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Journal of Mechatronics, Automation and Identification Technology
Vol. 5, No. 3, pp. 5 - 16
5
Review paper
Wearable Technology and Applications: A Systematic
Review
Mengjie ZHANG, Rehan SAEED, Safwan SAEED, Stevan STANKOVSKI, Xiaoshuan ZHANG
College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
Department of computer science, University of South Asia, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
Faculty of Technical Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad 21000, Serbia
College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
zhmystic@126.com, rehan.cau_2k19@yahoo.com, safwaansandhu@gmail.com, stevan@uns.ac.rs,
zhxshuan@cau.edu.cn
Corresponding Authors: Xiaoshuan ZHANG & Stevan STANKOVSKI
Abstract— Wearable technology is a ubiquitous technology to
monitor human beings or animals. It includes all the
wearable devices, sensors in devices, communication
protocols including Bluetooth, Zigbee and 3G/4G/5G, cloud
computing, data fusion algorithms, and big data. The
integration of all these technologies evolved an amazing
technology with a huge attraction of people and within a few
years, those companies who are doing their business are at
the top. We are getting surrounded by wearable technology
day by day. They have multiple applications in our daily life
including health monitoring, education, activity monitoring,
fashion, and security. The objective of this review paper is to
identify the key features of wearable technology for those
people who are less acquainted with their applications and to
highlight their future trends.
Keywords— Wearable technology, Sensors, Cloud computing,
Big data
I. INTRODUCTION
The term wearable refers to anything which can be
worn easily and suitably by human beings and animals.
Wearable technology includes the category of electronic
devices which are hands-free gadgets to be directly tied on
the body or either embedded in the outfit and facilitate in
our daily life. It includes all other integrated systems which
are for data transmission, processing, and storage. The
invention of eyeglasses dated back to the 13th century [1]
claimed that wearable is not new but the use of
microprocessors and the Internet made them rapidly
adopted and placed them at the forefront of the Internet of
things (IoT), hence their development from being simple
accessories, is routing through fictions and leading
towards scientific facts, gazing more astounding and
practical. Wearable technology (abbreviated as WT)
capsulizes a profusion of devices encompassing the same
hardware but different algorithms and visualization tools,
which may be put on or freely linked to an individual [2]
and connected to the internet and equipped with small
sensors, allowing the real-time exchange of the data
between devices and networks [3]. Wearable technology
emerged as various sensors were placed in the devices and
then transformed into small and lightweight to be wearable
for humans. In order to promote an independent and
healthy living environment, wearable technology can play
an important role after its transformation from a novel
gadget to a highly efficient, accurate, and reliable tool.
Influential capabilities of mobile phones like the
computing power, HD cameras, connectivity, portability
and advances in biosensing technologies are enabling them
quick, robust and easy bioassays [4], hence wearable
technology market will rise with the growth of smartphone
users [3], and they'll play a key role in wearable technology
innovations. The IoT enabled mobile phones will
transform the wearable industry [5], the progressions in
moo power mobile networks, flexible electronics, flexible
printable sensors have accelerated the advancement of
wearable technology at a rapid rate. Fitness trackers were
the primary enormous wave of wearable gadgets within the
advertise but wearable and IoT integration power have not
been recognized yet. The advancements in mobile and
wearable technology have opened a new aspect of research
and development that has led to an increase in people
utilizing wearable technology providing greater
information and insights, helping organizations, healthcare
departments, security departments, and government in
modeling the user’s behavior. The emergence of wearable
technology relies on the development of sensors,
information technology, data fusion techniques, material
science, communication technologies, flexible batteries,
and storage facilities. In the past decade, all these
technologies evolved tremendously, and hence the markets
for innovative electronic technologies, wearable
technologies incorporating fashion, design, and further
interconnected areas have grown dramatically, and since
2014, several companies have launched various types of
wearable[6]. Wearable tracking devices are the foremost
common sort among different wearable innovations [7].
6
Data mining activities for wearable systems include
forecasting potential occurrences, identifying crucial
incidents and tracking the diagnosis to enhance decision-
making [8].
The word wearable, wearables (sometimes the word
used in plural form), and wearable technology are like
fruits of the same tree. In any case, they all allude to
electronic innovations or sensors that are merged into
garments and adornments, and can be easily carried on the
body [9]. Out of some insane creations of technology,
wearable devices are one of them which nowadays have
become a necessity for assistance, health, safety, and
almost every aspect of life [10]. Sensors are also the
fundamental elements of wearable technology which
measure the physiological parameters accurately, reliably
and provide complex multidimensional information, [11]
provided data fusion techniques and algorithms based on
the centralized hierarchical data fusion model for
interpretation of the data generated by the wearable
sensors for the application of health monitoring. With the
advancements in IoT technology, wearable devices could
be worn externally, embedded in clothing, tattooed on the
skin, or even implanted in the body. Smartwatches, eye
wears, body straps, wrist bands, headsets, foot-worn
devices, and smart jewelries have developed for different
applications. Smart wearable technology collects and
analyzes data and makes a shrewd choice, responds to the
consumer and assists in our daily life.
The last decade was a period of exponential technical
advancements and growth. Later progressions in wearable
innovations including flexible sensors for physiological
monitoring, microelectronics, energy harvesting
techniques, and low power wireless communication
networks have organized the stage in numerous
applications like health monitoring. The wearable sensor
results can be used for long-term wellbeing tracking and
may foresee future health conditions and can empower the
relationship between doctors and patients by managing
illness to wellness and improving healthcare outcomes.
Wearable technology has developed as an important
method for the early identification, avoidance and control
of daily behaviors and falls in older adults [12]. Wearable
technology is assisting in multiple ways including health
treatment [13], rehabilitation [14], activity recognition
[15], tracking [7], fall detection and prevention [12], safety
[16], security [17], privacy [18], education [19], law
enforcement [20]; hence wearable technology will bring
perpetual modern openings in numerous real-life
applications.
An unprecedented bizarre crossroads between
engineering, design, and fashion in wearable systems for a
better outcome, control, and management is promising a
compelling future of human health and environmental
monitoring. Further advancements like small size,
lightweight, personalization of data, integration into
communication networks, facilitating remote monitoring,
data fusion methodologies, and worn ubiquitously in any
environment made them highly demanding and truly
pervasive. People’s mental health issues are increasing
with the accelerating pace of intellect, there are 450
million individuals enduring from mental wellbeing
problems within the World (WHO, 2016). Wearable 3.0 is
the third era of wearable, delivering more mental
wellbeing monitoring tools to consumers, as it has deeper
cognitive intelligence, with the aim to go beyond your
ordinary wellness trackers or sports watch and focus on
health, emotion, concentration and stress analysis.
Wearable 2.0 has been unable to meet the requirements,
due to the rapid development of science and technology.
[21] Integrated brain wearable devices, cognitive-affective
virtual robotics and digital touch tools to provide
consumers with additional resources, pay attention to their
emotional wellbeing, and offer customized and adaptive
mental health surveillance systems. Data bank capacity is
increasing day by day, build data centers capacity will rise
to 2.6 ZB by 2020, almost a fourfold improvement relative
to 2016, the sum of data collected on devices will be 4.5
times higher than data centers [22].
As wearable technology has become more common
and efficient with most processing moving to the cloud,
requiring less power, in the future we will be able to charge
our devices through the solar-powered coating on our
garments and body motion and heat, which will enable us
to recharge our devices once a week at most. Tiny capsules
inside the skin close to nerves will allow us to feel the
physical interactions with one another and artificial mobile
nails with embedded technology will allow us to talk by
just raising our finger to the face just like a “handset”. With
the development of body embedded sensors, in the future,
we will have a mobile tech-enabled body. According to Dr.
Pearson, embeddable wearable technology has the
potential to replace smartphones/smart devices by the
human body by 2049 [23].
II. MECHANISM OF WEARABLE TECHNOLOGY
Rapid development in sensors, material sciences,
telecommunication, and microelectronics generates new
opportunities for human-body interaction with wearable
devices, capable of detecting, analyzing and transmitting
data via wireless communication systems to a fusion center
for further processing. Wearable technology uses multiple
electronic sensors for the acquisition of physiological
parameters like temperature by generating electronic
signals and stored them in raw data form, then computer-
based protocols like electronic algorithms used in order to
get the required information from that data [2]. Wearable
technology has various uses in the field of wellness and
healthcare surveillance, athletic monitoring for athletes,
educational and teaching assistance, security, and tracking
of humans/animals. Various sensors are using for the
acquisition of physiological parameters. Simple wearable
sensing devices used sensors, processors, and displays for
running applications, while wireless wearable sensing
devices used transceiver too so that the data can be sent to
a central station and the results can be accessed through a
website remotely [24]. Wearable gadgets produce a
significant volume of data, if the data not analyzed they
will have no use [25]. The wearable devices consist of
multiple integrated devices and systems to transmit and
receive data, including sensors (e.g., pressure,
temperature), low power embedded systems, and wireless
7
transceiver systems (e.g., Zigbee, Bluetooth, and Wi-Fi)
[26].
Sensors are personalized and assistive tools for human
locomotion monitoring, noninvasive measurement of bio-
potentials, and physiological signals. [27] Surveyed the
mechanism of multiple wearable sensors including angular,
inertial, and optical sensors to study human gait activities
for accurate and longitudinal sensing. Inertial
measurement unit (IMU) contains inertial sensors and they
operate on the basis of Newton’s law of inertia and the
second law of motion, while optical fiber sensors work on
the theory of light propagation, comprising of optical fiber,
a photodetector and a light source. One of the foremost
commonly utilized sensors in joint reconnaissance and
quantitative examination of the precise movements of
joints is the angular sensor, that working principle is based
on strain gauges. For the monitoring of infant’s physical
parameters during their sleep, a smart wearable system has
developed using wearable IoT device and after the
acquisition of parameters including heart rate, position,
breathing rate, and temperature, the device sends the
processed data to the Gateway through Zigbee wireless
technology [28].
For posture tracking and long term home care, an
intelligent wearable instrumented vest was created, in
which sensor modules were planted, produced and
manufactured utilizing high-tech textiles to be combined
with conductive textiles for postural tracking and device
compatibility testing based on the technology acceptance
model. Five microelectromechanical systems (MEMS)-
based accelerometers are positioned on multiple positions
of the clothing, monitoring multiple postures, performing
gait, and activities analysis. The proposed framework is
adept and competent in controlling different
accelerometers by employing a single control board, and
by issuing independent enable signals a single gateway
acquires data sequences from the five accelerometers. A
Bluetooth module (BT V2.1 + EDR Category 1) is
attached to the gateway's UART adapter, such that the
network can interact wirelessly with other devices such as
smartphones or notebook computers, rendering it portable.
In addition to collecting data from various sensors, the
microcontroller also conducts data collection, information
transformation and activity recognition [29]. Wearable
technology for health monitoring requires multiple sensors,
public-key encryption for data safety and privacy,
Bluetooth connection, smartphone, applications, data
fusion models for big data processing, cloud computing
and storage, and at the end a medical team and caregivers
to monitor the user’s health. The system diagram for
wearable monitoring is shown in Fig. 1.
Fig. 1 System diagram of wearable technology for health monitoring
III. CLASSIFICATION OF WEARABLE
TECHNOLOGY
Wearable technology has been proclaimed as one of the
next big scientific frontiers for many years. The term
wearable technology could be simply a wearable device
for monitoring of different parameters but if we do a
panoramic overview of it, then in a very broad perspective
wearable technology is a cluster of multiple technologies.
It is not easy to just classify wearable technology without
any basis and due to huge variety; there is no generally
accepted classification of wearable till now. [30] Used
multiple terms to classify wearable technology based on
applications including assistive, healthcare, consumer
products, and workplace categories. Further explained that
assistive devices are designed to provide alternate
communication options for users assisting them with
visual, auditory, or other physical deficiencies, for the
workplace their aim is to boost and progress the wellbeing
and security of representatives and they also have a
significant contribution to the health care domain. [31]
Classifies wearable technologies according to their
functional properties, capabilities, and sectors of
application. But there is still some ambiguity in the further
understanding of wearable technology classification. If we
consider only wearable devices as wearable technologies
in a limited perspective then in general terms wearable
smart devices are divided into near body electronics, in
body electronics, electronic textiles, and on body
electronics by “International Electrotechnical Committee”
(IEC), wearable devices can be considered as the human
interface to the IoT and sensors as the data sources of the
Internet of things (IoT) [32]. The IoT is a personalized
network of linked devices that is embedded with sensors
and network connectivity, hence IoT is far bigger than
anyone's assumptions [33]. Wearable devices can be split
into two groups based on technology; as primary and
secondary devices. Primary devices operate independently
and function as a central connector for other devices while
secondary capturing devices required primary devices for
analysis [2]. He further presents an A-Z guide, explaining
wearable technology comprising devices, terminologies,
and areas of interest as an algorithm, big data, cloud,
design, efficiency, fusion, GDPR, hardware, instrument,
jewelry, kits, low cost, machine learning, nursing, open-
source, pets, quality of life, reliability, standardization,
terminology, ubiquitous, validation, wearability, X mark
as spot, yourself and generation as Z.
If we do not utilize the data from the wearable devices
than they are museum content or decorative pieces.
Wearable sensors generate raw data in the form of
electrical signals, wearable devices used software with
embedded algorithms to process and analyze the raw
electronic signal and to display meaningful outcomes. [34]
Improved the main step counting algorithm and add other
features as calorie consumption, velocity, and mileage by
writing multiple algorithms such as energy consumption
algorithm for calories which can compute and display the
data, with high precision, rich function, and low
redundancy. In order to investigate fall detection by
wearable technologies and machine learning algorithms,
[35] applied various supervised learning algorithms to
8
build fall recognition classification models including
random forest, K-nearest neighbors, and logistic
regression, and presented various fall recognition
performances to legitimize their exactness and unwavering
quality. Complex algorithms required more power than
low or medium complex algorithms in computing and
displaying the results. [36] Developed a novel energy-
efficient algorithm for wearable systems to detect falls and
separate the five common sorts of falls. Temporal signal
angle measurement (TSAM) was utilized to classify
diverse sorts of falls at low frequencies in the range from
10-20 Hz.
Sensors are pervasive from homes to the work
environment and everywhere in between including mobile
phones, medical equipment’s, automobiles, and wearable
devices, hence they have become an essential part of our
life, soon they will be an integral part of our body and in
some cases, they will be invisible to the end-users. Sensors
provide data about objects, living beings, and the
environment in the form of electronic pulses. For nonstop
tracking, a wearable gadget must be noninvasive and
wearable all the time, [37] gave technical and scientific
features of a ring sensor with wearable
photoplethysmograph biosensors and developed a battery-
operated prototype ring sensor with RF transmitter for
persistent wellbeing checking within the field, healing
center, and at home. Wearable electronics/devices
equipped with a flexible network of sensors coordinated
into the living atmosphere will bolster Active Assisted
Living (AAL) [32]. [38] Summarized advancements
within the field of wearable sensors pertinent to the field
of restoration of human beings and depict key empowering
advances counting sensor innovation, networking
technology, and analysis of data. In order to remotely
monitor the patients, wearable technology is comprised of
three basic components as equipment for data sensing and
gathering, devices for communication, and software’s for
data processing and utilization. To improve the precision
of fall detection and human identification in the home
environment, ambient sensors can be used in conjunction
with wearable sensors to identify falls even though
participants do not wear sensors. We have been
surrounding by sensors all around, and they made our life
easier, healthy and excited, the Valedo low back pain
therapy system allows performing therapeutic exercises as
Hocoma AG combined wireless wearable movement
sensors with immerse gaming providing an appealing way;
patients can set goals, keep track of their performance and
receive feedback of their progress.
The main hurdle in the further development of sensors
in continuous monitoring is their power requirement all the
time, which required recharging or battery changing
irrespective of the conditions. Many types of research have
been done on energy harvesting for sensors either using
body heat or motion. [39] Claimed to have developed the
first self-powered flexible sensor with the assimilation of
the organic solar cell with piezo-transmittance
microporous elastomer based on active structures and
power generation equipment. Wearable self-powered
pressure sensor uses the ambient light as the power source
and can measure static pressure uninterruptedly and
soundly. Flexible electronics allow a larger area, thin and
lightweight efficient devices that are applicable to the
human body. Sensors for monitoring of parameters
counting temperature, heart rate, blood oxygenation, and
sweat monitoring have been demonstrated in
[40][41][42][43]. Wearable technology continuously
monitors many times a second for months or years, hence
required large memory units to store the collected data or
to process into useful information. A huge amount of data
in unstructured and structured forms can be termed as big
data. Big data is a big data problem and also an appropriate
solution that treats ways to evaluate systematic mining of
information, reveal patterns and deal with data sets that are
too large or complex wearable technology. Body sensor
networks have various applications in health monitoring
and foster real-time choice making and restorative
medications. Due to continuous monitoring of parameters,
the volume, and type of data collected via sensors have
grown enormously and highly demanded energy
harvesting techniques, data compression, hence is beyond
the capacity of normally used software tools to process
within the limited resources [44]. [45] Introduced the big
health application system based on big data and the health
IoT, in order to mitigate the problems in healthcare
application systems like the uneven circulation of medical
resources, increasing medical expenses and growing
chronic diseases. Big health is a promising field which can
be linked to scientific health management for early
detection of various diseases preventing human being,
overseeing people from birth until death, detecting and
evaluating risk factors, assisting from prevention to
rehabilitation and integrates the primary medical services.
As stated earlier, sensors are generating millions of
data and now with the evolution of flexible electronics,
real-time continuous physiological monitoring provokes a
new research direction to create a self-powered, portable
sweat-lactate analyzer to develop big data for sports based
on sweat evaporation bio-sensing coupling effect. Lactate
level indicates muscle fatigue hence continuous
monitoring is indispensable for building sports big data
and ultimately it will suggest the capability of athletes
enabling professional athletes or fitness trainers to
improve exercise intensity, time, methods, and reduce
injury [46]. With the development of technology and data
collection modes, data worms are also increasing hence it
is a dire need to take prevention measures, in order to
ensure the technology consumers about their privacy and
safety of personal data collected by wearable technology.
[47] Presented a wearable wireless sensor network
(WWSN) system for envisaging illness and timely alarms
along with the primary focus on the privacy of big data by
adopting an assured data deletion approach so that it will
not violate patient’s safety and privacy. Patients might be
given an alternative to deny a few clients to get to their
wellbeing information so that it will not endanger their
lives. With the rapid development of small size and less
powered wearable sensors in almost every field of life, the
data-driven by wearable technology by any device will
reach an estimate of 2.3 trillion (GB) per day by 2020 [48]
and 847 zettabytes (ZB) by 2021 up from 218 ZB in 2016
per year [49]. Definitely, wearable technology will have an
9
impressive share in the previous numbers, and to provide
ubiquitous access to cloud storage and computing is very
essential. Cloud computing refers to the platform for
accessing big data economically and ubiquitously with on-
demand availability of computer system resources
including storage and computing power. In order to cope
with numerous challenges like data storage, management
and ubiquitous access in mobile pervasive healthcare
technologies, [50] introduced a wearable-textile based
platform with the cloud computing concept that captures
pulse and gesture data and stores wirelessly in a server for
tracking and further processing. Patients, caregivers and
doctors can use web applications to visually access the data
acquired and receive alerts on mobile phones. The use of
cloud in the area of health management has been proved
successful with fewer effects, enabling doctors and
clinicians to give their patients full attention at once.
During major events or environmental hazards, cloud
storage may be really useful for doctors to know the
background of the individual, including the hemoglobin
count, blood pressure and blood type, rather than checking
and spending precious resources and time. [51] Proposed
a network of IoT based linked devices, mobile apps and
cloud server capable of constantly tracking patient
vitalities and transfer this data to the mobile device to
equate certain parameters with the server store database.
Cloud computing can be considered as a commercial
extension of computing resources, benefitting millions of
users over the internet. [52] Presented an e-health platform
by designing a wearable system with 8-channels AFE and
Wi-Fi technology to acquire, transmit, and monitor the
data to the cloud. This system can measure ECG or EMG
accurately at home, and transmit it through an IP based
network that can be accessed through web application or
internet with mobile. The Internet of things and wearable
devices are very popular and widely accepted by people
but many consumers feel hesitation to use wearable
technology due to privacy matters, as cloud storage has
trillions of data so those concerns really matter. Hence in
order to advertise this technology and to convince them it
is crucial to ensure them about their privacy. With the
support of a cloud server, [53] introduced a lightweight
and privacy-conserving shared authentication system for
wearable devices and divided the proposed scheme into
three phases as setup, pairing, and authentication. Smart
technology is now evolving in the consumer industry with
the popularization of wearable technologies on a wide
scale and collecting real-time information, support front
line decisions, and facilitate daily operation. [54]
Presented the cloud-based mobile gateway operation
system (CMGOS) for the industrial wearable with two
main elements such as mobile gateway operating system
and cloud microservices, seeking to facilitate their
productive application in dynamic real-life scenarios. Data
generated from different sensors and technologies is not
consistent and efficient, therefore in order to remove
discrepancies from the sensed or collected data, data fusion
techniques are employed to offset wearable technology
inefficiencies. Multi-sensor data fusion technologies have
been widely used to combine and integrate data from
various sensors, and to create increasingly advanced
versions with more sophisticated models. [55] Introduced
adaptive sensor fusion technology a novel and innovative
approach for wearable devices to account for drift and to
predict orientation in the accelerometer and gyroscope
sensor fusion device. It also presents a sensor fusion
algorithm that converts motion sensor data such as
gyroscope, magnetometer and accelerometer to generate
orientation in terms of quaternion for multiple
combinations of input motion sensors. Data fusion
methods are used to provide a realistic description of the
sensors' output and eventually achieving a significant
effect on the quality of living, safety, and wellness. [11]
Gave a snapshot of data fusion techniques and algorithms
to interpret the complex multidimensional information
provided by the sensors for healthcare applications
including falls recognition, physiological sensing,
biomedical modeling, and activity recognition. To
interpret the sensor data, data samples from the sensor at a
frequency according to the type of sensor and transmit to
the fusion center. Three main hierarchical levels are used
to interpret the sensor data including signal level data
fusion, feature level fusion, and decision level fusion.
Owing to the variety of data with the personnel for the
management of the electrical sector and the increasing
growth of the smart grid, the data obtained is diversified,
so efficient data processing of data fusion is required. [56]
This paper presents multisource data fusion technology
and classification methods for power wearable system, to
improve the convergence efficiency in the electric
fieldwork.
Data fusion is an important tool and a successful
strategy for better execution of the physical activity model.
Physical activities are keys to data fusion approaches in the
smart health care application. Data fusion or machine
learning techniques are useful for classifying physical
activity, eliminating uncertainties, improving accuracy in
recognition and measuring robustness. Yet traditional
methods for physical activity recognition and measure
(PARM) rely on designs and utilization, with a primary
focus on controlled environments.
There are a lot of discrepancies and instabilities in the
physical data generated due to the differences in physical
fitness, acceptance of wearable devices and persons
wearing multiple devices. [57] Gave an overview of data
fusion techniques for IoT enabled PARM, from the
perspective of a new 3D dynamic IoT-based physical
activity collection and authentication model and through
qualitative identification of impact factors and quantitative
measurement of their impact on IoT. Results showed that
in the IoT PARM applications the Data fusion techniques
have high accuracy and low computational burden on all
sensors but placing multiple sensors on the body is not
comfortable and battery consumption is high. While
wearing wearable devices including watches, glasses, and
shoes, etc., we are carrying all other Wearable
Technologies with ourselves ubiquotously and we have
access to all of them in the boundaries defined by the top
chairs. In view of the above discussion, a general wearable
technology classification is shown in Fig. 2.
10
Fig. 2 General classification of wearable technology
IV. APPLICATIONS OF WEARABLE TECHNOLOGY
Wearable technology can be combined with human
skin to monitor user activities continuously, without
interrupting their movement. Wearable sensors have been
very common in many applications, including medical,
safety, health, and commercial applications. The
development of sensing technologies like
nanotechnologies and embedded systems are transforming
the healthcare system like the development of smart
systems for continuous monitoring of living beings even
without hospitalization which will impact future medical
technology, reduce health care costs and redefine the
doctor-patient relationship [24]. The data from wearable
sensors that are unobtrusive, lightweight and power-
sensitive can be used to detect movement patterns, [58]
efficiently implemented remote measurement of
Parkinson's disease patients, and defined the disparity
between control and PD participants using wearable
inertial measuring units (IMUs) by quantifying body
motions, including bradykinesia indices for walking and
standing up from the chair. Wearable technology is not
only for human beings but also for health monitoring of
the animals like the tracking system for pet owners to
monitor their pets in their natural environs remotely, [2]
developed a collar-worn accelerometer platform to record
the behavior of dogs in a naturalistic environment. The
application range of wearable technology is countless and
not limited to certain industries only. They can be attached
to all parts of the body, including a user’s head, shoulders,
arms, feet, waist, and even on or under the skin. Traditional
methods of blood sampling for a medical checkup is time-
consuming and involved the risk of infection, therefore [59]
& [60] worked on non-invasive alternatives like sweat
analysis to determine its electrolyte composition which
can provide important clinical health conditions and
personal hydration status of athletes, allowing instructors,
doctors, and coaches to better understand the physical
demands of athletes in real-time. This maximizes the
safety of the athlete and offers incentives to enhance
athletic efficiency, but more work in this area is needed to
mitigate the impact of direct interaction with the skin that
can encourage or decrease the volume of sweat, influence
electrolyte in sweat composition and measurement in real-
time.
With the increasing population and deadly pandemics;
our traditional healthcare systems are becoming
insufficient, incapable, and malformed. The only solution
is to establish a smart health care system, a system in
which every single activity of people will be monitored,
tracked and saved in a database for future predictions. As
“prevention is better than cure” (Desiderius Erasmus),
using wearable technology we could control the spread of
deadly viruses and can take safety precautions, by
alarming the people about the infected areas in advance.
The application of wearable technology in social
distancing at the institutional level is presented in Fig. 3.
Social distancing is the primary precaution to avoid
transmission of the infectious diseases, which mainly
spread from person to person interaction, so a beeping
system in wearable technology could be very useful to
remind the person in the close vicinity of another person,
to maintain a safe distance. The location data of all the
members, staff, and employees will be transferred to the
institution cloud, in case of a new patient, relevant people
who were in contact with him will be called in no time for
testing. After certain filters useful information would be
transfer to the state database, protecting certain privacy
rights of people. Global access will also be provided using
a central cloud with limited access to predict the Global
conditions at once. Over 10 billion people got affected by
Covid 19 (WHO, 2020), a pandemic that has locked the
people around the Globe, no doubt it has spread mass
destruction but nothing will be normal again, due to its
given consequences and beyond.
Fig. 3 Application of wearable technology in social distancing
The creation of temporary transfer tattoo (T3) for the
physiological and safety control of chemical constituents
by screen-printing electrodes directly onto tattoo paper is
an illustration of the transition of mobile sensors directly
onto the surface, contributing to the presentation of
"electronic skin" [61]. Wearable technology has become a
subject of great interest for activity and behavior
monitoring of farm animals, using sensors containing
Sensors
Data
Diffusion
Big Data Cloud
Algorithms
11
accelerometers and wireless transmission of processed
data for quick health monitoring, feeding time and amount
analysis, etc. Sensors were mounted on different body
parts including necks, legs, and ears to study the behavior
of horses, bulls, dairy sheep, and sharks to study their
behavior using accelerometers, besides other traditional
approaches like direct observation with the naked eye or
video recording which are laborious and time-consuming.
[62] Studied the behavior of sow by using a 3-axis ear
attached accelerometer sensor, transfer the data wirelessly
on low frequency using the BLE module, and increased the
battery life in power saving mode by transferring data only
when sow shows a movement in different packets. Results
showed that battery life was extended from 31 days to 288
days, from continuous mode to power saving mode
respectively. As cattle and pigs already have ear tags so ear
attached sensors are advantageous. [63] Developed a smart
collar device equipped with inertial sensors and study
different gaits of horses. The behavior of animals was
studied and allows real-time classification while data was
stored in SD card, solar operated base station was created
for classification. According to science, noise exposure for
a long time increase cardiovascular diseases, in order to
study the cardiovascular and stress effects, [64] gave a case
study by linking wearable technology to the Omaha system
and demonstrate that there are possibilities to aggregate
such data for public, to examine noise disclosure, heart rate
and blood pressure data to identify noise-related health
risks using standardized data and visualization techniques.
Nowadays, air pollution is one of the major issues due to
industrialization, fueled vehicles, and increasing
population, affecting our health continuously due to daily
exposure but wearable monitoring technology is changing
the methods to study air pollution. [65] Professor D K
Arvind, at a science festival allowed adults to try “Air
Speck Personal”, which permits them to measure air
pollution which they are exposed. Using this piece of
technology every breath we take can be monitored and
results could be transferred to a cloud and we can get on
our mobile apps, it will also change the life of asthma
patients. Besides the deep roots of wearable technology in
exercise, rehabilitation, and other fields, it has also become
a precise tool for nurses and healthcare providers. Within
the health care sector, nursing is focused on the care of
patients and families, and nurses will be at the forefront for
the patients who will use the wearable technology. They
have been inundated by developments in technology over
the past decade, and have demonstrated differing degrees
of happiness by creativity and innovations. Their
willingness and aptitude towards technology will play a
very important role in health monitoring [66]. This is also
a significant aim in medical field to support patients in
their own treatment through connected devices. Hence
reveling patients in their own care using wearable
technology, is a major objective of nursing. Wearable
devices can work on various sections of the human body
to calculate several parameters, Table 1 indicates specific
applications of wearable devices on the human body.
TABLE I APPLICATION OF WEARABLE DEVICES ON THE HUMAN BODY
[67]
Wearable
device type
Position
Applications
Helmet
Head
GPS tracking,
microphone,
inbuilt earphone
Camera
Headband
Sports footage
Glasses
Eyes
Information
display
Throat tattoo
Neck
Inbuilt
microphone for
communication
Earphones
Ears
Fitness tracking,
communication
Lenses
Eyes
Assists glucose
level
Sports clothing
Body
Measure heart
rate, steps
counting and
GPS
Watch
Wrist
Activity
monitoring, voice
activation, GPS
Jewelry
Neck, finger,
ears
Tracking
Gloves
Hands
Recording,
protection
Shoes
Feet
Foot diseases,
blood pressure,
steps counting
The wearable is using in many medical fields including
cardiology to track abnormal heart rhythms, such as Holter
monitors. Zoll Life VestTM is a wearable defibrillator for
patients who are vulnerable to sudden cardiac death, it
alerts the patients before in his consciousness to respond,
and in case the patient becomes unconscious it can also
give a shock. Physicians could monitor heartbeat remotely
and get notification about abnormal conditions (Zoll
Medical Corporation, 2015). Wearable technology
advances have transformed conventional training methods
and have been common in learning and teaching practices.
Young people are more receptive to technologies and it has
been observed that their participation in learning
experiences is simple to accomplish. [68] Studied the
acceptance of wearable technology in higher education
according to Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), and
results showed that along with numerous benefits, there are
also various limitations restraining the wider application of
this technology in higher education. At the University of
South Wales, head-mounted Virtual Reality (VR) was
used in engineering for a deeper connection with events.
Google glass is considered as one of the best tools in
education which helps students to listen the lectures
remotely, unlike Google expeditions with providing a
unique classroom experience via VR, and students can
enjoy and explore their curriculum by virtual field trips.
Wearable technology plays a vital role in the
rehabilitation, [69] provided examples with facts
12
supporting their adequacy for rehabilitation, virtual reality,
tracking sensors, advanced simulations have been applied,
providing rehabilitation evaluation along with the timely
and significant response to patients and their therapists.
Hence use of wearable technology in therapy or
rehabilitation develops an environment around the wearer
that he feels like under observation of a therapist or doctor.
[70] Developed a mechanism to assess the rehabilitation
work out by incorporating wearable cameras and three
motion sensors mounted on the chest, thigh and shank for
osteoarthritis of the knee which enable the patient to
manage their own rehabilitation progress. Due to recent
advancements in technology, most of us are either working
at offices or home, while sitting on a chair facing screens
and those who are working in a hazardous environment
like mine or heavy machinery, etc., need work
environment safety and security. To expand the current
knowledge of wearable technology, [71] explored the
wearable device revolution in the work environment and
revealed that wearable technology has the ability to
improve employees' work efficiency by enhancing their
physical well-being and plummeting work-related injuries.
Physical strain and continuous sitting cause back problems,
so retaining a correct working position is necessary even
for students, researchers, and employees. Hence there is a
dire need to improve the health and safety of both
employees and companies. They further reveal that no
previous reviews have yet discussed how to eradicate the
issues which are creating hindrances like privacy,
information ecology, and satisfaction, which could
jeopardize the relationship between wearable technology
and the work environment. [72] Designed a low power,
low profile, high efficient, small, lightweight, handheld or
wearable detector system (WDD) equipped with
microstructure semiconductor neutron detectors to help in
the search of special nuclear materials. The wearable
detector system was fabricated in a discrete prototype
garment. Technology made our life inactive and reduced
sports activities, which implicate serious health risks,
video games preferred over outdoor games. More than 80 %
of the adolescent population and 25 % of adults are not
active enough (WHO), while the active lifestyle improves
our health and prevents various diseases..
V. DEVELOPMENT TRENDS, BENEFITS, AND CHALLENGES
Wearable technology has promising future growth and
is expected to become contemporary and indispensable
electronic products after smartphones. In order to further
promote wearable technology and devices, it is of utmost
value to add some uniqueness, visionary idea, stylish,
glamour, and innovation, and comfort more than the
present devices like smartphones, etc. Due to the similarity
between traditional technology and upcoming technology
consumers are confused about uniqueness hence they
consider smartphones as wearable technology rather than
a new and different technology owing to their same size
and visibility [3]. In the design of wearable devices, the
growing demographic of an older adult should include in
order to alleviate their hardships that began to rise with age,
because this group is expanding rapidly and the population
over 65 will be doubled from 2012 to 2050 (U.S Census
Bureau) and they are responsible for about 40 % medicine
consumption. To develop a potential synergy among
wearable technologies and older adults, [73] presented few
plan proposals to be considered in future development for
wearable advanced digital technology which could provide
an assistive framework in areas such as memory flaw and
other attenuating age-related decline.
Wearable gadgets are, as the name implies, lightweight
and microelectromechanical instruments which can be
carried on the user's body all the time. Body-worn
wearable devices are connected with other devices, that
can capture data on a day to day or minute by minute bases,
such as heart rate, heart rhythm, gait analysis, amount of
calories burnt, and sleep duration. Many more lightweight,
high-performance wearable systems are anticipated to be
accessible for tracking a wide variety of activities. Due to
intense research and development trend on wearable
devices, now they are becoming a part of household items,
but still, its cost is a barrier and awareness need to be
publicized in the consumers about the importance of them
in long-term health monitoring and future health
conditions prediction [24]. A few years back, continuous
monitoring of physiological parameters including heart
rate, respiratory rate, and blood pressure was possible only
in the hospital, but now immediate and distant monitoring
of physiological parameters is a reality, with the
development of wearable technology in the field of the
health monitoring system. The benefit of using wearable
technology for healthcare systems is two-fold, help to
minimize patient visits to the clinic, encourage doctors to
practice while sitting at home and also increase the data
collected at regular intervals without human interference
and with a greater degree of accuracy [67].
Adoption of technology like wearable technology has
numerous barriers like safety, efficiency, communication
interoperability, high cost, and complexity, hence all of
them are interwoven and wearable technology could be a
hindrance in healthcare also due to the requirement of
continuous monitoring which in turn demands long-lasting
battery, in either case, affect the running time between
battery recharge/replacement and memory capabilities and
need to upskill the expected user [2]. There are many
approaches studying nowadays to cope with the problem
of battery issues like to put wearable technology in a low-
power mode and only power up additional sensors, [74]
designed a low power fall detector by controlling false
alarm rate and enhance the battery life of the device. The
ultimate solution for power consumption is energy
harvesting that creates a balance between supply and
demand. [75] ASSIST is building ultra-low-power health
and environmental sensors by establishing a balance
between supply and demand and focusing on autonomous
power sources as body motion and heat, creating self-
powered wearable systems; its critical components are
stored energy and harvested energy in terms of supply,
while energy management, sensors, communication, and
computational units in terms of demand. Many sensors
have optimized to minimize power consumption,
increasing flexibility and wearability, including
13
photoplethysmogram, flexible electrodes, and silver
nanowires.
This study [76] was unique and all the factors from
technology, healthcare, and privacy perspective were
proved to be true, about the empirical investigation of
customers’ acceptance toward wearable technology in
healthcare. In order to promote the adoption of these
fantastic technologies, various factors need to be
considered like privacy protection, healthcare behavior of
the consumer, motivational output, and social impact, and
cost-effectiveness along with ease of use, functional
congruence, and enjoyment. In the education department,
the scope of wearable technology is limited due to the
affordances of educators, who believed that wearable
could lead towards the deterioration of social skills,
eyesight problems, nondevelopment of students, and
overreliance on wearable technology, hence obstructing
independent thinking [19]. Wearable devices are small and
lightweight but seem like jewelry when they have no
internet connection, and this is one of the main reasons of
unadaptability that they required a smartphone or a
computer to connect to the internet [77].
The security of wearable device data is likely a crucial
weakness for their development. In the near future, they
will be further linked to the IoT, controlling smart offices,
smart homes, and smart cars [78-82]. Hence it is crucial to
ensure the consumer about their security and
confidentiality of the data. For the transmission security
issues of wearable gadgets, [83] used quantum
cryptography in combination with the special requirements
of wearable devices and provided a safe transmission
scheme used to secure the sensitive and sensitive
information of wearable devices. Perception plays an
important role in choosing some technology. To elicit the
current challenges, [84] the research analyzed the effect of
customer expectations on wearable technologies by
reflecting on the precedents of acceptance of wearable
healthcare technology and reviewing current literature by
illustrating the relative significance of specific
technological characteristics to perceived utility and the
desire to implement wearable healthcare technology. For
creators of wearable healthcare technology, it is advised to
explore ways to enhance the technological characteristics,
including perceived ease, perceived irreplaceability of
wearable healthcare technology and incorporating new
features or desirable prototypes, as well as to strengthen
the software infrastructure to help protect the privacy of
user-related health status details. Further reported that the
perceived value of customers plays a major role in
confirming their decision to embrace wearable
technologies for healthcare and other sectors.
VI. CONCLUSIONS
The 21st century is warmly embracing wearable
technology and our life has been revolutionized with
greater choice and flexibility, turning our planet into an
unremittingly connected global village, extending our
abilities to explore new ways of life, and rebuilding
relationships by establishing trust and shared values. In the
current scenario of Covid-19 pandemic, wearable
technology can play a vital role in the prediction of early
symptoms, management of social distancing, and
lockdown. It will be very useful in the future to control
pandemics like Covid-19, as we see, after every decade,
the world has witnessed a new disease. With the growth in
the number of technology user’s and the successful
utilization of body embedded IoT enabled sensors will
allow governments and health departments to track the
people consistently and precisely.
The current and potential ages tend to depend on
wearable technologies. This would become more
important by meaning that people who don't wear it can
lack records, access, protection, security, and accuracy.
However, there will be a need for further innovations and
improvements to tackle emerging problems as the risks
continue to evolve and the technology develops.
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