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First report of Tapinolachnus lacordairei (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) damage in Chukrasia tabularis
Abstract
Chukrasia tabularis (Meliaceae) has been planted for many decades in home gardens and plantations in Vietnam. Recently, growers have become concerned with attack by stem borers. Tapinolachnus lacordairei J. Thomson 1864 (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) is identified as a new indigenous pest causing damage to 15 to 30 year-old stands of C. tabularis in Tuyen Quang, Hoa Binh and Thanh Hoa provinces. The leaves of infested trees prematurely senesce or wilt followed by tree death. In 2019, the infestation level was 12.5–22.5% and the damage index was 0.33–0.55. Adults emerge from February to May, mate within 1–3 days and the females lay 20–40 eggs on the bark of healthy and infested trees. The larvae feed first in the phloem and sapwood, and then in the heartwood where they make pupal chambers. Larvae take up to one year to become fully grown. To mitigate against further loss of C. tabularis, cost-effective control strategies need to be developed and steps taken to reduce the risk of dispersal of the pest beyond its native range in SE Asia.
... Based on the damage classification, the damage incidence (P%) was determined using equation 1 (Chi et al. 2021): ...
... ( 1) where: n is the number of plants attacked by Zeuzera; N is total number of plants observed. The average damage index (DI) in each plot was calculated using equation 2 (Chi et al. 2021): ...
The polyphagous stem borer Zeuzera multistrigata Moore, 1881 (Lepidoptera: Cossidae) is reported attacking Coffea arabica L., Glyptostrobus pensilis K.Koch and Passiflora edulis Sims in Vietnam. Field surveys in Dak Lak province in 2024 showed that Z. multistrigata outbreaks in G. pensilis stands resulted in damage incidence ranging from 44.1 to 94.1% and damage indices from 1.32 to 2.18. Damage was less severe in C. arabica and P. edulis, where the damage incidence ranged from 13.8 to 14.5% and the damage index from 0.40 to 0.42 in one-year-old plants. Further studies are recommended to develop an integrated pest management plan for this pest on these new hosts.
... Following the results of damage classification, the damage incidence (P%) was calculated using Equation 1 of Chi et al. (2021): ...
... ( 1) where: n is the number of trees attacked by A. larminati; N is total number of trees assessed. The average damage index (DI) in each plot was calculated using equation 2 of Chi et al. (2021): ...
The bagworm Acanthoecia larminati Heylaerts, 1904 (Lepidoptera: Psychidae) is reported for the first time damaging chestnut trees (Castanea mollissima, Castanopsis boisii and Lithocarpus bacgiangensis) in plantations in Vietnam. Field surveys revealed that C. mollissima trees were severely damaged by A. larminati. The damage incidence (P%) and damage index (DI) in C. mollissima plantations in provinces were 20.2-81.6% and 0.36-2.74, respectively. The C. mollissima trees in Dien Bien, Hoa Binh and Thanh Hoa provinces were more severely damaged than in the other locations. Damage from this pest in C. boisii and L. bacgiangensis plantations in Lang Son, Bac Giang and Hoa Binh provinces was lower, with P% being 11.8-17.5% and DI being 0.13-0.27. Further research is needed to monitor outbreaks, identify biological and ecological characteristics, and develop control solutions for managing this pest.
... Based on the classification of the damage observed, the damage incidence (P%) was calculated using equation 1 from the study by Chi et al. (2021): P% = (n/N) × 100 (1) where: n is the number of trees attacked by K. priapus; N is total number of trees assessed. ...
... The average damage index (DI) for each plot was determined using equation 2 from the study by Chi et al. (2021): DI = (Ʃni × vi)/N (2) where: ni is the number of infected trees at damage index i; vi is the damage index at level i; and N is total number of trees assessed. ...
Kamalia priapus (Schitlmeister, 1997) (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae) is a dangerous species which larva is bark-feeding and damaging Homalium ceylanicum trees in plantations and urban areas in Vietnam. Recent field surveys conducted in the central provinces of Quang Binh, Quang Tri, and Thua Thien Hue in Vietnam highlighted the significant impact of K. priapus on H. ceylanicum trees. Their findings reveal a damage incidence (P%) ranging from 30.6 to 36.5% and damage index (DI) between 1.01 to 1.33 in plantations. Furthermore, effects were observed in urban areas with P% increasing to 39.5–51.3% and DI reaching 1.50–1.68. The extensive damage caused by K. priapus has significantly affected the growth and quality of the trees, resulting in numerous large scars on the trunks of the affected trees. To effectively control the pest, breaking nests and killing the larvae may be helpful. However, it is crucial to implement these methods when the larvae are still young. Future research directions have been proposed to understand the biological and ecological characteristics of K. priapus and developed management solutions to control this pest.
... Following the results of damage classification, damage incidence (P%) was calculated using equation 1 (Chi et al. (2021): P% = (n/N) × 100 (1) where: n is the number of trees attacked by N. conferta; N is total number of trees assessed. ...
... The average damage index (DI) in each plot was calculated using equation 2 (Chi et al. (2021): ...
Bionomics of the shoot borer, Cryptophlebia ombrodelta (Lower) (Tortricidae: Olethreutinae), in Vietnam timber plantations of Erythrophleum fordii (Fabaceae/Leguminosae) trees are presented. Field surveys in 2022 found C. ombrodelta damage to E. fordii in the three provinces, Quang Ninh, Bac Giang, and Vinh Phuc, with a damage incidence (P%) of 16.6-61.5% and an average damage index (DI) of 0.58-2.03. Plantations at 1-year-old stage were most severely damaged, P% and DI were 50.6-61.5% and 1.79-2.03, respectively.
... Damage was classified into five levels as follows: 0 = no damage; 1 = the leaf area loss is <25%; 2 = the leaf area loss is 25 to <50%; 3 = the leaf area loss is 50 to <75%; 4 = the leaf area loss is ≥75%. The damage incidence (P%) was calculated using equation 1 (Chi et al., 2021): ...
... The average damage index (DI) in each plot was calculated using equation 2 (Chi et al., 2021): (2) where: n i is the number of defoliated trees at damage index i; v i is the damage index at level i; and N is total number of trees evaluated. The damage severity level was categoried based on the average damage index as follows: DI = 0, no damage; 0 < DI ≤ 1, slight damage; 1 < DI ≤ 2, medium damage; 2 < DI ≤ 3, severe damage; 3 < DI ≤ 4, very severe damage. ...
In 2021, widespread defoliation of Pouteria obovata occurred in the Co To Island, Vietnam. The damage incidence from defoliation ranged from 23 to 82%, and the average damage index was from 0.4 to 3.1. Based on morphological and molecular data, this paper establishes Achaea serva (F.) as a serious new pest of P. obovata. This pest should be included in future forest health monitoring programs in coastal Vietnam to determine its spread, host range and pest status.
... Insect pests were mainly identified based on their morphology in taxonomic and other works as follows: Lepidoptera-keys [37][38][39][40]; Coleoptera-keys [41][42][43][44]; Hemiptera-keys [45,46]; Orthoptera-keys [47]. Phylogenetic analyses using the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I were undertaken to help confirm the identity of Batocera lineolata [48], Euwallacea fornicatus [31], and Tapinolachnus lacordairei [49]. Protocols were performed as described by [50][51][52][53]. ...
... This species was recorded in the North West in 1933 [70]. In 2019 this pest (Figure 4q) was recorded damaging 34 ha of Chukrasia tabularis plantations (5-15 year-old) in North West [49]. The boles of attacked trees have numerous exit holes (Figure 4j). ...
The planted forest area in Vietnam increased from 3.0 to 4.4 million hectares in the period 2010–2020, but the loss of productivity from pests and diseases continues to be a problem. During this period, frequent and systematic plantation forest health surveys were conducted on 12 native and 4 exotic genera of trees as well as bamboo across eight forest geographic regions of Vietnam. Damage caused by insects and pathogens was quantified in the field and laboratory in Hanoi. The threats of greatest concern were from folivores (Antheraea frithi, Arthroschista hilaralis, Atteva fabriciella, Hieroglyphus tonkinensis, Lycaria westermanni,Krananda semihyalina, and Moduza procris), wood borers (Batocera lineolata, Euwallacea fornicatus, Tapinolachnus lacordairei, Xyleborus perforans, and Xystrocera festiva), sap-sucking insects (Aulacaspis tubercularis and Helopeltis theivora) and pathogens (Ceratocystis manginecans, Fusarium solani, and Phytophthora acaciivora). The number of new and emerging pests and pathogens increased over time from 2 in 2011 to 17 in 2020, as the damage became more widespread. To manage these pests and diseases, it is necessary to further invest in the selection and breeding of resistant genotypes, improve nursery hygiene and silvicultural operations, and adopt integrated pest management schemes. Consideration should be given to developing forest health monitoring protocols for forest reserves and other special-purpose forests.
... Previous studies (Thanh et al. 2019;Chi et al. 2021;Quang et al. 2022;Pham et al. 2023) have shown that Coptops annulipes, Batocera lineolata, Cephalallus unicolor, Monochamus alternatus and Tapinolachnus lacordairei infested living trees, but this research has documented that these species can complete part of their life cycle in the harvested logs. ...
This study surveyed longhorn beetles in harvested woods in Hoa Binh and Vinh Phuc provinces, Vietnam. Seven harvested wood species were examined after having detected the presence of longhorn beetles: Acacia mangium Willd. Acacia hybrid, Chukrasia tabularis A. Juss., Eucalyptus urophylla Blake, Eucalyptus hybrid, Pinus caribaea Morelet and Pinus massoniana Lamb. Eucalyptus hybrid and P. massoniana were the most commonly attacked trees with 23.9-26.7% of damaged logs and 2.36-3.25 holes/log. Eight cerambycid species were reared: viz. Acalolepta vitalisi (Pic, 1925) and Coptops annulipes (Gahan, 1894) from Acacia hybrid and A. mangium; Batocera lineolata (Chevrolat, 1852) and Blepephaeus fulvus (Pic, 1933) from Eucalyptus hybrid and E. urophylla; Cephalallus unicolor (Gahan, 1906) and Monochamus alternatus (Hope, 1843) from Pinus caribaea and P. massoniana; Stromatium longicorne (Newman, 1842) and Tapinolachnus lacordairei (Thomson, 1864) from Chukrasia tabularis. Most of these trees are new hosts or even the first known host for these cerambycids. The results suggest that the transport of harvested woods may contribute to the dispersal of longhorn beetles to new locations.
... For many decades, young stands of C. tabularis have been susceptible to attack by Hypsipyla robusta (Moore, 1867), a shoot tip borer (Chi et al. 2021a;Do 2001). More recently, C. tabularis has been damaged by a stem borer Tapinolachnus lacordairei (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) (Chi et al. 2021b) and a wilt disease caused by Ceratocystis manginecans (Microascales: Ceratocystidaceae) (Chi et al. 2021c). Forest health surveys conducted by the Vietnamese Academy of Forest Sciences (VAFS) (Thu et al. 2021) have identified the emergence of a new folivore pest in C. tabularis plantations in North Vietnam. ...
Episparis tortuosalis (Moore, The Lepidoptera of Ceylon, L. Reeve Company, London, 1867) (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Pan-graptini) is a significant pest defoliating Chukrasia tabularis plantations in Vietnam. Since 2013 the geographic range of the pest has increased from one to nine provinces. Field surveys in 9 provinces in 2021 showed that feeding by E. tortuosalis larvae resulted in the damage incidence ranging from 28.5 to 100% and the damage index from 0.82 to 3.66. This study illustrates the male and female morphology and genitalia of this pest from Vietnam. Further studies are recommended to help develop an integrated pest management plan for this pest.
Two leaf-feeders, Biston suppressaria Guenée, 1858 (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) and Clanis titan Rothschild & Jordan, 1903 (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) are reported for the first time damaging Erythrophleum fordii (Fabaceae) trees in plantations in Vietnam. Field surveys in Hanoi, Hoa Binh and Bac Giang provinces in 2024 revealed that trees were severely damaged by the folivores. The damage incidence ranged from 11.9 to 17.4% and the damage severity from 6.6 to 9.3% in 4 to 8-year-old trees, and damage was much higher in older stands (65.6-98.6% and 50.1-88.3%, respectively, in 15 to 16-year-old trees). Further studies are recommended to monitor outbreaks and develop an integrated pest management plan for these pests.
Lát hoa là loài cây gỗ có giá trị kinh tế cao, được trồng phổ biến ở Việt Nam. Tuy nhiên, sự xuất hiện của sâu đục thân đã gây thiệt hại đáng kể cho rừng trồng, nhất là các rừng trồng mới. Nghiên cứu này tiến hành điều tra sâu đục thân trên rừng trồng Lát hoa tại Thanh Hóa, Nghệ An, Quảng Bình, Huế, Đà Nẵng và Quảng Nam trong năm 2024. Sâu non được nuôi riêng lẻ bằng thức ăn nhân tạo đến khi vào nhộng để phục vụ mô tả đặc điểm hình thái và xác định tên loài. Kết quả cho thấy sâu đục thân trên Lát hoa là loài Zeuzera coffeae Nietner, 1861 (Lepidoptera: Cossidae). Loài sâu này đục thân cây và có thể làm cho cây tuổi nhỏ bị gãy đổ khi có gió lớn. Sâu hại nhiều nhất đối với các cây ở giai đoạn 1 năm tuổi với tỷ lệ bị hại P%=15,2-16,1%, chỉ số hại R%=11,9-14,8%. Kết quả nghiên cứu này cung cấp thêm thông tin về đặc điểm gây hại của Z. coffeae trên thân cây Lát hoa, là sơ sở khoa học quan trọng để quản lý hiệu quả loài sâu này.
Ceracris kiangsu (Tsai) (Orthoptera: Acrididae) is a severe pest of the bamboo Dendrocalamus barbatus Hsuch & D.Z. Li that is widely grown in plantations in Vietnam. A biocontrol option to manage this pest is a priority for the forest sector. This study evaluates whether there are potential biocontrol candidates within the C. kiangsu population. Bacteria were isolated from C. kiangsu nymphs that were parasitized in the field. In a nursery experiment, three Bacillus bombysepticus Wang isolates (FPRC17, FPRC23 and FPRC30) caused 63-68% mortality of C. kiangsu nymphs 9 days after spraying, and the results were similar to applying a commercial Bacillus thuringiensis product. In a field trial, feeding damage from a C. kiangsu infestation was reduced by over 70% at 15 days after spraying these isolates. This finding reveals the potential for the development of a natural biopesticide for bamboo locust management in Vietnam.
Longhorn beetles are important pests in commercial forests and exotic tree plantations worldwide, consequently leading to economic losses for timber producers and plantation owners. Acacia, Eucalyptus and Pinus plantations have been established widely in Vietnam for reforestation, wood products and paper industry. However, severe infestations of these three exotic trees have occurred due to longhorn beetles. The present study identified Coptops annulipes Gahan, 1894, Anagelasta apicalis Pic, 1925, Desisa subfasciata (Pascoe, 1862), and Cephalallus unicolor (Gahan, 1906) as four new longhorn beetles attacking Acacia crassicarpa in Quang Tri province, Eucalyptus hybrid (E. urophylla × E. grandis) in Bac Giang province, and Pinus caribaea in Quang Tri province, Vietnam. The infestation levels caused by C. annulipes, A. apicalis, D. subfasciata and C. unicolor were 16.8%, 29.5%, 39.2% and 24.3%, respectively. The damage indeces were 0.41, 0.85, 1.16 and 0.71, respectively. A. apicalis damaged at the base, C. annulipes and C. unicolor damaged at the lower trunk of host trees, D. subfasciata infested the top of trees. This information is expected to assist forest owners and government authorities across the country in pest surveillance and in developing suitable management plans for these four emerging pests.
The stem borer Orientozeuzera rhabdota Jordan, 1932 (Lepidoptera: Cossidae) is a new threat to Manglietia conifera and Michelia mediocris plantations in Vietnam. Field surveys in Tuyen Quang and Bac Kan provinces in 2023 showed that O. rhabdota frequently damaged two-year-old Manglietia conifera with damage incidence (P%) ranging from 50.3 to 52.7% and damage index (DI) from 1.60 to 1.71. Damage from O. rhabdota was most prevalent in M. conifera plantations (P% = 50.1-52.6%) and on roadside trees (P% = 58.6-60.2%). Mixed plantations of M. conifera + Acacia mangium and M. conifera + Chukrasia tabularis had low damage (P% = 5.8-7.2%). Damage from O. rhabdota in M. mediocris plantations was lower than in M. conifera plantations with P% = 1.1-6.6% and DI = 0.02-0.12. Further studies are recommended to identify biological characteristics and develop an integrated pest management plan for this pest.
Melaleuca leucadendra and M. cajuputi are grown widely in Vietnam, with plantation areas in 2020 of 32,000 ha and 36,000 ha respectively. A stem borer, Neurozerra conferta (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Cossidae), has significantly damaged plantations of both species. Field surveys in 2021 found N. conferta damage to M. leucadendra in the four provinces of Ninh Binh, Long An, Dong Thap and Kien Giang with a damage incidence (P%, percentage of plants attacked) of 22.4-33.2% and an average damage index (DI) of 0.77-1.01. In Long An province, surveys in 2022 found frequent damage to M. leucadendra plantations at the age of 2-3 years with P% ranging from 22.7 to 27.3% and DI from 0.46 to 0.54. Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae were identified as potential biological agents with control effectiveness of 59.6-63.3%. Screening to identify resistant varieties of M. leucadendra and development of an integrated pest management strategy for N. conferta are recommended.
Zeuzera multistrigata Moore, 1881 (Lepidoptera: Cossidae) is a dangerous stem borer that damages the Eucalyptus plantations in Vietnam. Field surveys in Lao Cai and Phu Tho provinces in 2022 showed that Z. multistrigata frequently damaged Eucalyptus hybrid plantations (clone DH32-29) at the age of 16-28 months with damage incidence ranging from 16.93 to 28.74% and the damage index from 0.49 to 1.08. This study showed that three E. urophylla clones (PN3d, PN46, PN54) were not damaged by Z. multistrigata, and five clones (PN10, PN21, PN24, PN47, PN108) were less damaged. Further studies are recommended to screen tolorance Eucalyptus varieties and develop an integrated pest management plan for this pest.
Cerambycidae is one of the most diversified groups within Coleoptera and includes nearly 35,000 known species. The relationships at the subfamily level within Cerambycidae have not been convincingly demonstrated and the gene rearrangement of mitochondrial genomes in Cerambycidae remains unclear due to the low numbers of sequenced mitogenomes. In the present study, we determined five complete mitogenomes of Cerambycidae and investigated the phylogenetic relationship among the subfamilies of Cerambycidae based on mitogenomes. The mitogenomic arrangement of all five species was identical to the ancestral Cerambycidae type without gene rearrangement. Remarkably, however, two large intergenic spacers were detected in the mitogenome of Pterolophia sp. ZJY-2019. The origins of these intergenic spacers could be explained by the slipped-strand mispairing and duplication/random loss models. A conserved motif was found between trnS2 and nad1 gene, which was proposed to be a binding site of a transcription termination peptide. Also, tandem repeat units were identified in the A + T-rich region of all five mitogenomes. The monophyly of Lamiinae and Prioninae was strongly supported by both MrBayes and RAxML analyses based on nucleotide datasets, whereas the Cerambycinae and Lepturinae were recovered as non-monophyletic.
Full generic statuses of Plavichydissus Pic, 1946, stat. rest., Laomargites Pic, 1923, stat. rest. and Lamellocerambyx Pic, 1923, stat. rest. are restored. Reviews of these genera, as well as keys to species of the former two are given. Annotated checklists of the Asian species of the genera Pachydissus Newman, 1838 and Margites Gahan, 1891, as well as of all species of Diorthus Gahan, 1891 are presented. The following new species are described and new specific combinations established: Plavichydissus grossepunctatus (Gressitt et Rondon, 1970), comb. n., P. irinae sp. n. (Vietnam), P. aggregatus (Holzschuh, 1999), comb. n., P. sulcicollis (Gahan, 1893), comb. n., P. myanmarensis sp. n. (Myanmar), P. makarovi sp. n. (Thailand), P. nataliae sp. n. (Vietnam), P. decipiens (Holzschuh, 1989), comb. n., P. penangensis sp. n. (Western Malaysia), P. sodalis (Holzschuh, 1999), comb. n., P. dembickyi sp. n. (Western Malaysia), Pachydissus murzini sp. n. (Yunnan, China), P. borneoensis sp. n. (Eastern Malaysia), Laomargites fedorenkoi sp. n. (Vietnam), Dymasius tatianae sp. n. (Eastern Malaysia), D. solodovnikovisp. n. (Thailand), D. barclayi sp. n. (Western Malaysia), Zatrephus jakli sp. n. (Java, Indonesia), Diorthus kabakovi sp. n. (Afghanistan), Tapinolachnus uniformis (Pic, 1933), comb. n., T. xyliae (Fisher, 1940), comb. n. The following specific combinations are restored: Plavichydissus semiplicatus (Pic, 1926), comb. rest., P. rufipennis (Pic, 1923), comb. rest., Laomargites singularis Pic, 1923, comb. rest. and Lamellocerambyx laosensis Pic, 1923, comb. rest. The synonymization of the genus Diorthus with the genus Tapinolachnus J. Thomson, 1865 is confirmed as being wrong. The following new synonymy is established: Tapinolachnus = Mimoderolus (Aeolesthes subgen.) Pic, 1933, syn. n. (non syn. pro Derolus Gahan, 1891). Dymasius strigosus J. Thomson, 1864, sp. rest. is resurrected from the synonymy with Dymasius macilentus (Pascoe, 1859). The genus Derolydnus Hüdepohl, 1989 is reported from Indochina for the first time. New records of a number of species from other genera are given as well, thus one way or another extending their known distribution areas, sometimes very significantly so. The lectotypes of Margites modicus Gahan, 1906, Diorthus sericeus Gardner, 1939 and Tapinolachnus xyliae (Fisher, 1940), comb. n. are designated. Abundant pictures of the species studied, including numerous type specimens, are provided
Longhorn and jewel beetles are often moved intercontinentally within woody materials. The common use of hardwoods in solid wood-packaging requires e cient trapping protocols for broadleaf-associated species. We tested the e ect of lure (ethanol vs multi-lure), trap color (green vs purple), and trap height (understory vs canopy) on the longhorn and jewel beetle species trapped in multi-funnel traps set up in both seminatural forests and reforested forests in Italy. Traps were deployed in a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial scheme, and the eight di erent treatments were replicated 17 times in a randomized complete block design, in which each block was a di erent site. Thirty- ve longhorn beetle species (2 non-native) and 15 jewel beetle spe- cies (all native) were trapped. The multi-lure was more e ective than ethanol at detecting most longhorn beetles at both the species and subfamily level (except Lepturinae), but had no e ect on the detection of jewel beetles. Trap color a ected both jewel (green better than purple) and longhorn beetles with mixed responses among subfamilies. Species richness and/ or abundance of both families was greater in the canopy than the understory, but trends were more heterogeneous at lower taxonomic levels (i.e., signi cant e ect on Cerambycinae and Lepturinae but not on Lamiinae). In general, we showed that green multi-funnel traps baited with multi-lure, and setup in the canopy may be an e cient trapping protocol for European longhorn and jewel beetles associated with broadleaf trees. This information can increase e cacy of early-detection programs carried out both inside and outside of Europe.
The systematics of the Australasian genera Trirachys Hope, 1843, Aeolesthes Gahan, 1890 and
Pseudaeolesthes Plavilstshikov, 1931 is revised through analysis of the types-species and analytic
methods of statistical similarity. Pseudaeolesthes is restored as b. genus and includes the following
taxa: Pseudaeolesthes aureopilosa (Gressitt & Rondon, 1970) n. comb., Pseudaeolesthes chrysothrix (Bates, 1873) rest. comb., Pseudaeolesthes chrysothrix taiwanensis (Hayashi, 1974)
n. comb., Pseudaeolesthes chrysothrix nakamurai (Kusama & Takakuwa, 1984) n. comb.,
Pseudaeolesthes chrysothrix kurosawai Gressitt, 1965 rest. comb., Pseudaeolesthes chrysothrix
yonaguniensis Ohbayashi & Ohbayashi, 1965 rest. comb., Pseudaeolesthes chrysothrix tibetana
Gressitt, 1942 rest. comb., Pseudaeolesthes malayana (Hayashi, 1979) n. comb., Pseudaeolesthes
multistriata (Hayashi, 1979) n. comb., Pseudaeolesthes mutabiliaurea Chiang, 1951 rest. comb.,
Pseudaeolesthes psednothrix (Gressitt & Rondon, 1970) n. comb. and Pseudaeolesthes rufimembris
(Pic, 1923) n. comb. Carinolesthes n. gen. for Carinolesthes pericalles (Gressitt & Rondon, 1970)
n. comb., Carinolesthes aureosignata (Pic, 1915) n. comb. and Carinolesthes ningshanensis
(Chiang, 1981) n. comb. is proposed. Massirachys n. gen. for Massirachys mariae (Thomson,
1878) n. comb. is proposed. Parolesthes n. gen. for Parolesthes laosensis (Gressitt & Rondon,
1970) n. comb. and Parolesthes curticornis (Hüdepohl, 1988) n. comb. is proposed. Aeolesthes
includes the following species: Aeolesthes aurifaber (White, 1853), Aeolesthes gloriosa (Aurivillius,
1924) n. comb., Aeolesthes bilobulartus (Gressitt & Rondon, 1970) n. comb. and Aeolesthes
vietnamensis n. sp. from Vietnam. Trirachys Hope, 1843 includes the following species: Trirachys
acanthophorus Vitali, 1999, Trirachys achilles (Thomson, 1865) n. comb., Trirachys ampliatus
(Gahan, 1890) n. comb., Trirachys atkinsoni Gardner, 1939, Trirachys basicornis (Gahan, 1893)
n. comb., Trirachys externus (Pascoe, 1869) n. comb., Trirachys holosericeus (Fabricius, 1787) n.
comb., Trirachys inexpectatus Holzshuh, 1982, Trirachys indicolus (Bates, 1891) n. comb., Trirachys indutus (Newman, 1842) n. comb., Trirachys inhirsutus (Matsushita, 1932) n. comb., Trirachys orientalis Hope, 1843, Trirachys perplexus (Gahan, 1890) n. comb., Trirachys sartus (Solsky, 1871) n. comb., Trirachys sinensis (Gahan, 1890) n. comb., Trirachys sphaericothorax Gressitt & Rondon, 1970, and Trirachys textor (Pascoe, 1869) n. comb. Aeolesthes (Pseudaeolesthes) chrysophanes Gressitt & Rondon, 1970 is transferred to the genus Elydnus Pascoe, 1869, as follows: Elydnus chrysophanes (Gressitt & Rondon, 1970) n. comb. Aeolesthes sticheri Hüdepohl, 1989 and Aeolesthes fulgens Schwarzer, 1926 are transferred to the genus Dymasius (s. str.) Thomson, 1864, as follows: Dymasius sticheri (Hüdepohl, 1989) n. comb. and Dymasius fulgens (Schwarzer,
1926) n. comb. Derolus Gahan, 1891 = Mimoderolus Pic, 1933 n. syn. and Derolus uniformis
(Pic, 1933) n. comb. = Pachydissus xyliae Fisher, 1940 n. syn. are proposed.
Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner var. tenebrionis and B. thuringiensis toxins were assayed against larval and adult Asian longhorned beetles, Anoplophora glabripennis (A. glabripennis). Preliminary in vitro assays showed some toxins to be active on whole midgut preparations in voltage clamp assays and in assays on brush border membrane vesicles formed from midgut epithelial cells. For in vivo tests, a commercially-available product (Novodor(R)) was incorporated into artificial diet, upon which larvae were allowed to feed ad lib. In other tests, droplets of solubilized B. thuringiensis toxins were fed to larval and adult beetles using a micropipette. None of the in vivo assays showed significant negative effects on either larvae or adults. We believe that some aspect of A. glabripennis midgut chemistry may be incompatible with toxin activation or mode of action.
Abstract Aeolesthes oenochrous (Fairmaire), a large and colorful longhorn beetle, is an endangered species in Taiwan. Its complete mitogenome, 15,747 bp, shows a typical coleopteran organization, containing 13 protein coding genes, 22 tRNA genes, 2 rRNA genes and one A + T rich region. Two protein coding genes, i.e. COI and ND1, have the atypical start codon of AAT and TTG, respectively. The third nucleotide position of codons shows extremely low guanine content. In the A + T rich region, there were two poly-T stretches with 14 and 13 thymine each. These two poly-T stretches were clarified by the cloning method.
Use of 50×500mm non-woven fiber bands impregnated with cultures of entomopathogenic fungi was investigated for control of Anoplophora glabripennis. Fungal bands produced as a commercial pest control product and obtained from industry contained Beauveria brongniartii NBL 851 while lab-produced bands contained B. brongniartii WU 20 or Metarhizium anisopliae VD 1. In the laboratory, adult longevity decreased when adult A. glabripennis were forced to walk for 5s on bands impregnated with B. brongniartii NBL 851 and for 25s on B. brongniartii WU 20 and M. anisopliae VD 1 bands. A field experiment was conducted over a 31-day period in Huaiyuan, Anhui, China, by attaching bands impregnated with B. brongniartii NBL 851 or WU 20 around the trunks of willows (Salix sp.) at two sites infested with A. glabripennis. Treatments were compared directly, by monitoring adult longevity, and indirectly, by counting oviposition scars and exit holes per tree to quantify relative oviposition per female. Adults collected from trees treated with B. brongniartii WU 20 died more quickly than adults from the trees treated with B. brongniartii NBL 851 or controls. At the site with higher A. glabripennis population densities, relative oviposition per female was significantly lower for both fungal treatments compared with the control treatment. Between fungal treatments, B. brongniartii NBL 851 had a 5 day earlier negative effect on oviposition per female than B. brongniartii WU 20.
Established populations of the Asian longhorned beetle, Anoplophora glabripennis (Motschulsky) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), were first reported in the United States in New York in 1996, Illinois in 1998, and New Jersey in 2002. A federal quarantine and an eradication program were implemented in 1997, involving tree surveys and removal of infested trees. We recorded the number of A. glabripennis life stages found at several locations along the main trunk and major branches of naturally infested trees in China (species of Populus, Salix, and Ulmus) and Chicago, Illinois (species of Acer, Fraxinus, and Ulmus) during 1999 to 2002. Typically, A. glabripennis initiated attack near the crown base along both the trunk and main branches. The one excep- tion to this pattern was on Populus trees in China that had branches along the entire trunk, in which case A. glabripennis initiated attack along the lower trunk. Larvae were the dominant overwintering stage in both countries. A host suitability index for A. glabripennis was calculated for each tree with the formula: (number of living life stages + number of exit holes) / number of oviposition pits. The mean host suitability index was higher on Populus and Salix than Ulmus in China, and generally higher on Acer and Ulmus than Fraxinus in Chicago. Eleven genera of trees (N = 1465 trees) were infested by A. glabripennis in Chicago; in decreasing order of tree frequency they included Acer, Ulmus, Fraxinus, Aesculus, Betula, Salix, Celtis, Malus, Pyrus, Sorbus, and Tilia. When the proportion of each genus of infested street trees (N = 958 trees in 7 genera) was compared to its proportion of all Chicago street trees based on a 2003 inventory (N = 539,613 trees in 45 genera), A. glabripennis showed a significant preference to infest the genera Acer and Ulmus. Based on our results, inspectors should focus their efforts on upper trunks and lower branches of Acer and Ulmus trees.
Chukrasia tabularis A. Juss., commonly known as chickrassy, Burmese almond wood, chittagong wood, lal devdari belongs to the family Meliaceae and is a valuable tree of Asian region. The present review aims to compile the scattered information regarding the chemical constituents, morphological features and medicinal importance of the C. tabularis. The different parts of C. tabularis (leaves, bark, fruits) are having both ethnobotanical and medicinal significance along with biopesticidal activity. The biological activities of plant are due to the abundance of phenolic compounds including different terpenoids and limonoids. During recent years, bioactivities of extracts and pure compounds isolated from C. tabularis have been increasingly investigated. The dire need for such a review arises as the plant is included in the list of threatened species due to its high exploitation for timber utilization.
Dastarcus helophoroides (Fairmaire) (Coleoptera: Bothrideridae) is an important natural enemy of longhorned beetles (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). It
is distributed throughout most Provinces in China. We investigated whether there were differences among D. helophoroides populations collected from different hosts in different geographic locations. Results showed that different D. helophoroides populations displayed different olfactory responses to larval frass from different longhorned beetle species. All populations
were significantly attracted to the frass of their original hosts. Parasitism rates of different populations also varied when
supplied with host larvae of the same longhorned beetle species. These results indicate that the three D. helophoroides populations tested differed in host-related behaviors. Therefore, the population of D. helophoroides must be taken into consideration when implementing biological control programs for different species of longhorned beetle.
The recent decline and death of young cedar, Cedrela odorata L. (Sapindales: Meliaceae), plantations in Vietnam is caused by Aclees sp. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), a wood-boring brown weevil. A field study was undertaken in three-year-old plantations in two districts in Thanh Hoa province in August 2008. Trees were heavily impacted by the weevil, Aclees; the infestation level (P) ranged from 80 to 100% and the average damage index (R) ranged from 1.8 to 2.8. Observations over one year enabled the life history to be determined. Eggs were laid (February to March, September to November) inside the bark from the base of the trunk up to 60 cm in height. Larvae formed extensive feeding tunnels in the inner bark and sap wood. Pupation occurred in feeding tunnels or pupal chambers in the sapwood. Adults emerged twice a year, February to March and August to October. It is concluded that Aclees is a threat to C. odorata plantations in tropical regions of the world, and quarantine measures should be implemented to reduce the risk of spread.
Households and wood processing businesses in the provinces of Son La, Dien Bien and Lai Chau in the Northwest of Vietnam were surveyed to determine patterns of local wood demand and supply, changes in species utilized over time, and whether timber from planted trees might substitute for species previously harvested from local natural forests. In each province, 5–6 sawmills and 4–6 villages representing 3 main ethnic groups were selected for investigation. Managers of selected sawmills and 3–4 randomly selected households in each village were interviewed using semi-structured questionnaires. There was high and uniform household demand for fuelwood in the surveyed villages, making fuelwood the dominant use, in terms of wood volume. Use of sawn timber for furniture, home repair and construction consumed less wood but required logs of acceptable species. Sawmills surveyed were small, with input capacity ranging from <15 to 500 m3 of logs per year, suggesting a total log requirement of about 30,000 m3/year for the 192 known wood processing businesses in the three provinces. Most sawmills still used wood from natural forests, sourced locally or imported from Laos. A trend of switching from prized timber species from natural forests, now effectively unavailable, to alternatives from natural and planted forests was reported by both sawmills and households. Some planted species grown on short-medium rotations appear able to substitute for local sawn timber requirements.
A provenance trial of Chukrasia A. Juss. was established at Berry Springs near Darwin in the Northern Territory of Australia to assess the potential of this species as a commercial plantation tree for the production of high value wood. The trial comprised 16 seed sources from the species natural distribution in China, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, and from a local planted stand in Darwin probably of Sri Lanka origin. In order to gauge the performance of the species, assessments of height and diameter growth; axis persistence associated with apical dominance and single stem growth; stem straightness; bark character and incidence of suckering and termite damage were made when the trial was 5.4 years old. Survival varied considerably among provenances but differences were not significant, nor for stem straightness score. There were significant differences between seed sources in growth traits with seedlots from deciduous forest environments associated with the rough corky bark C. velutina growing faster than the smooth barked C. tabularis from the moister ecological environments. The seed source from Darwin had less than one fifth of the volume of the most productive provenance. Axis persistence, bark characteristics and other traits assessed all showed significant differences.
In the USA, the development and field application of Beauveria brongniartii (Sacc.) Petch (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae) to control the invasive Asian longhorned beetle, Anoplophora glabripennis (Motschulsky) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) have been hampered because it was unknown whether this fungal species is native to North America. With the recent confirmation of the occurrence of B. brongniartii in North America there is renewed interest in this species, particularly as it is an effective pathogen of cerambycids in Japan. However, based on partial sequences of the nuclear intergenic BLOC region the commercially available B. brongniartii strain NBL 851 (Idemitsu Kosan, Tokyo, Japan) belongs instead to the species Beauveria asiatica Rehner and Humber. Further, bioassays using two inoculation methods confirmed that commercially available strains of B. asiatica (NBL 851) and Metarhizium brunneum (F52) (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae) were significantly more virulent and resulted in lower median survival times (9.5-7.5 d) of A. glabripennis adults than two North American B. brongniartii isolates (ARSEF 6215 and ARSEF 10279) (24-31 d). The virulence of North American B. brongniartii isolates is not well-documented in the literature. To our best knowledge this is the first account of the virulence of native North American B. brongniartii being evaluated for biological control of any invasive insect pest.
The Asian longhorned beetle is native to China and Korea, and was found for the first time outside its native habitat in the U.S.A. in 1996, with subsequent detections being made in Canada and several European countries.
We review the taxonomy, distribution, basic biology, behaviour, ecology and management of endemic and exotic Anoplophora glabripennis , including information that is available in the extensive Chinese literature.
This species has caused massive mortality of Populus species in China and models have demonstrated that it could become established in many locations worldwide.
Anoplophora glabripennis is polyphagous but prefers Acer , Salix and Populus , section Aigeiros .
Although A. glabripennis adults do not disperse far when surrounded by host trees, they have the potential to fly more than 2000 m in a season.
Volatile organic compounds from preferred host trees are attractive to A. glabripennis and this attraction is heightened by drought stress. Males and females orientate to a volatile released by female A. glabripennis and males attempt to copulate after contacting a sex pheromone on the female cuticle.
At present, A. glabripennis is being (or has been) eradicated from areas where it has been introduced. After detection, extensive surveys are conducted and, if breeding populations are detected, at the very least, infested trees are removed and destroyed. Close attention is paid to imported solid wood packaging material to prevent new introductions.
Standard practice to control A. glabripennis in China is to spray insecticides in tree canopies. In North America, largely as a preventative measure, systemic insecticides are injected into trees. Entomopathogenic fungi have been developed for the control of A. glabripennis , and entomopathogenic nematodes, coleopteran and hymenopteran parasitoids and predatory woodpeckers have been investigated as biocontrol agents.
Ecological control of A. glabripennis in China involves planting mixtures of preferred and nonpreferred tree species, and this practice can successfully prevent outbreaks.
This investigation into the natural history and behavior of 81 species of cerambycid beetles suggests that reproductive behavior is correlated with the condition of the larval host: Adults of species whose larvae attack living trees tend to show behavioral differences from those that attack dying or dead hosts. Behavioral differences among species that are associated with larval host condition include: (a) choice of adult food source and whether adults feed at all; (b) mechanisms of mate location and the role of long-range pheromones; (c) vagility and dispersal behaviors of adults; (d) location of the mating site; and (e) duration of copulation.
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