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Ecologia trófica do bonito-listrado na região sudeste e sul do Brasil
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Vermes da família Anisakidae são nematóides parasitas do aparelho gástrico de mamíferos marinhos como focas, baleias e golfinhos. Larvas destes parasitas são encontradas freqüentemente em carne de salmão, bacalhau, arenque, atum, hadoque, linguado (hospedeiros intermediários). A infecção humana resulta do hábito do homem se alimentar com peixe cru, insuficientemente cozido, congelado, salgado ou defumado, contendo larvas infectantes vivas do nematóide. As espécies mais comumente envolvidas na infecção humana são Anisakis simplex e Pseudoterranova decipiens. O objetivo deste trabalho é registrar a ocorrência de larvas da família Anisakidae em bacalhau comercializado no Estado de São Paulo. Foram analisadas 22 amostras de bacalhau importado, provenientes da Delegacia do Consumidor (Decon), do Centro de Vigilância Sanitária do Estado de São Paulo e de empresas particulares, entre dezembro de 1997 e dezembro de 1998. Foram encontrados nematóides em 9 das amostras analisadas (40,91%) sendo que 6 (27,27%) pertenciam à família Anisakidae, gêneros Anisakis e Pseudoterranova. Os autores alertam as autoridades sobre a possibilidade desta infecção ocorrer devido ao aumento de consumo de “sushi” e “sashimi”.
A skipjack pole and line Fisheries Improvement Project is underway in Brazil, with encouraging results. Having identified the major challenges, the Working Group reports the successful use of anchovy as baitfish, reduced diesel consumption, and greater ability to more accurately locate optimum fishing areas.
Advances in ocean observing technologies and modeling provide the capacity to revolutionize the management of living marine resources. While traditional fisheries management approaches like single-species stock assessments are still common, a global effort is underway to adopt ecosystem-based fisheries management (EBFM) approaches. These approaches consider changes in the physical environment and interactions between ecosystem elements, including human uses, holistically. For example, integrated ecosystem assessments aim to synthesize a suite of observations (physical, biological, socioeconomic) and modeling platforms [ocean circulation models, ecological models, short-term forecasts, management strategy evaluations (MSEs)] to assess the current status and recent and future trends of ecosystem components. This information provides guidance for better management strategies. A common thread in EBFM approaches is the need for high-quality observations of ocean conditions, at scales that resolve critical physical-biological processes and are timely for management needs. Here we explore options for a future observing system that meets the needs of EBFM by (i) identifying observing needs for different user groups, (ii) reviewing relevant datasets and existing technologies, (iii) showcasing regional case studies, and (iv) recommending observational approaches required to implement EBFM. We recommend linking ocean observing within the context of Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS) and other regional ocean observing efforts with fisheries observations, new forecasting methods, and capacity development, in a comprehensive ocean observing framework.
Skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) ranks third among marine resources that sustain global fisheries. This study delimits the spatiotemporal habitat of the species in the south‐western Atlantic Ocean, based on operational oceanography. We used generalized additive models (GAMs) and catch data from six pole‐and‐line fishing vessels operating during 2014 and 2015 fishing seasons to assess the effect of environmental variables on catch. We also analysed Modis sensor images of sea surface temperature (SST) and surface chlorophyll‐α concentration (SCC) to describe fishing ground characteristics in time and space. Catch was positively related to thermocline depth (24–45 m), SST (22–24.5°C), SCC (0.08–0.14 mg/m³) and salinity (34.9–35.8). Through SST images, we identified that thermal fronts were the main surface feature associated with a higher probability to find skipjack. Also, we state that skipjack fishery is tightly related to shelf break because bottom topography drives the position of fronts in this area. Ocean colour fronts and plankton enrichment were important proxies, accessible through SCC, used to delineate skipjack fishing grounds. Catch per unit effort (CPUE) was higher towards summer (median 14 t/fishing day) due to the oceanographic characteristics of the southern region. High productivity in this sector of the Brazilian coast defines the main skipjack feeding areas and, as a consequence, the greatest abundance and availability for fishing.
Using remote sensing of sea surface temperature (SST), sea surface height anomaly (SSHA) and chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) together with catch data, we investigated the detection and persistence of important pelagic habitat hotspots for skipjack tuna in the Gulf of Bone-Flores Sea, Indonesia. We analyzed the data for the period between the northwest and southeast monsoon 2007–2011. A pelagic hotspot index was constructed from a model of multi-spectrum satellite-based oceanographic data in relation to skipjack fishing performance. Results showed that skipjack catch per unit efforts (CPUEs) increased significantly in areas of highest pelagic hotspot indices. The distribution and dynamics of habitat hotspots were detected by the synoptic measurements of SST, SSHA and Chl-a ranging from 29.5° to 31.5°C, from 2.5 to 12.5 cm and from 0.15 to 0.35 mg m⁻³, respectively. Total area of hotspots consistently peaked in May. Validation of skipjack CPUE predicted by our model against observed data from 2012 was highly significant. The key pelagic habitat corresponded with the Chl-a front, which could be related to the areas of relatively high prey abundance (enhanced feeding opportunity) for skipjack. We found that the area and persistence of the potential skipjack habitat hotspots for the 5 years were clearly identified by the 0.2 mg m⁻³ Chl-a isopleth, suggesting that the Chl-a front provides a key oceanographic indicator for global understanding on skipjack tuna habitat hotspots in the western tropical Pacific Ocean, especially within Coral Triangle tuna.
Brazil is one of the main animal proteins producing countries, being the second largest producer of poultry in the world (14.5%) and the fourth largest in swine (3.4%). However, in the fishing sector the scenario is very different, considering that fish production in Brazil represents only 0.9% of world production. Historical data show that up to the late 1970s the chicken, swine and fish chains were at the same technical level and very similar level of production. Therefore, it is questioned: What are the explanations for the development of the poultry and swine chains in front of the fish chain? Why the fish chain remains stagnant? In this context, the objective of this work is to make a comparative analysis of the development trajectories of poultry, swine and fish chains. The results show that both the technological increase and the institutional support are decisive for the success of the chain and are usually concomitant to have a greater impact on production and consumption. In this way, the poultry and swine chains have become more structured, technological and with higher coordination and governance standards, whereas this same trajectory is not perceived in the fish chain.
Described here are the origin and general trends in the development of fishing from the earliest times up to the present in various parts of the world. The techniques applied and the economic and social problems involved are covered. Fishing methods have not changed much since the Stone Age, but continuous technical improvements like the construction of sea-worthy ships, more efficient gear, and finally mechanization of fishing have led to enormous development and a high fish production, of now 100 million tons per year. Extensive utilization has caused heavy overexploitation of the resources and consequently growing concern. The book concludes with an evaluation of perspectives for the future utilization of living resources.
Green is commonly used in marketing to evoke utilitarian and environmental cues, whereas red is regularly found on food logos to induce arousal and excitement. This paper investigates how these colors may contribute to consumer evaluations of premiumness through congruence and incongruence between the marketing message and color on product packages. The literature suggests that, although congruence between product elements and the marketing message often is evaluated as more appropriate, a "moderate incongruence effect" may result in consumer preferences for a moderate incongruence between design elements. Two between-subject experiments suggest that the premise of congruity or incongruity applies to explaining how colors may evoke higher premium evaluations. Study 1 demonstrates that for a product of hedonic nature, consumers will evaluate the product as more premium when the color and product framing are congruent (e.g., red on a package framed as "tasting delicious" or green on a package sold as "healthy"). Study 2 demonstrates the opposite effect by suggesting that when a product is primarily utilitarian, it will be perceived as more premium when the framing of the product and the color are incongruent (e.g., green on the package marketed for its "delicious taste" or red on the package sold as "healthy"). The study adds a novel understanding of how the mechanism of congruence and incongruence between color and a hedonic versus utilitarian marketing message can lead to premium associations. It also has practical implications for marketing managers as to how one can enhance the premium evaluations through color and marketing message.