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PROTEIN DIGESTIBILITY, CALCIUM AND PHOSPHORUS RETENTION IN RATIONS USING GAMAL LEAF FLOUR AND CEKUTI LEAF FLOUR FOR TURKEY GROWER POULTRY
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the digestibility of crude protein, calcium and phosphorus retention in rations using gamal leaf and cekuti leaf flour on grower turkey poults. Animals used were 8 weeks old turkey, totaling 100 unsex. The study used a randomized block design (RBD) using 5 treatments and 4 groups. Grouping was based on body weights; group 1 has a weight of 725 - 849 grams, group 2 has a weight of 850 - 974 grams, group 3 has a weight of 975 - 1099 grams, group 4 has a weight of 1100 - 1224 grams, each group consisting of 25 turkeys. The treatments given include T0 = without any gamal and cekuti given, TI = giving rations with 5% gamal, T2 = giving rations with 10% gamal, T3 = giving ration with 5% of cekuti and T4 = givingration with 10% of cekuti. The data obtained were carried out by the F test and Duncan's multiple range with a level of 5%. The results showed that the use of gamal leaf flour and scruff on the ration for grower turkey had a significant effect (P˂0.05) on crude protein digestibility, calcium and phosphorus retention and in grower turkey. The conclusion is that as much of 5% gamal leaf flour can be used in turkey rations.
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A 10-week biological experiment was undertaken to evaluate the response of Beltsvilie Small White Turkey poults to different floor space (0.6, 0.8, and 1.0 ft²/bird) and dietary protein levels (22%, 24% and 26% with similar dietary energy) in terms of growth performance, immune response, and serum biochemistry, following 3 × 3 factorial design. Each treatment was allocated 4 replicates out of which one replicate was maintained for the replacement of the dead birds, if any, to maintain the required stocking density. The body weight gain (BWG), feed intake (FI) and performance index (PI) of poults was significantly higher in 1.0 ft² floor space during 0–4 weeks and 4–10 weeks of age. Similarly, higher BWG, FI, and PI were observed at 26% dietary protein level. The interaction effect between stocking density and protein levels during 0–4 week resulted in significantly higher FI at 0.8 ft² floor space with 26% protein level and 1.0 ft² floor space with 24% as well as 26% protein level. The feed conversion ratio (FCR), mortality pattern, immune response and immune organ weights of poults did not reveal any significant treatment effect. The feed cost/bird increased linearly with increasing floor space, and feed cost/kg weight gain and feed cost/ kg meat increased linearly with increasing protein levels. However, profit potential per meter square decreased linearly with decreasing stocking density. The study concluded that increasing the stocking density and decreasing the dietary protein level decrease the performance of poults, but the profit potential per meter square increases with increasing stocking density. Thus, the study recommends either the floor space of 0.8 ft²/bird with 26% dietary protein level or the floor space of 1.0 sq²/bird with 24% dietary protein level for growing Turkey poults. © 2018 Indian Council of Agricultural Research. All Rights Reserved.
Digestibility of crude protein and energy is used to measure digestibility in poultry, digestible shows of feed substances absorbed by the body which will affect the productivity of quail. This experiment was conducted to study the effect of red dragon fruit liquid additif (Hylocereus polyrhizus), digestibility protein and metabolizable energy by quail female age 16-50 days. Experiment used 200 japanese quails females, 7 weeks age with average body weight of 13.61±0.49 g. The study was conducted in battery cages. The experiment used Completely Randomized Design with 4 treatments and 5 replications: T0 (control), T1 (Award liquid additives red dragon fruit twice a day), T2 (one a day) and T3 (two days). The dose of a liquid additive is 5 ml/quail. Observation of digestibility of crude protein (KcPK) and the energy carried by the method of total collection for 3 days, measurements using a bomb calorimeter gross energy and protein analysis using Kjeldahl method. Data were analyzed using a variety of test F at the level 5%, followed by Duncan's Multiple Range Test (UJBD) there is significant effect of the treatment each treatment was showed liquid additives red dragon fruit was not significant (P> 0.05) on crude protein digestibility and apparent metabolizable energy. The conclusion, the given of liquid additives red dragon fruit did not increase digestibility of crude protein and apparent metabolizable energy.
Keywords: quail, red dragon fruit, digestibility of crude protein
This update focuses on the bioavailability of dietary calcium for humans. Fundamentals of calcium metabolism, intestinal absorption, urinary excretion and balance are recalled. Dietary factors, especially lactose and other milk components, influencing calcium bioavailability at intestinal and renal levels are reviewed. A critical examination of all the methods used for evaluating calcium bioavailability is made. This includes in vitro assays, classical and isotopic balances, urinary excretion, isotope labeling in the urine, plasma and bones, long term evaluation of bone mineralization and the use of biological bone markers. Importance and advantages of animal models are discussed. The state of the art in the comparative bioavailability of calcium in foods is detailed including a comparison of sources of calcium (dairy products and calcium salts) in human studies and in some animal studies, casein phosphopeptides, proteins, lactose and lactase and their relation with calcium bioavailability (in humans and rats). An update on the consumption of dairy products and bone mass is presented. Emphasis on peculiarities and advantages of calcium in milk and dairy products is given.
Information on the pathophysiology of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis (GIO) is limited, since its clinical picture often reflects a combined effect of glucocorticoids (GC) and the treated systemic disease (i.e., inflammation and immobility). In 50 healthy adult (30-mo-old) primiparous Göttingen minipigs, we studied the short-term (8 mo, n = 30) and long-term (15 mo, n = 10) effect of GC on bone and mineral metabolism longitudinally and cross-sectionally compared with a control group (n = 10). All animals on GC treatment received prednisolone orally at a dose of 1.0 mg x kg body wt(-1) x day(-1) for 8 wk and thereafter at 0.5 mg/kg body wt(-1) x day(-1). In the short term, GC reduced bone mineral density (BMD) at the lumbar spine by -47.5 +/- 5.1 mg/cm(3) from baseline (P < 0.001), which was greater (P < 0.05) than the loss [not significant (NS)] in the control group of -11.8 +/- 12.6 mg/cm(3). Calcium absorption decreased from baseline by -2,488 +/- 688 mg/7 days (P < 0.001) compared with -1,380 +/- 1,297 mg/7 days (NS) in the control group. Plasma bone alkaline phosphatase (BAP) decreased from baseline by -17.8 +/- 2.2 U/l (P < 0.000), which was significantly different (P < 0.05) from the value of the control group of -1.43 +/- 4.8 U/l. In the long term, the loss of BMD became more pronounced and bone mineral content (BMC), trabecular thickness, mechanical stability, calcium absorption, 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3), 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3), and parathyroid hormone tended to be lower compared with the control group. There was a negative association between the cumulative dose of GC and BMD, which was associated with impaired osteoblastogenesis. In conclusion, the main outcomes after GC treatment are comparable to symptoms of GC-induced osteoporosis in human subjects. Thus the adult Göttingen miniature pig appears to be a valuable animal model for GC-induced osteoporosis.
Galinsoga parviflora, an annual dicot species of the family Asteraceae, is a common herb that is often found in disturbed habitats and agricultural areas in many parts of the temperate and subtropical regions of the world. It is a native of tropical America and the center of its origin is thought to be the mountainous area of Central America. Galinsoga parviflora is considered to be a common weed in several crops of major importance, such as wheat, corn, cotton, tobacco, sugarbeet, tomato, pepper, potato, bean, onion, cabbage, garlic, coffee, citrus, banana, and strawberry; it is frequently found in gardens and uncultivated areas. It succeeds particularly in moist soils and it is favored by a long photoperiod and high light intensity. The significant features of the plant, such as the lack of seed dormancy, rapid growth and development, early flowering, many generations per growing season, production of a great number of seed in a wide range of environmental circumstances, and the ability for easy vegetative reproduction under favorable conditions predispose the plant to be a troublesome weed. These features allow the easy distribution and rapid establishment of the weed in large populations, a fact that often makes this weed difficult to control. Galinsoga parviflora competes strongly, particularly with irrigated crops of short height, and it might also hinder crop harvest. The management of G. parviflora can be achieved by manual weeding, repeated soil cultivation, crop rotation, mulching, and herbicide application. The plant is reported to be edible and is used also for medicinal purposes.
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