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HYDRODYNAMIC MODELING OF SEA OF OMAN PRERANA CHITRAKAR (1) , AHMAD SANA (2) & MAHAD BAAWAIN (3)
Abstract
Being a major route for oil transport from the Middle Eastern countries to the rest of the world, the Sea of Oman is vulnerable to pollution. A better understanding of hydrodynamic and morphological changes along the coast and the sea of Oman due to natural effects and artificial discharge requires detailed studies. Numerical modeling is an effective tool in describing a complex circulation pattern between the Sea of Oman, Arabian Gulf, and the Arabian Sea. A two-dimensional hydrodynamic model, that is, Delft3D with depth averaged condition has been used to study the Sea of Oman. Delft-Flow module has been used to simulate the hydrodynamic circulation taking into account of all the significant driving forces. Field measured data are used as initialization and evaluation of the Model. Preliminary modeling results show the variability of water level and current in response to tidal forces and ranges of various hydrodynamic parameters in the study area. This paper provides the better understanding of hydrodynamic modeling of the Sea of Oman which can act as the base tool for various hydro-environmental studies.
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In this study, a three-dimensional coastal ocean model (FVCOM) is used in barotropic mode to simulate tidal amplitudes in the Persian Gulf, Gulf of Oman and Arabian Sea. Finite volume method is applied for solving hydrodynamic equations on an unstructured triangular mesh grid. Amplitudes and phases of 8 main tidal constituents are prescribed along the southern open-ocean boundary. To assess the model performance, the model results were compared with observational evidences. Amplitudes of tidal components observed at 9 tidal gauges in the region confirm the results of harmonic analysis performed on model outputs. Hence, it can be concluded that the amplitudes of 8 tidal components are well predicted by the model. Moreover, amphidromic points are accurately predicted from model results for these components. Also M2 and K1 are determined respectively as major semi-diurnal and diurnal constituents in entire domain. Finally, the tidal regime is classified by employing the form factor F in this area. © 2016, National Institute of Science Communication and Information Resources (NISCAIR). All rights reserved.
A 2D hydrodynamic model, with ability to use unstructured triangular grids, was used to evaluate wind-induced sea level variations in two important gulfs in the Middles East. The model was forced by the modified QuikSCAT wind data above the sea level for a 10-years period, (from 1999 to 2009). Measured water levels at Kish and Lavan Islands were used to calibrate and verify the model. A special effort was carried out to eliminate tidal levels data from the measurements to obtain raw wind-induced fluctuations. The wind drag coefficient, used as main calibration factor was estimated as a function of wind speed. The results proved that the wind drag coefficients for this area are much greater than those which are used in open-oceans. Comparison with the field data proved that the wind-induced setups in the Persian Gulf are much greater than those which were predicted in the previous studies. The final results show that the model is completely applicable for the development of an operational system for predicting wind-induced extreme sea levels in the Persian Gulf and The Oman Sea. In this paper, the wind-induced extreme levels were determined for different coastal areas in the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman. In addition, two useful maps were developed to present extreme wind setup and set-down throughout 10-year modeling period for entire the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman. The results show that extreme wind-induced water levels, in the Northwest and Southeast of the Persian Gulf, are much higher than other places in this region.
In the Sultanate of Oman, data from the late 1990s showed total discharges to the sea by treated effluents from Sewage Treatment Plants (STPs) of 250,000 m3/day, equivalent to 91,250 x 10 3 m3/year from 8 STPs. Data for the year 2003 show much lower discharges (38,705 m3/day, equivalent to 14,127x 10 3 m3/year from 267 STPs). This was due to a wise policy for re-use of treated water. Conscious of its rich marine biodiversity, which is to be protected and preserved, and aware of the need for sustainable development, the Sultanate of Oman has legislation regulating discharges to the sea since 1984. This legislation - Ministerial Decision MD 7/84 - regulates standards for parameters in effluents discharged to the sea. However, in the region most discharges to the sea are from Desalination Plants. In the past few years, many development projects have sprung along the coast; therefore the current status of desalination plants in Oman is still now under assessment
The circulation and mesoscale eddies in the Persian Gulf are investigated using results from a high-resolution (similar to 1 km) Hybrid Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM). The circulation in the Persian Gulf is composed of two spatial scales: basin scale and mesoscale. The progression of a cyclonic circulation cell dominates the basin-scale circulation in the eastern half of the gulf (52 degrees-55 degrees E) during March-July. This is primarily the consequence of density-driven outflow-inflow through the Strait of Hormuz and strong stratification. A northwestward-flowing Iranian Coastal Current (ICC; 30-40 cm s(-1)) between the Strait of Hormuz and north of Qatar (similar to 52 degrees E) forms the northern flank of the cell. Between July and August the ICC becomes unstable because of the baroclinic instability mechanism by releasing the potential energy stored in the cross-shelf density gradient. As a result, the meanders in the ICC evolve into a series of mesoscale eddies, which is denoted as the Iranian coastal eddies (ICE). The ICE have a diameter of about 115-130 km and extend vertically over most of the water column. Three cyclonic eddies produced by the model during August-September 2005 compared quite well with the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) SST and chlorophyll-a observations. The remnants of ICE are seen until November, after which they dissipate as the winter cooling causes the thermocline to collapse.
In October and early November 1999, the GOGP99 experiment collected hydrological, currentmeter, tide recorder, thermistor and drifting buoy data near the Strait of Hormuz. Data analysis provides the water mass structure in the Strait: Persian Gulf Water (PGW) core is banked against the Omani coast, while Indian Ocean Surface Water (IOSW) lies near the Iranian coast. These water masses are most often covered by a homogeneous surface layer. Thermohaline characteristics of the PGW core decrease substantially downstream, from the Persian/Arabian Gulf to the Gulf of Oman. PGW and IOSW thermohaline characteristics and distribution also exhibit notable changes at periods shorter than a month as shown by repeated hydrological sections. The tidal signal measured south of the Strait by moored ADCP and thermistor chains has predominant semi-diurnal M2 and S2 and diurnal K1 components and possesses a complex vertical structure. Tidal intensification near the surface pycnocline is associated with noticeable internal waves. At subtidal timescale, mooring recordings confirm the water mass variability observed in the repeated hydrological sections. The mixed layer also deepens substantially during the 1-month period. Finally, trajectories of surface buoys drogued at 15 m exhibit reversals over periods characteristic of changes in wind direction.
The NOAA research vessel Mt Mitchell operated in the Gulf, Strait of Hormuz, and Gulf of Oman, from February to June 1992. Of seven separate legs, six official legs and on unofficial leg on the homeward journey, four were devoted primarily to physical oceanographic measurements. Basin-wide surveys of bottom sediments and biological variables were also undertaken but those results are not covered here. A variety of physical oceanographic observations were taken: 1. over 500 CTD casts were made; 2. seven current meter moorings were deployed and six were recovered yielding 11 quality current meter records at different depths; 3. 36 drifting buoys with Argos positioning were deployed; and 4. continuous shipboard measurements of meteorological and oceanographic variables were recorded. The expedition data base continues to grow as new data from coastal meteorological and tide stations are added. The measurements are reviewed from the experimental point of view. Data accuracy, resolution, and precision are discussed and quality assurance of the measurements is reviewed. The complete data set covers the important seasonal transition from mid-winter to early summer. During this period of time, solar heating created an intense thermocline which decoupled the surface mixed layer from the interior water. The data are reviewed in the light of prior measurements and recent modelling results.
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