neuronal death in patients with neurodegeneration.
Background: Monosodium glutamate (MSG) or L-Glutamic acid is the sodium salt of
glutamic acid is toxic to human and experimental animals. Liver and kidney may be
susceptible to injury resulting from toxic substances. Ginger has immuno-modulatory,
antitumorigenic, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, antihyperglycemic and anti-lipidemic
actions.
Objective: This study has been carried out to evaluate the protective effects of aqueous
extract of Zingiber Officinale in decreasing and ameliorating effects of Monosodium
glutamate induced alteration in hepatic and renal tissues and their functions of rats.
Patients and Methods: Twenty four adult rats were divided into three equal groups and
maintained under standard laboratory conditions. The ginger extract and the MSG were
given orally once daily for 21 days. Group I Control: distilled water Group II: received
MSG (4.0g/kg B.W) Group III: received 4.0g/kg B.W of MSG +100mg/Kg of ginger.
After the last dose blood was collected.
Results: Monosodium Glutamate /L-Glutamate caused loss of normal histological
architecture of liver and kidneys of rats of Group II with significant changes in biochemical
parameters compared with control groups (P < 0.0001). Zingibar Officinale /Ginger is an
excellent antioxidant substance that ameliorated and prevented the toxic effect of MSG in a
group III treated with combination of MSG and Ginger histologically and functionally.
Conclusion: Zingibar Officinale (ginger) caused decrease the hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic
effects resulted from oxidative damage induced by MSG because of their antioxidant
effects.
Background and Purpose: Measuring the proliferation and survival of cells is very important when studying the influence of various substances on cells. In this respect, several methods have been standardized to assess cell viability. These assays include common methods such as Trypan blue colorimetric method rather than the more complex ones such as MTT or XTT. Each of these methods has some merits and demerits compared to others. Some factors such as cost, speed, sensitivity and the required equipment are involved in selecting the suitable procedure. Despite the simplicity and cost-effectiveness of cell morphology evaluation, the sensitivity of this method is not very high and it is not adequate for short-term effects of materials. Trypan blue method is a common practice in the assessment of cell viability due to damage to cell membrane. This method, like other methods depends on the integrity of the membrane (Lactate Dehydrogenase release and fluorescent assays), is ineffective where there is cell damage without membrane damage. Despite being highly accurate, cologenic, fluorescent and flow cytometry assays are expensive and laborious. MTT assay as a simple, robust, rapid and cost-effective method is able to simultaneously evaluate a large number of samples. XTT assay is newer and more sensitive than MTT method. But contrary to MTT, it is not suitable for all kinds of cells. Generally, MTT assay is widely used as a reliable method. The current study aims to provide an overview of the most common methods used to evaluate cell viability and also weigh up the pros and cons of each method.
This review article reviews the uses and effects of Monosodium Glutamate (MSG) on Food & Nutrition. Various research articles, journals, conference papers were reviewed in recognizing the uses and effects of Monosodium Glutamate from 1908. Glutamate performs numberless essential roles in intermediary metabolism and is present in large quantities in the organs and tissues of the body. Even though much published studies are not being published on glutamate intake in relation to obesity or overweight in human, a study done in China provided anthropological data that glutamate intake may be related with increased risk of overweight irrespective of physical activity and total energy intake. Thus several studies again had proven using animals and humans, that glutamate did not increase food intake or induce obesity. MSG has also been described as a trigger for migraine headache exacerbations.