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Research integrity
According to the Declaration on Research Integrity in Responsible Research and Innovation 2016, of
the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization -UNESCO- Chairs in Bioethics
scientific integrity constitutes an area of important research, which has become structural elements
of European and international research policies and agendas.
The Singapore Statement on Research Integrity 2010 of the World Conference on Research Integrity
states in point 11 that researchers should report to the appropriate authorities any suspected research
misconduct, as well as in point 12, indicates that the research institutions, as well as journals,
professional organizations and agencies that have commitments to research, should have procedures
for responding to allegations of misconduct and other irresponsible research practices and for
protecting those who report such behavior in good faith.
For its part, the Global Research Council designate in the Statement of Principles for Research
Integrity 2013 that research funding agencies have an obligation to ensure that the research they
support is conducted in accordance with the highest standards possible. According to its principles,
research funding agencies should support a process that values accountability, timeliness and
fairness.
In 2017, the Committee on Publication Ethics developed the Core Practices, an evolution that, in turn,
replaced the Code of Conduct for Editors 2014 .The Core Practices should be considered alongside
specific national and international codes of conduct for research, include ten central points, the first
one, Allegations of Misconduct where it indicates that editors should have a clearly described process
for handling allegations, as well as other normative points such as conflict of interest/competing
interests, ethical oversight, peer review processes and post-publication discussions and corrections.
Violation of Research Integrity
The Declaration on Research Integrity in Responsible Research and Innovation indicates that,
operative function, the following are violations of scientific integrity: scientific fraud such as fabrication
of data, falsification and plagiarism; scientific misconduct and questionable practices.
Parental Alienation Syndrome -PAS-
In 1985, Richard Alan Gardner described a phenomenon that occurs in conflictive divorce litigation
where there is an unjustified rejection of a child against the non-custodial father which was called
Parental Alienation Syndrome, four years before the Convention on the Rights of the Child, because
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in its concept attempt for the right of the child to live with their whole family when there is no kind of
child abuse (exclusion criterion, since when abuse is demonstrated, their employment must be
abandoned). In the most severe cases, a triad is observed consisting of: 1) Induction of the child to
hatred through manipulation strategies. 2) Unsubstantiated lawsuit of abuse without evidence by the
custodial parent. 3) Obstruction of the father/mother-child bond. Because he identified that it is a type
of child violence, he proposed that, in cases in which all therapeutic and judicial attempts failed, a
change of custody be given to stop exposing the child to this kind of abuse.
Violations of Scientific Integrity in Parental Alienation
(Mendoza-Amaro, 2019, pp 17-36).
As time passes more articles and books are being identified that attribute “citations” to the books of
Richard A. Gardner, which, when compared with the original sources, demonstrates deformation,
mutilation and modification of the original manuscripts, a violation of Article 6 bis 1 of the Berne
Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works 1979, of the World Intellectual Property
Organization -WIPO-. These "cites" are intended to point to Gardner and his theory as a cover-up for
pedophiles, with the aim of demeriting his work to the detriment of the author's honor and reputation.
The central sophism that they try to induce with the original texts corrupted of Richard A. Gardner is
that those who argue the parental alienation syndrome or some homologous concept, are also
pedophiles or defenders of these.
Due to its importance, a work can be constituted as the emblem of scientific fraud in parental
alienation, both because of the reputation of the institutions involved, as well as because of the
quantity and diversity of scientific misconduct and the repercussions of its use in institutional courses.
This is the book Use of sons and daughters in parental conflict and the violation of rights of the alleged
parental alienation syndrome [Utilización de hijos e hijas en el conflicto parental y la violación de
derechos del supuesto síndrome de alienación parental] by Castañer et al. (2014), published by the
Supreme Court of Justice of the Nation of Mexico [SCJN. Suprema Corte de Justicia de la Nación],
the Office for the Defense of Children's Rights Non-Governmental Organizations -NGO- [ODI. Oficina
de Defensoría de los Derechos de la Infancia, A.C.] and “revised” by the Latin American Institute for
Family Studies NGO [ILEF. Instituto Latinoamericano de Estudios de la Familia, A.C.].
In this book by Castañer, bad scientific practices were identified using specialized software for the
analysis and comparison of scientific texts, finding major plagiarism of eight bibliographic references
from the Wikipedia site in the draft of chapter 4, a document used in the Specialized Forensic
Psychology Course in Girls, Boys and Adolescents [Curso Psicología Forense Especializada en
Niñas, Niños y Adolescentes], since it contains digital indicators called placeholders, which were
deliberately eliminated for the final version of the book in question, that is, both major plagiarism and
data falsification were incurred.
Castañer's book, in addition to major plagiarism and data falsification, also includes corrupted
“citations” from original sources attributed to Richard A. Gardner. With this, he formulates syllogisms
with the aim of inducing sophisms. In the first sophism, he erroneously indicates that the parental
alienation syndrome, child sex abuse and physical violence have the same indicators for their
identification; the second sophism, tries to relate the parental alienation syndrome with gender
violence and; the third sophism, tries to link it as a violation of the human rights of sons. In the
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conclusions, they formulate a fourth sophism in which they erroneously state that the parental
alienation syndrome and some homologous concepts are false.
With this fraudulent material, the SCJN, the United Nations Children's Fund of Mexico -UNICEF- and
the ODI, since 2013, “train” experts in psychology and psychiatry, social workers, applicant lawyers
(litigants), judges and magistrates.
Consequences of Violations of Research Integrity
As stated in the Declaration on Research Integrity in Responsible Research and Innovation of the
UNESCO Chairs of Bioethics, scientific bad practices are not a crime without victims and negatively
impact on researchers, research participants, institutions, research areas, on the financing available
and, as a result, on the whole of society.
The Declaration indicates the following consequences:
• Researchers: initially, professional and personal lives of those who reveal ethically
objectionable behavior are often unjustly affected, forced to seek work elsewhere; besides,
after time, once institutional resistance is overcome, professionals can be disabled by
becoming persona non grata.
• Research participants and population: they can suffer dire consequences when the
treatments they receive are based on false data.
• Institutions: it is very difficult to quantify the collateral damage that bad scientific practices
can cause in research colleagues and in the host institution of the guilty researcher.
• Society: they cause very negative effects on citizens, such as mistrust.
Consequences of Parental Alienation
The various violations of research integrity such as major plagiarism, deformation, mutilation and
modification of the original manuscripts, have generated a series of sophisms regarding parental
alienation that have negatively impacted on multiple levels. Below, without being exhaustive, the
consequences of scientific fraud in parental alienation are indicated:
• Stigma: corrupt the original sources to relate the parental alienation syndrome with child sex
abuse, is the cornerstone of scientific fraud in parental alienation, generates a high stigma
with great emotional charge, since it produces a false association of the issue with the cover-
up of pedophiles.
• Scientific misinformation campaigns: since "academic" publications with scientific fraud
have become viral in electronic media and social networks due to high stigma, they are
increasingly "cited" in more places without consulting the original sources, replicating
themselves in a modern version of O Uplavici syndrome described by Clifford Dobell (1939),
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but which includes scientific fraud. The accumulation of these documents is constituting true
campaigns of scientific misinformation.
• Censorship: as an example is the Decalogue of the Supposed Parental Alienation Syndrome
[Decálogo del Supuesto Síndrome de Alienación Parental] 2020 of the General Council of
Social Work [Consejo General de Trabajo Social] of Spain, which in point 2 of the Decalogue,
indicates: Prohibit the use and application of the PAS in the assessment reports, as well as
diagnoses… thus censuring social workers throughout Spain.
• Politicization: according to Publico (Spain multimedia magazine), Luis Ernesto Pedernera
Reyna, Chairperson of the UNICEF, stated that the Organic Law for the Comprehensive
Protection of Children and Adolescents against to Violence in Children [Ley Orgánica de
Protección Integral a la Infancia y la Adolescencia frente a la Violencia en la Infancia], which
has just been approved by the Council of Ministers of Spain [Consejo de Ministros de España],
must prohibit the use of the false Parental Alienation Syndrome (Kohan, 2020).
• Legal involution: the case of the legislation of Mexico City (formerly the Federal District) that
repealed on August 1, 2017 article 323 septimus of the Civil Code that contained the term
parental alienation and that had been incorporated in 2004. Another case, is the SENTENCE
Issued by the Full Court of the Supreme Court of Justice of the Nation in the Action of
Unconstitutionality 11/2016, in which, some articles related to moderate and severe parental
alienation to the State of Oaxaca México are declared unconstitutional and, on the other hand,
some articles relating to mild parental alienation are declared constitutional. In both cases,
mediatic phenomena and public domain documents were observed, whose “foundation” is
Castañer's work with scientific fraud, which were used to exert political pressure (Mendoza-
Amaro, 2019, pp 65-67).
• Neglect training: in addition to the opinion of recognized international experts on the subject
who identify parental alienation as a specific type of child abuse (Bernet, 2010; Gomide, 2016;
Harman, 2016; Loredo, 2010 & 2011; Salles, 2012; Summers, 2006; von Boch-Galhau, 2018;
Warshak, 2015a & 2015b), there are association studies that corroborate this (Baker, 2011 &
2015; Verrocchio, 2016); trainings such as the Specialized Forensic Psychology Course in
Girls, Boys and Adolescents and the Course on Children's Rights and Access to Justice
[Curso los Derechos de la Infancia y el Acceso a la Justicia] taught by the SCJN, UNICEF and
ODI, whose contents deny the existence of parental alienation due to the use of material with
scientific fraud, cause expert evaluations and legal decisions where the children are left,
without interventions of any kind, under the guardianship of the person who practices this type
of child abuse.
• Human Rights violations: legal inaction due to the denial of parental alienation due to
scientific fraud, generates two main types of violations of the human rights of sons. The first
is the absence of protection against abuse set out in Articles 2 and 19 of the Convention on
the Rights of the Child 1989 and the second is the violation of the children's right to live with
the whole family, embodied in articles 8 and 9 of said convention.
• Inadequate interpretation of the Human Rights of Children: it has been tried to confuse a
listening that they have called “respectful” (which refers to a textual listening) with Listening
Carefully, arguing that the saying of the children must be fully respected. Although it is true
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that listening to the minor is a right and an essential element, there are already guidelines that
indicate what the conditions of Listening Carefully are, criteria that are independent of the
issue of parental alienation and that are also valid for him.
• Distrust: due to the stigma generated by the wide dissemination of fraudulent information in
misinformed campaigns, censorship, politicization, legal involution, neglect training and
inadequate interpretations of Human Rights that has occurred in the last two decades, a
climate of mistrust in society that has caused a polarization of positions in NGOs and decision
makers.
• Discrimination: the high stigma and misinformation on the subject, has caused a climate of
mistrust, polarization and censorship, which as a whole, can make those who use the term
victims of discriminatory practices, such as: legal professionals (litigants, judges, magistrates
and ministers), assistants in the administration of justice (experts witness, social workers,
doctors, mediators and parenting coordinators), legislators, researchers and NGOs.
• Erroneous expert reports: once an expert in psychology or psychiatry receives institutional
training that contains scientific fraud, even if they do not agree, they can do little if the person
who trains is the highest governing body of justice in their country, as is the case of the SCJN
of Mexico with the fraudulent work of Castañer. In the event that it determines in a case the
existence of severe parental alienation or parental alienation syndrome, the opinion of another
expert citing the fraudulent institutional bibliography, will overturn the expert report, rejecting
the evidence.
• Trials with an Crassus Error (big mistake): similarly, once a judge, magistrate or minister
receives institutional training that contains scientific fraud, and knows that both the dominant
jurisprudence, such as derogations and unconstitutionality actions are against the alienation
syndrome parental and analogous concepts; Based on the legal principle Iudex peritus
peritorum (the judge is an expert witness), the judge can dismiss any expert opinion that
contradicts the status quo achieved by scientific fraud in matters of parental alienation, leaving
sons in a situation of child abuse due to parental alienation involved in this type of litigation.
• Funding and quality of research: due to the uncertainty on the subject thanks to the scientific
fraud in parental alienation, the investigations that propose to study the phenomenon in a
responsible way have been limited or extinguished and, on the other hand, resources have
been allocated for projects that involve a position compatible with the "Literature" containing
scientific fraud. In both cases, the quality of the research is clearly compromised, since
research projects with scientific integrity are not funded and, for those with this resource,
integrity is compromised beforehand.
Conclusions
After decades of violations of research integrity against parental alienation syndrome and homologous
concepts, scientific fraud has become the status quo of the issue in some countries and regions of
the world, with the sons of separated or divorced parents being the most harmed by this kind of child
abuse. At the moment, it is not possible to estimate the number of children and adolescents who
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suffer this fate without government protection interventions in countries affected by scientific fraud
but, without a doubt, it will be a line of research that will allow estimating its impact on this scourge.
Recommendations in Adherence to Research Integrity
Due to the accumulation of violations of research integrity in parental alienation, in congruence with
the Declaration on Research Integrity in Responsible Research and Innovation of the UNESCO
Chairs in Bioethics, the following recommendations are issued:
• It is imperative that the United Nations with its different specialized bodies, councils, funds
and programs (Human Rights Council, UNESCO, UNICEF, World Health Organization -WHO-
, WIPO), in conjunction with the Committee on Publication Ethics, the World Conferences on
Research Integrity and the Global Research Council, form an international team of experts on
the subject of parental alienation, child maltreatment and custody evaluation so that, using the
highest standards of research integrity, analyze scientific evidence, identify and flag scientific
malpractices, and finally, reincorporate parental alienation into the Index Term of the
International Classification of Diseases 11th -ICD 11- [ICD 11. International Classification of
Diseases 11th] as a phenomenon under study and to develop international protocols for
prevention, evaluation, treatment and in prevention of child abuse, including parental
alienation in separation and divorce proceedings, and custody, similar to the Istanbul
Protocols in their own matter.
• It is essential that the governments of the different countries and their deconcentrated bodies
form independent research groups that, without conflict of interest, review the institutional
material or frequently used by the institutions related to parental alienation, and in case of
finding fraudulent material on the subject in question, they must make or request the retraction
of the documents and make the fraud public.
• In cases where such material has been used in institutional training processes, independent
expert groups should be instructed to investigate the impact of fraudulent material using a
clear and quantifiable methodology, so that, with the results, they can design effective
strategies to redress the damage in society and in the professional communities involved.
• Recognize the urgent need to develop national policies on research integrity in different
countries, including judicial systems and agencies that receive public and private funds, as
well as the development of a code of ethics and good practices for the systems of
administration of justice, which clearly establishes the procedures to accurately identify any
violation of research integrity and decisively counteract any type of malpractice.
• Develop mechanisms for the comprehensive and progressive protection of children against
all forms of child abuse in family contexts, including parental alienation, in accordance with
the Human Rights of Children and Adolescents, always favoring psychoeducation programs
for parents and positive parenting, supervision and teaching such as parental coordination,
mediation, reunification therapy and joint custody.
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Special attention
Case of the World Health Organization and the ICD 11.
On June 8, 2018, the WHO published the final version of the ICD 11 where it included parental
alienation in the Index Terms, being approved on May 25, 2019 in Geneva by the World Health
Assembly. Between June 2018 and May 2019, on the CIE 11 Maintenance Platform (orange website),
comments and suggestions were published on the term in favor and against, pointing out that there
were bad scientific practices in the comments made. On February 15, 2020, WHO's MSAC Medical
Services Advisory Committee Team 3 announced on the ICD 11 Maintenance Platform that parental
alienation was removed from the Index Terms without giving a convincing and detailed explanation
of the investigation that supported such decision.
As noted in the first recommendation of this Declaration, due to the impact of scientific fraud on the
issue of parental alienation and the arbitrary decision to remove the parental alienation from the ICD
11 Index Terms, after being approved by the World Assembly of Health, an international team of
experts should be formed that, with the advice of the Committee on Publication Ethics, the World
Conferences on Research Integrity and the Global Research Council and the participation of different
specialized bodies, councils, funds and programs of The United Nations (Human Rights Council,
UNESCO, UNICEF, WHO, WIPO), through the highest standards of research integrity, investigate
whether there were sufficient and proven elements with the proper scientific integrity for their
elimination, since otherwise, must proceed to announce that it should not have been withdrawn from
the Index Terms of the classification.
Case of Castañer, UNICEF México, ODI and SCJN.
In the case of the courses Specialized Forensic Psychology in Girls, Boys and Adolescents and
Children's Rights and Access to Justice both designed by Castañer et al., endorsed by UNICEF
Mexico, SCJN, and ODI, which have as part of its literature the book Use of sons and daughters in
parental conflict and the violation of rights of the alleged syndrome of parental alienation of the same
author, an immediate retraction should be made on the basis that they ignored the Letter to the Editor
with the scientific fraud report submitted in writing on December 11, 2019 to UNICEF Mexico (Heredia,
2019) and the Letter to the Editor with the request for retraction addressed to the SCJN on February
21, 2020 (Heredia, 2020).
Given that UNICEF Mexico and the SCJN ignored the notification of scientific fraud and the request
to retraction Castañer's book, UNESCO and the Mexican Government are urged to initiate an
independent investigation by a group of experts who do not have conflict of interests, to know the
impact of the courses and the fraudulent work, and investigate the impact that this material had, using
a clear and quantifiable methodology so that, with the results, they design effective strategies to
compensate the damage in society and in the communities of professionals involved.
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Correo: GARIParentalAlienation@gmail.com Facebook: @GARIParentalAlienation
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Correo: GARIParentalAlienation@gmail.com Facebook: @GARIParentalAlienation
• World Intellectual Property Organization (1979). Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary
and Artistic Works. Paris. Retrieved from:
https://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/wipo_pub_287-accessible1.pdf
