Content uploaded by Pragyanshree Priyadarshinee Sahu
Author content
All content in this area was uploaded by Pragyanshree Priyadarshinee Sahu on Sep 22, 2020
Content may be subject to copyright.
Content uploaded by Laxmipreeya Behera
Author content
All content in this area was uploaded by Laxmipreeya Behera on Sep 11, 2020
Content may be subject to copyright.
~ 74 ~
Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry 2020; Sp 9(5): 74-80
E-ISSN: 2278-4136
P-ISSN: 2349-8234
www.phytojournal.com
JPP 2020; Sp 9(5): 74-80
Received: 08-07-2020
Accepted: 12-08-2020
Pragyanshree Priyadarshinee
Sahu
Department of Fruit Science and
Horticulture Technology, College
of Agriculture, Odisha
University of Agriculture and
Technology, Bhubaneswar,
Odisha, India
Laxmipreeya Behera
Department of Agricultural
Biotechnology, College of
Agriculture, Odisha University
of Agriculture and Technology,
Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
Sushrita Nayak
Department of Fruit Science and
Horticulture Technology, College
of Agriculture, Odisha
University of Agriculture and
Technology, Bhubaneswar,
Odisha, India
Kailash Chandra Samal
Department of Agricultural
Biotechnology, College of
Agriculture, Odisha University
of Agriculture and Technology,
Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
Corresponding Author:
Pragyanshree Priyadarshinee
Sahu
Department of Fruit Science and
Horticulture Technology, College
of Agriculture, Odisha
University of Agriculture and
Technology, Bhubaneswar,
Odisha, India
Health benefits of Jamun (Syzygium cumini) an
Underutilised fruit: A ray in nanotechnology field
Pragyanshree Priyadarshinee Sahu, Laxmipreeya Behera, Sushrita Nayak
and Kailash Chandra Samal
Abstract
Jamun is an important source of nutraceuticals having many therapeutic values. Jamun can be truely
called as an important underutilised fruit crop in terms of area expansion as well as research. However
these fruits act as miracle fruits in combating many of the health hazards. Apart from fruits other parts
like leaves, bark, seed, flowers and roots are also rich source of several bioactive compounds like
antioxidants, flavanoids, phenolics, carotenoids and vitamins. Thus these can be used efficiently against
hypoglycaemic, antibacterial, anti-viral, anti-HIV, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory properties. It can be
also used as a potential source of medicine in both ayurveda and unani system. Now-a-days
nanotechnology field has been emerged as a new area having a vast field related to drug delivery, bio
imaging, medicine and pharmaceutical industries. Thus here an attempt has been made to collect various
review literature regarding area of nanotechnology and health benefits of jamun fruits and other parts in
combating various diseases.
Keywords: Jamun, nutraceuticals, medicinal value, diseases
Introduction
Syzygium cumini (L.) (Myrtaceae) is a medicinal plant commonly known as Jamun in Hindi,
Jambuda in Gujurati, Kala Jam in Bengali, Jambu in Marathi, Neredu in Telugu, Black plum
or Indian Blackberry in English. It is among one of the least known fruit crops in India
(Katiyar et al., 2016) [26]. It is native of India but is now found in all tropical regions. It is a
common fruit in summer and rainy seasons. Since time immemorial it has been valued in
Ayurveda and Unani system. It possesses various therapeutic properties, while the seeds
possess hypoglycemic, antibacterial, anti-HIV, anti-diarrhoeal properties (Choudhary et al.,
2012) [15]. It is very useful in the treatment of Diabetes mellitus, inflammation, ulcers and
preclinical diseases. Fruits contain various types of antioxidants, flavonoids, phenolics,
carotenoids and vitamins, which are all beneficial to human health. The seeds contain alkaloid,
jambolin or antimellin, which halts the diastatic conversion of sugar to starch. The fruit pulp
contains Vitamin A & C, nicotinic acid, riboflavin, folic acid, maleic acid, choline, sugar,
amino acid, K, Ca, Na, P, Fe, Mn, Zn (Katiyar et al., 2016) [26]. In spite of its high nutritional
and medicinal values the commercial cultivation is lacking which needs to be popularised for
commercial acceptance and orchard establishment in arid and semiarid regions of the country.
Its fruit has a high potential source of nutritional and medicinal values. The value-added
products of the crop need to catch national and international focus so that its nutritional and
medicinal characteristics can be utilised in an ideal manner. The present study has been
performed to access several bioactive compounds and health benefits of Jamun.
Jamun as an underutilised fruit crop
Underutilised crops are those crops which are marginalised by farmers and consumers due to
agronomic, genetic, economic, environmental and cultural reasons, which were once important
and major crop in the community (IPGRI, 2000). In our country some of the major fruit trees
like mango, banana, citrus, guava etc. are cultivated on a large scale still Jamun is cultivated
on a minimal scale and still collected from forests. Despite many phytochemicals and
pharmaceutical property in Jamun still, its cultivation is very limited and thus it needs more
exploration.
Botanical description and origin of Jamun tree
Jamun has been proved to be a boon to humankind since time immemorial. Jamun is
anevergreen, very slow-growing tree and its expected lifecycle may extend up to a hundred or
more number of years.
~ 75 ~
Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry http://www.phytojournal.com
Its bark is light greyish and silver in colour and the plant is
very much resistant to water stagnation condition. Leaves are
simple, opposite, entire, elliptic to broadly oblong.
Inflorescence of Jamun is borne in the axils of the leaves on
the branchlets. Flowers are tiny, hermaphrodite and light
yellowish-white in colour and borne without any stalks.
Stamens are as long as calyx and the leaves have a pleasant
aroma. Flowering starts from April-May. Fruits are oval to
elliptical in shape and the colour varies from dark purple to
black in colour. Fruit type is drupe i.e. it has superior ovary.
Jamun has been originated from the Indian subcontinent and
its adjoining South-east Asia. However, it is commercially
cultivated in Java, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh etc.
Taxonomical classification
Kingdom- Plantae
Order- Myrtales
Division- Angiosperm
Subdivision- Eudicots
Genus- Syzygium
Species- cumini
Fig 1: Jamun tree
Fig 2: Ripe Jamun fruits
Fig 3: Jamun flowers
Fig 4: Jamun bark
Fig 5: Jamun leaves
Fig 6: Jamun seeds
The overall use of Jamun fruits including other parts
(Traditional uses)
All the parts of Jamun trees including stems, flowers, seeds,
fruits have some beneficial medicinal properties and it has
already been described in various ancient medicinal recipes,
which is considered as the backbone of Indian pharmaceutical
industry. Even in Hindu religious epic Ramayana, the Jamun
has got its importance because it is believed that Lord Rama
survived for 14 years of his exilement by eating Jamuns.
Hence it is also considered as "Food of God". The
blackberries contain a very low amount of calories; thus, it is
highly suitable for diabetic patients. The fruits are also rich in
carbohydrate, vitamins, minerals like iron, magnesium,
potassium, iron, fibre, carbohydrates and some other vitamins.
Ayurveda and Unani always recommend consumption of
these berries for treating various heart diseases, high sugar
level, asthma, stomach pain and dysentery. Apart from these,
~ 76 ~
Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry http://www.phytojournal.com
the fruits have unique antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral and
antioxidant properties. Fruits are also a rich source of iron;
thus, it ensures the supply of properly oxygenated blood
throughout the body. The high vitamin C content in the fruits
bless is found in Jamun. The fruits have a unique capacity to
fight against malaria, cough, cold and bronchitis. It also helps
in controlling Kapha and pitta. Jamun fruits are also used to
cure piles (Joshi et al.,,2001) [24]. The ripe fruits are used for
refreshing health drinks, making preserves, squashes, jellies
and wine as reported by Warrier et al, 1996 [57]. The seed
powder helps in managing high sugar, high blood pressure,
weight loss, reducing the quantity of sugar in urine and
boosting immunity. In order to contract vagina after delivery,
reduce mucous and bad smell, women of Surinam use Jamun
leaves. (Ramya et al, 2012) [39] Apart from these, the barks
can be used for making various furniture. Jamun bark contains
about 8-19% of tannin and it is very much useful for leather
and preserving fishing net industry. The leaves can be used
for strengthening gums and also for controlling constipation.
Jamun juice is often mixed with mango juice and it acts as a
very good drink for quenching thirst in the diabetic patient.
Many researchers have already confirmed about the presence
of various phytochemicalsand bioactive compounds present in
Jamun and all other parts of the tree. Thus that has lead to a
significant change in the pharmaceutical industry.
Phytochemistry of Jamun- a miracle plant
Jamun fruits and all other parts are rich in various
phytochemical compounds. Jamun fruits are rich in
anthocyanin, glucosides, ellagic acid, isoquercetin, kaemferol,
myrecetin etc. Jamun seeds also contain a considerable
amount of phytochemicals such as jambosine, gallic acid,
ellagic acid, corilagin, quercetin, β-sitostero etc. Flowers are
rich in oleanolic acid. Astringency or sourness of fruit is due
to gallic acid and tannins. Roots also contain several
flavanoids and glycosides. Different plant parts are rich in
different phytochemicals and those are enlisted below. (Table
1)
Table 1: Different phytochemicals present in different parts of Jamun plant
Plant
parts
Phytochemical compounds present
References
Fruit pulp
Raffinose, Citric acid, Fructose, Gallic acid, Malic acid, Anthocyanin, Delphinidin, Petunidin,
Malvidin
Srivastava et al. (1953) Lewis et al.
(1956) [54, 29].
Seeds
Fats, Jambosine, Gallic acid, ellagic acid, Corilagin, other elements like Chromium, Vanadium,
Potassium, Sodium, Zinc, tannins
Nadkarni et al. (1954) Chopra et al.
(1956) Bhatia et al. (1975) [33, 17, 8].
Leaves
Bornyl acetate,Triancontanol, n-Dotricontanol, Quwecetin, Maslinic acid, Betulinic acid,
Myricitin, n- nonacosane, n-dotricontanol
Craveiro et al. (1983) [16]
Flowers
Oleanolic acid, Ellagic acid, Isoquercetin, Kamferol, Myricetin, Camferol, Dihydro-myricetin,
Quercetin, Arabinoside
Nair et al. (1974) Sagarwat et al.
(2006) [34, 45].
Stem/bark
Friedelin, Ellagic acid, Gallic acid, Gallotannin, Ellagitannin, Myricetin, β-sitosterol, Betulenic
acid
Bhargava et al. (1974) Nair et al.
(1974) Yogeswari et al. (2005) [7, 34,
58].
Roots
Flavonoids, Glycosides and isorhamnetin 3-O-rutinoside
Vaishnava et al. (1992) [56].
Bioactive compounds present in Jamun
Bioactive compounds are such chemical substances which are
found in a very minute amount in various fruits, vegetables,
oilseeds, grains, pulses etc and these help in promoting a good
healthy life. Several bioactive compounds are present in
Jamun ex- terpenes, flavanoids, several liquids, alkane etc.
Table 2: Several bioactive compounds present in Jamun
Name of the
bioactive compound
Compound present
Uses
References
Terpenes
1,8-cineol, Mysterol, Terpinolene, Linalool oxide, β-terpenene, β-pinema,
Citronellol, Eugenol etc.
For pleasant flavour Food
additives Pharmaceutical
Cho et al. (2017)
[13]
Flavanoids
Isoquercetin, kaempferol, Malvidin, Myricetin, Petunidin, Quercetin,
Anthocyanin, Cyanidin diglycoside
Antioxidant Colouring
agent
Shashank et al.
(2013) [53].
Lipids
Lauric acid, Linoleic acid, N-nanocosane, Strearic acid, N-hentriacontane,
myristric acid, Lauric acid
Nematicide Antioxidant
Anti-acne
Alkanes
Malic acid, Citric acid
Antioxidant Antiseptic
Phenols
Ferulic acid, Caffeic acid
Allelopathic Antibacterial
Pharmacological Activities of Jamun
Antioxidant
Sehwag et al. (2016) [50] carried out an experiment to
determine the composition and antioxidant potential of Jamun
collected from eastern India and found that fruits from eastern
India are rich sources of several minerals like potassium,
sodium, magnesium, total dietary fibres and calcium. It was
found that fruits had low to medium phenolics content and the
kernel had low dietary fibre content than that of pulp. Several
different types of solvents were extracted and it was found
that 50% aq. Ethanolic extract yielded maximum total
phenolic content, which can be further isolated and utilised as
antioxidants. Ruan et al. (2008) [44] studied the antioxidant
activity of Jamun leaf extracts by using DPPH and FRAPS
assays. They confirmed that Jamun leaves contain phenolic
compounds such as ferulic acid and catechin and these two
are responsible for antioxidant property.
Antimicrobial
Elphadil et al. (2015) [19] in their experiment, found that
Jamun leaves have significant antimicrobial activity against
both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. The
advantage of this experiment was these trees are locally
available and these can be a cheap and sustainable way to
irradicate any microbial contamination, particularly in
developing countries.But here, further research work is to be
~ 77 ~
Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry http://www.phytojournal.com
tone in order to determine the toxicity level and optimum dose
of application for different fruit crops. Extraction and
application of essential oil have been proved to control
antibacterial properties against several Bacillus sp. (Shaffi et
al., 2002).
Anti-diabetic
Diabetes is becoming the third “killer” of the health of
mankind along with cancer, cardiovascular and
cerebrovascular diseases because of its high prevalence,
morbidity and mortality (Li et al., 2003). Gajera et al. (2017)
[21] studied about the association shipof anti-diabetic and
antioxidant substances with phenolic constituents from
indigenous Jamun landraces and found that the fruit size was
negatively correlated with phenols, anti-diabetic and
antioxidant activities. It was also confirmed that seeds had
more antioxidant and anti-diabetic property due to their kernel
fraction.
Raza et al. (2017) conducted an experiment to study the effect
of fruits and seedsextracts of Jamun and found that this
extract can reduce the level of blood glucose level in rats and
it has also capacity to regulate insulin level. Shankar et al.
(2007) [48] did an experiment to study the activity of two novel
androgens (JB1 and JB2) derivatives isolated from ethanolic
extracts of Jamun seeds and anti-diabetic effect of both was
evaluated by using alloxan as diabetogenic agent. It was
found that JB1 was more effective as compared to JB2.
Sharma et al. (2003) [51] confirmed that alloxan initiated
diabetes in bunnies can be cured effectively by an ethanolic
concentrate of Jamun seeds.
Maintaining blood pressure
An experiment was carried out by Butt et al. (2017) [11] to
evaluate both the efficiency of Jamun seeds and pulp against
hyperglycemia in rats and it was found that both the seeds as
well as the pulp had the capacity to regulate the blood sugar
level significantly in the hypoglycaemic rats and the Jamun
might have the capacity to regulate the insulin level.
Blood purifier
Jamun is rich in iron; hence it can truly act as a blood purifier
so that there will be enough production of haemoglobin.
Hence it acts as a protective food for menstruating women.
(Katiyar et al., 2007)
Anti-diarrhoeal property
Diarrhoea is often proved to be a fatal disease in both tropics
and subtropics, causing around 5 million deaths annually
throughout the world. Frequent passage of loose and watery
stool from intestine is called as diarrhoea. In order to evaluate
the anti-diarrhoeal property of aqueous Jamun seed in mice,
Shamkumar et al. (2012) [46] applied the method of castor oil-
induced diarrhoea.
They found that aqueous Jamun seed extracts caused a
significant and dose-dependent anti-diarrhoeal and anti-
mortality effect. Mukharjee et al., (1998) [32] tried ethanolic
extracts four different indigenous plant types for anti-
diarrhoeal property in rats and it was found that the extracts of
pipal roots and Jamun bark had significant property against
castor oil-induced diarrhoea in rats.
Hepatoprotective property
It is believed that Jamun has the unique capacity to destroy
bad bacterias inside the stomach (Bhowmik et al, 2013) [9].
Das et al. (2009) [18] concluded that ethanolic extract of Jamun
pulp @100 and 200 mg/kg/day induced with hepatotoxin
paracetamol had significant hepatoprotective property in rats.
Anticancer property
Now a day’s cancer is proved to be a killer disease. A
majority portion of cancer-treating drugs are derived from
natural resources. Very often, women are suffered from breast
cancer. Aquil et al. (2016) [4] conducted an experiment to
study the potential of Jamun against 17β-estrogen-mediated
breast cancer and the study of m-RNA in inhibition of
disease. Female rats were artificially fed with the diet
enriched with Jamun supplement. After two weeks the rats
received 17 β-estradiol and were palpated weekly for
mammary tumors. After 26 weeks, it was found that the
Jamun enriched diet significantly delayed the first tumor
appearance by 21 days. It also reduced the tumor incidence
and tumor multiplication as compared to control.
Afify et al. (2011) [1] tried to estimate the anticancer activities
of Jamun fruit extracts by using DPPH free radical
scavenging assay and AMP cell line. They had used
successive extracts of hexane, chloroform, ether, ethyl
acetate, ethanol and water then the prepared solution was
subjected for anticancer evaluation. It was found that the
ethanolic extracts of Jamun fruits had excellent anticancer
property.
Activity on the central nervous system
The effect of Jamun seeds on the central nervous system was
studied by Kumar et al. (2007) [28]. The seeds were initially
extracted with ethyl acetate and methanol investigation was
done for its central nervous system activity of Albino mice by
rota rod and actophotometer at 200mg/kg and 400mg/kg.
Both the extract dose exhibited a significant amount of CNS
activity.
Anti-inflammatory property
Kumar et al. (2010) confirmed that both ethyl acetate and
methanol extracts of Jamun seeds worked significantly in
carrageenan induced paw odema in rats at the oral dose level
of 200 and 400 mg/kg. Thus both exhibited anti-inflammatory
property. Jain et al. (2008) [23] evaluated the anti-inflammatory
activity of ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of Jamun leave
and found thatwhen extracts were orally applied to paw
oedema induced ratsat 200 and 400 mg/kg both extracts had
excellent anti-inflammatory property. Choudhary et al. (1990)
[12] confirmed that the chloroform fraction of Jamun seeds had
significant inhibition capacity against carrageenin, kaoline
and other mediator induced oedema in rats. Apart from these,
it was found the Jamun seeds had exudative, proliferative as
well as antipyretic effect.
Antibacterial property
Anupam Kumar et al., (2017) conducted an experiment to
analyse various antioxidants and antibacterial property from
extracts of Jamun seeds against pathogenic bacteria. The
extracts were obtained by using several things like water,
methanol and acetones.
They conducted various tests to evaluate the presence of
alkaloids and flavanoids. Phytochemical extracts derived from
seeds were examined for different gram-positive and negative
bacteria.It was confirmed that extracts had several antioxidant
properties which can be further utilised for treating various
fatal diseases and it was also found that methanol derived
extracts had more antibacterial property. Pareek et al., (2015)
[35] found that stem and leaf extracts had excellent
~ 78 ~
Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry http://www.phytojournal.com
antibacterial property against all used bacteria and the
maximumantibacterial effect was against Roultella plantikol.
Gowri et al., (2010) [22] confirmed that methanol and aqueous
extract of leaves exhibited antibacterial property against
Bacillus subtilis, Salmonella sp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, E.
Coli. Shafi et al., (2010) [47] did a comparative study of the
leaf oil of Syzygium cumini and S. Travancoricum and it was
found that the leaf oil of Jamun leaves had an excellent
antibacterial property whereas the other one showed a
moderate effect.
Antiviral property
Bhanuprakash et al., (2008) studied and confirmed that the
leaves have antiviral property for goat pox virus. It was found
that the hot and cold crude extracts of Jamun leave and bark
had antiviral property against avian influenza H5N1 virus.
The inhibition was about 100% which was confirmed in virus
yield reduction assay and by egg-based in ovo assay.
(Sood et al., 2012) [55]. Singh et al., (1972) studied the effect
of water extract of Jamun bark on potato X virus and it was
found that the extract had antiviral property.
Antifungal property
Afshah et al. (2016) confirmed the antifungal property of
Jamun bark and leaves against Rhizoctonia solani.
The leaves and barks from Jamun were ground properly and
their extracts were prepared in methanol at a concentration of
1%, 2%, 3%, 4% and 5% and were tested against the targeted
species. All the methanolic bark extract of Jamun were
applied and it was found that concentration 5% was highly
effective to suppress around 43% of the fungal growth as
compared to treatment. Methanolic bark extracts were more
powerful as compared to the leaf extracts.
Methanolic bark extracts were further subjected to
fractionation and different fractions were isolated, then further
serial dilution was carried out to check MIC with Pulsan
fungicide. MIC was recorded for each fraction at 24,48 and 72
hours.N-butanol
and Puslan were highly effective in inhibiting the mycelium
growth of R. solani.
Anti-fertility effect
Oleanolic acid had been extracted from Jamun flowers by
Rajasekaran et al. (1988) [37] and it was clear that the certain
chemical had the potential to decrease the fertilising capacity
in male rats without any significant change in male
reproductive organ weight.
Gastric ulcer effect
Ulcer is nothing but there will be any disruption on the
mucosal integrity of the intestine or stomach that will lead to
cause a defect in the evacuation purpose and there will be
severe inflammation.
Chaturvedi et al. (2006) carried out an experiment to find out
the effect of ethanolic extract of Jamun seeds for gastric
secretion control in rats.
The result revealed that ethanolic extract of Jamun had some
protective measures against ethanol and aspirin-induced
gastric ulcer in rats. Jonnalagadda et al. (2013) found that
seed kernels carried some antiulcer activity.
Anti-anemic property
Aqueous jamun seed extracts have the property to cure
anemia as it increases the level of iron in the body. (Prince et
al., 1998) [36].
Anti-pyretic effect
Mahapatra et al. (1986) [31] reported that the seed extracts of
jamun (5,1 and 2mg/kg) had antipyretic property in rats
against pyrexia in rats.
Radioprotective effect
Jagetia et al. (2002) confirmed the disease controlling effect
of Jamun leaves against the radiation-induced DNA damage.
Anti-hyperlipidemic effect
Hyperlipidemia is a serious disease which is due to an
increase in lipid peroxide levels and there will be a decrease
in antioxidant level inside the body. Rekha et al. (2010) [43]
found that the combined aqueous application of bark of
cinnamon along with Jamun pulp has significantly better
result against streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Sharma et
al (2008) [52] demonstrated that the seed extracts of Jamun had
excellent anti-hyper-lipidemic property in mice.
A study was conducted by Ravi et al. (2005) [41] in order to
study the antihyperlipidemic property of Jamun seed kernel
and the effect was evaluated in streptozotocin induced
diabetic rats. The overall efficiency was compared with
gibenclamide (a standard hypoglycaemic drug). The ethanolic
extracts of Jamun seed kernel was orally administered to the
rats and the level of phospholipid, cholesterol and free fatty
acid etc were measured. It was found that the level of
phospholipid, cholesterol and free fatty acid was significantly
more aand restored to near normal in seed kernel or
gibenclamide treated animals.
Anti-allergic property
Brito et al. (2007) [6, 10] carried out HPLC analysis and it was
found that hydrolysable flavanoids and tannins are the major
ingredients in the aqueous leaf extracts of Jamun. It was also
found that oral administration of 25-100 mg/kg of the solution
in swiss mice inhibited the edema induced by histamine. They
also confirmed that the anti-allergic property is only due to
mass cell de-granulation and histamine effect. Methanolic
extracts of dried Jamun seeds had antiallergic property.
(Mahapatra et al., 1986) [31].
Anti eosinophill effect
Brito et al., (2007) [6, 10] again confirmed that due to
impairment of eotaxin and IL-5 production, there was an anti-
eosinophill effect of leaf extracts on Jamun.
Anti-arthritis effect
Eshwarappa et al., (2014) [20] conducted an experiment and
found that Jamun leaf gall extracts has some antioxidant
property and that can be used for curing for arthritis.
Hypolipidemic property
Kasiappan et al., (2005) [25] conducted an experiment to study
the hypolipidemic property of Jamun in diabetic rats. They
found that the ethanolic extracts of Jamun seed kernels had
the potential to store all parameters like triglycerides,
cholesterol, phospholipids etc to a normal level.
Free radical scavenging and anti-lipid peri-oxidative
property
Benherlal et al., (2007) [5] carried out an experiment to study
the in-vitro antioxidant and chemical composition of Jamun
fruits. Mainly the experiment was to study the medicinal
property fruit pulp, seed coat, kernel and seed coat. Fruit pulp
and their ethanolic extracts of Jamun were evaluated for
~ 79 ~
Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry http://www.phytojournal.com
chemical composition and for lipid perioxidative inhibition
activity. It was seen that seed and pulp extracts had lower
anti-lipid perioxidative property than the kernel.
Antiulcer property
Ulcer is a detrimental disease and it was found that the seeds
of Jamun had ulcer curing capability in diabetic rats.
(Chaturvedi et al., 2007) [14]
Anti-dermatophytic property
It was found that the EtOA extracts of the bark of Jamun had
antidermatophytic property against three dermatophytic
species. Among severaltriterpenes such as friedelin, β‐amyrin
acetate, betulinic acid and lupeol betulinic acid and friedelin
was more effective. (Kuiate et al, 2007) [27].
Impact on Nanotechnology
In the present scenario, nanotechnology ruling awareness to
discover a range of promising approaches in the area of
material sciences on a molecular level and silver nanoparticles
(AgNPs) productions. The seed extract of Syzygium cumini
used as reducing agent for nanoparticle production. The leaf
extract also used as capping and reducing agent in the
synthesis of silver nano particles (Ram Prasad et al., 2012)
[38]. UV-Vis spectrophotometer, Atomic Force Microscopy
(AFM) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)technology
are mostly used for confirmation of nanoparticles formation.
Further antimicrobial activity of silver nanoparticles was
studied against Escherichia coli MTCC 1302, Staphylococcus
aureus MTCC 740, Pseudomonas aeruginosa MTCC 2295,
and Bacillus licheniformis MTCC 9555(Ram Prasad et al.,
2012) [38]. As compared to the others, conventional approaches
for the green production of metal nanoparticles of Jamun
helps in the simple, sustainable, non-toxic, economic and
energy-effective production of nanoparticles. In adding up to
this synthesised metal NPs might be a promising aflatoxins
adsorbent for the detoxification of aflatoxin B1 in human and
animal food/feed. Recently one research suggests that iron
(Fe), copper (Cu) and silver (Ag) nanoparticles (NPs)
formation from the extract of Syzygium cumini leaves (Asghar
et al., 2020) [3].
Conclusion
Jamun is a rich source of several important phytochemicals
and other biochemical compounds. Still, Jamun remained as
an under-exploitable crop or underutilised crop.Hence people
should be aware of the health benefits that Jamun posses so
that we can go towards a healthy society.
References
1. Afify AMR, Fayed FA, EA Shalaby, El-Shemy HA.
Syzygium cumini (pomposia) active principles exhibit
potent anticancer and antioxidant activities. Afr. J Pharm.
Pharmacol. 2011; 5(7):948-956.
2. Ajeeth Singh, Navneet. Aromacological properties and
phytochemistry of Syzygium cumini Linn syn Eugenia
jambolena (Jamun)- a review, International journal of
innovative pharmaceutical sciences and research. 2018;
6(1):32-47.
3. Asghar MA, Zahir E, Asghar MA, Iqbal J, Rehman AA.
Facile, one-pot biosynthesis and characterisation of iron,
copper and silver nanoparticles using Syzygium cumini
leaf extract: As an effective antimicrobial and aflatoxin
B1 adsorption agents. PLoS ONE. 2020; 15(7):e0234964.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0234964
4. Aqil F, Munagala R, Jeyabalan J, Singh IP, Gupta RC.
Prevention of hormonal breast cancer by dietary jamun,
Molecular nutrition food research. 2016; 60(6):1470-
1481.
5. Benherlal PS, Arumughan C. Chemical composition and
in vitro antioxidant studies on Syzygium cumini fruit,
Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 2007;
87(14):256
6. Brito FA, Lima LA, Ramos MF, Siani AC, Heneriques
MG. Pharmacological study of anti-allergic activity of
Syzygium cumini (L.)Skeels.Brazilian Journal of
Medical and Biological Research. 2007; 40(1):105-15.
7. Bhargava KK, Dayal R, Seshadri TR. Chemical
components of Eugenia Jambolena stem and bark.
Current Science. 1974; 43(20):645-46.
8. Bhatia IS, Bajaj KL. Chemical constituents of the seeds
and bark of Syzygium cumini. Planta Medica. 1975;
28:346-352.
9. Bhowmik D, Gopinath H, Pragati Kumar B, Aravinda G,
Sampath Kumar KP. Traditional and Medicinal Uses of
Indian BlackBerry. Journal of Pharmacognosy and
Phytochemistry. 1975; 1(5).
10. Brito ESD, Araujo MCD, Alves RE, Carkeet C,
Clevidence BA, Novotny JA et al. Anthocyanins present
in selected tropical fruits: acerola, jambolao, jussara, and
guajiru. J Agri Food Chem. 2007; 55:9389-9394.
11. Butt MS, Raza A, Ulhaq MS, RasulSulena A. Jamun seed
and fruit extract attenuate hyperglycaemic in diabetic
rats. Asian pacific journal of tropical biomedicine. 2017;
7(8):125-132.
12. Chaudhuei AKN, Gomes A, Bhattacharya S. Anti-
inflammatory and related action of Syzgium cumini seed
extract, Phytotherapy Research. 1990; 4:5-10.
13. Cho KS, Lim TR, Lee K. Terpenes from forest and
human health. Toxico Res. 2017; 33:97-106.
14. Chaturvedi A, Kumar MM, Bhawani G, Chaturvedi G,
Kumar M, Goel RK. Effect of ethanolic extract of
Eugenia jambolena seeds on gastric ulceration and
secretion in rats, Indian J Physiol. Pharmacol. 2007;
51:131-40.
15. Chaudhary B, Mukhopadhyay. Syzgium cumini (L.)
skeels: a potential neutraceuticals. International journal of
pharmacy and biological sciences. 2012; 2(1):46-51.
16. Craveiro AA, Androde CHS, Matos FJA, Machado MIL.
Essential oils of Eugenia jambolena, Journal of natural
products. 1983; 46(1):591-92.
17. Chopra RN, Nayer SI, Chopra IC. Glossery of Indian
medicinal plants, 1956, 238
18. Das S, Sarme G. 29. Study of hepatoprotective activity of
the ethanolic extract of the pulp of Jamun in albino rats. J
Clin. Diagn Res. 3:1466-1474.
19. Elfadil AG, Awad Abadalfattah Karamallah, Ahmed
Mahgoub, Abed Alaziz. Antimicrobial activities of
Syzygium cumini leave extracts against selected
microorganism. Nova Journal of medical and biological
sciences. 2015; 4(2):1-8.
20. Eshwarappa RS, Iyer RS, Subbaramaiah SR, Richard SA,
Dhananjaya BL. Antioxidant activity of Syzgium cumini
leaf gall. Bioimpacts. 2014; 4(2):101-107.
21. Gajera HP, Darshna G, Hirpara G, Patel SV, Golakiya
BA. Anti-diabetic and antioxidant functionally associated
with phenolic constituents from fruit parts of indigenous
black Jamun (Syzygium cumini L.) landraces, J. Food
Science Technology. 2017; 54(10):3180-3191.
~ 80 ~
Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry http://www.phytojournal.com
22. Gowri SS, Vasantha. Phytochemical screening and
antibacterial activity of Syzygium cumini leaves extracts,
International Journal of PharmTech Research. 2010;
2(2):1569-1573.
23. Jain A, Sharma S, Goyal M, Dubey S, Sahu J, Shrama S
et al. Anti-inflammatory activities of Jamun leaves,
International journal of phytomedicine. 2008; 2(2).
24. Joshi SG. Medicinal plants. New Delhi: Oxford & IBH
Publishing Co, 2001.
25. Kasiappan R, Subbaih R, Sorimuthu S. Food chem.
Toxicol. 2005; 43:1433-1439.
26. Katiyar D, Singh V, Mohd A. Recent advances in
pharmacological potential of Syzygium cumini: A review.
Advances in Applied Science Research. 2016; 7(3):1-12
27. Kuiate JR, Mouokeu S, Tane P. Antidermatophytic
triterenenoids from Syzygium Jambos (Myrtaceae),
Phytotherapy Research. 2007; 21(2):149-152.
28. Kumar A, Padmananabhan N, Krishnan MRV. Central
nervous system activity of Syzygium cumini seed,
Pakistan Journal of nutrition. 2007; 6(6):698-700.
29. Lewis YS, Dwarakanath DS Johar. Acids and sugars in
Eugenia Jambolena. J Sci. Industur. 1956; 15(C): 280-81.
30. Li WL, Zheng HC, Bukuru J, De Kimpe N. Natural
medicines used in the traditional Chinese medical system
for therapy of diabetes mellitus. J Ethnopharmacol. 2004;
92:1-21.
31. Mahapatra PK, Chakraborty D, Chaudhuri AN. Anti-
inflammatory and antipyretic activities of Syzygium
cuminii, Planta Medica. 1986; 52(6):540
32. Mukharjee PK, Murugesan T, Saha K, Pal M, Saha BP.
Screening of anti-diarrhoeal profile of some plant extracts
of a specific region of West Bengal, India. J.
Ethanopharmacol. 1998; 60:85-89.
33. Nadkarni KM. Indian Materia Medica. 1954; 1:516-18.
34. Nair AGR, Subramanian SS. Chemical examination of
the flowers of Eugenia jambolena. J Sci. Industr. Res.
1974; 21(B):457-458.
35. Pareek A, Meena RK, Yadav B. Ind. J Appl. Res. 2015;
5(9):64-66.
36. Prince PS, Menon VP, Pari L. Hypoglycaemic activity of
Syzigium cumini seeds: effecton lipid peroxidation in
alloxan diabetic rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology.
1998; 61(1):1-7
37. Rajasekharan M, Bapana JS, Lakhshmann AG, Nair R,
Panchanadam. Antifertility effect in male rats of
oleanolic acid, a triterpene from Eugenia jambolena
flowers, Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 1988; 24(1):115-
21.
38. Ram Prasad V, Satyanarayana Swamy, Kumar Suranjit
Prasad, Ajit Varma. Biogenic synthesis of silver
nanoparticles from the leaf extract of syzygium
cumini(L.) and its antibacterial property, Int. J Pharm Bio
Sci. 2012; 3(4):745-752
39. Ramya S, Neethirajan K, Jayakumararaj R. Profile of
bioactive compounds in Syzygium cumini- a review.
Journal of Pharmacy Research. 2012; 5(8):4548-4553.
40. Rana NS, Joshi MN. Investigation on the antiviral
activity of ethanolic extracts of Syzygium sp. Fitoterapia.
1992; 63:542-4
41. Ravi K, Rajasekharan S, Subramanian S. Anti-
hyperlipidemic effect of Eugenia jambolena seed kernel
on streptozotocin-induced diabetes in rats. Food and
Chem. Toxicol. 2005; 43:1433-1439.
42. Ravishankar BE, Iyer RS, Subbaramaiah SR, Dhananjaya
BL. Antioxidant activity of S. cumini leaf galls extracts.
Bioimpacts. 2014; 4:101-107.
43. Rekha N, Balaji R, Deecarman M. Effect of aqueous
extracts of Syzygiumcumini pulp on antioxidant defense
system in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Iran J.
Pharmacol Therapeu. 2008; 7:137-145
44. Ruan ZP, Zhang LL, Lin YM. Evaluation of the
antioxidant activities of Syzygium cumini leaves,
Molecule. 2008; 13:2545-2556
45. Sagarwat H, Mann A, Kharya M. Pharmacological
Potential of Eugenia Jambolana: A Review.
Pharmacogenesis Magazine. 2006; 2:96-104.
46. Shamkuwar PB, Pawar DP, Chauhan SS. Antidiarrhoeal
activity of seeds of Syzygium cumini L. Journal of
Pharmacy Research. 2012; 5(12).
47. Shafi PM, Rosamma MK, Jamil K, Reddy PS.
Antibacterial activity of Syzygium cumini and Syzygium
travancoricum leaf essential oils. Fitoterapia. 2002;
73:414-416.
48. Shankar MB, Parikh JR, Geetha M, Mehta RS, Saluja
AK. Anti-diabetic acitivity of novel androstone
derivatives from Syzygium cumini Linn. J. Nat. Remed.
2007; 712:214-219.
49. Singh R. Inactivation of Potato virus X by plant
extracts/Inattivazione del virus X dellaPatata da parte di
estratti di piante. Phytopathologia Mediterranea. 1971;
10(2):211-3.
50. Sneha Sehwag, Madhusmita Das. Composition and
antioxidant potential of Jamun (Syzygium cumini L.) from
eastern India. Asian Journal of Biochemical and
pharmaceutical research, 2016; 1(6):106-121.
51. Sharma SB, Nasir A, Prabhu KM, Murthy PS, Dev G.
Hypoglycaemic and hypolipidemic effect of ethanolic
extracts of seeds of Eugenia jambolena in allaxon-
induced diabetic rabbits, J Ethnopharmacol. 2003;
85:201-6.
52. Sharma B, Viswanath G, Salunke R, Roy P. Efffects of
flavanoid rich extracts from seeds of Eugenia jambolena
on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in diabetic mice,
Food Chem. 2008; 110:697-705.
53. Shashank K, Abhay K. Review article chemistry and
biological activities of flavanoids: an overview. Sci.
World. 2013; 4:32-48
54. Srivastava HC. Paper chromatography of fruit Juice: part
1. J Sci. Industr. Res. 1953; 12(B):363-365.
55. Sood R, Swarup D, Bhatia S, Kulkarni DD, Dey S, Saini
M et al. Antiviral activity of crude extracts of Eugenia
jambolena lam. Against highly pathogenic avian
influenza (H5N1) virus. Indian J Exp. Biol. 2012;
50:179-86
56. Vaishnava MM, Tripathy AK and Gupta KR. 1992.
Flavonoids glycosides from roots of Eugenia jambolana,
Fitoterapia. 2012; 63:259-260.
57. Warrier P, Nambiar V, Ramankutty C. Indian Medical
Plants,” 5: Orient Longman Ltd., Hyderabad, 1996, 225-
228.
58. Yogeswari P, Sriram D. Med. Chem. 2005; 12(6):657-
666.