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Citation: Egypt. Acad. J. Biolog. Sci. (F. Toxicology & Pest control) Vol. 12(2) pp.75- 88 (2020)
Vol. 12 No. 2 (2020)
Vol. 12 No. 2 (2020)
Vol. 12 No. 2 (2020)
Citation: Egypt. Acad. J. Biolog. Sci. (F. Toxicology & Pest control) Vol. 12(2) pp.75- 88 (2020)
Egypt. Acad. J. Biolog. Sci., 12(2): 75-88 (2020)
Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences
F. Toxicology & Pest Control
ISSN: 2090 - 0791
http://eajbsf.journals.ekb.eg/
Combined Effect of Certain Entompathogenic Nematodes and Two Nematicides
against Juveniles of
Eobania vermiculata
and
Monacha cartusinana
(Müller)
El-Ashry, R. M.
1
; El-Akhrasy, I. F.
2
and Abd El-Aal, E. M.
1
1-Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Egypt.
2-Plant Protection Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Dokki, Egypt.
E.mail : mrmaa2010@yahoo.com & dr.agric2013@yahoo.com
ARTICLE INFO
ABSTRACT
Article History
Received:18/6/2020
Accepted:15/9/2020
Key words:
Entomopathogenic
nematodes,
Eobania
vermiculata
,
Monacha
cartusinana,
combined effect,
mortality.
Mortality of imported entomopathogenic nematodes,
Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (HP88),H.
indica, and Steinernema
carpocapsae (All) compared with local EPNs isolates, H.
bacteriophora
(Ar-4), H.
bacteriophora (Serag1), and H.
bacteriophora (Ht) alone or
combined with the recommended dose of abamectin and fenamiphos on
juvenile mortality percentages of two land snail species,
Eobania
vermiculata
(Müller) and
Monacha cartusinana
(Müller) have
been studied
in a series of laboratory experiments.
Results exhibited that, mortality percentages and combined effect in
the two land snail species were obviously influenced by EPNs
species/strains, concentrations and exposure time. Among EPNs, H.
bacteriophora HP88, H. indica, and H. bacteriophora (Ar-4) achieved the
highest means of mortality percentages (66.67 & 70.0, 65.33 & 68.67 and
54.67 & 62.0 %) after three weeks of exposure with E. vermiculata and M.
cartusinana. Whereas, S. carpocapsae (All) achieved the least mortality
means (46.0 & 49.33 %) respectively.
On the other hand, application of 500 IJs of EPNs conjunction with
RD of abamectin and fenamiphos surpassed use EPNs or RD alone to reach
(69.00, 70.00, 62.67 %), in fenamiphos and abamectin reached 71.33, 67.33
and 62.67 % in E. vermiculata with H. bacteriophora HP88, H. indica and
H. bacteriophora (Ar-4), respectively.
While the parallel values with M. cartusinana were 81.33, 84.00,
76.00 % in fenamiphos treatments and 72.00, 46.67, 67.33 % with abamectin
treatments. CF of the tested EPNs with nematicides and their response varied
according to periods of exposures. Synergistic and additive effects were
exposed with EPNs and tested nematicides after one week, whereas additive
or antagonistic effects were recorded after two and three weeks with
examined land snail species.
INTRODUCTION
Numerous species of land snails and slugs are important pests feeding on living
plants in fields of vegetables and horticultural crops (Godan, 1983 and South, 1992). Their
damage as a result of direct feeding as well as contamination of the harvested plants by
faeces, slime, their eggs and bodies which play an important role in the deterioration of
harvest, quality, financial loss, and its distribution in new areas which is exacerbated by
El-Ashry, R. M.
et al.
76
the fact that they are difficult to be controlled (Barker, 2002). For many decades
the
control of snails has relied
predominantly
on the application of chemical
molluscicides by using
bait pellets containing chelated iron phosphate, methiocarb, or
metaldehyde which mixed with attractants and lead to stop feeding and ultimately die, but
because of environmental contamination and the harm of non-target organisms, this
control scheme is not maintainable (Bailey, 2002). So, many alternative methods were
used to control slugs and snail pests.
In this respect, entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) of the genera Steinernema
Chitwood and Chitwood (1937) and Heterorhabditis Poinar (1976) have shown great
promise and have been successfully used in various countries to control insect pests that
present at least one development stage in the soil (Grewal et al., 2001). Studies of the
pathogenicity of
entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs)
against terrestrial snails are
relatively few. A study by Jaworska (1993) is one of few which described the
susceptibility of Deroceras agreste (Linnaeus, 1758) and Deroceras reticulatum (Müller,
1774) to infection by three EPN species. Some of heterorhabditid and steinernematid
were
utilized as biological control agents against various insect pests.
Nowadays,
Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita, isolated from gray garden slugs in England (Wilson et
al., 1993) has successfully been developed as a biological control agent under name of
Nema SlugTM and show effectiveness against a wide range of economically important
pest slugs and snail species (Coupland, 1995; Wilson and Gaugler, 2000).
Among the many approaches that have been investigated for controlling
juveniles of land gastropod pests (snails and slugs) with relatively high susceptibility
of the eggs and
juveniles of slugs
with some pesticides (Iglesias et al., 2002). So, the aim
of the present study was to evaluate the bioefficacy of imported EPNs with native isolates
when applied lonely or combined with selected two nematicides against juveniles of
certain land snail species,
Eobania vermiculata
and Monacha cartusinana in vitro.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Pesticides Used:
The recommended dose of two commercial formulations of nematicides [(Tervigo
2% SC (abamectin), 3 liters/feddan and Dent 40% EC (fenamiphos), 6 liters/feddan]
registered and available in the market used for controlling nematode pests in Egypt were
obtained from the Central Laboratory of Pesticides, Dokki, Giza. And all current
experiments were carried out in the Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture,
Zagazig University.
Rearing of Tested Land Snail Species:
Immature stages (Juveniles), without reflexed white edge stripe, and less than 20
mm shell diameter in case of the brown garden snail, Eobania vermiculata (Müller). On
the other hand, without chalky or white edge stripe and still glassy aperture ended
moreover, it was less than 11 mm as a shell diameter in the case of
the glassy clover snail,
Monacha cartusinana
(Müller) were collected from
infested
ornamental and field crops
at Sharkia Governorate.
The tested snail species were
kept in plastic containers filled with moist soil and
daily fed on fresh leaves of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) to
reared and
laid
in the
laboratory from newly hatching to be reached their examined ages and kept the
snails free from any infection by other parasites. Furthermore, Healthy
snails only
were lately used in the experiments.
Combined Effect of Certain Entompathogenic Nematodes and Two Nematicides
77
Rearing of Entomopathogenic Nematodes (EPNs) on Greater Wax Moth, Galleria
mellonella L.:
Last instar larvae of Galleria mellonela (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) were used to
isolate native nematode species belong to Heterorhabditis species from different areas of
Sharkia and Ismalia governorates and El–Arish, Egypt with G. mellonella as trap insects
(Schroeder et al. 1994), and modified after Akhurst and Bedding (1975). All nematodes
were cultured in vivo at 24±2°C in G. mellonella larvae according to kaya and Stock,
1997. Fresh obtained infective juveniles from G. mellonella larvae were washed in three
changes of distilled water and directly used in all experiments.
Three imported entomopathogenic nematodes, Heterorhabditis bacteriophora
(HP88 strain), Heterorhabditis indica and Steinernema carpocapsae (All strain), and
three local strains,
H. bacteriophora (Ar-4 strain),
H. bacteriophora (Serag1 strain), and
H. bacteriophora (Ht strain) isolated by El-Ashry et al.,2018 with baiting technique of G.
mellonella. Juveniles of,
E. vermiculata and
M. cartusinana, were separated as groups
into plastic boxes (12×24×14 cm) for experimental definition.
Small plastic boxes (9 x14
x 6 cm) were lined on the inside walls with tapes to prevent snails from moving and still
in contact with nematode species. Ten small ventilation holes were made in the lids, and
the plastic cages were lined with filter paper (Whatmann No.1).
Stock suspension of
infective juveniles (IJs) of tested EPNs was adjusted to 2000 IJs/ml to prepare five
used concentrations.
Infection was induced by exposure of juveniles to five aqueous
suspensions adjusted to 250, 500, 750, 1000, and 1250 IJs applied directly in 1.5 ml of
water to moist filter paper.
Tested juveniles were
fed on lettuce leaf disk
and observed
daily
for mortality up to
4 weeks but only tables contain data of one, two, and three weeks. Each screening or
treatment consisted of five replicates consisting of 10 juveniles for each nematode species
or strain. The control treatment was prepared using distilled water only and all treatments
were incubated at 25±3˚C. Snails cadavers were placed in White traps
(White, 1927)
to
confirm symptoms of infections and recover
of infective juveniles and verification of
completion of the cycle of EPNs in the snail.
Mortality percentages were calculated
according to the following formula:
Statistical Analysis:
The experiments were carried out in a completely randomized design with 3
replications for each treatment. Data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA)
using MSTAT version4 (1987). Means were compared by Duncan’s multiple range test
(Duncan, 1955) at P ≤ 0.05.
Combining Effect of Entomopathogenic Nematodes (EPNs) and Two Nematicides:
The two nematicides
Tervigo 2% SC and Dent 40 % EC
were tested for their
effectiveness against juveniles of, E. vermiculata and
M. cartusinana
as concomitant
treatment (leaf dipping + soil incorporation) (Genena and Mostafa, 2008). Mentioned
small plastic cages provided with immature juvenile snails treated with 500 IJs of
EPNs/juvenile snail feed on similar leaf discs of fresh lettuce leaves which immersed for
10 seconds in recommended dose (RD) of the tested nematicides then left to air dry
before application. Control treatment individuals were received fresh untreated leaves and
without any of the tested EPNs infective juveniles. Each treatment was replicated five
times. After 24 hrs. of treatment, the treated leaves were replaced daily with fresh
untreated lettuce leaves for three weeks.
Snails cadavers were placed in white traps
(White, 1927)
to recover any
of IJs of EPNs. The tested snails were examined daily and
mortality percentages were calculated after one, two, and three weeks of treatment
El-Ashry, R. M.
et al.
78
according to the following formula:
Analysis of Interaction Data of Mixtures between Tested Nematodes and
Nematicides:
Interaction data for mixtures between tested nematodes and nematicides were
assessed using Limpel's formula reported by Richer (2006) as follows:
Where:
E: The expected additive effect of the mixture.
X: The effect due to component A alone.
Y: The effect due to component B alone.
The expected effect was compared with the actual effect obtained experimentally
from the mixture of component A alone and component B alone to determine the
additive, antagonistic or synergistic effects, according to the equation given by Mansour
et al., 1966 as follows:
The equation was used to categorize results into three classes. A positive factor 20
or more is considered potentiation, a negative factor 20 or more means antagonism and
intermediate values between -20 and +20 indicate only additive effect.
Statistical Analysis:
The experiments were carried out in a completely randomized design in the
laboratory. Data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) one way or two-way
using MSTAT version 4 (1987). Means were compared by Duncan’s multiple range test
at P ≤ 0.05 probability.
RESULTS
All mortality percentages of the tested entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) were
obtained between one and three weeks after the starting of the treatments. Recovery of
infected juveniles for snail species as dead was never observed.
Susceptibility of
the Brown Garden Snail,
Eobania vermiculata
Müller:
Laboratory studies were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of different
entomopathogenic nematode species against juveniles of
E. vermiculata
Müller
.
A series
of bioassays were done to test the susceptibility of juveniles to six species of imported
and native (EPNs)
Heterorhabditis indica,H. bacteriophora (HP88), Steinernema
carpocapsae (All), H. bacteriophora (Ar-4),
H. bacteriophora (Serag1), and H.
bacteriophora (Ht)
in vitro.
Results of the bioassay showed that the tested nematodes were infective with five
nematode concentrations and strains causing significant mortality (P ≤ 0.05) greater than
in untreated Juveniles snail (Table 1). After one week of exposure,
at inoculum levels of
750 and 1000IJs, H. indica gained mortality percentage 16.0 and 18.0 % followed by
H.bacteriophora (HP88), H. bacteriophora (Ar-4) and
H. bacteriophora (Serag1),
with values of (10.0 & 18.0 %), (10.0 & 18.0 %) and (10.0 & 16.0 %), respectively.
Whereas,
H. bacteriophora (Ht) and
S. carpocapsae (All) gave the least mortality
percentages with values 10 & 12 % and 4.0 & 10.0 %, respectively. Mortality
percentages were increased by increasing inoculum levels and exposure time to reach
the maximum mortality percentages after three weeks of exposure.
After 3 weeks, mortality percentages reached to 100% with the two inoculum
Combined Effect of Certain Entompathogenic Nematodes and Two Nematicides
79
levels 1000 IJs/juvenile and 1250 IJs/Juvenile with H. indica, followed by H.
bacteriophora (HP88) with values 94.0 and 100 %. While, S. carpocapsae (All)
showed the least values (68.0 and 70 %) According to the mortality percentage mean,
at inoculum level 1250 IJs/juvenile, imported heterorhabditid species gave the best
mortality mean % in relation to local species. Values of mortality percentage mean
for H. indica, H. bacteriophora (HP88), H. bacteriophora (Ar-4),
H.
bacteriophora (Serag1)
and
H. bacteriophora (Ht)
recorded 65.33, 66.67, 54.67, 48.67,
and 48.67, respectively. Comparing the mortality percentage in E. vermiculata
treated with S. carpocapsae (All)
showed markedly the least percentage compared to
heterorhabditid species.
Table 1:
Mortality percentages in juveniles of Eobania vermiculata after exposure to
five levels of imported and local entomopathogenic nematodes.
Each value is a mean of five replicates.
Values followed by the same letter (s) in the same column are not different according to
Duncan’s multiple range test (P ≤ 0.05).
Susceptibility of
the
Glassy Clover Snail, Monacha cartusinana
Müller
:
Results obtained from the tested EPNs against
the
glassy clover snail, Monacha
cartusinana Müller were illustrated in Table (2). M. cartusinana juveniles showed the
same trend in mortality percentage after one week when treated with five inoculum levels
of EPNs. After one week of exposure,
at inoculum levels of 500 and 750 IJs,
percentage mortality did not differ between local heterorhabditid species H.
bacteriophora (Ar-4),
H. bacteriophora (Ht),
and
H. bacteriophora (Serag1). Whereas,
H. indica gained the height mortality percentage (6.0 & 16.0%), after two weeks of
exposure.
El-Ashry, R. M.
et al.
80
The mortality percentage of M. cartusinana juveniles treated with 1250
IJs/juvenile of H. indica and
H. bacteriophora (HP88)
increased to reach 90.0 % for
each,
followed by H. bacteriophora (Ar-4) with values of 72.0 % and H.
bacteriophora (Serag 1) with a value of 62.0%, then S. carpocapsa (All) nematode
with value 54.0 %. After 3 weeks, mortality percentages reached 100% only with the
two inoculum levels 1000 IJs/ juvenile and 1250 IJs/Juvenile with H. indica and
H. bacteriophora (HP88).
At inoculum level 1250 IJs/ juvenile, mortality percentages with local EPNs
species recorded 94.0, 88.0, and 84.0 % with H. bacteriophora (Ar-4),
H.
bacteriophora (Serag1),
and
H. bacteriophora (Ht), respectively.
Steinernematid species,
S. carpocapsae (All)
was the least effective than heterorhabditid ones with a mortality
percentage of 80.0 %.
The mortality mean % at 1250 IJs/ juvenile were 68.67, 70.0,
49.33, 62.0, 56.0, and 54.67% for H. indica, H. bacteriophora (HP88), S.
carpocapsae (All), H. bacteriophora (Ar-4),
H. bacteriophora (Serag1)
and
H.
bacteriophora (Ht)
,
respectively. Mortality mean percentages ranged from 42.67 to
68.67 % for H. indica, 33.33 to 70.0 % for H. bacteriophora (HP88), 27.33 to 49.33
% for S. carpocapsae (All), 35.0 to 62.0 % for H. bacteriophora (Ar-4), 23.33 to
56.0 % for
H. bacteriophora (Serag1)
and 23.33 to 54.67 % for
H. bacteriophora (Ht),
respectively. S. carpocapsae (All) exhibited the least mortality percentages against
juvenile of the land snail,
M. cartusinana
. Also,
M. cartusinana
was less sensitive to
tested entomopathogenic nematodes than the E. vermiculata.
Table 2:
Mortality percentages in juveniles of
Monacha cartusinana
after exposure to
five levels of imported and local entomopathogenic nematodes.
Each value is a mean of five replicates.
Values followed by the same letter (s) in the same column are not different according to
Duncan’s multiple range test (P ≤0.05).
Combined Effect of Certain Entompathogenic Nematodes and Two Nematicides
81
Combination of Selected EPNs with Two Nematicides:
Mortality percentages of the two land snail species, M. cartusinana and
E.
vermiculata
were stated after one week of exposure to 500 IJs/juvenile. Based on these
results, the combination between inoculum level and recommended dose (RD) of two
nematicides, abamectin, and fenamiphos were selected to increase mortality percentages
in juveniles of the
two land snail species in vitro.
A- Effectiveness against M. cartusinana:
Results in Table (3) demonstrated the mortality in juveniles of
Eobania
vermiculata after exposure to the recommended dose (RD) of two nematicides lonely
or combined with imported and local entomopathogenic nematodes after one, two,
and three weeks.
Results revealed that, after one week of treatment, mortality percentages
resulted from RD of fenamiphos and abamectin were 26.0 % for each whereas,
mortality percentage increased in land snail juvenile treated with mixed EPNs species
with RD of fenamiphos to reach 50.0, 48.0, 33.0, 40.0, 32.0 and 38.0 % with H.
indica, H. bacteriophora (HP88), S. carpocapsae (All), H. bacteriophora (Ar-4),
H.
bacteriophora (Serag1)
and
H. bacteriophora (Ht)
,
respectively.
The parallel values with RD of abamectin after one week recorded 50.0, 52.0,
28.0, 40.0, 34.0, and 34.0 % with the abovementioned EPNs, respectively. After two
weeks, the mortality percentage increased in femamiphos and abamectine alone to
50.0 and 54.0 % respectively. Moreover, an increase was observed in treatments of
mixed nematicides and nematode species. In fenamiphos treatments, the
highest
significant mortality was obtained with fenamiphos + H. indica, fenamiphos + H.
bacteriophora (HP88), and fenamiphos + H. bacteriophora (Ar-4) with values of 73.0, 70.0,
and 63.0%. On the hand, in abamectin treatments, mortality percentages were 68.0, 72.0 and
66.0 % with abamectin + H. indica, abamectin + H. bacteriophora (HP88) and abamectin +
H. bacteriophora (Ar-4), respectively.
After three weeks of treatment, fenamiphos + H.
bacteriophora (HP88) and abamectin + H. bacteriophora (HP88) recorded the highest
significant mortality 89.0 and 90.0%, respectively.
However, abamectin mixed with S. carpocapsae (All) caused lower significant
mortality (66.0%), followed by fenamiphos (73.0%). Mortality percentage showed
insignificant differences (P ≤ 0.05) between
H. indica and H. bacteriophora (HP88)
with the three-time exposure when mixed with fenamiphos while, significant
differences were observed in treatments of abamectin after three weeks of exposure.
B- Effectiveness against
E. vermiculata:
Results in Table (4) showed
insignificant differences (P ≤ 0.05) between
H.
indica and H. bacteriophora (HP88) after one, two, and three weeks of treatment.
Mortality percentages resulted from RD of fenamiphos with H. indica and H.
bacteriophora (HP88) recorded 66.0&62.0, 86.0&82.0, and 100&100% after one,
two, and three weeks of exposure with mean mortality percentage, 84.0 and 81.33 %,
respectively. The same trend was observed with RD of abamectin with H. indica and
H. bacteriophora (HP88) and the parallel values were 54.0 & 52.0 and 72.0 &72.0
after one and two weeks of exposure. On contrarily, H. bacteriophora (HP88) gave
higher percent mortality than H. indica when mortality mean percentages were 46.67
and 72.00 %, respectively. The two local heterorhabditid species H. bacteriophora
(Ar-4),
H. bacteriophora (Serag1)
showed efficacy against juvenile of E. vermiculata
with a percent mortality of 92.0 and 84.0% in mixed treatments with fenamiphos and
86.0 and 80.0 % in mixed treatments with abamectin. S. carpocapsae (All) when
mixed with fenamiphos and abamectin exhibited the least mortality percentages
against juvenile of the land snail, E. vermiculata
after one,
two, and three weeks (46.0
El-Ashry, R. M.
et al.
82
& 36.0 %), (66.0 & 56.0 %) and (86.0 & 74.0 %) with mean of mortality percentage
66.00 and 55.33 %, respectively.
Table 3:
Mortality percentages in juveniles of Eobania vermiculata after exposure to
the recommended dose (RD) of two nematicides lonely or combined with
imported and local entomopathogenic nematodes
.
Each value is a mean of five replicates.
Values followed by the same letter (s) in the same column are not different according to
Duncan’s multiple range test (P ≤ 0.05).
Table 4:
Mortality percentages in juveniles of
Monacha cartusinana
after exposure to
the recommended dose (RD) of two nematicides lonely or combined with
imported and local entomopathogenic nematodes.
Each value is a mean of five replicates.
Values followed by the same letter (s) in the same column are not different according to
Duncan’s multiple range test (P ≤ 0.05).
Combined Effect of Certain Entompathogenic Nematodes and Two Nematicides
83
Analysis of Mixtures between Tested EPNs and Nematicides:
A- In vitro CF of EPNs with Nematicides and Response in Controlling of
E.
vermiculata
:
After one week of treatment, all EPNs
H. indica, H. bacteriophora (HP88),
S.carpocapsae (All) H. bacteriophora (Ar-4), and
H. bacteriophora (Serag1)
and
H.
bacteriophora (Ht) exhibited synergistic interaction in treatments of fenamiphos. While,
synergistic interaction showed with tested EPNs except for
S. carpocapsae (All), and
H.
bacteriophora (Serag1) showed an additive effect with abamectin (Table 5). After two
weeks, an additive effect was observed with all EPNs species in fenamiphos treatment
and antagonism interaction was observed when
S. carpocapsae (All) and
H.
bacteriophora (Serag1) mixed with abamectin in controlling juveniles of
E. vermiculata
.
After three weeks, the antagonistic effect was observed in all treatments of EPNs
mixed with RD of fenamiphos and abamectin except
H. indica with fenamiphos and H.
bacteriophora (HP88) with abamectin which showed an additive effect.
Table 5: Interactions between fenamiphos and abamectin with different
entomopathogenic nematodes strains on mortality of
Eobania vermiculata
under laboratory conditions.
Each value is a mean of five replicates.
Values followed by the same letter (s) in the same column are not different according to
Duncan’s multiple range test (P ≤ 0.05).
B- In vitro CF of EPNs with Nematicides and Response in Controlling of
M.
cartusinana:
The same trend was observed after one week of treatment, tested EPNs exhibited
synergistic
interaction in treatments of fenamiphos but only H. bacteriophora (Serag1)
showed an additive effect. While additive effect displayed with tested nematodes except
with
H. indica and H. bacteriophora (HP88) which showed
synergistic interaction.
After two weeks, an additive effect was found in all mixed RD of fenamiphos and
abamectin except with
S. carpocapsae (All), and
H. bacteriophora (Ht)) treatments which
showed anatagonistic effect. Also, after three weeks, an additive effect was observed with
all EPNs species mixed with RD of fenamiphos and abamectin, and the only antagonistic
effect was observed between H. bacteriophora (Ht) and abamectin.
The exposure to H. indica alone resulted in 70 and 80 % mortality in E.
vermiculata and M. cartusinana, with the highest rate observed in the second week then
El-Ashry, R. M.
et al.
84
third weeks after exposure (Fig. 1 & 2). This percent mortality gradually decreased
according to nematode species and strains. Changes in percent mortality of the infected
snails occurred, characterized by a significant decrease in juveniles of E. vermiculata
compared to M. cartusinana.
Variation in the effectiveness of nematode species was also observed after mixing
with abamectin and fenamiphos nematicides. In this respect, the infection-induced a sharp
increase with H. indica and
H. bacteriophora (HP88) to reach 100 % with fenamiphos
after 3 weeks of exposure in juveniles of
M. cartusinana
. As well as, juveniles of
E.
vermiculata
showed less susceptibility to infect with nematode and mixed
nematicides.
Additionally, least mortality percent was found in the two tested land snail species
with
S.carpocapsae (All) when used alone or mixed with abamectin and fenamiphos,
and H. bacteriophora (Ar-4) exposed relatively high mortality percent as compared
with S.carpocapsae (All) and nearby to H. indica in
E. vermiculata
.
Table 6: Interactions between fenamiphos and abamectin with different
entomopathogenic nematode strains on mortality of
Monacha cartusinana
under laboratory conditions.
Each value is a mean of five replicates.
Values followed by the same letter (s) in the same column are not different according to
Duncan’s multiple range test (P ≤ 0.05).
Fig.1: Mortality percentages from mixing chemical nematicides with imported and local
entomopathogenic nematode species in controlling of Eobania vermiculata.
Combined Effect of Certain Entompathogenic Nematodes and Two Nematicides
85
Fig. 2: Mortality percentages from mixing chemical nematicides with imported and local
entomopathogenic nematode species in controlling of Monacha cartusinana.
DISCUSSION
The results of this study indicated that all examined juveniles of the
brown
garden snail, E. vermiculata Müller, and
glassy clover snail, M. cartusinana
Müller
were
infected by all the imported and local tested entomopathogenic nematodes alone or mixed
with the recommended dose of abamectin and fenamiphos.
Two nematicides caused a fluctuated effect between decrease and increase for
the two snail species. Moreover,
M. cartusinana
was the most susceptible to the five
inoculum levels of tested EPNs than E. vermiculata. Additionally, the two imported
EPNs, H. indica, H. bacteriophora (HP88) were the most effective ones followed by
local nematodes H. bacteriophora (Ar-4). Whereas, S. carpocapsae (All) and
H.
bacteriophora (Ht) were the least effective against the two land snail species when used
alone or mixed with RD of abamectin and fenamiphos. CF of the tested EPNs with
nematicides and their response varied after the three periods of exposures. After one
week of exposure, synergistic and additive effects were showed with abamectin and
fenamiphos with all tested EPNs in juveniles of E. vermiculata and
M.
cartusinana. After
two and three weeks of exposure, additive or antagonistic effects were obviously
recorded.
The present results are agreement with
Genena and Mostafa
(
2013) who reported
that, heterrhabditid EPNs (H. indica & H. bacteriophora (HP88) achieved more
percent mortality with
E. vermiculata and
M.
cartusinana than
Steinernema spp. (S.
carpocapsae (All) and M.
cartusinana
was more sensitive to entomopathogenic
nematodes than the E. vermiculata. Likewise, Georgis and Gaugler (1991) mentioned
to the better performance of Heterorhabditis spp. than Steinernema spp.
Likewise,
suppressive effects of polish isolates of EPNs were confirmed on
Derocearas
reticulatum and D. agresta were able to reproduce within slug cadavers
(Jaworska,1993) or against
D. reticulatum or Limax marginatus e.g. H. bacteriophora,
H. marelatus, S. carpocapsae, S. glaseri, S. kushidai, S. longicaudum, S. oregonense, S.
riobrave and S. Siamkayai (Kaya, 2001).
In the laboratory, soil treatment with the recommended rate of P. hermaphrodita
caused significant mortality only for the snail M. cantiana and the susceptible slug
Deroceras reticulatum (Wilson et al., 2000). The local and imported EPNs (S.
carpocapsae All strain, H. bacteriophora H88 strain, H. bacteriophora Serag1 strain, and
El-Ashry, R. M.
et al.
86
H. bacteriophora Ht strain) belonging to steinernematids and heterorhabditids were
investigated against two terrestrial slugs, D. reticulatum than D. leave (El-Ashry and Abd
El-Aal, 2019). However, Glen and Coupland (2017) mentioned that slug parasitic
nematode, P. hermaphrodita was effective as a biocontrol agent.
The synergistic, additive, and negative effect of abamectin and fenamiphos rates
on S. carpocapsae were confirmed (Kary et al., 2018), the exposure time (after two and
three weeks) with abamectin plays the vital role in interaction type which varied from
additive to antagonistic effect with nematode species and strains. Previous studies
revealed that the chemical pesticides showed a strong sublethal effect on S. carpocapsae
and H. indica reproductive potential and limiting their possible recycling under field
conditions (Devindrappa et al., 2017). Feasibility of combinations and integrated use of
these nematode species and nematicides in plant protection could be managed (Rovesti
and Deseö,1990) by optimizing the dosage of tested pesticides and concentration of IJs
depend on the interaction results in vitro treatments (Gutiérrez et al., 2008, El-Ashry et
al., 2020).
CONCLUSION
The mortality percentages of the two tested land snail species E. vermiculata and
M.
cartusinana varied according to EPNs species, strains, and concentrations. As well as,
nematicides varied in their effect according to pesticides and time of exposure. Therefore,
as a precaution, mixing IJs of EPNs with pesticides in controlling juveniles of land snail
species can be included after one or two weeks of applying pesticides to avoid adverse
effects and also ensure sustainability.
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ARABIC SUMMARY
Eobania vermiculata
Monacha cartusinana
1
2
1
1
Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (HP88), H. indica and Steinernema carpocapsae (All)H. bacteriophora (Ar-4), H. bacteriophora (Serag1) and H. bacteriophora (Ht)
Eobania vermiculata (Müller)
Monacha cartusinana
(Müller)
H. bacteriophora HP88H. indica
H. bacteriophora (Ar-4)
E. vermiculataM. cartusinana
S. carpocapsae (All)
H. bacteriophora HP88, H. indica and H. bacteriophora (Ar-4)
E. vermiculata
M. cartusinana
