Chapter

The psychology of wisdom: an evolutionary interpretation

Authors:
To read the full-text of this research, you can request a copy directly from the authors.

Abstract

Wisdom is such an elusive psychological construct that few people have considered it a viable field, though many are fascinated by the topic. Well-known psychologist Robert J. Sternberg of Yale University, perceiving the growth of interest in wisdom as a field, saw a need to document the progress that has been made in the field since the early '80s and to point the way for future theory and research. The resulting comprehensive and authoritative book, Wisdom: Its Nature, Origins and Development, is a well-rounded collection of psychological views on wisdom. It introduces this concept of wisdom, considers philosophical issues and developmental approaches, and covers as well folk conceptions of the topic. In the final section, Professor Sternberg provides an integration of the fascinating and comprehensive material.

No full-text available

Request Full-text Paper PDF

To read the full-text of this research,
you can request a copy directly from the authors.

... Serious games are meant to test players in some way. These challenges should affect players' cognitive endowments, knowledge, attitudes, health, or mental well-being (Csikszentmihalyi & Rathunde, 1990). For these reasons, GBL can effectively improve students' knowledge by increasing motivation and engagement in learning. ...
... The key condition for a flow experience to occur is the use of a high level of abilities and skills by people to challenge themselves. Therefore, the activity cannot be too simple or too complicated (Csikszentmihalyi & Rathunde, 1990). According to flow theory, play increases motivation because it creates a sense of effortless flow between learning and skill acquisition (Petelczyc et al., 2018). ...
... Controlling cognitive overload is crucial and may become a limitation (Csikszentmihalyi & Rathunde, 1990). ...
Article
Full-text available
This research enriches the current understanding of digital marketing knowledge acquisition through game‐based learning (GBL). The study is based on a sample of 476 participants who provided data before and after playing The Ecommerce Game(™). In this serious game, players must optimize the conversion rate of an e‐commerce venture. Data on key variables measuring players' digital marketing knowledge were collected. Before playing the game, participants reported on their perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness, and attitude. After the game, participants' knowledge, motivation, enjoyment, and concentration were measured. The purpose of this study was to determine the positive impact of GBL on the professional development of participants. Participants reported that the skills acquired in GBL improved their professional performance. Thus, the results suggest that acceptance of a game can be an effective tool for players to acquire knowledge of digital marketing and e‐commerce. The motivation from gameplay was significant in aiding participants' learning experiences. Encouragingly, participants expressed a willingness to replay the game, emphasizing the enjoyableness of the learning process.
... The dominance of fluid modernity has not only made uncertainty a condition of life, but it also requires much specialization. In a sense, contemporary wisdom studies spurt out as a response to such extreme specialization (Csikszentmihalyi and Rathunde 1990). In short, more wisdom is required to comprehend wisdom (Sternberg 1990). ...
... According to Csikszentmihalyi and Rathunde (1990), wisdom has three dimensions: cognitive process, value, and a state of goodness. Maxwell (1980) makes a distinction between personal and social wisdom and argues that knowing and understanding are the main components of wisdom. ...
... There is no clear distinction between knowledge and wisdom (Csikszentmihalyi and Rathunde 1990) and these terms are sometimes used interchangeably, which contradicts with the views of philosophers who argue that wisdom is more closely associated with practical knowledge. Otherwise, modern men who have the ease and luxury of accessing unlimited amount of information would be inaccurately called the wisest of mankind. ...
Article
Full-text available
Theoretical and empirical studies on wisdom continue to interest researchers in various fields. Studies have long pointed out the empirical operationalization of the construct, which has been speculated on since ancient Greece. In addition to numerous theoretical conceptualizations and operational measures, investigations between wisdom and other variables such as positive human traits, dispositional, situational, and environmental variables have helped us understand the concept better. The wisdom development model (Brown 2004) and empirical research in later years provide adequate evidence about the concept. Current descriptive findings support the theoretical assertions that wisdom and environmental sensitivity are associated. We also found statistically significant correlations between the ecopsychological self and wisdom. Based on the findings, we suggest that wiser people have more holistic and richer viewpoint of life with a commitment to the common good for all, including the environment.
... 'Leading to action', in fact, is the key as to why wisdom is a virtue. Csikszentmihalyi and Rathunde (1990) clarify this: "wisdom is a virtue because by relating in a disinterested way the broadest spectrum of knowledge, it provides the most compelling guide to action" (p. 48). ...
... That is to say, as soon as one starts thinking what action might be suitable, given the situation, to reach a satisfactory goal, she enters into a cognitive process. For this reason, wisdom can be understood as a cognitive process integrating mind and virtue (Csikszentmihalyi & Rathunde, 1990). An example of a decision-making model that emphasizes the role of morality and judgement is Rest's (1984Rest's ( , 1986 four-component ethical decision-making model, where moral judgement is one of the key components. ...
... From a managerial perspective, cognition can be defined as "the conceptual and operational representations that humans develop while interacting with complex systems" (Tikkanen et al., 1990, p. 792). Wisdom as a cognitive process refers to "attempts at understanding the world in a disinterested way, seeking the ultimate consequences of events as well as ultimate causes while preserving the integration of knowledge" (Csikszentmihalyi & Rathunde;1990, p. 48). ...
... The approach here is nomothetic, focussing on the necessary and sufficient traits for wisdom to develop or emerge. Research strongly suggests that certain embodied characteristics or capabilities are foundational to the development of wisdom, if not integral to wisdom itself (Kramer, 1990;Csikszentmihalyi & Rathunde, 1990;Paul & Baltes, 2003;Ardelt, 2003). It is also suggested that certain characteristics are indicative of different levels of wisdom or combine symbiotically in a pathway towards wisdom. ...
... Furthermore, she states that not only are the three dimensions necessary for the development of wisdom, they are also sufficient. Their development has been shown to lead to qualities of wisdom identified by others, such as good judgment (Sternberg, 1998;Pasupathi & Staudinger, 2001) and a mature personality (Csikszentmihalyi & Rathunde, 1990;Staudinger, Lopez & Baltes, 1997). The three components form the 3D model of wisdom and associated self-report measure (Ardelt, 2003). ...
... Ardelt proposes that it is through reflection that one can overcome subjectivity and projections, transcending self and gaining a deeper understanding of oneself, others and life. In particular, it is suggested that reflection and self-transcendence facilitate increased compassion through a reduction in self-centredness, facilitating the development of the affective dimension (Clayton & Birren, 1980;Csikszentmihalyi & Rathunde, 1990;Ardelt, 2003). ...
Thesis
Full-text available
Wisdom has long fascinated philosophers and theologians and is hailed by many as the key to human flourishing and the aspirational pinnacle of human development (Birren & Svensson, 2005; Sternberg, 2018). More recently, the psychological study of wisdom has begun in earnest. Numerous theoretical and empirical studies are casting light onto the nature of wisdom and its development. However, the field is relatively new. Multiple definitions of wisdom exist, and an increasingly diverse range of perspectives and approaches is reflected in the psychological literature to date. This dissertation sets out to review and synthesise the wisdom literature at a conceptual level, with a particular focus on factors that may influence access to wisdom in specific situations and its development across time. An integrative review of the literature was conducted, using a qualitative analysis approach. Six themes were identified that not only reflect different aspects of wisdom, but also offer an integrative framework within which wisdom can be seen as a complex and dynamic process. Each theme is explored through the lens of selected theoretical and empirical studies and a new conceptual model of wisdom as an embodied and embedded process is proposed. It is suggested here that wisdom is accessed and developed through a combination of internal and external factors, working together to facilitate access to wise reasoning and enhanced levels of wisdom over time. Opportunities for interventions, measurement and further research are identified.
... The presence-involvement flow framework (PIFF) is a well-known psychological research framework which enables research in digital games. It is drawn from the theory of Csikszentmihalyi (1975), and Csikszentmihalyi and Rathunde (1990) incorporating the ideas of presence, involvement and flow (Jennett et al., 2008). When a technology is so engaging that the user loses touch with the real world, it is called flow (Csikszentmihalyi & Rathunde, 1990). ...
... It is drawn from the theory of Csikszentmihalyi (1975), and Csikszentmihalyi and Rathunde (1990) incorporating the ideas of presence, involvement and flow (Jennett et al., 2008). When a technology is so engaging that the user loses touch with the real world, it is called flow (Csikszentmihalyi & Rathunde, 1990). Brown and Cairns (2004) and Zhang et al. (2017) distinguish three levels of immersion in the game experience namely, engagement, engrossment and total immersion. ...
Article
Full-text available
Namibia, a southern African country with an Ubuntu culture that emphasizes interrelations, generally displays a low reading culture. In this study, we explored a social approach to reading to engage Namibian primary learners. Inspired by promising reading approaches, such as shared group reading enhanced by embodied actions, we created Spin Da Bottle—a multiplayer reading‐action game to draw Namibian learners into reading while keeping them captivated in action. The game was co‐designed with 36 learners and then evaluated by 32 learners with an adapted immersion questionnaire, post‐experience survey and individual interviews. 50 learners were then observed while playing at a public event. Our findings confirm that learners are engaged and enjoy the collective embodied reading experience. We observed different group behaviours scaffolding individual readers. We contribute to the field of reading technologies a digital tool that creates a collective and embodied reading experience, and an adapted immersion instrument. Practitioner notes What is already known about this topic It has been recognized that shared reading increases learners engagement and participation. Dialogic reading experience is enhanced through embodied actions. What this paper adds Through a design‐based research approach, a digital multiplayer reading‐action game was developed to explore whether a social, embodied, group game could increase interest and engagement of children in reading. The game was co‐designed and the immersion validated with primary school learners in Namibia. An adapted immersion instrument was derived for reading games. Implications for practice and/or policy Collective reading games offer weak readers support from their peers. A Namibian inclusive education for all, considering an Ubuntu pedagogy, can be supported with appropriate technologies. Teachers can integrate this game in the classroom by authoring their content in order to engage learners.
... Оглядаючи це питання в загальному плані, розглянемо диференціацію поглядів західних і східних культур. Наприклад, у М. Чиксентмігаї, К. Ратхунде [10] зазначалось, що мудрість загалом крізь історію Заходу розглядалась як аналітичні вміння та велике фактичне знання про світ. У біблійних текстах здатність до пізнання також тлумачилася як шлях до мудрості [1; 8]. ...
... Ці якості не є єдиними і мають значення для мудрості тільки в інтеграції одні з одними, наприклад, для пояснення різниці між словом "розуміння" у західній і східній традиціях. Якщо в західній традиції це слово містить суто когнітивну компоненту, то у східній воно виражається сукупністю різних якостей людини, роблячи особливий акцент на інтуїтивному, емоційному прийнятті, залученості до якогось питання [10]. У деяких ситуаціях процеси, які містять когнітивну репрезентацію (мова, слова), сприймаються східною традицією не як необхідні чи достатні для розв'язання критичної ситуації, а скоріше вважаються перешкодою на шляху до розв'язання проблеми, набуття гармонії. ...
Article
The article presents a theoretical analysis of modern theories of wisdom, considers the formation and essence of the concept of wisdom in psychology. At the end of the twentieth century, the interest of psychologists in the subject of wisdom began to grow. Wisdom as a concept is integral to any society, culture and time, it reveals those qualities of personality that help a person to be realized. The concept of wisdom requires theoretical justification and empirical research. In general, there are two main concepts of wisdom: one affirms the affective qualities more or less with the cognitive, inherent in man; the other focuses precisely on cognitive and reflexive abilities, ignoring emotional life. This typification has proved itself in several planes. In the history of philosophy, the understanding of wisdom had both an affective and a cognitive character, represented by East and West. Empirical studies of implicit concepts of wisdom conducted in recent years indicate the variability of perception of wisdom. In the East, the concept of wisdom is less analytical and more psychological than in the West, which requires an understanding not only of the intellectual, but also of the sensual (emotions, intuition, etc.). Cross-cultural empirical studies confirm the general difference in the perception of wisdom in different cultures. The influence of age on the manifestations of wisdom in humans should be noted separately. Research has shown that age negatively affects the intellectual component of wisdom, but is neutral to procedural knowledge. On the one hand, with age a person acquires experience that can interpret and extract new procedural knowledge from him. On the other hand, the fact that a person has life experience does not determine a person’s qualitative interpretation of what happened to him. The age factor cannot be decisive in becoming wise.
... Wise decisions and actions are based on intellectual and moral virtues. Intellectual virtues are wisdom as a cognitive process (Csikszentmihalyi & Rathunde, 1990), which is associated with data and information analysis, while moral virtues are more associated with such attributes as justice, temperance, and courage (Begley, 2006), and with considering stakeholders' concerns, values, and preferences (Intezari, 2014). Intellectual and moral virtues are the two main aspects of wisdom (Ardelt, 2011;Rooney et al., 2010). ...
... Leading to action, in fact, is the key to why wisdom is a virtue. Csikszentmihalyi and Rathunde (1990) clarify this, writing: "wisdom is a virtue because by relating in a disinterested way the broadest spectrum of knowledge, it provides the most compelling guide to action" (p. 48). ...
Chapter
How to manage uncertain and unpredictable situations has been a major challenge facing managers and academics for decades. The development of practice and theory in knowledge management has been one important response. This chapter, however, argues that knowledge and knowledge management may not be sufficient when dealing with emergent and unforeseen situations as knowledge tends to be past-oriented in terms of its formative components, while emergent situations are future-oriented, which may or may not be rooted in the past. Therefore, authors explore this past-present-future conundrum by explaining how mere reliance on the past may restrict organizations' ability to deal with emergent situations in the future. Finally, the role of innovation and wisdom will be introduced as a bridge connecting current past-oriented knowledge to unknown and unpredictable future-oriented events.
... There is a massive SDT literature on the role of intrinsic and autonomous motivation in learning and growth. This is critical, because, as noted by Csikszentmihalyi and Rathunde (1990) in their earlier, and we think highly insightful, theory of wisdom, they posited that a wise person is likely also a curious, interested person. Such an individual finds the cultivation of knowledge and understanding personally satisfying and edifying, and thus intrinsic motivation is likely essential to the development of wisdom. ...
... Finally, in line with Csikszentmihalyi and Rathunde (1990), wisdom is something largely acquired through intrinsic and (we would add) autonomous motives. External or introjected motivational bases for developing wisdom would itself lead to the blind spots and biases that characterize so much of what we know as not-wise thinking. ...
Article
This special issue brings together seven contributions which, in spite of the diversity of the topics and theories being covered, all make use of Self‐Determination Theory (SDT) as their guiding, complementary, or contrasting framework. In this commentary we first reflect on how SDT has developed organically and conservatively from “within,” based on emerging patterns of evidence, as well through ongoing challenges from other models and frameworks. We then discuss each of the various contributions to this special issue, addressing themes that include SDT's breadth of methods, and its relevance to topics such as narcissism, wisdom, individual differences, big‐five traits, and the neuropsychology of motivation, among others. Across these discussions we highlight fruitful avenues for research and cross‐fertilization across the fields of personality, development, motivation, and neuroscience. At the same time, we counter some claims made about SDT, and forward certain cautions regarding the integration of SDT and other personality frameworks and models. We conclude by revisiting the value of broad theory for coordinating complex research findings across levels of analysis, and perhaps more importantly, for pointing us to the right questions. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
... Doing the right thing cannot be possible without a minimum capacity for moral reasoning (Sternberg, 1998). Wisdom enables people to make good pragmatic judgments about important matters of life (Baltes & Smith, 1990;Csikszentmihalyi & Rathunde, 1990) The authors deem Stenberg's (2022) model relevant to capture the operational processing of moral reasoning. Stenberg suggested eight steps involved in ethical reasoning and asserts that if any of them is missing, the more likelihood of unethical conduct. ...
Chapter
Full-text available
This chapter addresses the critical need for education for wisdom in business and management education. After a critical review of the outcomes of the traditional pedagogical tenet, an operational framework for practical wisdom education is proposed, suggesting three components of wisdom learning: wise knowing, wise feeling, and wise judging. The second part of the chapter discusses the challenges of implementing wisdom education in the business school context. First, the authors highlight the requisite paradigm shift from knowledge-driven learning toward wisdom-driven one and then present some initiatives for fostering practical wisdom in the business classroom. The chapter concludes by gesturing toward possible avenues for future research and empirical inquiry into wisdom teaching practices.
... Wisdom implies (1) correct insight into the situation, (2) correct insight into what needs to be done, and finally, (3) appropriate action (Strijbos, 1995). 6. Csikszentmihalyi and Rathunde (1990) say that wisdom's role is to replace narrow, fragmented and intellectually aloof accounts of reality with holistic or 'metasystemic awareness'. This stance or orientation suggests that an integral systemic view of the world is important for wisdom (Küpers, 2016). ...
Article
Full-text available
System thinking is a holistic approach that has been considered by many thinkers in the field of organization and management in recent decades. This thinking helps managers look at an organization as a whole and manage its components in relation to each other. In addition to this thinking, another important issue is the wisdom in organizations. Wisdom, which is a changeable dynamic, is an important factor in creating and increasing competitive advantage in organizations. Therefore, its advancement, management and strengthen are very important for organizations. However, by reviewing, evaluating and measuring the wisdom of each department in the organization at a specific time, it is not possible to properly review, manage and strengthen the wisdom of the entire organization, because it ignores the synergy and even eliminates it, so that not it only does not help to create a competitive advantage, but also may cause many problems such as data loss, and lack of proper use of people's knowledge and information at the right time for the organization. Therefore, in this article, system thinking, organizational wisdom and then the role of system thinking in the creation and management of wise organizations and why system thinking or holistic thinking is needed to strengthen wisdom in the whole organization? are examined.
... Мудрость незнания связывается, главным образом, с мудростью Дальнего Востока, в том числе с буддизмом и даосизмом, а также с дзен-медитацией (ср. [Csikszentmihalyi, Rathunde 1990;Takahashi, Overton 2005;Scobel 2008]). Она выявляется в первых предложениях «Дао дэ цзин»: Месснер (род. ...
... The psychological research on wisdom to date suggests that certain characteristics are central to wisdom itself, whilst other characteristics and skills are foundational or scaffold its development (Kramer, 1990;Csikszentmihalyi and Rathunde, 1990;Paul and Baltes, 2003;Gluck et al, 2019). The central characteristics of wisdom are described here as an integrated set of 'wisdom perspectives'. ...
Chapter
Wisdom has long fascinated philosophers and theologians, hailed by many as the key to human flourishing and the pinnacle of human development. From this perspective its relevance to coaching seems indisputable, if somewhat aspirational. At the same time, we are facing some of the most demanding challenges humans have collectively faced. Leaders face ill-defined problems requiring an ability to embrace uncertainty, to engage in foresight, thinking both long-term and systemically towards the common good. In this high stakes context, accessing wiser reasoning ‘in time’ and developing wisdom ‘over time’ may be vital, for both client and coach. Whilst wisdom is often seen as beyond the reach of most people, there are times when we are all somewhat wiser than at other times. Drawing on the psychological research on wisdom, this chapter will present coaches with an integrative model of wisdom, outlining dynamic factors and interventions that influence its development and its expression. It asks readers to deeply consider what role coaching can play in developing wiser individuals, wiser organisations and workplaces.
... Despite the recent emphasis on the vital role of wisdom in decisionmaking, existing studies in the area of wisdom and intuition in auditing scope do not provide analysts and theorists of auditing with sufficient and appropriate information concerning making proper decisions in this profession due to neglecting the importance of wisdom in decision-making. Nevertheless, the theoretical perception of the concept of wise tactfulness in auditor's decisionmaking can be considered as a pivot in judgmental contexts of auditors (Csikszentmihalyi and Rathunde, 1990). While there is increasing attention to the theory of wisdom in various fields, integrating wisdom into professional methods such as auditing, especially in their decision-making and professional assertions about financial statements, is yet vague. ...
Article
Full-text available
Since the auditing profession is a process engaged in judgment activities, knowing the reasoning concepts to achieve a level of rationale in audit judgment is the theoretical and fundamental concept in this profession. In this regard, tactfulness is one of the decision-making components in an auditor's judgment that assigns a level of reasoning for making an intellectual decision and promotes the level of judgment quality in auditing. Accordingly, the purpose of this research is Auditors’ Wise Tactfulness in Professional Judgments by Total Interpretive Structural Modeling (TISM). The mixed-methods approach was used for the research in which, in the qualitative part, two experts population as panel members, and, in the quantitative part, 30 independent auditors as the statistical population participated. In the qualitative part, the meta-analysis approach was used to identify the themes related to wise tactfulness in professional judgment, and then, the basic themes selected were examined based on two criteria, concordance coefficient and average, in three rounds reciprocally until theoretical saturation was met. At this point, 14 themes were accepted among 20 basic themes. In the quantitative part, the themes accepted were coded first and then were distributed among the respective population, based on a matrix questionnaire, to identify the most effective trait of auditor's wise tactfulness in professional judgment using the Total Interpretive Structural Modeling approach. According to the results, the theme adherence to the principles of professional ethics as a basic theme of professional thinking was selected as the most influential trait of wise tactfulness.
... Si l'approche eudémonique du bonheur implique l'autodétermination à travers le processus de réalisation de soi (Laguardia & Ryan, 2000), la régulation de soi est l'une des dimensions de l'autodétermination (Wehmeyer, Kelchner & Richards, 1996) Les stratégies de gestion de soi supposent la capacité d'observer ses comportements, d'évaluer l'efficacité de ses stratégies et les progrès pour atteindre ses objectifs (Agran, 1997 ;Agran & Hughes, 1997 ;Smith & Nelson, 1997 Csikszentmihalyi & Rathunde, 1990 ;Kramer 1990 ;Orwoll & Achenbaum, 1993 ;Rathunde, 1995 ;Taranto, 1989, cité par Ardelt, 2003 (Brown, 1987 ;Buchel & Buchel, 2009 ;Perkins, Simmons & Tishman, 1990). Les expériences métacognitives ont pour but d'accompagner les processus de pensée concernant les connaissances spécifiques de la tâche pour orienter les stratégies métacognitives (Efklides, 2001 (a) l'autorégulation de l'attention ainsi (b) qu'une orientation particulière vers les expériences dans le moment présent se manifestant par l'ouverture, l'acceptation et la curiosité vis-à-vis des expériences. ...
Thesis
Full-text available
Positivity, a common and latent factor between self-esteem, optimism and life satisfaction, is the "basic disposition" of positive affect. The purpose of this thesis is to explore the influence of positivity on mental health. It is made up upon three objectives : - (1) to define the place of positivity in the subjectivity of mental health by proposing : (a) to conceive the structure of the cognitive dimension in a multidimensional way, involving the presence of the dimensions of positive cognition and negative cognition, (b) adapt and validate the positivity scale of Caprara and collaborators (2012) in French, (c) a model of mental subjectivity composed of four dimensions : positive cognition, negative cognition, positive affect and negative affect. - (2) to determine the role of positivity among the other indicators of positive mental health by exploring : (1) the major influence of positivity on positive psychological functioning, positive affect and negative affect, (2) the function of positivity in the influence of autonomous motivational regulation of behaviors on happiness. - (3) to identify the role of positivity in the effect of functional emotional regulation on the affective sphere of mental health, both in positive and negative situations. Finally, this thesis presents a meta-model explaining the place and the preponderant influence of positivity on mental health. Based on the meta-theory of self-determination, a theoretical articulation will be put forward, reflecting the development of positivity in a similar way to that of the human being.
... Si l'approche eudémonique du bonheur implique l'autodétermination à travers le processus de réalisation de soi (Laguardia & Ryan, 2000), la régulation de soi est l'une des dimensions de l'autodétermination (Wehmeyer, Kelchner & Richards, 1996) Les stratégies de gestion de soi supposent la capacité d'observer ses comportements, d'évaluer l'efficacité de ses stratégies et les progrès pour atteindre ses objectifs (Agran, 1997 ;Agran & Hughes, 1997 ;Smith & Nelson, 1997 Csikszentmihalyi & Rathunde, 1990 ;Kramer 1990 ;Orwoll & Achenbaum, 1993 ;Rathunde, 1995 ;Taranto, 1989, cité par Ardelt, 2003 (Brown, 1987 ;Buchel & Buchel, 2009 ;Perkins, Simmons & Tishman, 1990). Les expériences métacognitives ont pour but d'accompagner les processus de pensée concernant les connaissances spécifiques de la tâche pour orienter les stratégies métacognitives (Efklides, 2001 (a) l'autorégulation de l'attention ainsi (b) qu'une orientation particulière vers les expériences dans le moment présent se manifestant par l'ouverture, l'acceptation et la curiosité vis-à-vis des expériences. ...
Thesis
Full-text available
La positivité, facteur commun et latent entre l'estime de soi, l'optimisme et la satisfaction de vie, est la “disposition de base” de l’affect positif. L’objectif de cette thèse est d’explorer l’influence de la positivité sur la santé mentale. Elle se décompose en trois objectifs : - (1) définir la place de la positivité dans la subjectivité de la santé mentale en proposant : (a) de concevoir la structure de la dimension cognitive de manière multidimensionnelle, impliquant la présence des dimensions Cognition positive et Cognition négative, (b) d’adapter et de valider l’échelle de positivité de Caprara et collaborateurs (2012) en langue française, (c) un modèle de la subjectivité mentale composé de quatre dimensions : la Cognition positive, la Cognition négative, l’Affect positif et l’Affect négatif. - (2) déterminer le rôle de la positivité parmi les autres indicateurs de la santé mentale positive en explorant : (1) l’influence majeure de la positivité sur le fonctionnement psychologique positif, l’affect positif et l’affect négatif, (2) la fonction de la positivité dans l’influence de la régulation motivationnelle autonome des comportements sur le bonheur. - (3) identifier le rôle de la positivité dans l’effet de la régulation émotionnelle fonctionnelle sur la sphère affective de la santé mentale, que ce soit dans les situations positives ainsi que dans les situations négatives. Enfin, cette thèse présente un méta-modèle expliquant la place et l’influence prépondérante de la positivité sur la santé mentale. En s’appuyant sur la méta-théorie de l’autodétermination, il sera proposé une articulation théorique reflétant le développement de la positivité, de manière analogue à celui de l’être humain.
... Going beyond just the complex and multifaceted thinking processes of a wise leader is the suggestion that it also impacts on the character of the leader. To this end, Csikszentmihalyi and Rathunde (1990) describe wisdom as a holistic cognitive process that becomes a compelling guide for action and a good, desirable state of being. Furthermore, Baltes and Smith describe wisdom as a multidimensional personalised source of rich factual knowledge about life matters, rich procedural knowledge about life problems, knowledge of different life contexts and values or priorities, and knowledge about the unpredictability of life. ...
... Going beyond just the complex and multifaceted thinking processes of a wise leader is the suggestion that it also impacts on the character of the leader. To this end, Csikszentmihalyi and Rathunde (1990) describe wisdom as a holistic cognitive process that becomes a compelling guide for action and a good, desirable state of being. Furthermore, Baltes and Smith describe wisdom as a multidimensional personalised source of rich factual knowledge about life matters, rich procedural knowledge about life problems, knowledge of different life contexts and values or priorities, and knowledge about the unpredictability of life. ...
... We wszystkich koncepcjach mądrości podkreśla się jej złożony charakter i wskazuje na kluczowe wymiary: poznawczy, społeczny, emocjonalny i motywacyjny (Ardelt, 2000;Baltes Clayton, 1982;Bassett, 2005;Csikszentmihalyi, Rathunde, 1990;Mickler, Staudinger 2008;Sternberg 2005). Ich znaczenie w poszczególnych koncepcjach mądrości jest jednak zróżnicowane, ale ich integracja stanowi o mądrości. ...
... Going beyond just the complex and multifaceted thinking processes of a wise leader is the suggestion that it also impacts on the character of the leader. To this end, Csikszentmihalyi and Rathunde (1990) describe wisdom as a holistic cognitive process that becomes a compelling guide for action and a good, desirable state of being. Furthermore, Baltes and Smith describe wisdom as a multidimensional personalised source of rich factual knowledge about life matters, rich procedural knowledge about life problems, knowledge of different life contexts and values or priorities, and knowledge about the unpredictability of life. ...
Article
Full-text available
Despite the availability of an abundant amount of guiding literature, only about 30% of planned educational changes are successful. Clearly there is something essential missing from our understanding of how to successfully lead educational change. A review of the literature provides an awareness that success is far more likely if the leader pays as much attention to the needs of those who are bringing about the change as they do to the elements of the planned change strategy. Arguably, however, this still maintains a top-down perspective of the change process. Hence the departure point of this article is its presentation of a change process from the perspective of those explicitly affected—that is, a view from the ‘bottom up’. Specifically, this article presents and discusses both quantitative and qualitative data from research conducted in Aotearoa New Zealand involving primary school teachers who changed the class levels in which they taught. It seeks to provide a unique contribution to the development of successful educational change strategies by presenting the teachers’ views about the most effective leadership practices during times of change.
... In psychological science, wisdom can be viewed as a personality trait (Noftle, Schnitker, & Robins, 2011), a cognitive ability (Baltes & Staudinger, 2000;Kitchener & Brenner, 1990), or a combination of both (Csikszentmihalyi & Rathunde, 1990). Because personality traits and cognitive abilities have been shown to be remarkably stable over time (Conley, 1984;Roberts, Walton, & Viechtbauer, 2006), it is natural to presume that wisdom would also be difficult to foster over a time span as brief as a school semester. ...
Article
We undertook a short-term longitudinal study to test whether a set of methods common to current theories of wisdom transmission can foster wisdom in students in a measurable way. The three-dimensional wisdom scale (3D-WS) was administered to 131 students in five wisdom-promoting introductory philosophy courses and 176 students in seven introductory philosophy and psychology control courses at the beginning and end of the semester. The experimental group was divided in two (“Wisdom 1” and “Wisdom 2”), and each was taught a distinct curriculum consistent with theories of wisdom education. Results of repeated measures MANOVA showed that over the course of the semester average 3D-WS scores decreased in the control classes, stayed the same in the Wisdom 1 classes, and increased in the Wisdom 2 classes. To our knowledge, this is the first time that a wisdom curriculum has been demonstrated to increase wisdom in a traditional higher education setting.
Article
Full-text available
This study contextualizes business leaders’ perspectives on business-society interaction through the theoretical lens of wisdom. Morally effective interaction between business and society relies on shared perceptions of expected values grounded in leaders’ virtuous behavior. Through empirical fieldwork across industries in a developing society, the article documents how local business leaders perceive wise leadership in dealing with socially complex problems. Using grounded theory, we inductively developed a model of wisdom, executive wisdom, that identifies 14 characteristics of wisdom, located in three groups: technē, wise decisions, and virtuous disposition. The findings broaden the view of the complex nature of wise decision-making in the business-society context.
Article
يهدف البحث إلى بيان دور ادارة الحكمة بأبعاده المعتمدة في البحث (البعد المعرفي-البعد التأملي-البعد الوجداني) ودورها في الحد من الاحتراق الوظيفي بأبعاده المعتمدة في البحث (الاجهاد الانفعالي-ضعف العلاقات الإنسانية-عدم الشعور بالإنجاز)، ولتحقيق هدف البحث تم اختيار الموظفين الاداريين في رئاسة جامعة الموصل كعينة للبحث والتي بلغت (122) موظف، كما تم الاعتماد على استمارة استبانة الكترونية أعدت وفق برنامج (Google Forms) لجمع بيانات البحث من العينة المستهدفة، وتم تحليل البيانات بالاعتماد على البرنامج الاحصائي (SPSS V.22) لإظهار نتائج البحث من خلال علاقات الارتباط والتأثير بين المتغيرين، وقد اظهرت نتائج الدراسة اتفاق أغلب المستجيبين على توافر ادارة الحكمة والاحتراق الوظيفي في المنظمة المبحوثة.
Article
Despite claims concerning the positive impact of prewriting planning, particularly of a collaborative type, research has not produced consistent results. The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of different types of prewriting planning on students’ writing self-efficacy and their cognitive, behavioral, and emotional engagement. The participants were three groups of advanced Iranian EFL students at the Iran Language Institute exposed to one of the following conditions: peer-led collaborative prewriting (PLCP), teacher-led collaborative prewriting (TLCP), and individual prewriting (IP) groups. A number of one-way ANOVAs conducted on the data drawn from the learners’ written performance and questionnaires revealed that the PLCP group outperformed the other two groups on behavioral engagement and the fluency measures of cognitive engagement. However, the TLCP group had a better performance in terms of emotional engagement. As for accuracy and complexity, the other two aspects of cognitive engagement, the three groups showed no significant difference. In addition, PLCP and TLCP groups were similar concerning their self-efficacy and outperformed the IP group in this regard. On the whole, the results showed that each of the prewriting activities employed in this study could have its own distinct role in learners’ cognitive, emotional, and behavioral engagement as well as their self-efficacy.
Thesis
Full-text available
The subject of wisdom has been an important topic in philosophy throughout the ages, and many scholars have written books and articles on the subject of wisdom. Although its origins are in philosophy, other disciplines such as psychology and management have also studied wisdom. Decision making is a major management task that is very important because the success and failure of an organization depends largely on management decisions. Despite the vital role of decision-making and the growing interest in wisdom in management, the management literature is still lacking in research that provides a clear understanding of how decision-making in management by utilizing wisdom. In this direction, in the light of technological developments, it is seen that there are many obstacles to the implementation of decision support systems and the use of tools. The main purpose of the study is to use the dimensions of wisdom management in addressing unstructured decisions and obstacles in the implementation of decision support systems. In the first part of the study, the concepts of wisdom and organizational wisdom, in the second part, the concepts of decision support systems, and in the third part, the concepts of business intelligence are discussed in detail. In the fourth section, the findings of the survey conducted for Turkish and Syrian companies operating in the information technologies sector in Gaziantep are shown. The fifth part of the research covers the evaluations, discussions and suggestions about the research part.
Chapter
In this chapter, we analyzed qualitative interviews with seven older adults (age range: 75–86 years) who talked about their economic deprivation experiences during the Great Depression almost 50 years earlier. Four of the older adults were rated highly on a wisdom measure, consisting of cognitive, reflective, and compassionate dimensions, whereas the remaining three adults were rated relatively low on wisdom, based on qualitative interviews conducted 8 years earlier. All respondents, regardless of wisdom ratings, reported that they managed the uncertainty and uncontrollability of the Great Depression by making the best of things and taking control of the situation and that they engaged in some altruistic behavior. Yet only high wisdom respondents described compassionate and empathic feelings that prompted their altruistic behavior. In addition, high wisdom respondents expressed gratitude and recounted profound life lessons they learned from adversity and a clear sense of communal mutual support during hard times. By contrast, relatively low wisdom respondents appeared to have learned only minimal life lessons, did not mention gratitude when talking about Depression hardship, and described social support that was either limited or one-sided. The findings illustrate the differential psychological impact of historical events.KeywordsWisdomCopingGreat depression
Article
Full-text available
This study aimed to present the historical development of the concept of wisdom, through philosophical and psychological studies during successive civilizations and cultures. The study also focused on defining the conceptual framework for the proposed models of wisdom and methods of measuring them, and discussing the strengths and weaknesses of these models while trying to present a newly developed proposal. The study used the descriptive and analytical method to address this issue. The study concluded that the topic of wisdom is complex and still needs more research. The study has also presented a new framework that has assumed some consensus among scholars in the field of wisdom studies, especially from the positive psychology perspective. Furthermore, the study classified the measures of wisdom into three categories according to specific theoretical frameworks and a comparison between them was made. There are prospects for future research on wisdom that can have a wide range of purposes and methods in investigating differences in the ways of defining and measuring wisdom, taking into consideration cultures and religions as well as the results of this study.
Article
Full-text available
This study aimed to present the historical development of the concept of wisdom, through philosophical and psychological studies during successive civilizations and cultures. The study also focused on defining the conceptual framework for the proposed models of wisdom and methods of measuring them, and discussing the strengths and weaknesses of these models while trying to present a newly developed proposal. The study used the descriptive and analytical method to address this issue. The study concluded that the topic of wisdom is complex and still needs more research. The study has also presented a new framework that has assumed some consensus among scholars in the field of wisdom studies, especially from the positive psychology perspective. Furthermore, the study classified the measures of wisdom into three categories according to specific theoretical frameworks and a comparison between them was made. There are prospects for future research on wisdom that can have a wide range of purposes and methods in investigating differences in the ways of defining and measuring wisdom, taking into consideration cultures and religions as well as the results of this study.
Article
Full-text available
This study aimed to present the historical development of the concept of wisdom, through philosophical and psychological studies during successive civilizations and cultures. The study also focused on defining the conceptual framework for the proposed models of wisdom and methods of measuring them, and discussing the strengths and weaknesses of these models while trying to present a newly developed proposal. The study used the descriptive and analytical method to address this issue. The study concluded that the topic of wisdom is complex and still needs more research. The study has also presented a new framework that has assumed some consensus among scholars in the field of wisdom studies, especially from the positive psychology perspective. Furthermore, the study classified the measures of wisdom into three categories according to specific theoretical frameworks and a comparison between them was made. There are prospects for future research on wisdom that can have a wide range of purposes and methods in investigating differences in the ways of defining and measuring wisdom, taking into consideration cultures and religions as well as the results of this study.
Article
Purpose Anecdotal evidence suggests the growing need for wise people and organizations, which are fully dedicated to building up the greater good more than ever before. The purpose of this study is to broaden the role of wisdom by triggering an aware and genuine concern toward building wisdom capital (WC) within organizations. Design/methodology/approach First, this endeavor draws upon key issues of wisdom theory literature, namely, the nuances of its general aspects, basic components, other relevant issues and practical wisdom construct. Second, it suggests a conceptual model through which both workers and organizations may help to build up a solid WC. In addition, some research propositions are also suggested. Finally, it proposes some avenues of research and presents the conclusions. Findings The notion of WC may help individuals and organizations to keep the right path. To some degree, it reminds us that individuals exist to contribute to something greater than themselves through their potentialities, skills and capabilities. The theoretical background of WC urges the individuals to engage in meaningful projects and challenges to improve the human condition. Practical implications Seemingly, managers and CEOs still have a narrow view about what wisdom embraces. Accordingly, it is important to keep in mind that to enhance individual wisdom capital (IWC), concerted efforts are required toward human training and development to improve the organizations and their decision-making systems. Overall, this frame suggests that it is vital to accumulate a WC for the survival and thriving of individuals and organizations. As theorized, WC is a very useful, rich and sense-making form of capital to gather. Originality/value Overall, this article attempts to broaden wisdom theory within organizations by presenting the definition, meaning and scope of WC and its by-products, i.e. IWC and organizational wisdom capital. Hence, it focuses on two levels and describes specific means and ends related to each stance. At last, the proposed variables may be carefully managed and monitored to engender a new business paradigm, that is, the general well-being.
Thesis
Intelligence and creativity can be considered as an important characteristics of students. National Organization for Development of Exceptional and young scholars, also known as SAMPAD, always seeks useful and appropriate solutions for the growth and success of talented students. One of the key elements of success and prosperity in life is the level of individuals’ wisdom. The purpose of the current research was to determine the relationship between general intelligence and creativity with the wisdom in talented high school students. The statistical population included of talented male students studying in the second year of high school in the academic year of 1398-99. From 132 students who were evaluated by using adult Raven intelligence matrices, those with an IQ score of higher than 120 completed the Abedi Creativity Questionnaire and the Ardelt 3 dimensional wisdom. The sample selected for this study was 70 students. The study was correlational and the data were analyzed by using Pearson correlation coefficient and regression analysis. The results showed that there was a positive and significant correlation between creativity and wisdom at the level of (0.01) with a score of 0.53, but no significant relationship was found between general intelligence and wisdom with a correlation coefficient score of 0.15. In general, the findings of this study on the relationship between creativity and wisdom emphasize the importance of creativity and and its role on the development of wisdom. Wisdom can help students to have a good growth and excellency, and lead them toward a successful education
Article
Full-text available
Wisdom should be applied in society, so that community life becomes harmonious. Everyone can be wise, Indonesian is no exception. Indonesian have a national principle to guide behavior living in harmony, that is Pancasila. However, the implementation of Pancasila seems not implemented in social life. For example, at this time we encounter individuals who leave worship, violate religious regulations, brawls between students, clashes between citizens, corruption, etc. The present study is Studi 1, one of a wisdom research series, that aimed to examine the wisdom scale of Indonesian, based on culture and values of Indonesia, that is Pancasila as National Principle. The main focus of this study was to construct a wisdom measure of Indonesian (Kebijaksanaan Berbasis Pancasila or KBP), compared with 3D-WS Scale (Three-Dimensional Wisdom Scale). The participants of this study were 219 people, took place in Jakarta-Indonesia, and applied a quantitative method. The result revealed that KBP measuring instrument has a homogeneity of evidence (internal consistency reliability) which classified as sufficient/moderate (0.733). Further, the KBP measuring
Article
Full-text available
Background and Objectives Most people agree that cognitive capabilities are an integral component of wisdom and its development. However, a question that has received less attention is whether people view maintaining cognitive capabilities as a necessary prerequisite for maintaining wisdom. Research Design and Methods This study used a mixed-methods approach to evaluate people’s views about the relationship between age-related cognitive declines, Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and wisdom. Our final sample of 1,519 adults ranged in age from 18 to 86. Results The majority of participants stated that wisdom could be present even in people with significant age-related cognitive declines or with AD. In the qualitative responses, common justifications for this were (a) that even people with severe AD can still exhibit wise behaviors during lucid moments, (b) that wisdom is an immutable characteristic that is impossible to lose, and (c) that wisdom maintenance and cognitive capability maintenance are separate constructs. Discussion and Implications Although prior research has examined implicit theories about the role of cognition in the development of wisdom, this is the first study to examine implicit theories about whether cognitive declines lead to wisdom declines. The results suggest that most people hold essentialist beliefs about wisdom, viewing it as a fixed and unchangeable trait rather than as a malleable skill.
Article
Full-text available
This study aimed at exploring developing dimensions of thinking based on wisdom of university students in Arabian Gulf countries. The effects of gender, age, and environment were examined. The blueprint of the Wisdom Development Scale (WDS; Brown & Greene, 2006) was submitted to a jury of specialists in the field of educational psychology to decide on its appropriateness and applicability in the Arabian context. The construct validity of WDS was examined by both exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. The scale was then applied on 618 (323 males, 295 females) university students from three Arabian Gulf countries: 226 from Saudi Arabia; 209 from Oman; and 183 from Bahrain. The results showed that university students in Arabian Gulf Countries developed a somewhat moderate levels of thinking based on wisdom. There were significant differences between ages favoring old students in all dimensions, apart from self-management. Significant gender differences were also found favoring males in emotional management, life-knowledge, and decision making dimensions, while the differences were favoring females in learning attitude. Also, the results showed that there were different effects of the culture environments on wisdom dimensions. Finally, multiple regression analysis suggested that the model of environment and age was managed to predict with 84% of the variance in wisdom.
Article
Full-text available
Jeremy Safran was a unique voice in our field. He exemplified the integration of diverse kinds of scholarship, clinical practice, and spiritual sensibilities. If psychoanalysis as a field is to survive and evolve, it behooves us to make the kinds of integrations that Prof. Safran did as an individual. This article examines our professional present and future, encompassing 3 meanings of the term psychoanalysis: as a specific type of treatment, as a knowledge base, and as an ethos, with emphasis on the last area. Psychoanalysis is conceptualized as part of a greater wisdom tradition. Suggestions are made about how we may preserve psychoanalytic practice, psychoanalytically oriented research, accumulated psychoanalytic knowledge, psychoanalytic values, and psychoanalytic wisdom.
Book
This book contributes to the discussion on wisdom in management, leadership and strategy by developing a unique theoretical approach. Integrating rational-analytical, intuitive and philosophical dimensions of wise decision-making, it advocates a broadly Platonic-Socratic view on wisdom. Applying a developed framework of wisdom dynamics, it analyses a number of decision-making case studies in order to discuss the potential of and obstacles to the use of wisdom in broader organizational trends, from the Cuban Missile Crisis to the downfall of Nokia.
Chapter
Transformation is about change and nowhere is that more apparent than in the field of entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurs create products, services, and organizations by bringing resources and people together and combining them in new ways. This chapter examines individual and idea transformation that leads to purpose-driven entrepreneurship. We consider changes to university entrepreneurship programs, consumer and market transformations, and reach even further to societal and global transformations. Throughout all of these transformations, we hold the development of empathy to be most central to entrepreneurs seeking to change the markets and communities in which they do business. © Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2018.
Chapter
In change processes lateral leadership is often considered to be a post-heroic management concept which focuses on systematic procedures integrated in the organizational structure and agreed upon by all members of the organization. Facing economic, political and societal changes, managers tend to ignore that in practice lateral leadership requires a basic reflection of the framework conditions of leadership in the whole organization. This article explores how Practical wisdom in conjunction with a sound psychological background in the fields of wisdom and leadership can build a bridge for a successful implementation of lateral leadership.
Chapter
This chapter returns to a more general discussion on the nature of wisdom in decision-making. It first reminds of the central thesis of the book: failures in decision-making or forecasting demonstrate often a lack of philosophical wisdom and associated capability for intuitive reflexivity. The rest of the chapter then discusses the ways to enhance and sustain wisdom among decision-makers and leaders. The first theme deals with the importance of gaining multifaceted experience from different sorts of situations as well as learning from a variety of organisational and societal experiences. This is then followed by a contemplation on the practical arrangements needed for management to adapt wisdom in its decision-making processes. Contemporary management education offers few possibilities for the participants to develop philosophical wisdom or intuitive sensitivity. Similarly, the broader university system is geared more towards productivity than lifelong nurturing of classical wisdom. The classical elements of Liberal Arts education have in this respect potential to support the attainment of wisdom. Of interest is also the nature of careers that lead to a decision-making position in organisations and society. Contemporary career systems tend to favour candidates who conform to the established values and beliefs of the institution and are skilled in career politics. Philosophically wise persons, however, tend to come from outside of the mainstream thinking. To open up possibilities for wisdom in decision-making, it should be necessary also for outsiders to be able to reach executive positions. A separate institutional and educational realm of “wisdom incubators” might serve such a function in economy and society.
ResearchGate has not been able to resolve any references for this publication.