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Blockchain: Is it the future for the tourism and hospitality industry?
Abstract
Recently, blockchain and cryptocurrencies have become topics of discussion in both research and industry. Iansiti and Lakhani perceive blockchain as a foundational technology rather than a disruptive one, since potentially new economic and social systems can be based on blockchain. Therefore, understanding blockchain and contemplating its impact on the tourism and hospitality industry is essential. The tourism and hospitality industry has to focus not on the technology itself but on how it can be used for the benefit of consumers and suppliers, while at the same time creating new tourism products or systems. The purpose of this study is to explore and identify use cases for blockchain for the tourism and hospitality industry. In addition, an outlook on potential future blockchain applications given the current COVID-19 pandemic is provided.
... These provide the opportunity to process, store and access knowledge while being connected through mobile devices (Iranmanesh et al., 2022). Technological breakthroughs like Artificial Intelligence (AI), robotics, the Internet of Things (IoT), autonomous vehicles, Blockchain, Big Data, cloud computing, speech, facial recognition (Jabeen et al., 2022;Li et al., 2021;G€ ossling, 2020;Filimonau and Naumova, 2020;Huang and Rust, 2021;€ Onder and Gunter, 2020;Zaman et al., 2022), social media, intelligent service desks, Metaverse (Buhalis et al., 2023b), Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR) (Cranmer et al., 2021), multiply these opportunities for both consumers and businesses (Zhong et al., 2023;Chen et al., 2022). ...
... Blockchain technology has been applied for secure and transparent transactions ( € Onder and Gunter, 2020), particularly in payment processing and identity verification (B atiz-Lazo and Efthymiou, 2016). The Covid-19 pandemic expedited the adoption of contactless technologies for check-ins, payments and other interactions to enhance safety (Zhong et al., 2022;Franco, 2022;Sharma et al., 2021). ...
... Technology continues to reshape the way travellers plan (Mende et al., 2019) and experience their journeys (Kabadayi et al., 2019). They welcome the convenience of online booking platforms, AI-driven recommendations and contactless check-ins, recognising the time-saving and safety benefits ( € Onder and Gunter, 2020). There's a desire for these advancements to seamlessly enhance the overall experience while preserving the personal touch and warmth associated with hospitality (Yang and Zhang, 2022;Tung and Au, 2018). ...
Purpose
Amidst ongoing digital transformation, the current paper provides a 360-degree overview of technology-adoption in Tourism and Hospitality. By combining and consolidating a wide range of sources, mainly in the tourism literature, the analysis depicts how the complex technological ecosystem often enhances or hinders the successful adoption, integration and interoperability of different technologies.
Design/methodology/approach
The critical review method was used to assess, analyse and synthesise existing literature in the area of digitisation in tourism and hospitality. The critical review process included a thematic analysis of the literature, where recurring themes, patterns and trends were identified towards addressing the study’s research questions.
Findings
The analysis identifies current trends, opportunities, challenges and strategies for technology adoption in tourism and hospitality, the implications for theory, practicable executive directions and avenues for further research.
Originality/value
The paper’s main contribution lies in its comprehensive identification, consideration and incorporation of all primary contemporary technological elements, and the ensuing development of a corresponding conceptual charting framework, which illustrates a multifaceted process with practical implications for various stakeholders, including businesses, authorities, consumers and employees.
... The COVID-19 pandemic has underscored the crucial interplay between public health, sustainable development, and digital innovations [17]. Globally, the surge in blockchain applications, particularly in the business, marketing and finance sectors, signifies the technological advancements reshaping various industries [18]. These developments, coupled with integrating digital solutions during the pandemic, highlight the pervasive role of technology across diverse sectors [19][20][21]. ...
... However, it is unclear how the Metaverse will evolve and its long-term impact on the tourism and hospitality industries [4, 10, 11]. Last, other emerging technologies, such as blockchain, AI-Robotics, and the Internet of Things (IoT), can potentially transform the tourism and hospitality industries [18,45,48]. For example, blockchain could be used to secure and track the movement of travel documents [18], while IoT-enabled devices could improve the efficiency and personalization of the customer experience [50]. ...
... Last, other emerging technologies, such as blockchain, AI-Robotics, and the Internet of Things (IoT), can potentially transform the tourism and hospitality industries [18,45,48]. For example, blockchain could be used to secure and track the movement of travel documents [18], while IoT-enabled devices could improve the efficiency and personalization of the customer experience [50]. As with AI and the Metaverse, it is difficult to predict the exact impact of these technologies on the industry, but they are likely to play a significant role in shaping its future [18,40]. ...
The tourism and hospitality industries are experiencing transformative shifts driven by the proliferation of digital technologies facilitating real-time customer communication and data collection. This evolution towards customer value co-creation demands a paradigm shift in management attitudes and the adoption of cutting-edge technologies like artificial intelligence (AI) and the Metaverse. A systematic literature review using the PRISMA method investigated the impact of customer value co-creation through the digital age on the tourism and hospitality sector. The primary objective of this review was to examine 27 relevant studies published between 2012 and 2022. Findings reveal that digital technologies, especially AI, Metaverse, and related innovations, significantly enhance value co-creation by allowing for more personalized, immersive, and efficient tourist experiences. Academic insights show the exploration of technology’s role in enhancing travel experiences and ethical concerns, while from a managerial perspective, AI and digital tools can drive industry success through improved customer interactions. As a groundwork for progressive research, the study pinpoints three pivotal focal areas for upcoming inquiries: technological, academic, and managerial. These avenues offer exciting prospects for advancing knowledge and practices, paving the way for transformative changes in the tourism and hospitality sectors.
... Although the academic literature on this Blockchain technology concerning the tourism sector is not yet pervasive, the leading academic works published stress the potential of Blockchain technology to improve the efficiency and sustainability of the operations of the different tourism services and as a tool to improve the quality of the service provided to the tourism customer [18]. Furthermore, the impact generated by some tourism activities [19] means that opportunities are being developed that affect public administrations in areas such as the regulation of these activities [2] or the sustainable management of tourist destinations to combat phenomena such as overtourism [20]. ...
... Technological breakthroughs have historically facilitated the generation of new business models in the tourism industry [23], incorporating modernisation processes at the same time as new technological developments associated with the marketing and distribution of tourism services have been introduced [18]. It is evident that technological innovations have played and will play a relevant role in the tourism sector, where there is a growing concern for sustainability [24]. ...
... (3) Analysis of solutions that implement systems that improve cost efficiency for all stakeholders, including tourists, firstly in terms of optimising the members of the tourism service chain and secondly by making payment systems cheaper. Adopting such solutions could lead to new C2C markets [18,47]. From this perspective, and based on the findings raised in this paper, it could be interesting for future research to analyse how this technology is accepted among stakeholders such as customers, suppliers, or workers in order to assess whether its implementation contributes to the improvement of the sustainability of the tourism value chain processes. ...
The deployment of Blockchain technology in the tourism industry is already becoming a reality with the gradual emergence of innovative business models. At its core is the promise of improving the efficiency of the tourism service value chain and enhancing the quality of the service provided to the end customer. This paper analyses research trends focused on using Blockchain technology in tourism. The aim is to determine how this technology impacts the tourism sector and its sustainability. A systematic review, descriptive bibliometric analysis, and network analysis based on co-authorship, co-citation, and keyword analysis criteria, among others, have been used. The results reveal that the subject matter analysed is generating a growing trend in academic research in the fields of sustainable management and supply chain efficiency. The activities in the tourism sector that are incorporating this technology to a greater extent are those related to the areas of marketing, logistics, and smart business models, according to the data extracted from the analysis. This technology already enables the application of solutions that predict and promote tourist behaviour based on sustainable behaviour and consumption habits, generating value for the different stakeholders.
... For example, prior research has demonstrated that effective management of Digital transformation in tourismhospitality knowledge capabilities is integral to an organization's ability to attain business innovations (Malik and Nilakant, 2016;Saide, 2020). Over the past decade, there have been numerous publications on the technology and management strategic that can impact the tourism and hospitality, including blockchain and fintech (Erol et al., 2022;€ Onder and Gunter, 2022). There is still a lack of comprehensive studies exploring the screening and analysis encompassing the advantages, challenges, opportunities and overall collaborative benefits of these three strategic elements (blockchain, fintech and KM), particularly utilizing a literature review method to explore both existing and future research prospects. ...
... By exploring the role of BCT, fintech and KM in the tourism and hospitality over the past decade, the study can provide insights into how these innovations have transformed the industry and identify the benefits and challenges associated with their adoption. BCT is a disruptive innovation that has the potential to revolutionize the tourism and hospitality by enhancing security and transparency in transactions and improving the management and EMJB sharing of customer data (Ochoa-Jim enez et al., 2021; € Onder and Gunter, 2022). Fintech, on the other hand, is a broad category of technology that encompasses a range of financial services, including payment processing, lending and investment management. ...
... For example, prior research has demonstrated that effective management of Digital transformation in tourismhospitality knowledge capabilities is integral to an organization's ability to attain business innovations (Malik and Nilakant, 2016;Saide, 2020). Over the past decade, there have been numerous publications on the technology and management strategic that can impact the tourism and hospitality, including blockchain and fintech (Erol et al., 2022;€ Onder and Gunter, 2022). There is still a lack of comprehensive studies exploring the screening and analysis encompassing the advantages, challenges, opportunities and overall collaborative benefits of these three strategic elements (blockchain, fintech and KM), particularly utilizing a literature review method to explore both existing and future research prospects. ...
... By exploring the role of BCT, fintech and KM in the tourism and hospitality over the past decade, the study can provide insights into how these innovations have transformed the industry and identify the benefits and challenges associated with their adoption. BCT is a disruptive innovation that has the potential to revolutionize the tourism and hospitality by enhancing security and transparency in transactions and improving the management and EMJB sharing of customer data (Ochoa-Jim enez et al., 2021; € Onder and Gunter, 2022). Fintech, on the other hand, is a broad category of technology that encompasses a range of financial services, including payment processing, lending and investment management. ...
Purpose
This study aims to provide a new overview and opportunities of blockchain (BCT), financial technology (fintech) and knowledge management (KM) over the past ten years. Its focus is on their potential to drive new value creation and innovation processes within the digital landscape of the tourism and hospitality.
Design/methodology/approach
This systematic literature review and sociotechnical approach employs a literature analysis, analyzing and synthesizing 62 relevant articles published in the past decade form e-databases (Web of Science and Scopus).
Findings
This study reveals that researchers frequently discuss the potential advantages and challenges of BCT, fintech and KM in this industry. These include establishing systems that prioritize transparency and traceability, addressing blockchain security concerns, enhancing financial transaction efficiency and trustworthiness, and promoting innovation and improvement through KM strategies. Furthermore, this review suggests that the application of blockchain, fintech and KM has the potential to create new markets and opportunities in the tourism and hospitality industry. This study provides insights into the state and implementation of technology-based and knowledge-based for tourism and hospitality in times of crisis and digitization era.
Practical implications
Shifting to new lens (refers to sociotechnical theory), from technology adoption strategy, it is important to stay updated with emerging technologies such as BCT and fintech and upcoming technologies trends must align with tourism and hospitality business objectives, customer expectations and market demands. From the socio-dimension, KM is not confined to technological tools alone. Instead, it is a strategic approach that emphasizes fostering a culture of open communication, collaboration and knowledge sharing within the team of tourism and hospitality industry.
Originality/value
Through a literature review approach, this study establishes a new foundation in tourism and hospitality such as analyzing research gaps, understanding benefits and challenges, supporting methodologies/theoretical frameworks and informing the future research opportunities. Additionally, a novel contribution is the inclusion of sociotechnical approach that is allocated into socio or knowledge resources perspective (knowledge management), and technical or technology perspective (blockchain and fintech) that drives tourism and hospitality innovation.
... Previous research indicates the potential benefits of blockchain use in tourism and hospitality (Önder & Gunter, 2020;Önder & Treiblmaier, 2018;Ozdemir et al., 2020), and further research is strongly recommended to better understand the impact of blockchain and cryptocurrencies on international travel (Assaf et al., 2021). According to Rashideh (2020), the accommodation sector is primed to implement blockchain solutions for financial management, inventory control, and recording guest histories. ...
... In this regard, travel agencies such as Webjet in Australia, Accenture in Canada, TravelChain in Russia, and Cool Cousin in London have already begun to implement blockchain. Given the complexity of the technology and the uncertainty regarding viable use cases, the industry and researchers need to work together to find promising tourism applications of this technology that yield new products and services (Önder & Gunter, 2020). ...
The COVID-19 pandemic has had a devastating impact on the tourism industry, with many destinations facing financial ruin. Technology could help to revitalize the industry by offering new business opportunities, including the tokenization of tourism assets. Tokenization is the process of converting a physical asset into a digital token such as NFTs, which can then be traded on a blockchain-based exchange. This allows investors to buy and sell fractional ownership of an asset, which can be a more affordable and accessible way to invest. This study explores the potential of NFTs to revitalize the tourism industry. We first provide an overview of tokenization, type of tokens, and its potential benefits for the tourism industry. We then present three theoretical perspectives that can be used to rigorously investigate the phenomenon of tokenization in the tourism industry. Finally, we discuss the challenges of tokenization, such as regulatory uncertainty and security risks.
... There are various papers in the existing literature in context of blockchain technology that focus on tourism marketing (Antoniadis et al., 2020;Coita & Ban, 2020), destination (Nam et al., 2021;Tyan et al., 2020;Pilkington, 2017), overall tourism industry (Rana et al., 2022;Valeri & Baggio, 2021;Kwok & Koh, 2019;Önder & Treiblmaier, 2018) and potential use cases in tourism (Önder & Gunter, 2022;Balasubramanian et al., 2022;Treiblmaier, 2020;Kizildag et al., 2019). However, given that the blockchain is a broad technology that begins with a 1.0 digital currency and progresses to a 3.0 digital society (Huang et al., 2020), Treiblmaier (2022) proposed that applications be focused on to better comprehend its impact on tourism. ...
... Firstly, hotels and travel agencies can boost room sales by obtaining real-time data via smart contracts. It can also help restaurants with their supply chain because it provides real-time order tracking (Önder & Gunter, 2022). The BedSwap platform, based on smart contracts developed by tour operator TUI, enables the keeping of bed inventory records without the need for an intermediary (Antoniadis et al., 2020). ...
Blockchain technology, as a distributed digital ledger, enables users to control their credentials without being breached by third parties. From a tourism perspective, it allows tourists to pass through checkpoints and/or bookings without waiting and
having to go through third-party transactions. Hence, this paper aims to discuss traditional identity management (IdM) system challenges and what blockchain might offer as a counterpoint to conventional travel experiences within the tourism domain. We have tried to identify challenges, issues, and implementation areas of IdM in the tourism industry domain
... Accordingly, in tourism, research has highlighted the importance of artificial intelligence (AI) (Gupta et al., 2023), blockchain (Önder & Gunter, 2022), and the metaverse (Buhalis et al., 2023). These developments underscore the need for hospitality managers to effectively consider the implementation of these digital technologies for the Muslim travel market (Battour, Mady, et al., 2024). ...
Purpose: The tourism industry continues to rely on strategic frameworks such as the widely used Global Muslim Travel Index to manage their halal markets. However, dynamic changes in the halal tourism environment necessitate a rethinking of old models and a conceptualization of new ones to remain relevant. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the new RIDA (Responsible, Immersive, Digital, and Assured) Model by CrescentRating.
Design/methodology/approach: Using an autoethnographic approach, this paper draws upon the experience of the model's developer and provides an analysis through a synthesis of the services marketing, technology adoption, and Islamic marketing literature.
Findings: RIDA combines important factors including technological innovation, sustainability, and growth in halal travel into a streamlined framework. The nomological network in our conceptual model suggests that RIDA affects positive tourist outcomes including satisfaction and usage intentions.
Practical implications: Hospitality managers can use the strategic insights from this paper to better understand the implementation of the RIDA Model.
Originality/value: This paper offers first-hand insights into the development of the RIDA model as well as analyzes the industry model based on theoretical lenses from the literature. It concludes with 15 key research directions at the micro-, meso-and macro-levels.
... Dogru et al. [10] point out that the strength of the blockchain consists of four features: shared ledger, security, efficiency, and smart contracts. Additionally, blockchain-based marketplaces are characterized by the shared network infrastructure, the low cost of the verification process, no intermediary on the platform as would be the case in traditional two-sided markets, increased competition, as well as low entry barriers and risks related to privacy [11]. A blockchain is a distributed database of records containing all public transactions and events. ...
Non-fungible tokens (NFTs) represent a promising application of blockchain technology that can potentially disrupt various sectors, mainly tourism. While there have been conceptual discussions regarding the opportunities and challenges of utilizing NFTs for purposes such as digital souvenirs, ticketing, loyalty programs, and conservation initiatives, there remains a significant need for a robust methodological framework to assess the impact of real-world NFT implementations empirically. This paper presents the methodological foundation of ongoing research. It proposes a comprehensive approach to researching NFT initiatives within the tourism sector, which includes data collection methods, analytical techniques, and the design of a workbench for monitoring key performance indicators (KPIs). The proposed framework combines quantitative and qualitative measures to capture the complex nature of NFT adoption, including financial performance, visitor engagement, user experience, and operational efficiency. By establishing standardized protocols and metrics, the proposed methodology aims to enable cross-study comparisons and contribute to developing the best practices for leveraging NFTs in the tourism industry. The work highlights the potential of NFTs to enhance visitor experiences, generate new revenue streams, and promote destinations as tech-savvy hubs, while also addressing ethical and sustainability concerns. The conclusion emphasizes the importance of a structured approach to evaluating NFTs initiatives, which can provide valuable insights for tourism organizations seeking to innovate and remain competitive in a digital landscape. Future research should focus on validating the framework through real-world case studies, exploring additional applications of NFTs in tourism, and addressing challenges related to data availability, technological integration, and stakeholder collaboration.
... In terms of variables, consent was on the side of both genders, where the higher education predominated and residence in the urban environment (Table 6). In the short term, the transition to modern technology in services bring security to customers, thus contributing to their comfort (Önder, Gunter, 2022). This statement was also confirmed by (Luengo-Oroz et al., 2020) who described that companies ensure comfortable travel through the application of digital technologies. ...
... Blockchain technology holds promising potential in regard to transforming the hospitality and tourism business models. We are experiencing fundamental changes in the global economy where blockchain technology is reshaping the financial sector and e-commerce with the inception of the IoV as digital technologies advance (Önder & Gunter, 2022). Hence, the IoI is evolving under the influence of blockchain technology because various intermediaries are being removed from accumulation, transfers, and management of the value. ...
The purpose of this critical reflection is to investigate blockchain technology and its ability to unleash the Internet of Value (IoV) throughout the hospitality and travel sectors through the five realms of the emerging financial technologies and economies, which are cryptocurrencies, decentralized finance, metaverse, non-fungible token, central bank digital currency. Thus, in evolving electronic markets across the hospitality and tourism industry the blockchain technology could unleash the IoV. Nevertheless, certain challenges of blockchain technology such as its applications, privacy, legal frameworks, and environmental impact have to be discussed as all of these facets are critically important in order to optimize the benefits of cutting-edge technology. With the rising opportunities across the IoV, the hospitality and tourism businesses can improve and advance the hospitality and tourism operations by utilizing blockchain technology.
... Supply Chain Management is other situation when this technology is extremely useful because it can be used to track the origin and quality of products like food and beverages in the hospitality sector, enhancing safety and traceability. Finally, privacy-focused identity verification is other essential application where technology can be applied for check-ins and access to certain services (Ö nder & Gunter, 2022). ...
Plain language summary
Navigating the technological landscape in hospitality: Added values and entry barriers of disruptive technologies
This study investigates the impact of disruptive technologies from the Fourth Industrial Revolution on the tourism and hospitality industry. It aims to contribute to organizational understanding of the benefits and barriers associated with adopting these technologies, including AI, Virtual Assistants, Robotics, Metaverse, Blockchain, and more. The research methods involve a thorough literature review and the analysis of over 100 commercial products related to these technologies. The findings reveal that these disruptive technologies have the potential to profoundly transform the tourism industry by enhancing guest experiences and operational efficiency. However, their adoption carries financial and non-financial costs, such as acquisition, installation, maintenance, and staff training. Resistance from employees and consumers also poses challenges. Additionally, the selection and deployment of technology must align with a company’s culture and customer readiness. The study’s implications are two-fold. Firstly, it provides valuable insights for tourism industry stakeholders, aiding informed decision-making regarding technology adoption. Secondly, it categorizes these technologies into a matrix, labeling them as experimental, exclusive, expansion, or extraneous, facilitating organizations in determining their suitability. Nonetheless, this research has limitations. The analysis of commercial products may not encompass the full spectrum of available technologies, and the categorization into the matrix is subject to interpretation. Furthermore, findings may evolve as technology advances, necessitating ongoing research to stay relevant in the ever-changing Fourth Industrial Revolution landscape.
... In addition to traveler-centric themes, several studies have been conducted on BCT implementation and adoption in the tourism and hospitality sector. These studies aim to uncover different drivers, critical barriers, threats, challenges, paradoxes and misunderstandings related to BCT (Irannezhad and Mahadevan, 2021;Önder and Gunter, 2022). However, there is a notable gap in the literature concerning comprehensive theoretical frameworks that can explain the varied adoption rates and practical applications of BCT in different contexts. ...
Purpose-This study aims to investigate the perceptions of service providers in the travel and hospitality industry toward the adoption of blockchain technology (BCT), focusing on its impact on consumer experiences and expectations, especially in terms of trustworthiness and the management of privacy and security concerns.
Design/methodology/approach-The research used a quantitative methodology, collecting data from 135 industry practitioners across five tourism sectors (lodging, connected industries, entertainment, B&B, transportation) in Europe. This approach aimed to understand the diverse perspectives on the benefits and challenges of implementing BCT in their operations.
Findings-The results indicate mixed perceptions regarding blockchain adoption. While there are positive views on BCT's potential to enhance customer experience and service quality, there are significant concerns about its impact on trust and security. A consensus exists between customer and provider perspectives on BCT's trustworthiness, but significant differences were observed in views on privacy and security enhancement.
Originality/value-This research contributes to the existing literature by providing insights into the service providers' and customers' perspectives on BCT within the travel and hospitality industry. It underscores the complexities of adopting new technologies and calls for more in-depth studies to address the identified concerns, thereby offering a novel viewpoint on the adoption of distributed ledger technologies in enhancing customer experience and service delivery.
... Technological breakthroughs and the Internet of Things (IoT) have also reshaped the monetary mechanism by changing the nature of money, the functioning of payment systems, and even consumers' behaviour towards cash-holding (Titova et al., 2021;Carstens, 2019). Moreover, innovations in blockchain technologies and cryptocurrencies are increasing the worldwide adoption of digital payments (Önder & Gunter, 2022). ...
... Empirical studies on adoption factors are crucial (Tham and Sigala 2020). Previous works indicate the need to investigate how technologies like blockchain are adopted in tourism (Nuryyev et al. 2020;Önder and Gunter 2022), considering sustainability (Erol et al. 2022) and extending models like Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and TOE (AlShamsi, Al-Emran, and Shaalan 2022) in different European tourist destinations (Dadkhah, Rahimnia, and Filimonau 2022). This research is the pioneer in mixing the TOE framework, HOT-fit model and sustainability dimensions to analyse key factors influencing blockchain adoption in tourism companies in Portugal, which is a cryptofriendly country suitable for empirical study (Chandler 2022), and the interest in adopting blockchain is increasing (Lacapra 2023). ...
The adoption of blockchain technology is gaining trends, leading to the need for investigations into the reasons that persuade the intention to adopt it by companies. However, empirical studies in the tourism industry are still scarce. This investigation aims to design a new adoption model that combines Human-Organisation-Technology-Fit (HOT-fit), Technology-Organisation-Environment (TOE) and sustainability dimensions. The model is validated using new empirical evidence in a relatively understudied geographic context, with a sample of 210 Portuguese tourism companies. The information was examined utilising Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM). The outcomes indicate that reasons such as sustainability and competition intensity significantly impact the objective to adopt blockchain. The work provides practical implications for businesses, governments and society. Additionally, this paper offers a pioneering study of blockchain adoption by tourism companies in Portugal, which may help future researchers extend their study of this field to other sectors and regions.
... After applying these criteria, 87 papers were identified as relevant for the review (Alhamad & Mabkhot, 2023;Almeida-Santana et al., 2020;Anguera-Torrell et al., 2021;Bamidele et al., 2023;Banik et al., 2022;Bellizzi et al., 2020;Bougoure et al., 2016;Byun et al., 2020;Chang et al., 2024;Chatterjee & Mandal, 2020;H.-T. Chen & Chao, 2015;Chiang, 2018Chiang, , 2019Coursaris et al., 2016;Dayioglu & Alnipak, 2023;Díaz De Oleo et al., 2022;Dwesar & Sahoo, 2022;Feng et al., 2021;Filippo et al., 2020;Gallego & Font, 2021;Gazzeh et al., 2022;Grandhi et al., 2021;Gures et al., 2018b;Haarpaintner, 2022;Higham et al., 2016;Hlee et al., 2018;Hojeghan & Esfangareh, 2016;Hu & Yang, 2021;Ianenko et al., 2022;Jang et al., 2022;Kizildag et al., 2019;Kunz et al., 2016;Kwok et al., 2017;Lin & Zhang, 2021;Line et al., 2020;Liu et al., 2018;Loureiro, 2016;Madzík et al., 2023Madzík et al., , 2023Mantin & Rubin, 2016;Mariani et al., 2020Mariani et al., , 2020Masa'deh et al., 2021;Meire & Derudder, 2022;Menon et al., 2021;Messner, 2020;Moehl & Friedman, 2022;Mohd Suki & Mohd Suki, 2017;Morgan & Pritchard, 2018;Moslehpour et al., 2020;Muritala et al., 2020;Noori-daryan et al., 2023;Novikov, 2022;O'Connor, 2020;Önder & Gunter, 2022;Park et al., 2020;P.J. et al., 2021;Punel & Ermagun, 2018;Rashideh, 2020;Rasool & Pathania, 2021b;Rincon-Novoa et al., 2022;Samarah et al., 2022;Seetanah et al., 2019;Seo & Park, 2018;Sezgen et al., 2023;Sharma & Sharma, E-ISSN: 2656 -9124 Endang Hariningsih / Andre Yosafat / Gratia Atanka Barus 203 2019; Širá & Pukała, 2019;Stamolampros et al., 2020;Stanojevic, 2020;Sujood et al., 2022;Tham & Evers-Swindell, 2018;Thongkruer & Wanarat, 2023Y. Wang et al., 2017Y. ...
The aviation industry has increasingly turned to digital marketing to stay competitive and meet evolving customer expectations. This study conducts a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) to analyze emerging trends and best practices in digital marketing within the aviation sector. Utilizing articles from the Scopus database published between 2016 and 2023, the review identifies top key strategies online review such as social media marketing, website, various social media, Online Travel Agent (OTA), social network, travel review website. The findings highlight the effectiveness of these tools in enhancing customer engagement, satisfaction, and loyalty while addressing challenges such as high competition and data privacy concerns. This study underscores the need for a comprehensive understanding of digital marketing optimization to improve customer choice of airlines.
... The discussion of AI and payments will be incomplete without a mention of blockchain and its application in the field of cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin. While it is beyond the scope of this chapter to discuss how blockchain and cryptocurrencies work in detail, the allowance of cryptocurrencies by regulators will usher in a truly unified and seamless cashless system that will benefit international travellers (Önder & Gunter, 2022). AI can help to accelerate this realization of a more fluid payment currency as AI can assist the development of cryptocurrency in various aspects including data processing, analysing, making price predictions and improving the underlying blockchain infrastructure supporting cryptocurrencies (Choithani et al., 2022). ...
With increasing opportunities for the hospitality industry to interact with customers using artificial intelligence (AI), hospitality managers need to decide on the services that are most suited to integrate AI. This requires an understanding of how AI affects different service activities. To address this, this study discusses the impact of AI on various service components using the Flower of Service Model. This chapter contributes to the study of AI innovation in services marketing by showing the relevance of seminal services marketing frameworks in the emerging AI landscape and providing strategic insights for hospitality managers to effectively implement AI in hospitality services.
... In this regard, academics acknowledge the need for a more thorough investigation into the drivers and drawbacks of adopting BT, as well as the theoretical and managerial implications of its integration in the tourism context (Valeri and Baggio 2021). Previous studies have been criticized for overlooking the end users' perspective, often focusing primarily on the technological architecture of BT (Önder and Gunter 2022;Dadkhah et al. 2022). Specifically, at the heart of the literature gap lies a neglect of understanding tourists' perceptions and their behavioral intentions toward BT adoption (Balasubramanian et al. 2022;Zavolokina et al. 2023;Muharam et al. 2023). ...
Blockchain technology (BT) has attracted increasing attention in various research domains in recent years, particularly in the tourism industry where investments in blockchain-based solutions have witnessed remarkable growth. Scholars recognize BT as a disruptive innovation that has the potential to revolutionize the management of tourism processes and enhance traveler experiences. However, despite this growing interest, the literature on BT's application in the tourism sector is still in its early stages compared to other inter-net-related technologies. This research paper addresses the gap in understanding the challenges and opportunities of implementing and accepting BT within tourism. Specifically, it focuses on the critical aspects of security and trust, as they play pivotal roles in influencing tourists' behavioral intentions towards BT adoption. The study extends the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) model, incorporating security and trust as relevant antecedents, to comprehensively examine the dynamics driving BT adoption within the tourism context. The proposed model and findings contribute to filling the gaps in existing literature and offer valuable information for tourism players and policymak-ers to formulate strategies promoting BT acceptance in the tourism sector. By advancing understanding of BT adoption factors and end users' perspectives, this research facilitates the industry's transition towards integrated and seamless experiences for travelers, thus shaping the future of tourism through blockchain technology.
... The tourism industry has experienced a significant negative impact due to COVID-19, from the absence of international tourists to the closure of the tourism market (Carr, 2020). Governments in various countries have forcibly closed tourism-related hotels, restaurants, attractions, and businesses (Önder & Gunter, 2022). This tourism closure has affected the global economy and reduced the community's economic capacity. ...
The research was motivated by the declining condition of tourism in Indonesia due to Covid-19, but it has the potential to develop further. Therefore, this study aims to describe the prospect and strategies for developing tourism during COVID-19. This research used a qualitative approach with descriptive methods by taking the case of tourism in Sukabumi Regency, Indonesia. Data were collected by observation and in-depth interviews by taking government and community leaders as key informants. Furthermore, informants who understand tourism development were selected through purposive and snowballing sampling techniques: related government (n=7) and the community (n=20). Data was also collected in focus group discussions to identify problems through swot analysis and formulate tourism development strategies. The study results show data that during the Covid-19 pandemic, tourism potential has increased in variety and innovation due to encouragement from the government and community efforts to independently develop their area as a tourist attraction when tourist visits are closed. The recommendation of this research is to make a grand design strategy for tourism development, developing and strengthening tourism institutions at the government and community levels, infrastructure development, and sustainable collaborative management.
... Due to the aforementioned factors, the traditional tourism industry is in dire need of new and innovative digital technologies to reduce costs and increase efficiency. Blockchain is an emerging technology that promises to revolutionize the tourism industry by providing a dependable solution for the valid, certified, and secure connection between the tourism industry, tourism product, and tourism audience (Önder & Gunter, 2020;Bamakan et al., 2021). However, the existing smart tourism solutions based on blockchain technologies, which we will describe below, are insufficient for resolving the fundamental challenges facing the tourism industry (Bulut, 2021). ...
Tourism is crucial to people’s everyday life and the global economy. However, despite its significance, the conventional tourism business confronts significant development obstacles. Consequently, incorporating digital technology into the traditional tourism business in order to further cut costs and increase efficiency is regarded as an absolute necessity. As a nascent technology, blockchain has the potential to revolutionize the tourism sector since it provides a secure platform connecting the tourism business and its customers (employees and tourists). Through this endeavor, a comprehensive literature assessment on blockchain technology in smart tourism will be conducted. In addition, the Internet of Things (IoT) and large-scale analytics can be utilized to enhance the tourist experience. It is important to note that during the COVID-19 pandemic, the tourism industry’s issues were more standardized. Therefore, the conventional tourism business should be swiftly modernized. From the perspective of smart tourism, blockchain can serve as a platform that reliably and efficiently connects travelers with tourism products.KeywordsBlockchainSmart tourismTourism industryInnovative platformsTourist experienceData analyticsJEL ClassificationO32O33Z32L86
... More recently, themes of advanced technologies as future disruptors in the travel and tourism industry have appeared in the literature. These include Blockchain, by providing decentralized and transparent solutions for various actions such as payment processing and loyalty programs [74][75][76][77], artificial intelligence, by using chatbots, virtual assistants, and recommendation engines [78][79][80] and Metaverse [49], by the use of advanced reality technologies such as augmented reality, virtual reality, mixed reality, and other emerging technologies that will allow experiences in ways not possible in the real world [81]. ...
The tourism industry has faced several challenges over the years, due to the evolution of technology and behavioral changes of the generations. The research focused on the new generation of tourists, Generation Z. Known as digital natives, the study aimed to identify their current travel behavior in the digital age and their perception of the future of travel in the context of recent technological developments, namely artificial intelligence, and virtual reality, thus highlighting specific elements that could disrupt the travel industry. To achieve this goal, qualitative research was conducted, using two sessions of focus groups among 20 Generation Z tourists. The results show that Generation Z tourists exhibit disruptive behavior primarily due to their heavy reliance on social media platforms, even for travel purposes. Social media has become their primary search engine, and travel influencers hold significant sway over certain individuals in this generation. In addition, they serve as influencers, by sharing visual content from their travels. Another noteworthy trend in the travel industry is Generation Z’s inclination towards multi-channel booking, effortlessly switching between different booking options. Lastly, although the results show little awareness of the potential of advanced technologies, their openness to adopt them to simplify the travel planning process further contributes to the disruption of traditional travel patterns. Generation Z can be considered a bridge between previous and future generations. The study has implications for management and marketing activities in the tourism field.
Non-fungible tokens (NFTs) are an emerging application of blockchain technology, with the potential to transform various industries, including tourism. Despite conceptual discussions that have highlighted opportunities and challenges associated with using NFTs—such as in digital souvenirs, ticketing systems, loyalty programmes, and conservation initiatives—there is a critical gap in the literature consisting of the lack of a structured methodological framework to empirically evaluate the impact of real-world NFT implementations. This study addresses this gap by proposing a conceptual model and methodological framework designed to assess NFT projects in the tourism sector. The framework integrates diverse data collection methods, advanced analytical techniques (including econometric analysis, natural language processing, and machine learning), and a technological workbench for tracking key performance indicators (KPIs). To demonstrate its applicability, the framework is applied to the Dalmatia NFT project, an exploratory application in cultural tourism. The considered example highlights the potential of NFTs to enhance tourism experiences while addressing challenges such as scalability, sustainability, and user engagement. This study concludes with insights into the framework’s practical implications for stakeholders and outlines future research directions for empirical validation. By bridging the gap between theory and practice, this study aims to provide a robust foundation for effectively integrating NFTs into the tourism industry.
The environment is dynamic because of the advanced technologies that disrupt the hospitality industry by changing the customers' expectations. Managers in hospitality establishments need to be able to match plans, processes, and actions with burgeoning innovation. Disruptive technologies are already a phenomenon that affects the hospitality industry and changes product design, customer involvement, productivity and organizational choices. The changes open the opportunity for managers to remain creative and efficient and develop ways through which guest experiences can be improved and organizational profit can be achieved. However, performing an understanding, implementation, and maintenance of the technological frameworks is a difficult task if one practiced in traditional management tasks. The text explores the impact of data analytics, artificial intelligence, automation and digital platforms on the decisions taken by managers, which enables them to make more informed and timely decisions.
Az okos (smart) technológiák, mint az IoT, a big data, a mesterséges intelligencia és a digitális platformok, alapvetően átalakítják a turizmus iparát, különösen a fürdővárosok esetében. Ezek a technológiák nemcsak a turisztikai élmények gazdagításához járulnak hozzá, hanem elősegítik a fenntarthatóságot és a helyi közösségek jólétének javítását is. A tanulmány célja, hogy feltárja a smart technológiák és mesterséges intelligencia (MI) alkalmazásának jelenlegi helyzetét és lehetséges jövőbeli hatásait a nemzetközi és regionális turizmusban, különös tekintettel a fürdővárosokra, amelyek az egészségturizmus fontos központjai. Az elemzés számos nemzetközi példán és esettanulmányon alapul, amelyek alátámasztják a technológiák gazdasági, ökológiai és társadalmi hatásait.
The incorporation of digital technologies in hotels worldwide is moving forward at the same pace as the recovery of the tourism sector itself following the COVID-19 pandemic. Researchers have looked at this topic from the perspective of suppliers and consumers, but little research has been carried out on hotels’ internal digitalisation processes and understanding their technological priorities to become more competitive. Atomization of hotel business structure and its characteristics and composition have traditionally hindered data collection. This research addresses this gap through close collaboration with the regional associative structure. The initial hypothesis is that digitization in Andalusian hotels flows at different speeds. The aim of the present study is to establish both the current state and the speed of digital transformation in hotels. To this end, there is an analysis of the degree of implementation of digital technologies in the hotel sector based on a case study of Andalusia (Spain). A mixed method approach is used, combining two focus groups that together contain 14 stakeholders, with 183 technological implementation surveys sent to hotels. This approach allows differentiation between the values of hotels specifically and those of accommodation as a whole, using two blocks of questions: technological solutions and tools; and infrastructures, integrations and data analysis. The results allow the validation of the initial hypothesis and show digital transition at two different speeds. The solutions and tools implemented, the technological priorities of future implementation and the use of digital enablers each display very disparate realities. Accelerating the rhythm of digitalisation is a great challenge for all hotels, whatever their category. The study contributes an original theoretical-practical model, whose method can be applied to other tourist destinations, regardless of their nationality. It enables comparisons and measurements, addressing both the typology of technological tools and solutions, and digitalisation issues.
Purpose
This study aims to investigate the strategies and challenges of deploying Blockchain within the context of mobile public bazaars’ (MPBs) food supply chains (FSCs) in the tourism and hospitality industry (T&H).
Design/methodology/approach
Drawing on qualitative data gathered from 20 semistructured interviews with stakeholders (e.g. producers, food service businesses and government agencies), the study uses theme analysis to identify patterns and insights.
Findings
Findings reveal four strategies (i.e. implementations, digital literacy and awareness, government incentives and interoperability) and four challenges (i.e. public perception, business logic, constraints, legislative and administrative) arising from the deployment of Blockchain in the FSCs of MPBs.
Originality/value
The study contributes to the literature by offering a comprehensive examination of the strategies and challenges associated with deploying Blockchain in the FSCs of MPBs within the T&H industry. It extends beyond singular theoretical frameworks, using a multitheory approach and offers a novel smart contract model for practical implementation.
The integration of blockchain technology into the hospitality industry represents a significant opportunity to enhance operational efficiency and improve guest experiences. Blockchain, a decentralized digital ledger offers transparency in security and immutability of data making it well-suited for applications in hospitality. The chapter explores various applications of blockchain technology in hospitality including booking and reservation systems, payment solutions, identity verification, supply chain management, loyalty programs and guest reviews. By leveraging blockchain hospitality businesses can streamline processes, reduce costs and provide more personalized services to guests. However, the adoption of blockchain in hospitality also presents challenge including technical scalability issues, regulatory uncertainties and integration complexities. Collaborative efforts between industry stakeholders, technology providers and regulatory bodies will be essential in overcoming these challenges and unlocking the transformative power of blockchain in hospitality.
Blockchain technology has become a hot topic of interest and has gained considerable attention in a range of research fields, including the tourism industry. It has completely transformed the way tourists experience things, but there is still ongoing research on its impact in the field of tourism. This study aims to identify the facilitators that help in the adoption of blockchain technology in an emerging economy like India. The study examines various factors that contribute to the ease of use and effectiveness of a system, including expectations of effort, security, availability of resources, social influence, and expectations of performance. Conducted in Raipur, the capital city of Chhattisgarh, with a sample size of 380 using convenience sampling. Findings indicate that all facilitators significantly impact blockchain adoption among tourists. Effort Expectancy was found to be the most influential factor, while Social Influence had the least impact. This study offers valuable insights into the adoption of blockchain technology among tourists, specifically in central India.
Blockchain technology is one of the technologies emphasized both academically and practically due to the possibility of application integration in different fields. The tourism sector has an interest in blockchain technology due to its early and rapid adoption of technology. Today, blockchain technology is mainly used in finance. However, it is also preferred in tourism due to the opportunities it provides in data management, payment systems, identity management and loyalty programs. In this study, a literature review was first conducted to examine the use of blockchain technology in the tourism sector. Then, the first pioneer companies that emerged in the field of tourism were classified. The relationship between blockchain and tourism is evaluated within the scope of institutional analysis. Then, an analysis was carried out within the framework of the diffusion of innovation theory. As a result, it has been determined that blockchain technology is still developing. However, the promising and growing number of the first sectoral solutions increases the likelihood of acceptance. There is a lack of knowledge about blockchain among industry players and consumers. Integration of blockchain technology with tourism applications is ongoing, but no generally accepted standard has emerged. It has been determined that there are deficiencies regarding local and global legal regulations.
Information and communication technology (ICT) drives tourism development. Utilising the e-commerce pilot city policy (CNEP) as a quasi-natural experiment, this study explores the effect of ICT on tourism development and the transmission mechanism. A multi-period difference-in-differences model is used to analyse panel data from 280 Chinese prefecture-level cities from 2003 to 2019. The results show that the CNEP promotes tourism development. The transmission mechanism indicates that the CNEP promotes tourism development by reducing tourism environmental costs and increasing tourism network attention. Additionally, the heterogeneity analysis reveals that the CNEP has a more significant effect on promoting tourism development in large and big-internet-scale cities. These findings provide crucial empirical evidence for the tourism-driven impact of ICT and meaningful policy implications for the tourism industry’s digital transformation.
Blockchain technology, on the other hand, provides a secure and transparent way to record and verify transactions, making it an ideal solution for the tourism and hospitality industry. By using blockchain technology, businesses can streamline their payment processes, reduce fraud and identity theft, and improve data security. Additionally, this chapter will be focusing upon how blockchain technology can enable businesses to create decentralized and secure marketplaces for booking accommodations, flights, and other travel services, eliminating the need for intermediaries and reducing costs for both businesses and customers.
In the contemporary era, there is a heightened awareness of the significance of a spiritual life, and travel is a popular choice for many. The Internet is driving rapid diversification in people's travel choices. At the same time, the traditional tourism industry's Tourism Management (TM) model, which has been in place for decades, is no longer able to satisfy people's diversified choices for tourism. This is due to a number of factors, including the trust crisis caused by asymmetric information, the outdated nature of the TM model, and the insecure personal information that is shared between intermediaries. This paper discusses the application of sustainable blockchain technology in tourism management and sets up a tourism management system based on blockchain and the Internet of Things. It takes 20 scenic spots as examples to study the application of the TM model. This paper evaluates the TM model from four key aspects: tourist satisfaction, tourism infrastructure completeness, tourism consumption level and tourism service content richness. It compares the results with those of the traditional TM system. The experimental results are clear: tourist satisfaction at scenic spots 5, 10 and 15 in the sustainable blockchain TM mode is 68 %, 87 % and 71 % respectively, which is higher than that in the traditional TM mode. In the context of sustainable blockchain, the TM mode is the optimal approach for serving tourists and enhancing their travel experience. This study also assists Chinese tourism business operators in recognizing the potential impact of blockchain technology on the development of the tourism industry. They can then formulate strategies at an early stage to cope with the information technology changes in the era of the digital economy.
The digital transformation in the tourism, aviation, and hospitality industries has led to unprecedented connectivity and productivity with the integration of automation and AI in operational processes. A robust and transparent industry is built on good governance and cyber security measures while understanding how effective management, security, safety compliance, accountability, transparency, and ethical standards contribute to the long-term success of these sectors that requires pervasive use of sustainable growth technologies while balancing the benefits of personalization with privacy concerns and regulatory compliance. The increased reliance on digital platforms raises concerns about data privacy dealing with data collection, storage and processing while considering the future prospects proactively with emerging technologies such as IoT, 5G, 6G, blockchain management and many more. The chapter delves on the role good governance and cyber security play in tourism, aviation and hospitality sectors while showcasing the possible future trends.
The research delves into the nexus between cryptocurrencies and tourist activity, with a special focus on the facet of legal regulations. The study’s objective is to fathom how cryptocurrencies influence the tourism sector, and how legal standards bear on transactions involving cryptocurrencies within the tourism industry.
The principal aim is to unravel the interconnection between the employment of cryptocurrencies in tourist services and its concurrent legal governance in four handpicked countries: Spain, France, Croatia, and the Netherlands.
Clustering was achieved through SOM and PCA methodologies, which, in unison, proffer profound insights into the data’s architecture and interconnectedness. The data was collected through scraping with an API key. The research underscores that blockchain technologies, including but not limited to Ethereum’s advancements that extend beyond just Bitcoin, are steadily gaining a more influential role in tourism. Moreover, legal guidelines, especially within the EU, wield significant influence over transactions and operations associated with these digital assets.
In the world of luxury spa tourism, brands offer unique value propositions that make a spa different from all the others. Luxury spas should use technology to attract guests, such as integrating blockchain technology to enhance brand trust and authenticity. Blockchain technology can influence branding by enhancing trust, improving loyalty programs, and addressing trust issues in the digital space. It can make the luxury spa tourism industry more efficient, transparent, and trustworthy. It can also help spas better meet their customers’ needs and attract new customers worldwide. A systematic review of the pertinent academic literature was undertaken to delineate the constituent components arising from the integration of blockchain technology and their prospective impact on branding within the luxury spa tourism domain. This comprehensive analysis encompassed scrutiny of 50 scholarly articles focused on the application of blockchain technology in tourism. Through a rigorous examination of this corpus, 24 recurrent facets were identified, having the potential to mold the landscape of branding in the luxury spa hospitality industry.
This paper investigates the application of blockchain technology in the tourism industry, reviews its evolution and develops a future research agenda. A semi-systematic literature review was conducted of 98 publications from 2017 to the first quarter of 2023, indexed in the Web of Science database. This is followed by an in-depth analysis of the most recent papers (2022 to March 2023). The research focuses on the improvement of processes, their interaction with other technologies and adaptation to the environment. However, the studies show the need for further study on social and legal aspects. In addition, blockchain technology could be an enabling tool in the face of new sustainability paradigms or crisis environments. Finally, considering new lines of research, five dimensions were identified (social, organisational, technological, sustainable and economic) as well as the need to develop a regulatory framework and interaction with other technologies.
Purpose
The purpose of this study synthesises the body of research revolving around blockchain technology (BCT) whilst drawing on the technology-organization-environment framework, resource-based theory and theory of constraints, to conceptualize capabilities (enablers) and constraints (barriers) of BCT in the hospitality and tourism (H&T) industry.
Design/methodology/approach
A systematic literature review of BCT in the hotel and tourism industry has been achieved through two databases, i.e. Scopus and Web of Science. From 544 articles selected between the years 2008 and 2023 (first quarter), a sample of 49 articles was used to structure existing research on this subject.
Findings
The findings of this systematic literature review of BCT in the H&T literature establish a solid groundwork for assessing the evolution of this research area over time. Findings are classified into two groups: capabilities (enablers) and constraints (barriers) of BCT based on publication year, different research methods, theoretical underpinnings and applicable contexts.
Originality/value
To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is one of the first attempts to synthesize studies related to BCT in H&T research by combining three theoretical approaches. It serves as a foundation to evaluate the development of BCT studies in this field.
A pre-print of the article can be found at https://accedacris.ulpgc.es/handle/10553/120740
Digital marketers are becoming increasingly aware of people's online consumer experiences owing to the increasing popularity of online consumption. Exceptional online consumer experiences and memorable encounters are crucial. Although the use of cryptocurrency payments has become a new area for online website business growth, research on the experiential attributes of online travel websites supporting cryptocurrency payments is still lacking. The current research utilized text analytics and sentiment analysis to analyze reviews from seven online travel websites that accept cryptocurrency payments. This study identified 17 online experience topics and examine their relationship with ratings. Thereafter, perform emotional analysis in the comments. This research aimed to clarify the experiential aspects and emotional responses associated with online travel websites that accept cryptocurrency payments, ultimately contributing to a profound understanding of consumer experiences in this domain. Result provides new insights into the online experiences of online travel websites that accept cryptocurrency payments and contributes to theoretical and practical implications in this field.
The use cases of blockchain as an innovative technology have increasingly captured the attention of tourism enterprises. To date, the literature tends to discuss blockchain's advantages rather than how early enterprise adopters and innovators experience and perceive the technology. As such, the extent of technology diffusion is not well understood. This study critically explores the factors influencing blockchain diffusion in tourism and how blockchain innovation is diffused in tourism. We conducted semistructured interviews with founders and senior executives of tourism enterprises in the United States and Europe who are early adopters and innovators of blockchain in tourism. From the thematic analysis, our empirical findings indicate that blockchain has much to offer despite the nascent link between blockchain's business value to an enterprise's strategic plans and the limited success of use cases in tourism. We summarize the findings in a conceptual framework and offer propositions based on the antecedents (motivators and drivers and challenges and barriers) of blockchain diffusion of innovation for enterprises to achieve competitive advantage. The propositions provide a research agenda to guide the strategic implementation of blockchain.
Blockchain technology is one of the fundamental drivers of transformation in various fields, including tourism, which futurists refer to as one of the top 30 technologies of the current decade and the future of humanity. Based on this, this article aims to find the platforms for the application of blockchain technology in the sustainable tourism sector. This article is a type of applied articles and its method is descriptive-analytical. Blockchain technology is one of the fundamental drivers of transformation in various fields, including tourism, which futurists refer to as one of the top 30 technologies of the current decade and the future of humanity. Based on this, this article is based on the fact that the basis of this article is to propose a framework of applications of this technology in the field of sustainable development policy, operations (business) and research and infrastructure in sustainable urban tourism in Iran. The results of the research show that the influence of the index of preservation of cultural and social values of local communities on sustainable tourism is more than other indicators and is equal to 0.953. The effect of the index of direct communication between the buyer and the seller of services in the operational field (business) is equal to 0.881 and the index of reducing the possibility of wrong booking in the field of research and infrastructure is also equal to 0.925. Therefore, the clear suggestion of this article is that the implementation of blockchain in sustainable tourism should start from the policy area of sustainable development.
This study aims to investigate consumer intention to pay for services in the travel and tourism industry using cryptocurrencies. This research investigates the impact of technology awareness, motivational factors and consumer attitudes on the intention to pay for tourism services using cryptocurrency by analyzing data collected from 794 respondents in the Baltic countries (Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia). The empirical findings support the extended Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and confirm that technology awareness, motivational factors and attitudes towards cryptocurrencies have a statistically significant impact on the intention to use cryptocurrencies to pay for tourism services. The results also suggest that technology awareness has an indirect effect on intention through the mediators of motivational factors and attitude, with motivation indirectly affecting intention through the mediator of attitude towards cryptocurrencies.
Blockchain technology is emerging as a high-impact solution for the tourism industry, a topic chosen for its growing research relevance and potential to revolutionise the tourism sector in several areas. This study examines how the combination of Blockchain technology and P2P platforms advances sustainability and marketing in the tourism accommodation market. It attempts to fill a gap in the literature by focusing on its application in two areas, namely digital markets and technology, which are expanding. The originality of this research lies in its comprehensive review of blockchain applications in tourism from a practical point of view, which has been largely unexplored in the existing literature. Through a bibliometric review of forty-two papers, various Blockchain applications were identified, such as improving transparency, trust, and efficiency in hotel operations and eliminating intermediaries to reduce costs. The adoption of smart contracts and the use of cryptocurrencies have also emerged as key trends. These findings highlight the transformative potential of Blockchain technology to build trust between hosts and guests, streamline processes, and improve the customer experience. However, they emphasise the need for the careful planning and consideration of the challenges associated with implementing this technology. Future research should further explore the specific applications of Blockchain technology in tourism to optimise its impact on industry and ensure long-term sustainability.
INTRODUCTION: The Internet era has made the world more closely connected, and ecotourism has also caught up with the Internet era of cloud computing, making more and more international ecotourism destinations in China known to the world. China's global ecotourism industry has made significant progress, but it needs to be better to construct international ecotourism destinations. Therefore, conducts the grouping analysis of QCA of international ecotourism destinations in the cloud computing era of geo-ecology.OBJECTIVES: To improve the construction level of China's international ecotourism destinations and promote the in-depth development of China's global ecotourism; to solve the dilemma that China's ecotourism destinations are imperfectly constructed, and the brand can not go out; and to promote the enhancement of tourism concepts of international ecotourism destinations in the age of computers.METHODS: Firstly, the feasibility analysis of international ecotourism destination construction in the cloud computing era is carried out by using QCA analysis and histogram analysis; secondly, the relevant QCA model is established to analyze the influencing factors of international ecotourism destination construction; lastly, the tripartite game model is utilized to explore the benefits of international ecotourism destinations for the residents, the government, and the enterprises.RESULTS: The construction of international ecotourism destinations in China is feasible from the perspectives of functional spatial configuration, economic development, cultural tradition, and natural environment; the structure of international ecotourism destinations has an apparent positive driving effect on the construction sites; the tripartite game model shows that there are positive benefits not only for the residents, government, and enterprises but also for the related groups and tourists.CONCLUSION: From the full text of the study, the construction of international ecotourism destinations has a significant driving effect on China's economy; however, the tourism industry in the era of cloud computing needs to be further standardized, and the construction of international ecotourism destinations should be strengthened.
The purpose of this study is to critically review the effect of generative artificial intelligence (GAI) tools on higher education and research in the tourism and hospitality (TH) field. This manuscript identifies capabilities and implications of these GAI applications through a theoretical lens. GAI adoption in TH education can facilitate personalized learning experiences, enhance the technological competence of students, and foster a more diverse and inclusive learning environment. For academic research, GAI-enabled technologies may revolutionize data collection, analysis, and writing in a myriad of ways. However, there are multiple ethical and legal concerns associated with adoption that must be considered. At the end of this paper, we propose ten discussion questions aimed at stimulating conversation about adoption of GAI tools in TH education and research.
این مقاله مروری به تشریح کاربرد های فناوری بلاکچین در صنعت گردشگری می پردازد
The novel coronavirus (COVID-19) is challenging the world. With no vaccine and limited medical capacity to treat the disease, nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPI) are the main strategy to contain the pandemic. Unprecedented global travel restrictions and stay-at-home orders are causing the most severe disruption of the global economy since World War II. With international travel bans affecting over 90% of the world population and wide-spread restrictions on public gatherings and community mobility, tourism largely ceased in March 2020. Early evidence on impacts on air travel, cruises, and accommodations have been devastating. While highly uncertain, early projections from UNWTO for 2020 suggest international arrivals could decline by 20 to 30% relative to 2019. Tourism is especially susceptible to measures to counteract pandemics because of restricted mobility and social distancing. The paper compares the impacts of COVID-19 to previous epidemic/pandemics and other types of global crises and explores how the pandemic may change society, the economy, and tourism. It discusses why COVID-19 is an analogue to the ongoing climate crisis, and why there is a need to question the volume growth tourism model advocated by UNWTO, ICAO, CLIA, WTTC and other tourism organizations.
To support the understanding that banks’ debt issuance means money creation, while centralized nonbank financial institutions’ and decentralized bond market intermediary lending does not, the paper aims to convey two related points: First, the notion of money creation as a result of banks’ loan creation is compatible with the notion of liquid funding needs in a multi-bank system, in which liquid fund (reserve) transfers across banks happen naturally. Second, interest rate-based monetary policy has a bearing on macroeconomic dynamics precisely due to that multi-bank structure. It would lose its impact in the hypothetical case that only one (“singular”) commercial bank would exist. We link our discussion to the emergence and design of central bank digital currencies (CBDC), with a special focus on how loans would be granted in a CBDC world.
Over the last years blockchain technology continuously evolving. Blockchain is known as the technology behind Bitcoin, but beyond its use in the transactions improvement has also change the way in which data and information are used. Blockchain due to its characteristics of transparency, security and decentralization expanding to more and more fields of the industry. This study aims to present the blockchain technology and in a more detailed look the ways in which this technology benefits the tourism enterprises through its potential uses.
Trust-free and trust-regulated systems based on blockchain technology (BCT) are currently experiencing the maximum hype and promise to rev-olutionise entire domains. Tourism products (intangible services) are highly dependent on trust and reputation management that is traditionally centralised and delegated to "expected" reliable third-parties (e.g., TripAdvisor). Although BCT has only recently started approaching the tourism industry and being employed in real-world applications, the scientific community has already been extensively exploring the promises of BCT. Therefore, there is an impending need for or-ganising and understanding current knowledge and formalise societal, scientific, and technological challenges of applying BCT in the tourism industry. This paper moves the first step, presenting a systematic scientific literature review of studies involving BCT for tourism purposes. Providing a comprehensive overview, actors, assumptions, requirements, strengths, and limitations characterising the state of the art are analysed. Finally, advantages and future challenges of applying BCT in the tourism area are discussed.
In this general overview article intended for non-experts, I define blockchain technology and some of the key concepts, and then I elaborate four specific applications that highlight the potential economic benefits of digital ledgers. These applications are digital asset registries, blockchains as leapfrog technology for global financial inclusion, long-tail personalized economic services, and net settlement payment channels. I also highlight key challenges that offset the potential economic benefits of blockchain distributed ledgers, while arguing that the benefits would outweigh the potential risks. The overarching theme is that an increasing amount of everyday operations involving money, assets, and documents could start to be conducted via blockchain-based distributed network ledgers with cryptographic security, and at more granular levels of detail. One economic implication of widespread blockchain adoption is that the institutional structure of society could shift to one that is computationally-based and thus has a diminished need for human-operated brick-and-mortar institutions.
Bitcoin, a cryptographic currency invented by Satoshi Nakamoto, has been increasingly embraced by consumers as an online payment method since its introduction. Though an increasing number of tourism enterprises start offering Bitcoin as a payment option, Bitcoin has not yet been subjected to rigorous scientific scrutiny. This exploratory study purports to investigate the Bitcoin usage experience in and Bitcoin usage intention for shopping travel product online by European travellers. Drawing on the responses provided by 138 European travellers, the results exhibit that the penetration of Bitcoin usage in online travel purchase among European travellers is tentatively not prominent. Respondents however reported that they will purchase some travel products and particularly restaurant and food delivery online using Bitcoin in the future. The findings are helpful for tourism and hospitality operators by informing their decision making of whether an investment should be made in order to accept Bitcoin as a payment option.
This paper reviews the published articles on eTourism in the past 20 years. Using a wide variety of sources, mainly in the tourism literature, this paper comprehensively reviews and analyses prior studies in the context of Internet applications to tourism. The paper also projects future developments in eTourism and demonstrates critical changes that will influence the tourism industry structure. A major contribution of this paper is its overview of the research and development efforts that have been endeavoured in the field, and the challenges that tourism researchers are, and will be, facing.
Using a multisectoral model and data from the Supply and Use Tables, this article estimates the COVID-19 multiplier effects of tourism on gross domestic product (GDP), total employment, and trade balance of the Greek economy. The results indicate that a—not-unexpected—decrease of international travel receipts in the range of 3.5 to 10.5 billion euros would lead to a decrease in GDP of about 2.0% to 6.0%, a decrease in the levels of employment of about 2.1% to 6.4% and an increase in the trade balance deficit of about 2.4 to 7.1 billion euros, respectively.
In this Note, we take up the problem of post-COVID-19 gradual adjustment in the industry as well as whether and to what extent opening with limited capacity might be feasible. We find that (i) reopening gradually requiring only nonnegative profits is quite feasible but (ii) reopening requiring the same level of profit as in the pre-COVID-19 period is considerably more difficult, and seems feasible by reopening at capacity near 33%. Lower capacities would require governmental subsidies which could vary considerably from hotel to hotel.
Blockchains are distributed ledgers, operated within peer-to-peer networks. We model the proof-of-work blockchain protocol as a stochastic game and analyze the equilibrium strategies of rational, strategic miners. Mining the longest chain is a Markov perfect equilibrium, without forking, in line with Nakamoto (2008). The blockchain protocol, however, is a coordination game, with multiple equilibria. There exist equilibria with forks, leading to orphaned blocks and persistent divergence between chains. We also show how forks can be generated by information delays and software upgrades. Last we identify negative externalities implying that equilibrium investment in computing capacity is excessive.
Received May 31, 2017; editorial decision July 6, 2018 by Editor Itay Goldstein.
In this research note we present three high-level propositions which are intended to be further refined and elaborated by the
tourism research community. These propositions are closely interwoven, with the first two focusing more on the consumer perspective
and the latter investigating market implications.
We estimate that a significant fraction of commuters on the London underground do not travel their optimal route. Consequently, a tube strike (which forced many commuters to experiment with new routes) taught commuters about the existence of superior journeys -- bringing about lasting changes in behaviour. This effect is stronger for commuters who live in areas where the tube map is more distorted, thereby pointing towards the importance of informational imperfections. We argue that the information produced by the strike improved network-efficiency. Search costs are unlikely to explain the suboptimal behaviour. Instead, individuals seem to under-experiment in normal times, as a result of which constraints can be welfare-improving.
We present evidence that a significant fraction of commuters on the London underground do not travel on their optimal route. We show that a strike on the underground, which forced many commuters to experiment with new routes, brought lasting changes in behavior. This effect is stronger for commuters who live in areas where the underground map is more distorted, which points to the importance of informational imperfections. Information resulting from the strike improved network efficiency. Search costs alone are unlikely to explain the suboptimal behavior. JEL-classification: D83, L91, R41 Key words: Experimentation, Learning, Habit, Optimization, Search
Claims blockchain is more than just ICT innovation, but facilitates new types of economic organization and governance. Suggests two approaches to economics of blockchain: innovation-centred and governance-centred. Argues that the governance approach — based in new institutional economics and public choice economics — is most promising, because it models blockchain as a new technology for creating spontaneous organizations, i.e. new types of economies. Illustrates this with a case study of the Ethereum-based infrastructure protocol and platform Backfeed.
Blockchain technology can shape innovation and competition in digital platforms, but under what conditions?
Accounting for the instability of tourism income elasticities in the European Union‐15 since 2004, estimations show that income elasticities in the period 2004 – 2014 were greater in slow‐growth periods (above 1) than in fast‐growth periods (below 1). Due to the gradual deterioration of the economic environment since 2004, the small income improvements in the fast‐growth periods were used relatively more for satisfying pent‐up demand for necessary consumer goods orprecautionary savings than for traveling abroad. The relatively high income elasticities in the slow‐growth periods resulted from negative adjustments due to the effects of the economic
downturn.
Bitcoin is an online communication protocol that facilitates the use of a virtual currency, including electronic payments. Bitcoin's rules were designed by engineers with no apparent influence from lawyers or regulators. Bitcoin is built on a transaction log that is distributed across a network of participating computers. It includes mechanisms to reward honest participation, to bootstrap acceptance by early adopters, and to guard against concentrations of power. Bitcoin's design allows for irreversible transactions, a prescribed path of money creation over time, and a public transaction history. Anyone can create a Bitcoin account, without charge and without any centralized vetting procedure—or even a requirement to provide a real name. Collectively, these rules yield a system that is understood to be more flexible, more private, and less amenable to regulatory oversight than other forms of payment—though as we discuss, all these benefits face important limits. Bitcoin is of interest to economists as a virtual currency with potential to disrupt existing payment systems and perhaps even monetary systems. This article presents the platform's design principles and properties for a nontechnical audience; reviews its past, present, and future uses; and points out risks and regulatory issues as Bitcoin interacts with the conventional financial system and the real economy.
Based on the standard tourism demand model for quarterly tourism exports of six different world regions and their total, the authors applied a panel econometric approach to measure potential differences in income elasticities due to the medium-term speed of growth of the world economy. The evidence demonstrated that, related to the identified different growth periods, income elasticities showed significant variations. For 1977–1992, it was possible to measure the highest income elasticities of all periods. For 1994–2003 and 2004–2013, the income elasticities decreased from period to period. For the last decade, the values of the income elasticities were lower than one. The reasons for the decline in the income elasticities from the first to the second period were the ongoing saturation process and the slowing down of economic growth resulting in a change in consumer behaviour. The decline in income elasticities from the second to the third period was mainly due to the dramatic deterioration in the economic environment contributing to higher uncertainty about the future, with the result that precautionary saving increased, liquidity constraints limited expenditures on luxuries in favour of necessities and tourists preferred domestic destinations instead of going abroad.
Blockchain: the birth of decentralized governance
- B Arruñada
- L Garicano
Arruñada B and Garicano L (2018) Blockchain: the birth of decentralized governance. Barcelona GSE
Working Paper Series, No. 1038. Barcelona: Barcelona Graduate School of Economics.
Blockchain technology: beyond Bitcoin
- M Crosby
- P Pattanayak
- S Verma
Crosby M, Pattanayak P, Verma S, et al. (2016) Blockchain technology: beyond Bitcoin. Applied Innovation
2: 6-10.
Exploring anonymity in central bank digital currencies
- European Central
- Bank
European Central Bank (ECB) (2019) Exploring anonymity in central bank digital currencies. In Focus, Issue
4. Frankfurt am Main: European Central Bank.
The awesome ways TUI uses blockchain to revolutionize the travel industry
- B Marr
Marr B (2018) The awesome ways TUI uses blockchain to revolutionize the travel industry. Available at:
https://www.forbes.com/sites/bernardmarr/2018/12/07/the-amazing-ways-tui-uses-blockchain-to-revolu
tionize-the-travel-industry/#7e8e0bec1e7f (accessed 3 August 2020).
Bitcoin gets official blessing in Japan
- E Terazono
Terazono E (2017) Bitcoin gets official blessing in Japan. Financial Times, 18 October. Available at: https://
www.ft.com/content/b8360e86-aceb-11e7-aab9-abaa44b1e130 (accessed 29 April 2020).
Blockchain and tourism
- H Treiblmaier
Treiblmaier H (2020) Blockchain and tourism. In: Xiang Z, Fuchs M, Gretzel U and Höpken W (eds)
Handbook of e-Tourism. Cham: Springer, pp.1-21.
Blockchain: Blueprint for a New Economy
- M Swan