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Український державний лісотехнічний університет
Лісова інженерія: техніка, технологія і довкілля
50
Res. Asst. Sadik ÇAĞLAR*; Prof. Dr. H. Hulusi ACAR1– Karadeniz Technical University
THE PRODUCTIVITY OF KOLLER K300 YARDER
IN TURKISH FORESTRY
Forests have become more and more important sustainable sources in the world. Due
to the excessively demands for wood raw material, in the harvesting process, it is obligatory
to obtain of wood without to suffer losses in that perspective of qualitative and quantitative.
There are also two stages in the transportation of forest products. The first one is to
transport the products from the place where it was originally cut down to the main storage
area, better known as transportation of wood raw materials from forest compartment, the
second one is to transport the products from the stacked or main storage areas to trading
storage and factories.
This study on effects of time and other active factors on the forest transportation of
harvested wood raw materials from forest compartments by using Koller K300 skyline to-
ok place in Artvin district forests during the summer months. Work conditions of timber
logging by Koller K300 Skyline and their effects on productivity were investigated. For
this purpose, work conditions were studied in the harvesting areas. In addition, real times
of work phases, total travel time and lose time were determined by continuously time me-
asurement technique with chronometer. Data obtained from harvesting areas was statisti-
cally evaluated and the factors that effected, on total study time were determined.
Softwood timbers (Abies nordmanniana and Picea orientalis) were transported by
Koller K300 skyline towards uphill. Daily productivity of Koller K300 was determined as
36.184 m3/day for 280 m distance and 55 % skyline slope.
The results of the variable factors affecting the working time sections of Koller
K300 skyline systems shown in this study can be used in Artvin district or areas showing the
same characteristics. They can also be used for preparing annual production plans and skyline
working programs and for monitoring and controlling the plans when applied in the practise.
Keywords: Koller K300 Skyline, Logging, Steep Terrain, Turkish Forestry.
Асист. Садік КАГЛАР; проф. Гулусі АКАР – Караденізький технічний ун-т,
Туреччина
Використання мобільного линвового обладнання "KOLLER K300"
в лісовому господарстві Туреччини
З кожним роком попит на деревину зростає. Це ставить нові, кількісні та якісні
вимоги до лісозаготівельних процесів.
Існує дві ступені транспортування лісової продукції: з лісосіки – на верхній
склад та з верхнього складу до споживача. У статті досліджується ефективність ви-
користання на транспортуванні деревини до верхнього складу мобільного линвового
обладнання KOLLER K300 в лісах Артвінського району в літній час. Для цієї мети у
польових умовах визначалися реальні тривалості елементів робочого циклу мобіль-
ного линвового обладнання, повний час транспортування і втрати часу, викликані
простоюванням технічного засобу. У подальшому виконувався статистичний аналіз
отриманих результатів.
Денна продуктивність мобільного линвового обладнання KOLLER K300 під час
транспортування деревини м'яких порід на відстань 280 м з ухилом 55 % становила
36,184 м3/день. Отримані статистичні дані можуть бути використані для складання
річних планів, контролю та моніторингу роботи мобільного линвового обладнання.
Ключові слова: мобільне линвове обладнання KOLLER K300, лісозаготівля,
стрімкі схили, лісове господарство Туреччини.
1 Faculty of Forestry, 61080 – TRABZON. E-mail: scaglar@ktu.edu.tr
Науковий вісник, 2004, вип. 14.3
1. Техніка та технології лісового господарства 51
1. Introduction
The high demands for timber, terrain using of without planning, excepti-
onal legal regulations in the forest law and grazing caused to drawing of forests to
mountainous terrain, where applying of forestry activities are heavy and quite
costly. In steep terrain forestry, such complex condition of those areas planning of
work and the control of those is quite difficult.
Skylines usage, with the technological developments in the world, has be-
came more and more important because of difficulties in extraction of wood pro-
duction in the countries that have steep terrain conditions. In this stage, rationaliza-
tion efforts to extract wood raw material from stand decrease the cost of harvesting
operation. In timber extraction phase, the first step of timber transportation that is
called primer transport, using of skylines reduces the damages originated from har-
vesting operations (Çağlar, Karaman, Acar, 2003).
In Turkey, about 27 percent (20.7 million hectare) of total area is covered
the forests and other wooded land. These areas' 48 percent are productive fo-
restland. Total productive forests have 1 032 740 659 m3 timber volume (Ministry
of Forestry, 2000). The total forestland, 99.9 % of which is belong to State.
Applying of skyline, short-medium-long distance, was started after end of
1970's in Turkey. The most favorable using areas of the skylines are mountainous
Eastern Black sea Region of Turkey (Aykut, Acar, Şentürk, 1997). The sledge
skylines were used in the logging operations for the first time in Turkey. The sled-
ge skylines which were Wyssen, Baco and Hinteregger generally were used in East
Black Sea Region forests.
Artvin, a sample of steep terrain structure in Eastern Black-Sea Region,
was selected as a study area. Artvin forest district has total 1 343 074 hectare forest
lands. 82 percent of these areas are productive forest. In that forest area, Artvin re-
gion has 6.6 percent part of total Turkey forest areas. Average timber volume of
these areas is 93 m3 per hectare (Acar, Gümüş, 2000). In a study was found field
slope of these forest areas was ranged from 51 % to 75 % (Erdaş, Acar, 1995).
By means of Koller K300 short distance cable crane, a study is made for three
different areas in Artvin. The productivity was determined as 5.151 m3/hour for 300 m
distance and 45 % slope, 6.270 m3/hour for 220 m distance and 64 % slope, and
6.256 m3/hour for 290 m distance and 40 % slope, respectively (Öztürk, 1996). A
study was made by using Koller K300 in Austria, the productivity of skyline mainly
depends on distance, dragging from side and number of pieces. In this study, it was
stated that the productivity wasn't affected by volume of timbers (Erdaş 1989).
The productivity of Koller K300 in a study conducted in Artvin was found
4.997 m3/hour for transportation of soft wood, 4.755 m3/hour for transportation of hard
wood and 6.88 ster/hours for transportation of fuel-wood (Eroğlu, 1997). In Eastern
Black Sea Region of Turkey by using of Koller K300 short distance skyline hardwood
transported. The work productivity was obtained 12.19 m3/hour for 163 m. and 28 %
skyline slope (Aykut, Acar, Şentürk, 1997). In another study, conducted in mountaino-
us Artvin region, softwood transported. The productivity was found 3.750 m3/hour for
250 m long distance by using Koller K300 skyline (Erdaş, Acar, 1995).
Український державний лісотехнічний університет
Лісова інженерія: техніка, технологія і довкілля
52
2. Material and Method
2.1. Material
This investigation was conducted in Artvin forest district located in Moun-
tainous Eastern Black Sea Region by means of Koller K300 short distance skyline.
The study area located in Ardanuç Directorate of State Forest Enterprise, Ka-
ranlıkmeşe Forest District.
Koller K300 mobile skyline was imported in 1982 and this skyline com-
monly have been used in logging operation in Turkey. For this reason, working con-
ditions of Koller K300 skyline were examined and its productivity was determined.
Figure 1. Logging Area and Koller
K300 Mobile skyline
Figure 2. Geographic Information About Study
Area (Artvin)
Mobile yarders have winch drums, towers and other auxiliary equipment
mounted on wheeled or tracklaying chassis. A mobile yarder may be a trailer or
self propelled. The yarder equipment is often mounted on a tractor or a truck. A
cable crane for uphill yarding does not need a haul-back line if the slope is steeper
than approximately 20 %. The carriage returns from landing to logging area by
gravity (Samset 1985).
The Koller K 300 is mounted on the 3-point link of 50 kW farm-tractor (Fi-
gure 1). This machine is produced by an Austrian company. Tractor mounted Kol-
ler K300 forest skyline transports from the down to up sides. The mobile skylines
can be used in low sloped areas. The carriage goes down empty from uphill to
downhill in sloped areas due to gravity and comes back by means of engine power.
The transport distance is dependent on drum capacity and cable diameter.
Working conditions and establishment information belonging to study area
has given below Table 1 as briefly. With determination of working time data and
some effective factors productivity values were obtained for given condition.
Altimeter, camera, klizimeter, kronometer, compass, meter, and other auxi-
liary tools were used for this study. In addition, maps which is scaled 1/25000, ma-
Науковий вісник, 2004, вип. 14.3
1. Техніка та технології лісового господарства 53
nagement plans, silviculture plan and data related harvest activities obtained from
the state forest district in study area.
Table 1. Working Conditions and Establishment Information of Koller K300 Skyline
(Çağlar, 2002)
Working conditions and
establishment information Koller K300
Length of Cable (m) 350
Number of Support –
Field slope (%) 78
Height of skyline (m) 18
Slope of skyline (%) 55
Average dragging from side (m) 23
Hanging (m) 255
Hauling Distance Suspending (m) 25
Transportation direction From downhill to uphill
Transported tree species (log) Fir (Abies), Spruce (Picea)
U.S + D.S 2 + 1
Number of workers Operator + Opr. Assist. 1 + 0
Measured number of shift 57
US: Up Station, DS: Down Station
2.2. Method
The research methodology used for all time studies conducted during cable
logging activities was cumulative timing exclusively, with the time for each work
phase obtained by extraction. The subjects of observation were the short distance
skyline operations, which were carried out by winch operator. It was also recorded
that the time period such as lunch and the other consuming time, etc.,. As a result,
data was collected to support the analysis of time consumption and the evaluation
of time distribution of work phases.
Table 2. Dependent Time Variables and Independent Variables for Each Cycle
Dependent time variables Independent variables
y1: Hauling back of empty carriage,
y2: Descending of bundle hook,
y3: Pulling of hook to log and attaching of loads
y4: Pulling of loaded hook to carriage
y5: Moving of loaded carriage to landing site,
y6: Descending of loaded hook to ground,
y7: Unhooking of loads,
y8: Pulling backwards of empty hook,
y9: Nonworking time (such as spare, delay and other times)
Yst: Average shift time
x1: Dragging from side distance,
x2: Number of piece,
x3: Average log diameter,
x4: Average log length,
x5: Log volume (for each shift)
Independent variables effecting on the working time and dependent time
variables were shown as xii and yii, respectively. In this study, one minute (60 se-
conds) was assumed to be 100 and all the other calculations were done accor-
dingly. Obtained data of time consumption and observations were evaluated by
SPSS Statistical software package. Analysis of Step-Wise Regression and Bivari-
ate Correlate were used to find the best model. In conclusion, the most effective
work phases were determined for total work time and productivity.
Український державний лісотехнічний університет
Лісова інженерія: техніка, технологія і довкілля
54
Since the goal of the cable crane operation is to collect the logs (timbers)
from the logging area and transport it to a terminal point, the landing, each of the
loads is a result of several work phases. The series of work phases for short distan-
ce skyline activities at logging place constitutes the work cycle. Explanation of
work cycle is given below:
3. Results and Discussion
Work phases for transportation of prepared logs from compartment by
using Koller K300 were measured and their average values were calculated. Work
phases and their percentages in average shift time consumption were calculated. It
was shown in Table 3 and Figure 3.
Table 3. Work Phases and Their Percentages in Average Shift Time Consumption
Work Phases (1/100 minute)
Sledge
Winch Skyline Y1 (%) y
2 (%) y
3 (%) y
4 (%) y5 (%) y
6 (%) y7 (%) y8 (%) y
9 (%) y
st (%)
Time consumption 64
(3.8) 47
(2.8) 573
(33.9) 261
(15.4) 401
(23.7) 28
(1.7) 92
(5.4) 15
(0.9) 209
(12.4) 1690
(100)
Working place and work phases to get higher productive extraction from the
compartment in less time can be done some rational organizations. The most effecti-
ve work phases times for average shift (journey) time and their effects can be redu-
ced. In this study for Koller K300 mobile skyline, distribution of work phases in
average shift (journey) time was determined as y3>y5>y4>y9>y7>y1>y2>y6>y8. As
shown Figure 3. the most effective phase in average shift time is the phase "Pulling
of hook to log and attaching of loads" (y3).
For Koller K300 mobile short distance skyline, it was found that there was
a positive correlation between y3, y9 and yst at 99 % significant level. In addition,
the same result was found for y5 at 95 % significant level.
0,0
5,0
10,0
15,0
20,0
25,0
30,0
35,0
1
y1 y2 y3 y4 y5 y6 y7 y8 y9
64 47
573
261
401
28
92
15
209
Work Phases
Percent (%)
Figure 3. Work Phase and Their Percentages in Average Shift Time Obtained from Koller K300
For extraction from the compartment by Koller K300 mobile skyline, it wasn't
found a significant regression model for "average shift time (Yst)". The best model
was determined for "Pulling of loaded hook to carriage (y4)" and is given as follows:
y4 = – 232.87 + 21.26x1 (R2 = 0.522 SE = 124.04).
Науковий вісник, 2004, вип. 14.3
1. Техніка та технології лісового господарства 55
It was found that there was a positive correlation between x1 and y2, x5 and
y5, x2 and y7 at 95 % significant level, while there was a positive correlation betwe-
en x3 and y3, x1 and y4, x3 and y3, x4 and y8, x5 and yst at 99 % significant level.
The production, the productivity and the labour consumption for the vari-
ous cable cranes depend on the terrain conditions and tree dimensions and big vari-
ations in productivity values exist (Samset 1985). Productivities of Koller
K300 and average shift times were calculated as shown in Table 4.
Table 4. Average Productivity and Shift Time Values of Koller K 300 Mobile Skyline.
Mobile Winch Skyline Koller K300
Average shift time (1/100 minute) 1690
Average number of piece (Piece/shift) 1.9
m3/shift 1.274
m3/hour 4.523
Skyline
Productivity m3/day 36.184
Usually the productivity for uphill cable crane yading is 15-25 % higher
than downhill yarding. The daily production also depends on the length of a wor-
king day (Samset 1985).
4. Conclusion and Recommendations
In this study, softwood timbers (Abies nordmanniana and Picea orientalis)
were transported from the compartment by using Koller K300 short distance mobi-
le skyline. Average shift time for uphill transportation was found 1690 minu-
te/shift. In addition, productivity of Koller K300 skyline was found 1.274 m3/shift,
4.523 m3/hour. Daily productivity of Koller K300 was determined as 36.184
m3/day for 280 m distance and 55 % skyline slope.
Generally in this study the time consumption depends on machine power,
operator and worker experience, number of piece and size, weigh and volume of
pieces, ground slope, and the other effective factors. Some of work elements na-
mely (y1, y2, y5, y6, y8) for every different journey approximately equal to initial
work phases in same construction place of sledge skylines. In other words, the
standard deviations of those each variable were found to be very small. However,
other work phases (y3, y4, y7) different from the initial ones for each journey.
The short distance cable crane such as Koller K300 needs a well designed
and developed road networks. However, the effects of Koller K300 mobile skyline
on the environment and productivity were found to be positive. To shorten total
work time and to prevent the harvesting damages, applying of skyline is very ide-
ally. If the timbers have been transported by using the skidding method on the gro-
und, it would have been no economical, and very harmful for forest ecosystem.
Generally to shorten total work time of work phase, to increase the work
and worker productivity, to reduce the damages, for safely work activities, to ex-
pand using of skyline where suitable area, and for environmental aspects can be
proposed as below:
y The results of this study can be used for annual harvesting planning, work force
planning and the plan control in similar geographical areas in summer days log-
ging operation.
Український державний лісотехнічний університет
Лісова інженерія: техніка, технологія і довкілля
56
y Harvesting plan, felling plan and felling direction must be determined and work
organization must be done before the logging operation. A good coordination bet-
ween the felling, cutting and yarding gives increased production.
y Selecting the unloading place should be very well so that the stocked logs on the side of
forest road must not obstruct extraction activities, the road traffic and other activities.
y The cutters should be instructed in directional felling and all logging staff should
be informed about first aid precautions.
y Environmental sensitivity, safely work activities and productivity should be taken
as a top priority while planning, renting and installation the skylines.
y The short distance mobile yarders require well developed and designed road net-
work, so this subject should be taken into consideration while the transportation
plan is planning.
y The skylines must be repaired before set up and their spare parts should always be
prepared. To set up the mobile skyline, professional experts must be employed
who is educated in skyline. Before setting up skylines, the logs must be checked
whether they are prepared or not. At last, the best route must be selected to
transport maximum raw wood material.
y The time analysis of forest skyline should be done in different logging area. Taking
into consideration the most effective work phases on the total working time, with
work arrangement, loading sufficient load, preparing of load, maintenance and repair.
The staff problem should be solved to increase of workers' productivity suc-
cess. Workers' camping, nutrition and safely working condition should be provided.
The operators should repair the skylines in winter months and they should be infor-
med about working technique with the skylines out of harvesting times. A better work
plan should be made. Operator and a supervisor who will be selected workers should
be authorized to applications of the work plan and to organization of workers.
The short distance mobile skylines should be combined with long distance
sledge skyline and other harvesting machines. The skylines must not be waited to
prepare the load.
References
1. Acar, H.H., Gümüş, S. 2000 Analysis of Transportation Operations With The Combina-
tion Gantner and Koller K 300 Forest Skylines On the Mountainous Region, Project of
TÜBİTAK/TARP, No 2193, Ankara, Turkey.
2. Aykut, T., Acar, H.H., Şentürk, N. 1997. An Investigation on Comparison of Skylines
Koller K300, URUS M III, Gantner in Artvin Region. İ.Ü. Journal of Forestry Faculty, Series A,
Vol. 47, No 2, Istanbul, Turkey.
3. Çağlar. S., 2002, An Investigation of The Transport from Compartment with Cable Crane
Aspect of Working Productivity in Artvin Region, Kafkas University, Master Thesis, 136p, Artvin.
4. Çağlar. S., Karaman, A., Acar, H. H., 2003 An Investigation On Logging By Baco
And Gantner Skylines, XXXI. International Forestry Students Symposium, P. 1-15 September
2003 Istanbul, Turkey.
5. Erdaş, O., Acar, H.H. 1995. Using of Koller K 300 Short Distance Skylines During
Extraction in Mountainous Eastern Black Sea Region. I. National Black Sea Forestry Congress Pro-
ceedings, Vol. 4, 230-238 p. Trabzon, Turkey.
6. Erdaş, O., 1989, Orman Hova Hatları ve Özellikle Koller K300 Kısa Mesafeli Orman
Hava hattı ile Orman Ürünlerinin Bölmeden Çıkarılması Üzerine Araştırmalar, TÜBİTAK Doğa
Dergisi, 13 (2): 216-227 sy. Ankara.
7. Eroğlu, H., 1997, Artvin Yöresinde Bölmeden Çıkarma Çalışmalarında Koller
K300 Kısa Mesafeli Orman Hava Hattının Teknik ve Ekonomik Yönden İncelenmesi, Yüksek Li-
sans Tezi, KTÜ, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 129 sy. Trabzon.
8. Ministry of Forestry, 2000. Facts and Figures Forestry In Turkey-2000. Research, Plan-
ning and Coordination Board, ISSN 1302-7573, Ankara, Turkey.
Науковий вісник, 2004, вип. 14.3
1. Техніка та технології лісового господарства 57
9. Öztürk, T. 1996. Capability Possibilities of Winch Skylines In Artvin, MsD Thesis,
İ.U. Forestry Faculty, İstanbul, Turkey.
10. Samset, I., 1985, Winch and Cable Systems, Martinus Nijhoff/ Dr. W. Junk Publisers,
Dordrecht.
УДК 630*33:638.22 Ст. наук. співроб. Т.Б. АРЕТИНСЬКА, канд. біол. наук;
ст. наук. співроб. В.О. ТРОКОЗ*, канд. біол. наук;
ст. наук. співроб. М.Л. АЛЕКСЕНІЦЕР, канд. біол. наук;
мол. наук. співроб. Н.В. ТРОКОЗ – Нац. аграрний ун-т, м. Київ
НОВИЙ НАПРЯМОК ВИКОРИСТАННЯ ЗЕЛЕНІ ЛИСТЯНИХ
ПОРІД ДЕРЕВ У ЛІСОВИХ ГОСПОДАРСТВАХ УКРАЇНИ
Висвітлюються питання використання зелені листяних порід для вигодівлі мо-
новольтинної породи дубового шовкопряда "Поліський тасар".
Ключові слова: листя дерев, використання, дубовий шовкопряд.
Chief scientist T.B. ARETYNS'KA; chief scientist V.O. TROKOZ;
M.L. ALEXENIZER; junior scientist N.V. TROKOZ – National agricultural
university, Kyiv, Ukraine
The New Direct of Utilization of Deciduous Trees' Greenery in Ukraine's
Forestry Economies
Use of breeding of deciduous trees for cultivation oak silkworm "Tassar of Polissya"
is considered.
Keywords: trees leaves, utilization, oak silkworm.
Комплексне використання лісу як екосистеми є метою і завданням
вчених і працівників лісових господарств. Широко розповсюджена заготівля
не тільки деревини, але й соснової живиці, ягід, грибів, лікарських рослин,
виробництво ефірних масел, хвойних лікувальних екстрактів, хвойно-віта-
мінного борошна тощо.
Новим напрямком використання лісових ресурсів є вирощування моно-
вольтинної породи дубового шовкопряда Поліський тасар, технологія якого
дала змогу вигодовувати корисних комах листям, яке залишається під час ру-
бок головного й проміжного лісокористування, а також від інших лісозаготі-
вельних робіт. При вирощуванні гусені шовкопряда можливо використовувати
деревну зелень не тільки дуба черешкового, але й ряду інших листяних порід –
бука європейського, граба звичайного, берези бородавчастої, верби сірої.
Технологія вирощування дубового шовкопряда в інсектаріях легкого
типу під поліетиленовою плівкою пройшла виробничу перевірку на території
Волинської, Рівненської, Тернопільської, Івано-Франківської та Хмельниць-
кої областей України.
З метою створення гарантійного кормового резерву для гусені літньо-
осінніх вигодівель, а також максимального збереження його поживної цінності
розроблена технологія консервування листя кормових рослин. Найбільш ефек-
тивну консервуючу дію на листову масу чинять хімічний (бензойна кислота)
та біологічний (кормові дріжджі) консерванти корму. Ці речовини в рекомен-
* Просп. 50-річчя Жовтня, 1 Б, кв. 194. Київ – 03148, Україна. E-mail: animphysio_chair@twin.nauu.kiev.ua, trokoz@i.com.ua