PRODUCTION OF CANDLES FROM SOYBEAN OIL

Abstract

: This research confirmed that candles produced from oil extract of soybeans are eco-friendly and healthier alternatives to commercial candles made from paraffin wax. The soybeans were sorted, washed, crushed, dehulled and grinded prior to extraction to increase the surface area. Soybean oil is about 30% of the total soybean composition. Soxhlet extraction method was used with hexane as solvent. The extracted oil was then solidified with stearic acid to form wax inside a mold. Physical tests were carried out to prove its claims as a safer alternative to paraffin wax. The results supported the claims that soy candles are more economical and produced lesser soot than the paraffin candles.

Full text

International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology (IJEAT)
ISSN: 2249 – 8958, Volume-9 Issue-2, December, 2019
5568
Published By:
Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering
& Sciences Publication
Retrieval Number: B2382129219 /2019©BEIESP
DOI: 10.35940/ijeat.B2382.129219
 Abstract: This research confirmed that candles produced from
oil extract of soybeans are eco-friendly and healthier alternatives
to commercial candles made from paraffin wax. The soybeans
were sorted, washed, crushed, dehulled and grinded prior to
extraction to increase the surface area. Soybean oil is about 30%
of the total soybean composition. Soxhlet extraction method was
used with hexane as solvent. The extracted oil was then solidified
with stearic acid to form wax inside a mold. Physical tests were
carried out to prove its claims as a safer alternative to paraffin
wax. The results supported the claims that soy candles are more
economical and produced lesser soot than the paraffin candles.
Keywords: Soybeans, Soxhlet extraction, Oil extract, solvent,
Yield
I. INTRODUCTION
Candles are widely used for illumination of the environment
such as homes, offices among others. Although, due to
advancement in technology various other advanced
illuminating devices have been introduced as its substitute
[1]. Candle is mostly used for religious events and special
occasion such as decorations during holidays. Traditional
candles are mostly made of wax materials. Although, such
candles emit trace of organic compounds when burned this
include naphthalene, acrolein, formaldehyde and
acetaldehyde [2]. Considerable amount of candles release
lead which is a major source of concern in candle emissions
for public health environments [3].
Different types of pollutants occur indoors under
atmospheric conditions due to sources within or from the
external environments. Most pollutants have negative
consequences that are capable of causing various
complications and nuisance [4-7]. Some pollutants can also
Revised Manuscript Received on December 30, 2019.
* Correspondence Author
Modupe E. Ojewumi *, Chemical Engineering Department, Covenant
University, P.M.B 1023, Canaan Land, Sango, Ogun State, Nigeria.
*Corresponding author’s e-mail:
modupe.ojewumi@covenantuniversity.edu.ng
1*Orcid: 0000-0002-9254-2450.
Ogirima O. Olanipekun, Chemical Engineering Department,
University of Lagos, Akoka. Lagos.
Oyinlola R. Obanla, Chemical Engineering Department, Covenant
University, P.M.B 1023, Canaan Land, Sango, Ogun State, Nigeria.
Emmanuel O. Ojewumi, Food Science and Technology Department,
Federal University of Technology, Akure, Ondo State. Nigeria.
Ruth S. Bassey, Chemical Engineering Department, Covenant University,
P.M.B 1023, Canaan Land, Sango, Ogun State, Nigeria.
be informed of solid waste materials which have to be
removed either by physical or chemical means or by recycling
by conversion into useful materials [8, 9, 10, 11]. Mankind
have continuously experience various forms of insomnia and
psychological stress due to the stress experienced in
present-day life (be it imagined or real) [12]. Therefore,
numerous treatments have been proposed to supply
psychological relief accompanying the healing process [3,
14-16]. Several treatments such as the application of scented
candles have earned significant increase in the request for
indoor air fresheners and room décor. The annual rapid
growth in scented candles market in the U.S. is evaluated to be
approximately 2 billion USD [3]. Although, some other
sources have contributed to the amount of indoor air
pollution. For example, pollutants such as odorants,
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and metals are
major components released from charcoals used during
cooking process [16-21]. Combustion of these scented
candles in an interior area result in the release of different
aromatic constituents which can linger on within a building.
The compounds identified include several alcohols,
hydrocarbons and aldehydes. Also, various PAHs recognized
as carcinogens such as pyrene, anthrancene and naphthalene
were noted [21-25]. Besides, several other activities taking
place indoors promote ultrafine and fine particulates
emissions, igniting scented candles can stimulate emission of
particulate matter and several other gaseous pollutants [25,
26]. The amount of ultrafine density of particles from ignition
of pure wax candles are up to about 241,000 particles/cm3
[27]. Distinctive odour and enormous quantity of volatile
organic compounds has been liberated from scented candles
due to additives added such as aroma oil and fragrance [28].
Other pollution includes hydrocarbons which occur as result
of onsite or transportation spillage in the environment
[29-32]. The process of combustion is mostly characterized
by the presence of small sized particles, this has a negative
effect on the wellbeing of living organisms due to its
deposition in the alveolar, its inflammogenic potential, high
reactivity on the surface and chemical decomposition [33].
Particulate matter usually contain PAHs which can generate
development of large DNA mutations and adducts [34].
Production of Candle from Oil Extract of a
Legume - Soybean
M.E. Ojewumi, O.O. Olanipekun, O.R. Obanla, E.O. Ojewumi, R.S. Bassey

Production of Candle from Oil Extract of a Legume - Soybean
5569
Published By:
Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering
& Sciences Publication
Retrieval Number: B2382129219 /2019©BEIESP
DOI: 10.35940/ijeat.B2382.129219
The occurrence of lung tissue damage and inflammation
aggregate result to a considerable rise in proteins
accumulation in the alveolar region. Moreover, production of
excess oxygen reactive species by the immune cells or
particles may result into oxidative destruction to
biomolecules (e.g. DNA) [35]. Air pollution particles is
related stress, inflammation and high levels of DNA oxidative
are destroyed in cultured cells, humans and animals [35, 36].
Combustion processes of most candles have surpass the
USEPA’s growth risk for formaldehyde and acetaldehyde, it
has also surpass the acrolein Reference Concentration (RfC)
[26].
The objective of this project considers the production of
candles from soybean oil extract which release less toxic
substances into the environments. Studies such as Johnson
[37] prepared candles by adding a binding agent to specific
quantity of paraffin wax; the temperature of the paraffin wax
and binding agent is increased, Soybean oil was added to the
hot mixture of paraffin wax and binding agent; the mixture of
paraffin wax, binding agent and soybean oil was increased to
a very high temperature, where a specific quantity of candle
scent was added to the hot mixture, the mixture was added to
water absorbing (wicked) containers for the manufacture of
candles. Other studies by Baumer [38], Dieter Tischendorf
[39], Jaeger [40], MacLaren [41] have also produced candles
from various types of vegetable oils. This study considers the
use steric acid on soy bean extract to produce wax, which are
used for candle making. The product release less hazardous
materials. Model is a diagnostic tool that helps researchers in
taking decision when dealing with issues that can be used to
optimize the extraction procedure to reduce the number of
experimental run [28, 29, 42, 43, 44].
II. METHODOLOGY
A. Source of raw materials
Raw soybean was obtained from an open market.
Fig. 1. Soybean seed
B. Preparation of Soybeans for extraction
The beans were handpicked to remove foreign materials such
as stone, leaves etc. The handpicked beans were washed in
water and dehulled with palms to remove the cotyledon [45,
46-50]. The washed and dehulled clean beans were oven dried
at 70ºC for 48 days prior to extraction. The seeds were
cracked in the mortar and pestle to weaken the binding power
of the seeds and increase the surface area.
C. Extraction of Soybean oil using Hexane
Oil was obtained from the seeds using a Soxhlet extraction
process. 20g of sample was weighed and put into the extractor
(the sample was wrapped in a filter paper shaped in a cuplike
manner). A condenser was placed on the extractor and
properly connected to a water tap [41-42, 44-46]. The total
yield of oil was expressed in percentage. The entire setup was
repeated, varying extraction times for 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 hours.
Hexane used was recovered by a simple batch distillation
process, using a reflux condenser [40, 41]. The setup is
depicted below
Fig. 2. Solvent Extraction Setup
D. Solidification of the extracted Soybean oil with stearic
acid
The crude oil extract was subjected to reaction with stearic
acid to solidify it to wax. Other beautifying additives were
incorporated into it after characterization such as fragrances
and colour.
Fig. 3. Heating oil sample for solidification using stearic
acid
E. Comparisons with a petroleum-based wax e.g. paraffin wax:
The produced soy candle was compared with regular paraffin
candle on certain physical parameters.
F. Physical Comparison
Both samples of same length were burned for a period of 20
minutes. At the end of 20 minutes, the samples were
analyzed on

International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology (IJEAT)
ISSN: 2249 – 8958, Volume-9 Issue-2, December, 2019
5570
Published By:
Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering
& Sciences Publication
Retrieval Number: B2382129219 /2019©BEIESP
DOI: 10.35940/ijeat.B2382.129219
a. Length left after burning (by observation)
b. Quantity of soot produced (by observation)
c. Colour of flame (by observation)
III. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
- Determination of oil yield by varying extraction time, weight of sample and quantity of solvent.
The oil yield for the extraction of soybean oil with hexane for 2, 4, 6 and 8 hours is shown in the table below Table 1.
Table - 1: Table for the extraction
StdOrder
Run Order
PtType
Blocks
Weight of
seed [X1]
Time of
Extraction [X2]
Quantity of
Solvent used
[X3]
% Oil yield
[Response]
7
1
2
1
10
6
160
12.67
15
2
0
1
25
6
130
16.56
3
3
2
1
10
10
130
14.55
12
4
2
1
25
10
160
22.25
6
5
2
1
40
6
100
18.5
11
6
2
1
25
2
160
14.44
8
7
2
1
40
6
160
18.5
14
8
0
1
25
6
130
16.56
1
9
2
1
10
2
130
10.59
10
10
2
1
25
10
100
22.25
4
11
2
1
40
10
130
24.24
2
12
2
1
40
2
130
16.7
9
13
2
1
25
2
100
14.44
13
14
0
1
25
6
130
16.56
5
15
2
1
10
6
100
12.66
10
15
01 02 03
9
6
3
04
9
9
20
25
d% Oil yeil
rtxE fo emiT n )srH( oitca
)g( deeight W of se
Fig. 4. Surface Plot of % Oil yield against Time of extraction (hrs) and Weight of seed (g)

Production of Candle from Oil Extract of a Legume - Soybean
5571
Published By:
Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering
& Sciences Publication
Retrieval Number: B2382129219 /2019©BEIESP
DOI: 10.35940/ijeat.B2382.129219
001 01
21
14
601
2
0
041
201
001
01
2
4
40
30
20
16
18
6
8
%O l i dleiy
)lm( tnevloS
)g( dees fo eiW ght
Fig. 5. Surface Plot of Oil yield against Solvent (ml) and Weight of seed (g)
6901 0
05.1
5.71
36
9
041
21 0
061
041
21 0
20.0
522.
yield% oil
actionrtxe fo emi )T rh( olven tS )lm(
Fig. 6. Surface plot of Oil yield against Solvent (ml), Time of extraction (hrs)
IV. RESULTS FROM PHYSICAL OBSERVATION
A sample of each candle was lit and observed. After a period of 5 minutes, the following observations were made.
Table- II: Results from Observation
Paraffin wax
Soy wax
Colour of flame
Predominantly yellow
An obvious combination of
blue and yellow
Soot production
Noticeable
Negligible
Length after 5 minutes
Obviously shorter
Slightly shorter

International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology (IJEAT)
ISSN: 2249 – 8958, Volume-9 Issue-2, December, 2019
5572
Published By:
Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering
& Sciences Publication
Retrieval Number: B2382129219 /2019©BEIESP
DOI: 10.35940/ijeat.B2382.129219
Test for Gas Emissions
Fig.7. Soybean candle Fig. 8. Paraffin wax
V. DISCUSSION OF RESULTS
The Effect of time on the %yield of Oil
Soybean oil is about 30% of the total soybean content. The
process of solvent extraction of this oil was carried out in the
laboratory using hexane as a solvent and varying the
extraction time. The extraction table (Table 1) shows more
yield came from samples extracted for 10 hours with sample
weight of 25 and 40 g which gave oil yield of 22.25 and
24.24% respectively. Solvent quantity had little or no effect
on percentage oil yield during extraction process.
Figures 4, 5 and 6 shows the surface plot relationship
between the three variables considered (Weight of
sample[X1], time of extraction [X2] and solvent quantity
[X3]).
The simple mechanism of this extraction is that the oil
dissolves readily in hexane solvent and is washed down from
the powdered seeds by the flowing hexane. This explains the
change in colour of hexane from a clear solution to yellow
during the extraction process. More contact of the hexane
with the seeds indicates dissolution of more oil from the
seeds, thus the increase in oil yields at longer contact periods.
Comparisons by Observation:
Color of flame: From our observation, the flame from
paraffin wax was predominantly yellow while that of soy wax
was an obvious blue and yellow mixture. The yellow flame is
a result of incomplete combustion of the wax, meaning there is
no proper air to wax ratio, causing the generation of fine soot
particles and other gases into the atmosphere as seen in the
chemical equation.
An inference drawn here is that though both candles emit
gases, the soy candles emit less incombustible gases than the
paraffin candles.
Quantity of soot produced: The colour of the gas flame
rightly explains the variation in soot production. More soot is
produced from the predominantly yellow flame while lesser
soot is produced from the predominantly blue flame. This
explains that it is safer to burn soy candle for domestic use
than the paraffin candle we use.
Length left after burning for 5 minutes: This is explained by
the fact that a paraffin wax has a melting point that is higher
than soy wax, thereby causing it to ‘burn out’ faster than the
soy wax. This explains that using soy wax gives better yield
for money, making it more economical. Since the soy candles
produced are made inside containers, burning it only results
in melting of the oil, only to harden at room temperature and
form a new candle. Hence, soy candles ‘burn in’ while
paraffin candles ‘burn out’.
VI. CONCLUSIONS
The yield of soybean oil depended on time of extraction; this
was the major determinant of the oil yield in this research.
From the flame Colour observations, soy wax is considered a
healthier alternative to the paraffin wax, hence soy candles
are more eco-friendly than the paraffin candles in the sense
that there are lesser or no toxic gases given off when burning
soy candles. It is safe to burn paraffin candles in open space
due to the rapid release of incombustible toxic gases. On the
other hand, soy candles are preferable for lighting in enclosed
space because they do not release much of toxic gases into the
environment. Nigeria could take on large scale soybean
cultivation for food and soy wax production. The returns are
promising as soybeans mature between 45-100 days.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors appreciate the sponsorship of CUCRID,
Covenant University, Ota
REFERENCES
1. Lin K.L., Method for Manufacturing a Candle, U.S. Patent, Editor.
1992.
2. Lau C., Fiedler, H., Hutzinger, O., Schwind, K.H., Hosseinpour, J.,
Levels of selected organic compounds in materials for candle
production and human exposure to candle emissions. Chemosphere,
34(5–7), 1997, pp. 1623–1630.
3. USEPA, Candles and incense as potential sources of indoor air
pollution: market analysis and literature review. . Prepared by National
Risk Management, Research Triangle Park, 2001,
USEPA-600/R-01-001.
4. Brunekreef, B., Holgate, S. T, Air pollution and health. Lancet, 360,
2002, pp. 1233–1242.
5. Hammond, C.J., Chemical composition of household malodours – an
overview. Flavour Fragance Journal, 28, 2003, pp. 251–261.
A
B
A
B

Production of Candle from Oil Extract of a Legume - Soybean
5573
Published By:
Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering
& Sciences Publication
Retrieval Number: B2382129219 /2019©BEIESP
DOI: 10.35940/ijeat.B2382.129219
6. Bernstein, J.A., Alexis, N., Barnes, C., Bernstein, I. L., Bernstein, J.
A., Nel, A., Peden, D., Diaz-Sanchez, D., Tarlo, S.M., Williams, P.B.,,
Health effects of air pollution. J. Allergy Clinical Immunol. , 114.
2004, pp. 1116–1123.
7. Kampa, M., Castanas, E.,, Human health effects of air pollution.
Environmental Pollution, 151, 2008, pp. 362–367.
8. Ojewumi, M.E., Kolawole, O.E., Oyekunle, O.T., Taiwo, O.S.,
Adeyemi, A.O. Bioconversion of Waste Foolscap and Newspaper to
Fermentable Sugar, Journal of Ecological Engineering, 20(4), 2019,
35–41. https://doi.org/10.12911/22998993/102614
9. Ojewumi, M.E., Emetere, M.E., Amaefule, C.V., Durodola, B.M., and
Adeniyi, O..D Bioconversion of orange peel waste by escherichia coli
and saccharomyces cerevisiae to ethanol, International Journal of
Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, 10(3), 2019, pp. 1246-1252.
DOI link:
http://dx.doi.org/10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.10(3).1246-52.
10. Ojewumi, M.E., Job, A.I., Taiwo, O.S., Obanla, O.M., Ayoola, A.A.,
Ojewumi, E.O., Oyeniyi, E.A. Bio-conversion of Sweet Potato Peel
Waste to Bio-ethanol Using Saccharomyces cerevisiae, International
Journal of Pharmaceutical and Phytopharmacological Research
(eIJPPR) 8(3), 2018, pp. 46-54
11. Ojewumi, M.E., Obielue, B.I., Emetere, M.E., Awolu, O.O., Ojewumi.
E.O. Alkaline Pre-Treatment and Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Waste
Papers to Fermentable Sugar. Journal of Ecological Engineering,
19(1), 2018, pp.211–217 https://doi.org/10.12911/22998993/79404\
12. Ahn, J.H., Kim, K. H., Kim, Y. H., & Kim, B. W., Characterization of
hazardous and odorous volatiles emitted from scented candles before
lighting and when lit. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 286, 2015, pp.
242-251.
13. Wu, J.J., Cui, Y., Yang, Y. S., Kang, M. S., Jung, S. C., Park, H. K.,
Yeun, H. Y., Jang, W. J., Lee, S., Kwak, Y. S., Eun, S. Y, Modulatory
effects of aromatherapy massage intervention on
electroencephalogram, psychological assessments, salivary cortisol
and plasma brain-derived neurotrophic factor. Complementary Ther.
Med., 22, 2014, pp. 456–462.
14. Hodge, N.S., McCarthy, M. S., Pierce, R. M, A prospective
randomized study of the effectiveness of aromatherapy for relief of
postoperative nausea and vomiting. Journal. Perianesthesia Nursing:
Official Journal Am. Soc. PeriAnesthesia Nurses/Am. Soc.
PeriAnesthesia Nurses, 29, 2014, pp. 5-11.
15. Kim, S., Kim, H. J., Yeo, J. S., Hong, S. J., Lee, J. M., Jeon, Y, The
effect of lavender oil on stress, bispectral index values, and needle
insertion pain in volunteers. Journal of Alternative Complementary
Medicine, 17, 2011, pp. 823-826.
16. Kabir, E., Kim, K. H., Yoon, H. O, Trace metal contents in barbeque
(BBQ) charcoal products. Journal of Hazardious Materials, 185, 2011,
pp. 1418–1424.
17. Kabir, E., Kim, K. H., Ahn, J. W., Hong, O. F., Sohn, J. R, Barbecue
charcoal combustion as a potential source of aromatic volatile organic
compounds and carbonyls. Journal of Hazadious Materials, 174, 2010,
pp. 492–499.
18. Kim, K.H., Pandey, S. K., Kabir, E., Susaya, J., Brown, R. J, The
modern paradox of unregulated cooking activities and indoor air
quality. Journal of Hazadious Materials, 195, 2011, pp. 1–10.
19. Kim, K.H., Jahan, S. A., Kabir, E, A review of diseases associated with
household air pollution due to the use of biomass fuels. Journal of
Hazadious Materials, 19, 2011, pp. 425–431.
20. Susaya, J., Kim, K.H., Ahn, J.W., Jung, M.C., Kang, C. H BBQ
charcoal combustion as an important source of trace metal exposure to
humans. Journal of Hazadious Materials, 176, 2010, pp.932–937.
21. Derudi, M., Gelosa ,S., Sliepcevich, A., Cattaneo, A., Rota, R.,
Cavallo, D., Nano, G Emissions of air pollutants from scented candles
burning in a test chamber. Atmos. Environ., 55, 2012, pp.257–262.
22. Manoukian, A., Quivet, E., Temime-Roussel, B., Nicolas, M.,
Maupetit, F., Wortham, H Emission characteristics of air pollutants
from incense and candle burning in indoor atmospheres. Environ. Sci.
Pollut. Res. Int., 20, 2013, pp.4659–4670.
23. Orecchio, S., Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in indoor
emission from decorative candles. Atmos. Environ., 45, 2011,
pp.1888–1895.
24. Petry, T., Cazelle, E., Lloyd, P., Mascarenhas, R., Stijntjes, G, A
standard method for measuring benzene and formaldehyde emissions
from candles in emission test chambers for human health risk
assessment purposes. Environ. Sci. Processes Impacts, 15, 2013,
pp.1369–1382.
25. Petry, T., Vitale, D., Joachim, F. J., Smith, B., Cruse, L., Mascarenhas,
R., Schneider, S., Singal, M, Human health risk evaluation of selected
VOC, SVOC and particulate emissions from scented candles. Regul.
Toxicol. Pharm. RTP, 69, 2014, 55–70.
26. Lee, S., Wang, B, Characteristics of emissions of air pollutants from
mosquito coils and candles burning in a large environmental chamber.
Atmos. Environ., 40, 2006, pp.2128–2138.
27. Afshari, A., Matson, U., Ekberg, L. E, Characterization of indoor
sources of fine and ultrafine particles: a study conducted in a full-scale
chamber. Indoor Air, 15, 2005, pp.141–150.
28. Huang, H.L., Tsai, T. J., Hsu, N. Y., Lee, C. C., Wu, P. C., Su, H. J,
Effects of essential oils on the formation of formaldehyde and
secondary organic aerosols in an aromatherapy environment. Build.
Environ., 57, 2012, pp.120–125.
29. Ojewumi, M.E., Emetere, M.E., Babatunde, D.E., Okeniyi, J.O. In Situ
Bioremediation of Crude Petroleum Oil Polluted Soil Using
Mathematical Experimentation. International Journal of Chemical
Engineering, Volume 2017, Article ID 5184760, 11 pages.
https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/5184760.
30. Ojewumi, M.E., J.O. Okeniyi, J.O. Ikotun, E.T. Okeniyi, V.A. Ejemen
and A.P.I. Popoola, Bioremediation: Data on Pseudomonas aeruginosa
effects on the bioremediation of crude oil polluted soil. Data in Brief,
19 (2018), 2018, pp.101-113.
31. Ojewumi, M.E., Okeniyi, Okeniyi E.T., Ikotun, J.O., Ejemen, V.E.,
Akinlabi E.T. Bioremediation: Data on Biologically-Mediated
Remediation of Crude Oil (Escravos Light) Polluted Soil using
Aspergillus niger. Chemical Data Collections, 17-18, 2018.
p.p.196–204.
32. Ojewumi, M.E., Ejemen, V.A., Taiwo, O.S., Adekeye, B.T., Awolu,
O.O., Ojewumi, E.O. A Bioremediation Study of Raw and Treated
Crude Petroleum Oil Polluted Soil with Aspergillus niger and
Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Journal of Ecological Engineering, 19(2),
2018, pp.226-235.
33. Risom, L., Moller, P., and Loft, S, Oxidative stress-induced DNA
damage by particulate air pollution. Mutat. Res., 592, 2005,
pp.119-137.
34. DeMarini, D.M., Genotoxicity biomarkers associated with exposure to
traffic and near-road atmospheres: a review. Mutagenesis, 28, 2013,
pp.485-505.
35. Skovmand, A., Damiao Gouveia, A. C., Koponen, I. K., Møller, P.,
Loft, S., & Roursgaard, M, Lung inflammation and genotoxicity in
mice lungs after pulmonary exposure to candle light combustion
particles. Toxicology Letters, 276, 2017, pp.31–38.
36. Møller, P., Danielsen, P. H., Karottki, D. G., Jantzen, K., Roursgaard,
M., Klingberg, H., Jensen, D. M., Christophersen, D. V.,
Hemmingsen, J. G., Cao, Y., and Loft, S, Oxidative stress and
inflammation generated DNA damage by exposure to air pollution
particles. Mutat. Res., 762, 2014, pp.133-166.
37. Johnson, E.C., & Johnson, C. L., Candle and the method of making the
same, U.S. Patent, Editor. 2001.
38. Baumer, N.J., & Baltimore, M, Candles, U.S.P. Office, Editor. 1934.
39. Dieter Tischendorf, Method of producing candles consisting of
vegetable or animal oils or fats, U.S.P. Application, Editor. 2005.
40. Jaege,r A.O., Candle. 1934.
41. MacLaren, F.H., Wax, U.S.P. Office, Editor. 1939.
42. Ojewumi, M.E., Oyeyemi, K.G., Emetere, M.E, Okeniyi, J.O. Data on
the rheological behavior of cassava starch paste using different
models. Data in Brief, 19, 2018, pp. 2163-2177.
43. Ojewumi, M.E., Omoleye, J.A., Ajayi, A.A. Optimization of
Fermentation Conditions for the Production of Protein Composition in
Parkia biglobosa Seeds using Response Surface Methodology.
International Journal of Applied Engineering Research, 12(22), 2017,
pp.12852-12859.
44. Ojewumi M.E., S.O. Adedokun, A.A. Ayoola and O.S. Taiwo,
Evaluation of the oil Extract from Mentha spicata and its Chemical
Constituents. International Journal of Science and Research, PONTE,
74, No. 11/1, 2018. DOI: 10.21506/j.ponte.2018.11.7.
45. Ojewumi, M.E., Olizeke, Emetere, M.E., Babatunde, D.E. Alternative
solvent ratios for moringa oleifera seed oil extract. International
Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology, 9(12), 2018,
pp.295-307.
46. Ojewumi, M.E., Eluagwule, B., Ayoola, A.A., Ogunbiyi, A.T.,
Adeoye, J. Emetere, M.E., Joseph, O.O. Termiticidal effects of african
locust bean (Parkia biglobosa) seed oil extracts. International Journal
of Current Research, 9(7), 2017, pp.53929-53934.

International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology (IJEAT)
ISSN: 2249 – 8958, Volume-9 Issue-2, December, 2019
5574
Published By:
Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering
& Sciences Publication
Retrieval Number: B2382129219 /2019©BEIESP
DOI: 10.35940/ijeat.B2382.129219
47. Ojewumi, M.E., Omoleye, J.A., Ajayi, A.A. Optimum Fermentation
Temperature for the Protein Yield of Parkiabiglobosa Seeds (Iyere).
Proceeding of the 3rd International Conference on African
Development Issues (CUICAD), 2016a; 584-587, Ota, Ogun-state,
Nigeria. ISSN 2449-075X.
48. Ojewumi, M.E., Omoleye, J.A., Ajayi, A.A. Optimization of
Fermentation Conditions for the Production of Protein Composition in
Parkia biglobosa Seeds using Response Surface Methodology.
International Journal of Applied Engineering Research. 12(22), 2017,
pp.12852-12859.
49. Ojewumi, M.E., Omoleye, J.A., Nyingifa, A.S. Biological and
chemical changes during the aerobic and anaerobic fermentation of
African locust bean. International Journal of Chemistry Studies. 2(2),
2018, pp.25-30.
50. Ojewumi, M.E., Odubiyi, A.O., Omoleye, J.A. Effect of Storage on
Protein Composition of Fermented Soybean (Glycine Max) Seed by
Bacillus Subtillis. Novel Techniques in Nutrition and Food Science.
2(4), 2018, 1-4, NTNF.000543.
AUTHORS PROFILE
Modupe Elizabeth Ojewumi [Ph.D], is a
Researcher and Lecturer in Covenant
University, Ota, Nigeria. Her areas of core
competence includes:
Biotechnology/Biochemical Engineering,
Health/Environmental Engineering and New
products Development.
Dr. Olawole Ogirima Olanipekun, is a lecturer
at Department of Chemical & Petroleum
Engineering of the University of Lagos, Nigeria.
He lectures Biochemical and Biotechnology. He’s
trained in Bioremediation and he has over 20
publications in both locally and internationally
journals. Currently
Oyinlola Obanla holds first and second degree in
chemical Engineering. A versatile Researchers that
specializes in Polymer Engineering.