Ehrharta longiflora Sm. and Pennisetum setaceum (Forsk.) Chiov., two new alien grasses for Madeira Island (Portugal)

Abstract

The number of introduced, and possible introduced, taxa in the Madeira and Selvagens islands currently accounts for nearly 36% of the total flora of these archipelagos, including 53 Poaceae taxa (out of 141 Poaceae taxa), therefore constituting the family with the higher proportion of introduced taxa (38.4%). The genus Ehrharta Thunb. comprises about 35 species, with one species, E. longiflora Sm., recorded as introduced in Gran Canaria. The genus Pennisetum Rich. includes ca. 80 species of which a total of nine species are present in Macaronesia, with three: P. clandestinum Hochst. & Chiov., P. purpureum Schum. and P. villosum R. Br. ex Fresen, occurring in the Madeira archipelago. Ehrharta longiflora Sm. and Pennisetum setaceum (Forssk.) Chiov., are here recorded for the first time for the Ma-deira island, found in disturbed areas at low and medium altitudes. The finding of several mature and flowering/fructifying individuals of both species suggests a fully naturalized status. Naturalization, invasiveness and ecological impacts are discussed.

Full text

REVISTA SCIENTIA INSUL ARUM, 3 ; 2020, PP. 133-144 133
DOI: https://doi.org/10.25145/j.SI.2020.03.08
R S I, 3; diciembre 2020, pp. 133-144; ISSN: e-2659-6644
EHRHARTA LONGIFLOR A SM. AND PENNISETUM SETACEUM
FORSK. CHIOV., TWO NEW ALIEN GRASSES
FOR MADEIRA ISLAND PORTUGAL
Laura Cabral*, João Pedro Ferreira*, André Brazão*
Pedro Nascimento* & Miguel Menezes de Sequeira**
A
e number of introduced, and possible introduced, taxa in the Madeira and Selvagens
islands currently accounts for nearly 36% of the total ora of these archipelagos, including
53 Poaceae taxa (out of 141 Poaceae taxa), therefore constituting the family with the higher
proportion of introduced taxa (38.4%). e genus Ehrharta unb. comprises about 35
species, with one species, E. longiora Sm., recorded as introduced in Gran Canaria. e
genus Pennisetum Rich. includes ca. 80 species of which a total of nine species are present
in Macaronesia, with three: P. clandestinum Hochst. & Chiov., P. purpureum Schum. and
P.villosum R. Br. ex Fresen, occurring in the Madeira archipelago. Ehrharta longiora Sm.
and Pennisetum setaceum (Forssk.) Chiov., are here recorded for the rst time for the Ma-
deira island, found in disturbed areas at low and medium altitudes. e nding of several
mature and owering/fructifying individuals of both species suggests a fully naturalized
status. Naturalization, invasiveness and ecological impacts are discussed.
K: alien, Ehrharta longiora, grasses, Madeira, Pennisetum setaceum.
EHRH ARTA LONGIFLOR A SM. Y PENNISETUM SETACEUM FOR SK. CHIOV.,
DOS NUEVAS GRA MÍNEAS EXÓTICAS PAR A LA ISLA DE MADEIRA (PORTUGAL)
R
El número de taxones introducidos y posiblemente introducidos en los archipiélagos de Ma-
deira y Salvajes supone aproximadamente un 36% de su ora total, incluyendo 53 taxa de
poáceas (sobre un total de 141 taxa de poáceas), constituyendo, de esta manera, la familia
botánica con mayor número de taxa introducidos (38,4%). El género Ehrharta unb. com-
prende unas 35 especies, con una especie, E. longiora Sm., registrada como introducida en
Gran Canaria. El género Pennisetum Rich. incluye cerca de 80 especies, de las cuales un total
de nueve especies están presentes en Macaronesia, de las que tres (P. clandestinum Hochst.
& Chiov., P. purpureum Schum. y P. villosum R. Br. ex Fresen), se encuentran en el archi-
piélago de Madeira. Ehrharta longiora Sm. y Pennisetum setaceum (Forssk.) Chiov. se citan
en este trabajo por primera vez para la isla de Madeira, donde han sido encontradas en áreas
perturbadas a bajas y medias altitudes. El hallazgo de varios individuos maduros en estado
de or/fruto de ambas especies sugiere que están totalmente naturalizadas. El trabajo discute
la naturalización, la capacidad invasora y los impactos ecológicos generados por las mismas.
P : especies exóticas, Ehrharta longiflora, gramíneas, Madeira, Pennisetum
setaceum.

REVISTA SCIENTIA INSUL ARUM, 3 ; 2020, PP. 133-144 134
1. INTRODUCTION
e archipelagos of Madeira and Selvagens include 1204 taxa of vascular
plants, including 401 introduced taxa and 29 as possible introduced (Jardim
and Menezes de Sequeira 2008). In what concerns the grass family, more than
one third correspond to alien taxa, i.e. 54 out of 141 (Jardim and Menezes de
Sequeira 2008), corresponding to almost 12% of the total number of introduced
vascular plant taxa.
Pennisetum Rich. is a cosmopolitan tropical genus that includes about 80
species native from Africa (Fish et al. 2015). A total of 9 species of this genus are
already reported in the Macaronesian archipelagos, 7 of them as aliens: Pennisetum
atrichum Stapf ex Hubb. (Cabo Verde), Pennisetum clandestinum Hochst. ex Chiov.
and Pennisetum villosum R. Br. ex Fresen. (Azores, Madeira archipelago and
Canary Islands), Pennisetum purpureum Schumach. (Canary Islands and Madeira),
Pennisetum setaceum (Forssk.) Chiov., Pennisetum thunbergii Kunth and Pennisetum
glaucum (L.) R. Br. (Canary Islands) (Sánchez-Pinto et al. 2005; Jardim and Menezes
de Sequeira 2008; Acebes Ginóves et al. 2009; Silva et al. 2010; Verloove 2013).
ere is also a reference to Pennisetum macrourum Trin. for the Canary Islands as
cultivated and occurring spontaneous in one locality in Las Palmas (Reyes-Betancort
et al. 1999).
e segregation of the genera Pennisetum and Cenchrus L. has always been
controversial. Diagnostic morphological characters being the degree of fusion of
bristles and their characteristics, and the presence of pedicellate spikelets, however
none of these characters can fully dierentiate them (Chemisquy et al. 2010).
Although some authors still consider Pennisetum and Cenchrus as two separate genera
(Fish et al. 2015), recent molecular studies suggest otherwise (Donadío et al. 2009).
Chemisquy et al. (2010), also based on molecular data, propose the inclusion of both
Odontelytrum Hack. and Pennisetum in the genus Cenchrus.
Pennisetum clandestinum, was included in a separate genus –Kikuyuochloa
H.Scholz (Scholz, 2006), but included in Cenchrus by other authors (Verloove 2012;
Veldkamp 2014). e taxonomic and nomenclatural criteria adopted here follow
Jardim and Menezes de Sequeira (2008). Pennisetum setaceum native distribution
ranges from North Africa to the Middle East (Fish et al. 2015). In Europe, it is
* Madeira Botanical Group (GBM), Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidade da Madeira,
Funchal, Portugal. Corresponding author: lauramariana97@hotmail.com.
** Madeira Botanical Group (GBM), Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidade da Madeira,
Funchal, Portugal. InBio, Research Network in Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, CIBIO-Azo-
res, Portugal.

REVISTA SCIENTIA INSUL ARUM, 3 ; 2020, PP. 133-144 135
present as alien species in the south of the Iberian Peninsula, Canary archipelago
and Sicily (Valdés and Scholz 2009). In Portugal, P. setaceum is naturalized in Alto
Alentejo (Bejarano et al. 2011), Algarve (Marchante et al. 2014), and Extremadura
(Gullón 2017).
Pennisetum setaceum was introduced as ornamental plant in the Canary
Islands in the 40’s (Saavedra and Alcántara 2017) and found naturalized in dierent
locations in the north of Tenerife in 1969 (Hansen 1970). It is currently present
in all the islands of the archipelago, prevailing below 500 m a.s.l., aecting the
coastal xerophytic scrub and the endemic communities dominated by Euphorbia
canariensisL. and E. balsamifera Aiton (González-Rodríguez et al. 2010). P. setaceum
also outcompetes native grasses (e.g. Hyparrhenia hirta (L.) Stapf, Aristida adscensionis
(L.), and aects the native rupicolous ora (Elorza et al. 2004; González-Rodríguez
et al. 2010; A nonymous 2014).
Due to its fast growth and high capacity to adapt to dierent habitat
conditions (Elorza et al. 2004), P. setaceum was recently included on the List of
Invasive Species of Union Concern (EU 2017). Previously, this species was also
included in the Spanish Catalogue of Invasive Alien Species, what entails in the
“prohibition generic possession, transport, tracking and trade of live or dead
specimens, their remains or propagules, including foreign trade” (Anonymous 2014).
Despite the conservation concerns, P. setaceum continues to be cultivated in many
regions as ornamental plant (Gullón et al. 2017).
e genus Ehrharta unb. includes about 35 species, naturally distributed
from South Africa to Ethiopia and Yemen (Fish et al. 2015). Four species of this
genus: E. calycina Sm., E. delicatula Stapf, E. erecta Lam. and E. longiora Sm., are
present in Europe and North Africa (Morocco and Tunisia) as alien species (Valdés
and Scholz 2009). E. longiora was reported for Gran Canaria as naturalized for
the rst time by Kunkel (1978), as probably escape from cultivation, in a medium
altitude (650 m a.s.l.), moist and shady habitat. In fact, E. longiora is a palatable
species for cattle, known to have a high leaf production (Fish et al. 2 015).
Here we present the rst record of E. longiora and P. setaceum for the
archipelago of Madeira. Naturalization, invasiveness and ecological impacts of both
species are also discussed.
2. MATERIAL AND METHODS
Collected specimens where stored in the herbarium of the University of
Madeira and identied using descriptions and keys published by Kellogg (2015)
and Fish et al. (2015). During eldwork, 2018 and 2019, collection sites were briey
characterized including: the approximate number of individuals of both species, the
dominant plant taxa, exposure, slope and altitude (Table 1). e distribution map
(Figure 1) was produced using ArcGis online version E204CW. e two species
occurred in disturbed areas highly exposed to the sun. Fully developed owering
and fructifying individuals of both species were found (Figures 2, 3, 4 and 5).

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TABLE 1. DATA ON EHRHARTA LONGIFLORA AND
PENNISETUM SETACEUM MADEIR A POPULATIONS
Ehrha rta longiflor a PEnnisEt um sEtacEum
Localities Ponta do Pargo Santa Cruz São Martinho
Date of eld work May/June 2018 August 2018/March 2019 Ma rch 2 019
Number of individuals <20 >1000 1
Dominant plant taxa
P. clandestinum with
some individuals of E.
longiora
P. setaceum (in most of the
cases) and shared with P.
clandestinum, Ageratina
adenofora and Cardiosper-
mum grandiorum
Cenchrus ciliaris, Nicotiana
glauca, Sinapidendron agus-
tifolium, Parietaria sp. and
Rumex sp.
Altitude/ altitude range 568 m 50 to 200 m 15 m
Slope 30º Between 0º and 90º 90º
Exposure N S and O S
Description
Ruderal disturbed area
along a roadside, next to
agricultural land. High
exposition to the sun,
but with some humidity.
Ruderal disturbed area
near a brook. Roads,
houses and gardens
nearby. High exposition to
the sun.
Rocky c li near the oce an,
next to a pedestrian path.
No gardens nearby.
Collector Number/
UMad JF150 LC181 -
3. RESULTS
3.1. PEnnisEtum sEtacEum (F.) C
Two populations of Pennisetum setaceum are here reported: one in St. Cruz
(NE of Funchal) and another in Funchal, both at low altitude (Figure 1). Individuals
of Pennisetum setaceum found in St. Cruz formed dense tus, mostly on terrains near
Figure 1. Distribution map of Ehrharta longiora and Pennisetum setaceum.

REVISTA SCIENTIA INSUL ARUM, 3 ; 2020, PP. 133-144 137
a road (Figure 2), but also in clis and basaltic walls (Figure 3) including on a margin
of a small brook, corresponding to highly hemerobic areas close to roads, houses and
gardens. P. setaceum was the dominant plant, although this dominance was shared,
in some cases, with other alien plants such as Pennisetum clandestinum, Ageratina
adenophora (Spreng.) R.M. King & H. Rob. and Cardiospermum grandiorum Sw.
Cosentinia vellea (Aiton) Tod. (Table 1), a rare native fern in Madeira island, was
found in chasmophytic invaded habitats.
Figure 3. Pennisetum setaceum, individuals in a basaltic walls (St. Cruz).
Figure 2. Pennisetum setaceum individuals forming dense tus on a terrain (St. Cruz).

REVISTA SCIENTIA INSUL ARUM, 3 ; 2020, PP. 133-144 138
One individual of Pennisetum setaceum was found on a cli near the ocean
in Funchal (São Martinho), next to a pedestrian path and with no gardens nearby,
on a community dominated by Cenchrus ciliaris L., Nicotiana glauca R.C. Graham
and Sinapidendron angustifolium (DC.) Lowe (table 1). After the rst visit, the
specimen was eventually removed, and no other individuals were found in the
surrounding area.
P, M, Santa Cruz; near “Rua da Ribeira” street; on a terrain
near houses and gardens; 32o41’23.07”N; 16o47’44.39”W; alt. ca. 50 m a.s.l., 06-VII-
2018, Laura Cabral, LC181, UMad s/n;
Based on Cope (1994), Veldkamp (2014) and Clayton (1980), we suggest a
new key for the identication of Pennisetum species presents on Madeira archipelago.
Pennisetum Rich. key to the Madeira archipelago species:
1- Culms mat-forming, inorescence reduced to a cluster of 2-4 subsessile spikelets
enclosed in the uppermost sheath, with long protruding laments and stigmas,
involucral bristles soft .................................................................................................................. P.clandestinum
1’- Culms erect to geniculate at base, inorescence exerted, with many spikelets,
involucral bristles sti or softly villous ............................................................................................................ 2
2- Dwarf plant up to 20(-40) cm, with a broadly cylindrical to sub-globose
inorescence, spikelets 7-14 mm, bristles softly villous ..................................... P.villosum
2’- Plants generally larger, with a narrowly cylindrical inorescence, spikelets 4.5-7
mm, bristles sti ........................................................................................................................................................................ 3
3- Plant up to 6 m (reed like), leaf blades at 16-150 × 0.4-4 cm with spinulose
margins, peduncle pilose below the inorescence, involucre with one bristle
distinctly longer than the others ...........................................................................................P.purpureum
3’- Plants up to 2 m, leaf blades involute 30-100 × 0.1-0.37 mm, with scaberulous
margins, peduncle glabrous below the inorescence, involucre with a few bristles
distinctly longer than the others ................................................................................................. P.setaceum
3.2. Ehr harta longiflora S.
One population of E. longiora was found in Calheta (Ponta do Pargo)
(gure1) along a roadside close to agriculture elds occupying, so far, a very restricted
area, dominated by P. clandestinum (table 1). is population included several mature
individuals (gures 4 and 5) suggesting a fully, although localized, naturalization.
In June, one month after the rst visit, plants were subject to mowing, therefore no
photographs of the naturalization site were taken.
P, M, Calheta: Ponta do Pargo; along a roadside of “Estrada
Regional 101”, next to agricultural land; 32º48’6.04’’N; 17º14’27.47’’W; alt. ca. 568
m a.s.l., 12-V-2018, João Ferreira, JF150, UMad s/n.

REVISTA SCIENTIA INSUL ARUM, 3 ; 2020, PP. 133-144 139
4. DISCUSSION
Pennisetum setaceum was probably introduced in Madeira island as orna-
mental plant, considering that this species is used in many parts of the world for
this purpose and is often found in nurseries (Salinas et al. 2011; Saavedra et al. 2014;
GIDS 2015; Gullón et al. 2017). P. setaceum is a perennial C4 plant and, conse-
quently, can withstand dryness and high temperatures, being widely used as gar-
den plant (Rahlao et al. 2010). Sometimes, it is also used for the stabilization of soil
and clis (Salinas et al. 2011). ese characteristics, along with ecological adapta-
bility, rapid growth and high seed production (100 seeds per plant), make it a spe-
cies with high invasive potential (EPPO 2012).
So far Pennisetum setaceum has a relatively small area of distribution on
Madeira island, but according to Dana et al. (2005) fruits are easily dispersed, by
water, animals, people and even cars, being therefore highly probable that this alien
grass will spread quickly to other areas. Salinas et al. (2011) also refer that fruits are
easily dispersed and to the fact that fruits remain viable in the soil for 6 years or
more, being also capable of sprouting from root fragments.
Figure 4. Ehrharta longiora,
panicle.
Figure 5. Ehrharta longiora,
detail of panicle.

REVISTA SCIENTIA INSUL ARUM, 3 ; 2020, PP. 133-144 140
Pennisetum setaceum prevails on arid and semi-arid open areas (Reyes-
Betancort et al. 1999; GISD 2015), and, therefore, Madeiran Mediterranean
secondary grass communities (e.g. Dactylo hylodes-Hyparrhenietum sinaicae, Cenchro
ciliaris-Hyparrhenietum sinaicae and Bromo-Oryzopsion miliacei, as dened by Capelo
et al. 2004) could be invaded by this grass. If this invasion occurs, it will possibly
block successional processes, therefore aecting endemic communities such as
Euphorbietum piscatorie. P. setaceum will also potentially aect chasmophytic plant
communities (e.g. Sedo nudi-Aeonietum glutinosi).
Salinas et al. (2011) describe the elimination by competition, of native and
endemic species, but also changes in soil carbon sequestration, that further aect
succession. In the Canary Islands P. setaceum can reach altitudes above 1000 m
a.s.l. (Reyes-Betancort et al. 1999; Salinas et al. 2011), but it seems to be limited
to areas with an average annual rainfall of less than 1270 mm/m2 (GISD 2015),
not tolerating freezing temperatures (Devender 1997). ese data suggest that the
south coast and the east side of the island of Madeira are likely to be invaded and
that most of the north coast and the mountain areas are less likely to be aected.
Due to the large amount of biomass accumulated, P. setaceum potentiates
the risk of res, which further increases its expansion (Salinas et al. 2011).
Ehrharta longiora was probably introduced for cattle feeding (see Fish
etal. 2015), since it was found naturalized near agricultural elds. e dispersion
of E.longiora mainly occurs locally and is wind mediated, but fruits may also be
dispersed by animals (Frey 2005). is species is already recorded as naturalized in
several countries of North Africa and Europe, including Spain (Valdés and Scholz
2009) and being reported as invasive in Australia, New Zeeland and California
(Frey 2005).
Ehrharta longiora typically occurs in wet shady places (near rocks and
shrubs), often near disturbed areas (e.g. gardens, roadsides), but is also found in hill
slopes (Fish et al. 2015). Apparently, the invasion of this and other Ehrharta spp.
is facilitated by moisture. Besides that, these species can tolerate extensive annual
summers in Mediterranean climates due to their deep-roots (Frey 2005).
In Madeira, E. longiora possibly will prevail in areas of medium altitude,
such as occurs in the Canary Islands (Kunkel 1978), but its invasiveness is hard to
predict due to the scarcity of available information. Irrigated disturbed areas could be
at higher risk of invasion, but this species may disperse to areas of high conservation
value, possibly including laurisilva clearings and margins.
As in the islands of El Hierro, La Gomera, Fuerteventura and Lanzarote,
where the introduction of P. setaceum was later (in the 1990s) (Garcia-Gallo et al.
1999) and where control is still approachable, monitorization of populations and
quick intervention (eradication) seems to be the best strategies and should be applied
for Madeira. According with Garcia-Gallo et al. (1999) the removal of individuals,
manually or using hoes, seems to be the most eective method of eradication of
P. setaceum (and has been applied in many parts of the world). It is important to
eliminate the oral parts rst by carefully covering the inorescences with plastic
bags, and removing all root fragments and seeds that are present in the soil (Garcia-
Gallo et al. 1999). Chemical methods may be implemented in situations where

REVISTA SCIENTIA INSUL ARUM, 3 ; 2020, PP. 133-144 141
the complete removal of individuals is not possible (walls, asphalt) using systemic
herbicides such as hexazinone or similar products, since glyphosate appears to be
ineective (Anonymous 2014).
Although both taxa may become troublesome invasive, Pennisetum setaceum
constitutes a clear threat to Madeira ecosystems. P. setaceum is still in an initial
phase of invasion and plants should be eradicated urgently, and its use as ornamental
prohibited.
5. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
e authors are grateful to the IFCN (Instituto das Florestas e Conservação
da Natureza, IP-RAM ) for the collecting permit (n.o 05/IFCN/2017 - Flo Mad).
6. AUTHORS’ CONTRIBUTION
Introduction: L.C., J.F.
Field work: L.C., J.F., P.N., A.B.
Methodologies: L.C., J.F., P.N., A.B., M.S.
Results and Discussion: L.C. J.F., P.N., A.B., M.S.
Review and edition of the nal draft: M.S.
R: septiembre de 2019; : abril de 2020

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