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Pomacentrus bangladeshius, a new species of damselfish (Perciformes, Pomacentridae) from Saint Martin's Island, Bangladesh
Abstract
A new species of damselfish, Pomacentrus bangladeshius, is described from 3 specimens, 67-77 mm standard length (SL), collected from Saint Martin's Island, Bangladesh. The new species is distinguished from congeners in having the following combination of characters: XIV, 13 dorsal-fin elements; II, 14 anal-fin elements; 19 pectoral-fin rays; 18-19 lateral-line scales; 17-19 gill rakers on first arch; body depth 1.68-1.88 (1.88) in SL; snout 4.17-4.60 (4.17) in head length; head 2.91-3.09 (3.08) in SL; a prominent notch present between preorbital and suborbital; olive to dark brown body color, dark brown premaxilla, and yellow iris with a narrow bronze eye ring. The new species inhabits shallow reef flats around rock and coral outcrops. Phylogenetic analysis also shows the clear divergence of P. bangladeshius from other genetically closely related congeneric species retrieved from GenBank and that it represents a separate lineage.
... D AMSELFISHES (Teleostei: Pomacentridae) are a diverse and widespread family of primarily marine fishes found throughout the tropical oceans where they form a major component of reef communities (Hiatt and Strasburg, 1960;Randall, 1963;Brock et al., 1979;Allen and Werner, 2002;Bellwood and Wainwright, 2002). Currently, there are over 400 recognized damselfish species, classified in a single family, Pomacentridae, and divided among 29 genera (Fricke et al., 2020), with new species regularly being described (e.g., Allen and Erdmann, 2020;Habib et al., 2020;Shepherd et al., 2020). The oldest record of a pomacentrid is from the Paleocene (Cantalice et al., 2020), but members of the family are relatively uncommon in the fossil record (Bellwood, 1996;Bellwood and Sorbini, 1996;Bannikov and Bellwood, 2014;Cooper and Santini, 2016). ...
... Although there have been a few phylogenetic analyses based on morphological characters since then (e.g., Tang, 2002;Aguilar-Medrano et al., 2011Aguilar-Medrano, 2013), with the rise of molecular techniques, most recent pomacentrid phylogenies have employed DNA sequence data. Species descriptions have often placed the newly described species in phylogenetic context (e.g., Allen et al., 2008Allen et al., , 2010aAllen et al., , 2010bAllen et al., , 2012aAllen et al., , 2012bAllen et al., , 2015aAllen et al., , 2015bAllen et al., , 2017aAllen et al., , 2017bAllen et al., , 2017cAllen et al., , 2017dAllen et al., , 2018aLiu et al., 2013;Randall and DiBattista, 2013;Bernardi et al., 2017b;Motomura et al., 2017;Wibowo et al., 2018;Frable and Tea, 2019;Tea et al., 2019;Habib et al., 2020). Some studies focused on individual genera (e.g., Lacson and Bassler, 1992;Godwin, 1995;Lessios et al., 1995;Bernardi and Crane, 1999;McCafferty et al., 2002;Bernardi, 2011;Sorenson et al., 2014;Vella et al., 2016;Bertrand et al., 2017;Campbell et al., 2018). ...
... Cyt b has been cited as the most widely used locus in fish phylogenetics (Lydeard and Roe, 1997), and COI enjoyed rapid, widespread adoption since it was designated as the primary gene for the Barcode of Life Initiative (Hebert et al., 2003;Ward et al., 2005Ward et al., , 2009). Both loci have demonstrated their value for determining the relationships among damselfishes (e.g., Elliott et al., 1999;Santini and Polacco, 2006;Litsios et al., 2012aLitsios et al., , 2012bFrédérich et al., 2013;Liu et al., 2013;Randall and DiBattista, 2013;Sorenson et al., 2014;Allen et al., 2017bAllen et al., , 2017cAllen et al., , 2017dBernardi et al., 2017b;Motomura et al., 2017;Wibowo et al., 2018;Delrieu-Trottin et al., 2019;Frable and Tea, 2019;Habib et al., 2020;Nguyen et al., 2020). ...
... The coastal and marine ecosystem of Bangladesh networks from the Bay of Bengal and constitutes a unique diversity of ecosystem. Over 750 species of marine fish have been recorded from the brackish and marine waters of Bangladesh , Saha et al. 2019, Ahmed et al. 2020, Habib et al. 2020a, 2020b, Hanif et al. 2020, Sharifuzzaman 2021a, 2021b. Species of fishes are still being added to the existing list of fauna of Bangladesh, several new fish species are added into the countries fish checklist in last few years. ...
The present study reports a new record of two marine fishes Filimanus similis (Feltes 1991) and Naso unicornis (Forsskål 1775) from Bangladesh waters. The specimens were collected from Saint Martin's Island and Cox's Bazar fish landing canter, Bangladesh. The specimens were diagnosed by analyzing their morphometric characters and DNA barcoding. The study also reports Naso as the first species of the genus ever recorded in the marine waters of Bangladesh.
This study was conducted to generate information on the number of damselfish species in Palawan, the most common tropical reef-associated fishes in the world. Photos of reef-associated fishes taken in conjunction with other reef surveys in 10 localities between 2019 and 2021 were used and evaluated for the presence of damselfishes. A total of 4,038 photos of reef-associated fishes were compiled and analyzed. Only 60 species of damselfishes were identified wherein Puerco Island in the municipality of Roxas had the highest number (14 genera and 32 species) while Hartman’s Beach in Puerto Princesa City had the lowest (3 genera and 8 species). Three of the identified damselfishes were potentially new records in Palawan: Amblypomacentrus clarus Allen & Adrim, 2000, Dischistodus darwiniensis (Whitley, 1928); and Pomacentrus aurifrons Allen, 2004. The current data make a total of 137 damselfish species already documented in Palawan. Continued photo-video documentation is encouraged to increase understanding on the species richness of damselfishes and other reef-associated fauna.
This study employs the DNA barcoding approach to make a molecular taxonomic catalog of reef fishes of Saint Martin's Island (SMI), an ecologically critical area (ECA), and Marine Protected Area (MPA) in Bangladesh. DNA barcoding, along with morphological analysis, confirmed 84 reef-associated fish species in SMI belonging to 16 orders, 39 families, and 67 genera. A total of 184 sequences were obtained in this study where 151 sequences (534–604 bp) of 81 species were identified from the COI barcode gene and 33 sequences (609 bp) of 19 species from the 16S rRNA gene region which were submitted to the GenBank and Barcode of Life Data System (BOLD). Among these sequences, 70 sequences of the COI gene and 16 sequences of 16S rRNA gene region from 41 species were submitted for the first time into the GenBank from Bangladesh. For molecular characterization analysis, another 37 sequences of 15 reef fish species of SMI were added from previous studies, making a total of 221 DNA sequences which comprised 179 sequences of 96 species for the COI gene and 42 sequences of 26 species for the 16S rRNA gene region. The COI sequences contain 145 haplotypes with 337 polymorphic sites, and the mean genetic distances within species, genera, and families were calculated as 0.34%, 12.26%, and 19.03%, respectively. On the contrary, 16S rRNA sequences comprised 31 haplotypes with 241 polymorphic sites, and the mean genetic divergences within species, genera, and families were 0.94%, 4.72%, and 12.43%, respectively. This study is a significant contribution to the marine biodiversity of Bangladesh which would facilitate the assessment of species diversity for strategizing management action. It is also an important input to the DNA barcode library of reef fishes of the northern Bay of Bengal.
A checklist of the damselfishes of the world, family Pomacentridae, is presented.
On the northeastern flank of the Bay of Bengal, the St. Martin’s Island, a sedimentary continental formation, is the only maritime island and an Ecologically Critical Area of Bangladesh. Rock beds fringing the island from supratidal to subtidal zone with a subtidal depth around 10 m and presence of non-reef forming scleractinian corals from lower rocky intertidal to about 200–600 m offshore comprise a rich but least-explored rocky tidal habitat. Addressing the knowledge gap, during December 2017, an expedition was conducted to observe fish diversity caught in beach seines, gillnets and drifting handlines. Studying morphological and meristic characters of the collected specimens
revealed 7 bony fish species for the first time in Bangladesh and northern seaboard of the Bay of Bengal. These are Ablennes hians, Callionymus erythraeus, Ellochelon vaigiensis, Grammatobothus polyophthalmus, Istiblennius dussumieri, Omobranchus punctatus, and Trichonotus setiger. The family Trichonotidae and the genera Ablennes,
Callionymus, Grammatobothus, and Istiblennius, too, represent the first record for Bangladesh. Omobranchus punctatus, I. dussumieri, C. erythraeus and T. setiger were strongly associated with the tidal boulder beds.Grammatobothus polyophthalmus, a flounder threatened by shrimp harvesting, was caught in trawling gillnet operated in the surrounding subtidal waters. Ellochelon vaigiensis, a catadromous mullet known to spend natal stages near shoreline, was collected from a rock-pool. Fish diversity of the St. Martin’s Island is not well understood; the last comprehensive checklist dated back to 1997. Thus, these results remarkably obtained from a cursory expedition entail a thorough diversity assessment of the island.
We present the latest version of the Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis (MEGA) software, which contains many sophisticated
methods and tools for phylogenomics and phylomedicine. In this major upgrade, MEGA has been optimized for use on 64-bit computing
systems for analyzing bigger datasets. Researchers can now explore and analyze tens of thousands of sequences in MEGA. The
new version also provides an advanced wizard for building timetrees and includes a new functionality to automatically predict
gene duplication events in gene family trees. The 64-bit MEGA is made available in two interfaces: graphical and command line.
The graphical user interface (GUI) is a native Microsoft Windows application that can also be used on Mac OSX. The command
line MEGA is available as native applications for Windows, Linux, and Mac OSX. They are intended for use in high-throughput
and scripted analysis. Both versions are available from www.megasoftware.net free of charge.
Pomacentrus vatosoa, new species, is described on the basis of four specimens collected from Nosy Faho, Madagascar. The new species is distinctive in having a pearlescent-white body with a large black spot midlaterally behind the pectoral fin, a black saddle of similar size on the dorsal edge of the caudal peduncle, and a black recurved band from the orbit to origin of dorsal fin. Aside from details in live coloration, the new species is readily diagnosed from congeners in having the following combination of characters: dorsal-fin rays XIV, 13-14; anal-fin rays II, 14; pectoral-fin rays 18-19; tubed lateral scales 19-20; gill rakers 5-6þ17-18 ¼ 22-24; infraorbitals naked; teeth on lower jaw partly biserial; no distinct notch between infraorbitals 1 and 2; and a crescent opening of the supraorbital canal above the eye. The new species appears to be most closely related to Pomacentrus atriaxillaris on the basis of meristic data, though comparative molecular sequences for P. atriaxillaris are lacking. Assignment of the new species to the genus Pomacentrus is accompanied with a brief discussion of the systematic contention within the Pomacentridae.
Three new species of Chromis (Perciformes, Pomacentridae) from the Philippines, collected between 75-150 m depth, are described by a combination of morphological features and their coloration. Chromis gunting sp. n. was found in Batangas and Oriental Mindoro, and differs from its congeners in body depth (2.1-2.2 in SL), and color of adults, light brown, with a silver area on the anterior end and a bilateral black margin along the exterior side of the tail. It is most similar to C. scotochiloptera, with a 5.3% genetic divergence in COI. Chromis hangganan sp. n. was found around Lubang Island. Body depth (1.9-2.0 in SL) and adult coloration (yellowish with dark black outer margins on dorsal and anal fins) also separate this species from its congeners. It is most similar to C. pembae, with a 2.5% genetic divergence. Chromis bowesi sp. n. was found in Batangas, and also differs from its congeners by the combination of body depth (1.5-1.6 in SL), and color of adults (brownish grey in the dorsal side to whitish on the ventral side, with alternating dark and light stripes in the sides of body). It is most similar to C. earina, with a 3.6% genetic divergence in COI.
This article presents W-IQ-TREE, an intuitive and user-friendly web interface and server for IQ-TREE, an efficient phylogenetic
software for maximum likelihood analysis. W-IQ-TREE supports multiple sequence types (DNA, protein, codon, binary and morphology)
in common alignment formats and a wide range of evolutionary models including mixture and partition models. W-IQ-TREE performs
fast model selection, partition scheme finding, efficient tree reconstruction, ultrafast bootstrapping, branch tests, and
tree topology tests. All computations are conducted on a dedicated computer cluster and the users receive the results via
URL or email. W-IQ-TREE is available at http://iqtree.cibiv.univie.ac.at. It is free and open to all users and there is no login requirement.
Large phylogenomics data sets require fast tree inference methods, especially for maximum-likelihood (ML) phylogenies. Fast
programs exist, but due to inherent heuristics to find optimal trees, it is not clear whether the best tree is found. Thus,
there is need for additional approaches that employ different search strategies to find ML trees and that are at the same
time as fast as currently available ML programs. We show that a combination of hill-climbing approaches and a stochastic perturbation
method can be time-efficiently implemented. If we allow the same CPU time as RAxML and PhyML, then our software IQ-TREE found
higher likelihoods between 62.2% and 87.1% of the studied alignments, thus efficiently exploring the tree-space. If we use
the IQ-TREE stopping rule, RAxML and PhyML are faster in 75.7% and 47.1% of the DNA alignments and 42.2% and 100% of the protein
alignments, respectively. However, the range of obtaining higher likelihoods with IQ-TREE improves to 73.3–97.1%. IQ-TREE
is freely available at http://www.cibiv.at/software/iqtree.
Abstract Coral reef fishes represent one of the most spectacularly diverse assemblages of vertebrates on the planet, but our understanding of their mode of diversification remains limited. Here we test whether the diversity of the damselfishes (Pomacentridae), one of the most species-rich families of reef-associated fishes, was produced by a single or multiple adaptive radiation(s) during their evolutionary history. Tests of the tempo of lineage diversification using a time-calibrated phylogeny including 208 species revealed that crown pomacentrid diversification has not slowed through time as expected under a scenario of a single adaptive radiation resulting from an early burst of diversification. Evolutionary modeling of trophic traits similarly rejected the hypothesis of early among-lineage partitioning of ecologically important phenotypic diversity. Instead, damselfishes are shown to have experienced iterative convergent radiations wherein subclades radiate across similar trophic strategies (i.e., pelagic feeders, benthic feeders, intermediate) and morphologies. Regionalization of coral reefs, competition, and functional constraints may have fueled iterative ecological radiation and convergent evolution of damselfishes. Through the Pomacentridae, we illustrate that radiations may be strongly structured by the nature of the constraints on diversification.
The rate of environmental niche evolution describes the capability of species to explore the available environmental space and is known to vary among species owing to lineage-specific factors. Trophic specialization is a main force driving species evolution and is responsible for classical examples of adaptive radiations in fishes. We investigate the effect of trophic specialization on the rate of environmental niche evolution in the damselfish, Pomacentridae, which is an important family of tropical reef fishes. First, phylogenetic niche conservatism is not detected in the family using a standard test of phylogenetic signal, and we demonstrate that the environmental niches of damselfishes that differ in trophic specialization are not equivalent while they still overlap at their mean values. Second, we estimate the relative rates of niche evolution on the phylogenetic tree and show the heterogeneity among rates of environmental niche evolution of the three trophic groups. We suggest that behavioural characteristics related to trophic specialization can constrain the evolution of the environmental niche and lead to conserved niches in specialist lineages. Our results show the extent of influence of several traits on the evolution of the environmental niche and shed new light on the evolution of damselfishes, which is a key lineage in current efforts to conserve biodiversity in coral reefs.
A new approach to rapid sequence comparison, basic local alignment search tool (BLAST), directly approximates alignments that optimize a measure of local similarity, the maximal segment pair (MSP) score. Recent mathematical results on the stochastic properties of MSP scores allow an analysis of the performance of this method as well as the statistical significance of alignments it generates. The basic algorithm is simple and robust; it can be implemented in a number of ways and applied in a variety of contexts including straightforward DNA and protein sequence database searches, motif searches, gene identification searches, and in the analysis of multiple regions of similarity in long DNA sequences. In addition to its flexibility and tractability to mathematical analysis, BLAST is an order of magnitude faster than existing sequence comparison tools of comparable sensitivity.
Two hundred and seven species of fish, mostly Australian marine fish, were sequenced (barcoded) for a 655 bp region of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I gene (cox1). Most species were represented by multiple specimens, and 754 sequences were generated. The GC content of the 143 species of teleosts was higher than the 61 species of sharks and rays (47.1% versus 42.2%), largely due to a higher GC content of codon position 3 in the former (41.1% versus 29.9%). Rays had higher GC than sharks (44.7% versus 41.0%), again largely due to higher GC in the 3rd codon position in the former (36.3% versus 26.8%). Average within-species, genus, family, order and class Kimura two parameter (K2P) distances were 0.39%, 9.93%, 15.46%, 22.18% and 23.27%, respectively. All species could be differentiated by their cox1 sequence, although single individuals of each of two species had haplotypes characteristic of a congener. Although DNA barcoding aims to develop species identification systems, some phylogenetic signal was apparent in the data. In the neighbour-joining tree for all 754 sequences, four major clusters were apparent: chimaerids, rays, sharks and teleosts. Species within genera invariably clustered, and generally so did genera within families. Three taxonomic groups-dogfishes of the genus Squalus, flatheads of the family Platycephalidae, and tunas of the genus Thunnus-were examined more closely. The clades revealed after bootstrapping generally corresponded well with expectations. Individuals from operational taxonomic units designated as Squalus species B through F formed individual clades, supporting morphological evidence for each of these being separate species. We conclude that cox1 sequencing, or 'barcoding', can be used to identify fish species.
Available online under
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Recent exploratory trawling off the coast of Myanmar by the R/V Dr Fridtjof Nansen has resulted in the collection of six species of anthiadine serranid fishes. Four of the species are represented by specimen vouchers: Pseudanthias emma sp. nov., P. gibbosus (Klunzinger), Odontanthias rhodopeplus (Günther) and Plectranthias sp. 1. The remaining two species are represented only by photographs: Plectranthias sp. 2 and Sacura sanguinea Motomura, Yoshida & Vilasri. Pseudanthias emma is described from the 107 mm SL holotype. It is distinguished from congeners in having the following combination of characters: dorsal rays X,16; pectoral rays 18; lateral-line scales 42; third dorsal-fin spine longest, prolonged; no papillae on posterior margin of orbit; soft part of dorsal with low scaly sheath; subopercle and interopercle indistinctly serrated; caudal fin weakly concave centrally, with elongate filaments extending from second to uppermost and second to lowermost branched rays. Plectranthias sp. 1 is a probable new species closely allied to P. sagamiensis (Katayama), from which it appears to differ in having fewer segmented dorsal rays and fewer rows of cheek scales. Plectranthias sp. 2 is a probable new species closely allied to P. alcocki Bineesh, Akhilesh, Gopalakrishnan & Jena, from which it appears to differ in lacking a large black spot on the operculum and dusky ventral spot on the abdomen. New character, habitat and distribution information is provided for all six species. Pseudanthias vizagensis Krishna, Rao & Venu is suggested as a probable junior synonym of P. pillai Heemstra & Akhilesh.
Model-based molecular phylogenetics plays an important role in comparisons of genomic data, and model selection is a key step in all such analyses. We present ModelFinder, a fast model-selection method that greatly improves the accuracy of phylogenetic estimates by incorporating a model of rate heterogeneity across sites not previously considered in this context and by allowing concurrent searches of model space and tree space.
The following 34 species of damselfishes are recorded from the Red Sea, including three new records (preceded by an asterisk) and five new species: Abudefduf sexfasciatus, A. sordidus, A. vaigiensis, Amblyglyphidodon flavilatus n.sp., A. leucogaster, Amphiprion bicinctus, *Chromis axillaris, C. caerulea, C. dimidiata, C. pembae, C. ternatensis, C. trialpha n.sp., *C. weberi, Chrysiptera annulata, C. unimaculata, Dascyllus aruanus, D. marginatus, D. trimaculatus, Neopomacentrus cyanomos, N. miryae, N. xanthurus n.sp., Paraglyphidodon melas, Plectroglyphidodon lacrymatus, P. leucozonus cingulum, Pomacentrus albicaudatus, P. aquilus n.sp., P. leptus n.sp., P. sulfureus, P. trichourus, P. trilineatus, Pristotis cyanostigma, Stegastes lividus, S. nigricans and Teixeirichthys jordani. A brief diagnosis and notes dealing with nomenclature, ecology and distribution, tables of certain counts, and illustrations are provided for each species. New species are treated with expanded descriptions and a key to the pomacentrids of the Red Sea is included.
Like other congeneric damselfishes, the herbivorous Stegastes altus defends individual feeding territories from heterospecific food competitors, regardless of sex. Females spawned demersal
eggs for 31.4 min (n = 25) at the nest in territories of males 0–75 m away from theirs. Throughout the spawning season (June
to September), spawning occurred only at dawn, mainly just after sunrise. Daily activity of the fish community showed that
potential diurnal food competitors were few or inactive only at dawn and dusk. The frequency of intrusions into the female's
territory by heterospecific competitors were as low when she left her territory to spawn at dawn, as they were in the daytime
when she defended it. Removal of the female in the daytime resulted in a significant increase in intrusion frequency. An ‘anti-competitor
hypothesis’, whereby dawn spawning ensures the food resource in the female's territory seems to explain not only the spawning
periodicity in S. altus but also the timing of spawning of other permanently territorial damselfishes.
Some simple formulae were obtained which enable us to estimate evolutionary distances in terms of the number of nucleotide substitutions (and, also, the evolutionary rates when the divergence times are known). In comparing a pair of nucleotide sequences, we distinguish two types of differences; if homologous sites are occupied by different nucleotide bases but both are purines or both pyrimidines, the difference is called type I (or "transition" type), while, if one of the two is a purine and the other is a pyrimidine, the difference is called type II (or "transversion" type). Letting P and Q be respectively the fractions of nucleotide sites showing type I and type II differences between two sequences compared, then the evolutionary distance per site is K = -(1/2) ln [(1-2P-Q) square root of 1-2Q]. The evolutionary rate per year is then given by k = K/(2T), where T is the time since the divergence of the two sequences. If only the third codon positions are compared, the synonymous component of the evolutionary base substitutions per site is estimated by K'S = -(1/2) ln (1-2P-Q). Also, formulae for standard errors were obtained. Some examples were worked out using reported globin sequences to show that synonymous substitutions occur at much higher rates than amino acid-altering substitutions in evolution.
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