Prevalence of Fascioliasis among Goats Slaughtered at Misau Township Abattoir Misau LGA Bauchi State Nigeria

Abstract

Fascioliasis is a parasitic disease of cattle, buffaloes, sheep, goats, horses and humans of all ages. It is caused by Fasciola parasite. Fasciola is a trematode belonging to the sub-class Digenea and it is commonly known as liver flukes that infect the biliary ducts of ruminants. Human Fascioliasis has been reported in many countries around the world and a number of studies showed that meat production is affected by liver fluke infection. This study reveals the prevalence of fascioliasis among goats slaughtered at Misau town ship abattoir, Misau LGA Bauchi State. Out of the 75 slaughtered goats examined over the three months study period at Misau abattoir, liver flukes (Fasciolaspp) were detected in 28 goats. This showed a fasciola parasites prevalence rate of 37.33 % (p > 0.6). Based on sex-related distribution, the highest liver fluke infection of 41.30% was recorded by male goats compared to 31.03 % liver fluke infections of female goats. This can be attributed to the fact that male goats were the more slaughtered goats at the abattoir. The liver fluke infection rate based on age distribution of the goats is higher in older goats (≥ 2 years) as 50 % of them were infected while the younger ones (< 2 years) has lower infection rate of 31.37 %.

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Incidence of Fascioliasis among Goats Slaughtered at Misau Township
Abattoir Misau Lga Bauchi State Nigeria
Ismail Hassan
1*
, Umar Mukhtar
2
, Aliyu Abdulhameed Omar
3
, Abbas Ibrahim
4
, Abdullahi Shehu
5
, Umar Aliyu
6
, Zainab Auwal Zigau
7
Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Bauchi State University, P.M.B 65 Gadau, Bauchi State, Nigeria
  
ABSTRACT
Fascioliasis is a parasitic disease of cattle, buffaloes, sheep, goats, horses and humans of all ages. It is caused by
Fasciola parasite. Fasciola is a trematode belonging to the sub-class Digenea and it is commonly known as liver
flukes that infect the biliary ducts of ruminants. Human Fascioliasis has been reported in many countries around the
world and a number of studies showed that meat production is affected by liver fluke infection. This study reveals the
prevalence of fascioliasis among goats slaughtered at Misau town ship abattoir, Misau LGA Bauchi State. Out of the
75 slaughtered goats examined over the three months study period at Misau abattoir, liver flukes (Fasciolaspp) were
detected in 28 goats. This showed a fasciola parasites prevalence rate of 37.33 % (p > 0.6). Based on sex-related
distribution, the highest liver fluke infection of 41.30% was recorded by male goats compared to 31.03 % liver fluke
infections of female goats. This can be attributed to the fact that male goats were the more slaughtered goats at the
abattoir. The liver fluke infection rate based on age distribution of the goats is higher in older goats ( ≥ 2 years) as 50
% of them were infected while the younger ones (< 2 years) has lower infection rate of 31.37 %.
KEYWORDS
Fasciola Spp; Prevalence; Goats; Liver flukes; Misau; Bauchi; Nigeria
1* Corresponding author
E-mail Address: ihassan408@gmail.com (Ismail Hassan)
2-7 Co-authors.
1,2,6,7 Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Bauchi State University, P.M.B 65 Gadau, Bauchi State, Nigeria.
3 Department of Science Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Science, Bauchi State University, P.M.B 65 Gadau, Bauchi State, Nigeria.
4 Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Bauchi State University, P.M.B 65 Gadau, Bauchi State, Nigeria.
5 Area Veterinary Office, Misau, Bauchi State Nigeria.
Received 20 March 2018 ; Revised 11 June 2018 ; Accepted 26 April 2019
J004.CCKJ.19.00001 © 2019 Oscine Nest Pvt Ltd. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction
Page 1 of 5
iinfectious necrotic hepatitis. This infection makes the
liver appear black in colour.
Fascioliasis is a zoonotic disease of public
health importance. Man becomes infected when metacer-
carial of the fluke is ingested along with water Cress
Salad and vegetables grown along banks of water reser-
voirs inhabited by potential snail hosts. About 2.4 million
people are infected world wide and 180 million are at
risk of the infection [1, 6]. In Africa, the infection has
been found to be a serious problem in humid and sub-hu-
mid zones.
Prevalence of fascioliasis differs in different
countries. Afrakhosravi (2011) reported prevalence
range of 6.03% to 11.09% among cattle in Ilam province
of Iran. About 14.8% prevalence was recorded among
buffaloes in Pakistan [8] and 21.53% among Black
Bengal goats in Bangladesh [1].
Economic impact of fascioliasis on livestock is
enormous. Great loses are evident especially where
farmers have little or no knowledge on the disease [2].
Loses are more encountered during raining season when
most stocks are exposed to fluke challenge [9]. Reduc-
tion in milk and meat production, condemnation of liver,
reproduction failure and mortality are some of loses
encountered [1].
Study area
The studies were conducted at Misau abattoir,
Bauchi State of Nigeria, located on latitudes 10°08' N
and 11°24' E and longitude 11°02’ N and 11°18’ E.Misau
has a tropical climate, marked with two distinct
seasons-wet season (April-September) and dry season
(October to March). It has an average annual rainfall of
759 mm with wettest months being July-September. The
drier months of the year are January-March when
relative humidity drops to 13%. Average daily tempera-
ture is 26°C in April and 25°C in August. Swamps and
muddy areas are common during the rainy season. The
natural vegetation is typically that of the Sudan savanna
and is composed of shrubs, herbs, grasses and sparsely
distributed trees.
Period of study
The post-mortem investigation was conducted
in October 2016 as it lasted over a period of 3 weeks.
It is done by random physical examination of the goat
slaughtered at the township abattoir in the above study
areas and approval letter was obtained from Misau
local government council.
Sample size
A total of 75 slaughtered goats were examined
during the visit days, 46 males and 29 females.
Sample collections
Post-mortem for liver samples from the
slaughtered goats using direct physical examination of
the liver was conducted to estimate the level of liver
damage and for the presence of the parasite in the liver
parenchyma. The direct physical examination of the
liver was done over 3 weeks period with a daily early
morning visits to the abattoir in Misau. Samples were
examined from 75 goats. For further investigations the
following samples were also collected:
Faecal sample were collected directly from the
rectum of each of the slaughtered goats using hand
gloves and put into a clean labeled plastic bags. The
samples were immediately taken to Biology laboratory
of department of biological science for experimental
analysis.
Bile sample from gall bladder, of each of the slaugh-
tered goats was collected into clean plastic bags using
hand gloves and immediately taken into the laboratory
for analysis.
Sample Experimental Analysis:
Faecal Sample: Two grams (2 gms) of faeces
were collected into clean labelled test tubes containing
3 mills of distilled water. The faecal samples and the
distilled water were strained to give a suspension. The
suspension was strained through a tea strainer into a
corresponding cleaned test tube.
The filtrate was poured into corresponding test
tubes. One milliliter (1 ml) of 10% formalin was added
into the test tubes which were allowed to stand for 5
minutes. Diethyl-ether (1 ml) was added in the test tubes
after 5 minutes, using different 18-gauge hypodermic
needle and syringe. The test tubes containing the suspen-
sion were then corked, shaken to mix, and centrifuged at
2000 rpm for 8minutes.The eggs and cysts of the parasites
sediment at the bottom and the faecal debris became sepa-
rated in a layer between the diethyl-ether and water. The
supernatant was then decanted leaving few of it with the
sediment. Drops (1-2) of the sediment were put on a glass
slide, covered with cover slip, and viewed under micro-
scope using × 10 magnification.
Bile Sample: From the gall bladder, 2mL of the
bile was collected using 18-gauge hypodermic needle. The
bile sample was then poured into a labeled test tube in a
test tube rack. 1mL of 10% formalin was added using
18-gauge hypodermic needle and syringe into the bile
sample and then allowed to stand for 5 minutes. Dieth-
yl-ether (1 ml) was then added in the test tube after 5
minutes using a different 18-gauge hypodermic needle and
syringe. The test tube containing the solution was then
corked and shaken tomix the solution. The solution was
then centrifuged at 2000 rpm for 10 minutes. The eggs/-
cysts of the parasites sediment at the bottom of the
mixture; while diethyl-ether with some fat come up as
supernatant. The supernatant was decanted leaving few of
it with the sediment. Drops (1-2) of the sediment were put
on a glass slide and covered with a cover slip and viewed
under microscope using ×10 magnification [10].
Out of the 75 slaughtered goats examined over the
three months study period at Misau abattoir, liver flukes
(Fasciola spp) were detected in 28 goats. This showed a
Fasciola parasites prevalence rate of 37.33 %. This overall
prevalence rate of 37.33 % (Table 1) liver fluke infection is
higher than the 31.7% reported in trade goats in south
eastern Nigeria.
Furthermore, the study revealed an overall preva-
lence higher than 18.0% [11] but lower than the 40.0%
[12] in Umuahia Central Abattoir. The high prevalence
rate of infection was observed in the dwarf goats breed,
while the yar-kasa breed was found to have no infection.
This implies that, some breeds are more susceptible to
infection than others. This may be attributed to the num-
bers of these breeds slaughtered at the abattoir. This could
also be connected with the differences in the host intrinsic
factors (genetic, physiology and immunity) and extrinsic
factors (environmental and management practices). High
prevalence of infection may also be due to poor sanitary
conditions of herds, host susceptibility to infection as a
result of poor feed quality, ill-treated tributaries, carefree
attitude of both herdsmen and health supervisors and lack
of proper control programmes, as well as poor veterinary
services in the study area against the disease [13]. Based on
Fascioliasis is a highly pathogenic disease of
clinical and veterinary importance caused by Fasciola
hepatica and Fasciola gigantica [1, 2]. Transmission of the
fluke and the presence of its infection in any given popula-
tion is dependent upon and exacerbated by some factors
such as; the presence of a substantial reservoir of water
parasite and potential host and the presence of the lymneae
snail; the intermediate host (including Fossaria cubensis,
Fossaria buhhlimoides, Fossaria modicella, etc).
These snail hosts which commonly measure about
10mm in size usually occur in areas with high annual
rainfall, large areas of poorly drained pastures and moist
soil [3]. Other factors which enhance the spread of fascio-
liasis are opportunity for water source contamination by
human and non-human hosts and also dietary practices
that includes the raw, untreated aquatic vegetation or
foliage located around water reservoir [3-5].
Fascioliasis is a cosmopolitan infection. Incidence
of the infection has been reported in many countries
including Nigeria, Pakistan, China, United States of
America and Iran [5, 6]. It is commonly reported in rumi-
nants, cattle, goat and sheep [1]. Ruminant hosts become
infected when forage with metacercarial cyst is ingested.
They can also be infected when ingesting cysts suspended
in soil and detritus while drinking water. Ingested parasite
finds its way to intra hepatic biliary duct or hepatic paren-
chyma and later to the bile duct where it resides.
Infected ruminant liver usually experi-
ence traumatic injury giving rise to diffusely hepatic
parenchyma containing hemorrhagic streaks or foci. The
animal may experience weight loss, anemia and general
depression. The liver may be enlarged and show abnormal
functions. Blood leukocytosis with eosinophilia in
response to Cathepsin B (cat 12) antigen secreted by juve-
nile fluke may be observed [7]. Complicated expressions
due to synergy with Clostridium noryi; Clostridium
haemolyticum results in black diseases referred to as
sex-related distribution, the highest liver fluke infection of
41.30% was recorded by male goats compared to 31.03%
liver fluke infections of female goats (Table 2).
This can be attributed to the fact that male goats
were the more slaughtered goats at the abattoir. The liver
fluke infection rate based on age distribution of the goats is
higher in older goats ( ≥ 2 years) as 50% of them were
infected while the younger ones (< 2 years) has infection
rate of 31.37% (Table 3). This may be due to the grazing
factor/system as younger ones are normally given more
care and they are fed at home hence reducing the risk of
grazing on contaminated land. During the postmortem
examination of the goats, Fasciola parasites were visually
observed in the liver of the infected goats and the liver was
in most cases partially damaged (Figure 1) though there
are few cases in which the liver was completely hardened
and damaged.
This should lead to condemnation of the liver
although it was overlooked by the inspection officers at the
abattoir and such livers were carried to the market for sale
by the butchers.
It can be concluded that Fasciolasis is prevalent in
Misau, Bauchi State of Nigeria. It required that more
researches should be carried out in other parts of the state
so as to ascertain the level of occurrence of these parasites
to proper solutions this is because it causes loss of
livestock and poses threat to public health.
Thus, effective methods are required to control
liver fluke disease in livestock populations. Such methods
include the strategic use of anthelmintic, reduction in the
number of snail intermediate host and correct farm man-
agement practices. Routine deworming of goat and
chemotherapy against liver flukes may greatly reduce the
amount of liver condemnation due to helminthes at
slaughter and this may increase the income of butchers
and more source of protein. Proper documentation and
inspection of goats meant for slaughter at Misau abattoir
should be encouraged. In case of liver damage such livers
shall be discarded properly and make sure that it was
brought to market for consumptions as it was discovered in
this research.
Acknowledgement
We are grateful to Misau LGA, Bauchi State Nige-
ria for their permission to conduct the data/sample collec-
tion at Misau abattoir; we also owe thanks to the inspec-
tion crew and the butchers at the abattoir for their coopera-
tion. We appreciate the observations on data analysis from
some colleagues at Biological Sciences Department,
Bauchi State University Gadau Nigeria. We finally
acknowledge the Bauchi State University Gadau Nigeria
for conducting the experimental part of the research in the
Biology laboratory of the university.
1. Talukder S, Bhuiyan MJ, Hossain MM et al.
(2010) Pathological investigation of liver fluke infection
of slaughtered black Bengal goat in a selected area of
Bangladesh. Bangl J Vet Med 8: 35-40.
2. Adang LK, Kela SL, Kashere MB (2015) Fascioli-
asis in cattle slaughtered at Gombe abattoir, Nigeria. Int J
Biol Chem Sci 9: 783-792.
3. Keiser J, Utzinger J, Vennerstrom, JL et al. (2007)
Activity of artemether and OZ78 against triclabenda-
zole-resistant Fasciola hepatica. Trans Roy Soc Trop Med
Hyg 101: 1219-1222.
4. Ramajo V, Oleaga A, Casanueva P et al. (2001)
Vaccination of sheep against Fasciola hepatica with
homologous fatty acid binding Proteins, Vet Parasitol 97:
35-46.
5. Valero MA, Santana M, Morales M et al. (2003)
Risk of gallstone disease in advanced chronic phase of
fascioliasis: an experimental study in a rat model. J Infect
Dis 188: 787-793.
6. World Health Organization (2006) Animal
Production and Health Paper No.78 United States of
America.
7. Afra K, Ebrahim B (2011) Epidemiology of Fasci-
ola hepatica in Iran. International Journal of Biology.
8. Shaikh AA, Bilqees FM, G, Munif MK (2004)
Bile Duct Hyperplasia and Associated Abnormalities in
Buffaloes infected with Fasciola gigantic. Zoological
Society of Pakistan 36.
9. Ardo MB, Aliyara YH, Lawal H (2013) Preva-
lence of Bovine Fasciolosis in Major Abattoirs of Adama-
wa State, Nigeria. Bayero Journal of Pure and Applied
Sciences 6: 12-16.
10. Cheesbrough M (2009) District Laboratory Prac-
tice in Tropical Countries, part 1, Cambridge University
press, Cambridge, UK. Pp223.
11. Abolarinwa SO, Aroyehun A (2005) Gastrointesti-
nal and liver helminth parasites of cattle in Minna, Niger
State. Book of abstracts 3rdAnnual conference of the
Zoological Society of Nigeriap 16.
12. Amadi ANC, Egbuline A (2008) Prevalence of
fascioliasis in cattle slaughtered in Umuahia central
abattoir, Abia State, Nigeria.Book of Abstracts 5th Annual
Conference of the Zoological Society of Nigeria 38.
13. Wulha J, Banke ROK (2001) A survey of digenetic
infection among cattle and goats in Makurdi Metropolis:
Book of abstracts 3rd annual conference of the Zoologi-
cal Society of Nigeria 14.
Corresponding Author: Ismail Hasa, Department of Biological
Sciences, Faculty of Science, Bauchi State University, P.M.B 65 Gadau,
Bauchi State, Nigeria. E-mail: ihassan408@gmail.com
Citation:
Hassan I, Mukhtar U, Omar AA, Ibrahim A, Shehu A, Aliyu U, Zigau ZA
(2019) Incidence of Fascioliasis among goats slaughtered at Misau Township
Abattoir Misau Lga Bauchi State Nigeria. Cell and Cellular Kinetics Journal
1(1):1-5
.
Copy Right

iinfectious necrotic hepatitis. This infection makes the
liver appear black in colour.
Fascioliasis is a zoonotic disease of public
health importance. Man becomes infected when metacer-
carial of the fluke is ingested along with water Cress
Salad and vegetables grown along banks of water reser-
voirs inhabited by potential snail hosts. About 2.4 million
people are infected world wide and 180 million are at
risk of the infection [1, 6]. In Africa, the infection has
been found to be a serious problem in humid and sub-hu-
mid zones.
Prevalence of fascioliasis differs in different
countries. Afrakhosravi (2011) reported prevalence
range of 6.03% to 11.09% among cattle in Ilam province
of Iran. About 14.8% prevalence was recorded among
buffaloes in Pakistan [8] and 21.53% among Black
Bengal goats in Bangladesh [1].
Economic impact of fascioliasis on livestock is
enormous. Great loses are evident especially where
farmers have little or no knowledge on the disease [2].
Loses are more encountered during raining season when
most stocks are exposed to fluke challenge [9]. Reduc-
tion in milk and meat production, condemnation of liver,
reproduction failure and mortality are some of loses
encountered [1].
Study area
The studies were conducted at Misau abattoir,
Bauchi State of Nigeria, located on latitudes 10°08' N
and 11°24' E and longitude 11°02’ N and 11°18’ E.Misau
has a tropical climate, marked with two distinct
seasons-wet season (April-September) and dry season
(October to March). It has an average annual rainfall of
759 mm with wettest months being July-September. The
drier months of the year are January-March when
relative humidity drops to 13%. Average daily tempera-
ture is 26°C in April and 25°C in August. Swamps and
muddy areas are common during the rainy season. The
natural vegetation is typically that of the Sudan savanna
and is composed of shrubs, herbs, grasses and sparsely
distributed trees.
Period of study
The post-mortem investigation was conducted
in October 2016 as it lasted over a period of 3 weeks.
It is done by random physical examination of the goat
slaughtered at the township abattoir in the above study
areas and approval letter was obtained from Misau
local government council.
Sample size
A total of 75 slaughtered goats were examined
during the visit days, 46 males and 29 females.
Sample collections
Post-mortem for liver samples from the
slaughtered goats using direct physical examination of
the liver was conducted to estimate the level of liver
damage and for the presence of the parasite in the liver
parenchyma. The direct physical examination of the
liver was done over 3 weeks period with a daily early
morning visits to the abattoir in Misau. Samples were
examined from 75 goats. For further investigations the
following samples were also collected:
Faecal sample were collected directly from the
rectum of each of the slaughtered goats using hand
gloves and put into a clean labeled plastic bags. The
samples were immediately taken to Biology laboratory
of department of biological science for experimental
analysis.
Bile sample from gall bladder, of each of the slaugh-
tered goats was collected into clean plastic bags using
hand gloves and immediately taken into the laboratory
for analysis.
Sample Experimental Analysis:
Faecal Sample: Two grams (2 gms) of faeces
were collected into clean labelled test tubes containing
3 mills of distilled water. The faecal samples and the
distilled water were strained to give a suspension. The
suspension was strained through a tea strainer into a
corresponding cleaned test tube.
The filtrate was poured into corresponding test
tubes. One milliliter (1 ml) of 10% formalin was added
into the test tubes which were allowed to stand for 5
minutes. Diethyl-ether (1 ml) was added in the test tubes
after 5 minutes, using different 18-gauge hypodermic
needle and syringe. The test tubes containing the suspen-
sion were then corked, shaken to mix, and centrifuged at
2000 rpm for 8minutes.The eggs and cysts of the parasites
sediment at the bottom and the faecal debris became sepa-
rated in a layer between the diethyl-ether and water. The
supernatant was then decanted leaving few of it with the
sediment. Drops (1-2) of the sediment were put on a glass
slide, covered with cover slip, and viewed under micro-
scope using × 10 magnification.
Bile Sample: From the gall bladder, 2mL of the
bile was collected using 18-gauge hypodermic needle. The
bile sample was then poured into a labeled test tube in a
test tube rack. 1mL of 10% formalin was added using
18-gauge hypodermic needle and syringe into the bile
sample and then allowed to stand for 5 minutes. Dieth-
yl-ether (1 ml) was then added in the test tube after 5
minutes using a different 18-gauge hypodermic needle and
syringe. The test tube containing the solution was then
corked and shaken tomix the solution. The solution was
then centrifuged at 2000 rpm for 10 minutes. The eggs/-
cysts of the parasites sediment at the bottom of the
mixture; while diethyl-ether with some fat come up as
supernatant. The supernatant was decanted leaving few of
it with the sediment. Drops (1-2) of the sediment were put
on a glass slide and covered with a cover slip and viewed
under microscope using ×10 magnification [10].
Out of the 75 slaughtered goats examined over the
three months study period at Misau abattoir, liver flukes
(Fasciola spp) were detected in 28 goats. This showed a
Fasciola parasites prevalence rate of 37.33 %. This overall
prevalence rate of 37.33 % (Table 1) liver fluke infection is
higher than the 31.7% reported in trade goats in south
eastern Nigeria.
Furthermore, the study revealed an overall preva-
lence higher than 18.0% [11] but lower than the 40.0%
[12] in Umuahia Central Abattoir. The high prevalence
rate of infection was observed in the dwarf goats breed,
while the yar-kasa breed was found to have no infection.
This implies that, some breeds are more susceptible to
infection than others. This may be attributed to the num-
bers of these breeds slaughtered at the abattoir. This could
also be connected with the differences in the host intrinsic
factors (genetic, physiology and immunity) and extrinsic
factors (environmental and management practices). High
prevalence of infection may also be due to poor sanitary
conditions of herds, host susceptibility to infection as a
result of poor feed quality, ill-treated tributaries, carefree
attitude of both herdsmen and health supervisors and lack
of proper control programmes, as well as poor veterinary
services in the study area against the disease [13]. Based on
Fascioliasis is a highly pathogenic disease of
clinical and veterinary importance caused by Fasciola
hepatica and Fasciola gigantica [1, 2]. Transmission of the
fluke and the presence of its infection in any given popula-
tion is dependent upon and exacerbated by some factors
such as; the presence of a substantial reservoir of water
parasite and potential host and the presence of the lymneae
snail; the intermediate host (including Fossaria cubensis,
Fossaria buhhlimoides, Fossaria modicella, etc).
These snail hosts which commonly measure about
10mm in size usually occur in areas with high annual
rainfall, large areas of poorly drained pastures and moist
soil [3]. Other factors which enhance the spread of fascio-
liasis are opportunity for water source contamination by
human and non-human hosts and also dietary practices
that includes the raw, untreated aquatic vegetation or
foliage located around water reservoir [3-5].
Fascioliasis is a cosmopolitan infection. Incidence
of the infection has been reported in many countries
including Nigeria, Pakistan, China, United States of
America and Iran [5, 6]. It is commonly reported in rumi-
nants, cattle, goat and sheep [1]. Ruminant hosts become
infected when forage with metacercarial cyst is ingested.
They can also be infected when ingesting cysts suspended
in soil and detritus while drinking water. Ingested parasite
finds its way to intra hepatic biliary duct or hepatic paren-
chyma and later to the bile duct where it resides.
Infected ruminant liver usually experi-
ence traumatic injury giving rise to diffusely hepatic
parenchyma containing hemorrhagic streaks or foci. The
animal may experience weight loss, anemia and general
depression. The liver may be enlarged and show abnormal
functions. Blood leukocytosis with eosinophilia in
response to Cathepsin B (cat 12) antigen secreted by juve-
nile fluke may be observed [7]. Complicated expressions
due to synergy with Clostridium noryi; Clostridium
haemolyticum results in black diseases referred to as
Cell & Cellular Kinetic J
Hassan I, Mukhtar U, Omar AA, Ibrahim A, Shehu A, Aliyu U, Zigau ZA (2019)
Page 2 of 5
Citation : Hassan I, Mukhtar U, Omar AA, Ibrahim A, Shehu A, Aliyu U, Zigau ZA (2019) Incidence of Fascioliasis among goats
slaughtered at Misau Township Abattoir Misau Lga Bauchi State Nigeria. Cell and Cellular Kinetics Journal 1(1):1-5.
sex-related distribution, the highest liver fluke infection of
41.30% was recorded by male goats compared to 31.03%
liver fluke infections of female goats (Table 2).
This can be attributed to the fact that male goats
were the more slaughtered goats at the abattoir. The liver
fluke infection rate based on age distribution of the goats is
higher in older goats ( ≥ 2 years) as 50% of them were
infected while the younger ones (< 2 years) has infection
rate of 31.37% (Table 3). This may be due to the grazing
factor/system as younger ones are normally given more
care and they are fed at home hence reducing the risk of
grazing on contaminated land. During the postmortem
examination of the goats, Fasciola parasites were visually
observed in the liver of the infected goats and the liver was
in most cases partially damaged (Figure 1) though there
are few cases in which the liver was completely hardened
and damaged.
This should lead to condemnation of the liver
although it was overlooked by the inspection officers at the
abattoir and such livers were carried to the market for sale
by the butchers.
It can be concluded that Fasciolasis is prevalent in
Misau, Bauchi State of Nigeria. It required that more
researches should be carried out in other parts of the state
so as to ascertain the level of occurrence of these parasites
to proper solutions this is because it causes loss of
livestock and poses threat to public health.
Thus, effective methods are required to control
liver fluke disease in livestock populations. Such methods
include the strategic use of anthelmintic, reduction in the
number of snail intermediate host and correct farm man-
agement practices. Routine deworming of goat and
chemotherapy against liver flukes may greatly reduce the
amount of liver condemnation due to helminthes at
slaughter and this may increase the income of butchers
and more source of protein. Proper documentation and
inspection of goats meant for slaughter at Misau abattoir
should be encouraged. In case of liver damage such livers
shall be discarded properly and make sure that it was
brought to market for consumptions as it was discovered in
this research.
Acknowledgement
We are grateful to Misau LGA, Bauchi State Nige-
ria for their permission to conduct the data/sample collec-
tion at Misau abattoir; we also owe thanks to the inspec-
tion crew and the butchers at the abattoir for their coopera-
tion. We appreciate the observations on data analysis from
some colleagues at Biological Sciences Department,
Bauchi State University Gadau Nigeria. We finally
acknowledge the Bauchi State University Gadau Nigeria
for conducting the experimental part of the research in the
Biology laboratory of the university.
1. Talukder S, Bhuiyan MJ, Hossain MM et al.
(2010) Pathological investigation of liver fluke infection
of slaughtered black Bengal goat in a selected area of
Bangladesh. Bangl J Vet Med 8: 35-40.
2. Adang LK, Kela SL, Kashere MB (2015) Fascioli-
asis in cattle slaughtered at Gombe abattoir, Nigeria. Int J
Biol Chem Sci 9: 783-792.
3. Keiser J, Utzinger J, Vennerstrom, JL et al. (2007)
Activity of artemether and OZ78 against triclabenda-
zole-resistant Fasciola hepatica. Trans Roy Soc Trop Med
Hyg 101: 1219-1222.
4. Ramajo V, Oleaga A, Casanueva P et al. (2001)
Vaccination of sheep against Fasciola hepatica with
homologous fatty acid binding Proteins, Vet Parasitol 97:
35-46.
5. Valero MA, Santana M, Morales M et al. (2003)
Risk of gallstone disease in advanced chronic phase of
fascioliasis: an experimental study in a rat model. J Infect
Dis 188: 787-793.
6. World Health Organization (2006) Animal
Production and Health Paper No.78 United States of
America.
7. Afra K, Ebrahim B (2011) Epidemiology of Fasci-
ola hepatica in Iran. International Journal of Biology.
8. Shaikh AA, Bilqees FM, G, Munif MK (2004)
Bile Duct Hyperplasia and Associated Abnormalities in
Buffaloes infected with Fasciola gigantic. Zoological
Society of Pakistan 36.
9. Ardo MB, Aliyara YH, Lawal H (2013) Preva-
lence of Bovine Fasciolosis in Major Abattoirs of Adama-
wa State, Nigeria. Bayero Journal of Pure and Applied
Sciences 6: 12-16.
10. Cheesbrough M (2009) District Laboratory Prac-
tice in Tropical Countries, part 1, Cambridge University
press, Cambridge, UK. Pp223.
11. Abolarinwa SO, Aroyehun A (2005) Gastrointesti-
nal and liver helminth parasites of cattle in Minna, Niger
State. Book of abstracts 3rdAnnual conference of the
Zoological Society of Nigeriap 16.
12. Amadi ANC, Egbuline A (2008) Prevalence of
fascioliasis in cattle slaughtered in Umuahia central
abattoir, Abia State, Nigeria.Book of Abstracts 5th Annual
Conference of the Zoological Society of Nigeria 38.
13. Wulha J, Banke ROK (2001) A survey of digenetic
infection among cattle and goats in Makurdi Metropolis:
Book of abstracts 3rd annual conference of the Zoologi-
cal Society of Nigeria 14.
2. Methodology
Corresponding Author: Ismail Hasa, Department of Biological
Sciences, Faculty of Science, Bauchi State University, P.M.B 65 Gadau,
Bauchi State, Nigeria. E-mail: ihassan408@gmail.com
Citation:
Hassan I, Mukhtar U, Omar AA, Ibrahim A, Shehu A, Aliyu U, Zigau ZA
(2019) Incidence of Fascioliasis among goats slaughtered at Misau Township
Abattoir Misau Lga Bauchi State Nigeria. Cell and Cellular Kinetics Journal
1(1):1-5
.
Copy Right
J004.CCKJ.19.00001 © 2019 Oscine Nest Pvt Ltd. All rights reserved.

iinfectious necrotic hepatitis. This infection makes the
liver appear black in colour.
Fascioliasis is a zoonotic disease of public
health importance. Man becomes infected when metacer-
carial of the fluke is ingested along with water Cress
Salad and vegetables grown along banks of water reser-
voirs inhabited by potential snail hosts. About 2.4 million
people are infected world wide and 180 million are at
risk of the infection [1, 6]. In Africa, the infection has
been found to be a serious problem in humid and sub-hu-
mid zones.
Prevalence of fascioliasis differs in different
countries. Afrakhosravi (2011) reported prevalence
range of 6.03% to 11.09% among cattle in Ilam province
of Iran. About 14.8% prevalence was recorded among
buffaloes in Pakistan [8] and 21.53% among Black
Bengal goats in Bangladesh [1].
Economic impact of fascioliasis on livestock is
enormous. Great loses are evident especially where
farmers have little or no knowledge on the disease [2].
Loses are more encountered during raining season when
most stocks are exposed to fluke challenge [9]. Reduc-
tion in milk and meat production, condemnation of liver,
reproduction failure and mortality are some of loses
encountered [1].
Study area
The studies were conducted at Misau abattoir,
Bauchi State of Nigeria, located on latitudes 10°08' N
and 11°24' E and longitude 11°02’ N and 11°18’ E.Misau
has a tropical climate, marked with two distinct
seasons-wet season (April-September) and dry season
(October to March). It has an average annual rainfall of
759 mm with wettest months being July-September. The
drier months of the year are January-March when
relative humidity drops to 13%. Average daily tempera-
ture is 26°C in April and 25°C in August. Swamps and
muddy areas are common during the rainy season. The
natural vegetation is typically that of the Sudan savanna
and is composed of shrubs, herbs, grasses and sparsely
distributed trees.
Period of study
The post-mortem investigation was conducted
in October 2016 as it lasted over a period of 3 weeks.
It is done by random physical examination of the goat
slaughtered at the township abattoir in the above study
areas and approval letter was obtained from Misau
local government council.
Sample size
A total of 75 slaughtered goats were examined
during the visit days, 46 males and 29 females.
Sample collections
Post-mortem for liver samples from the
slaughtered goats using direct physical examination of
the liver was conducted to estimate the level of liver
damage and for the presence of the parasite in the liver
parenchyma. The direct physical examination of the
liver was done over 3 weeks period with a daily early
morning visits to the abattoir in Misau. Samples were
examined from 75 goats. For further investigations the
following samples were also collected:
Faecal sample were collected directly from the
rectum of each of the slaughtered goats using hand
gloves and put into a clean labeled plastic bags. The
samples were immediately taken to Biology laboratory
of department of biological science for experimental
analysis.
Bile sample from gall bladder, of each of the slaugh-
tered goats was collected into clean plastic bags using
hand gloves and immediately taken into the laboratory
for analysis.
Sample Experimental Analysis:
Faecal Sample: Two grams (2 gms) of faeces
were collected into clean labelled test tubes containing
3 mills of distilled water. The faecal samples and the
distilled water were strained to give a suspension. The
suspension was strained through a tea strainer into a
corresponding cleaned test tube.
The filtrate was poured into corresponding test
tubes. One milliliter (1 ml) of 10% formalin was added
into the test tubes which were allowed to stand for 5
minutes. Diethyl-ether (1 ml) was added in the test tubes
after 5 minutes, using different 18-gauge hypodermic
needle and syringe. The test tubes containing the suspen-
sion were then corked, shaken to mix, and centrifuged at
2000 rpm for 8minutes.The eggs and cysts of the parasites
sediment at the bottom and the faecal debris became sepa-
rated in a layer between the diethyl-ether and water. The
supernatant was then decanted leaving few of it with the
sediment. Drops (1-2) of the sediment were put on a glass
slide, covered with cover slip, and viewed under micro-
scope using × 10 magnification.
Bile Sample: From the gall bladder, 2mL of the
bile was collected using 18-gauge hypodermic needle. The
bile sample was then poured into a labeled test tube in a
test tube rack. 1mL of 10% formalin was added using
18-gauge hypodermic needle and syringe into the bile
sample and then allowed to stand for 5 minutes. Dieth-
yl-ether (1 ml) was then added in the test tube after 5
minutes using a different 18-gauge hypodermic needle and
syringe. The test tube containing the solution was then
corked and shaken tomix the solution. The solution was
then centrifuged at 2000 rpm for 10 minutes. The eggs/-
cysts of the parasites sediment at the bottom of the
mixture; while diethyl-ether with some fat come up as
supernatant. The supernatant was decanted leaving few of
it with the sediment. Drops (1-2) of the sediment were put
on a glass slide and covered with a cover slip and viewed
under microscope using ×10 magnification [10].
Out of the 75 slaughtered goats examined over the
three months study period at Misau abattoir, liver flukes
(Fasciola spp) were detected in 28 goats. This showed a
Fasciola parasites prevalence rate of 37.33 %. This overall
prevalence rate of 37.33 % (Table 1) liver fluke infection is
higher than the 31.7% reported in trade goats in south
eastern Nigeria.
Furthermore, the study revealed an overall preva-
lence higher than 18.0% [11] but lower than the 40.0%
[12] in Umuahia Central Abattoir. The high prevalence
rate of infection was observed in the dwarf goats breed,
while the yar-kasa breed was found to have no infection.
This implies that, some breeds are more susceptible to
infection than others. This may be attributed to the num-
bers of these breeds slaughtered at the abattoir. This could
also be connected with the differences in the host intrinsic
factors (genetic, physiology and immunity) and extrinsic
factors (environmental and management practices). High
prevalence of infection may also be due to poor sanitary
conditions of herds, host susceptibility to infection as a
result of poor feed quality, ill-treated tributaries, carefree
attitude of both herdsmen and health supervisors and lack
of proper control programmes, as well as poor veterinary
services in the study area against the disease [13]. Based on
Fascioliasis is a highly pathogenic disease of
clinical and veterinary importance caused by Fasciola
hepatica and Fasciola gigantica [1, 2]. Transmission of the
fluke and the presence of its infection in any given popula-
tion is dependent upon and exacerbated by some factors
such as; the presence of a substantial reservoir of water
parasite and potential host and the presence of the lymneae
snail; the intermediate host (including Fossaria cubensis,
Fossaria buhhlimoides, Fossaria modicella, etc).
These snail hosts which commonly measure about
10mm in size usually occur in areas with high annual
rainfall, large areas of poorly drained pastures and moist
soil [3]. Other factors which enhance the spread of fascio-
liasis are opportunity for water source contamination by
human and non-human hosts and also dietary practices
that includes the raw, untreated aquatic vegetation or
foliage located around water reservoir [3-5].
Fascioliasis is a cosmopolitan infection. Incidence
of the infection has been reported in many countries
including Nigeria, Pakistan, China, United States of
America and Iran [5, 6]. It is commonly reported in rumi-
nants, cattle, goat and sheep [1]. Ruminant hosts become
infected when forage with metacercarial cyst is ingested.
They can also be infected when ingesting cysts suspended
in soil and detritus while drinking water. Ingested parasite
finds its way to intra hepatic biliary duct or hepatic paren-
chyma and later to the bile duct where it resides.
Infected ruminant liver usually experi-
ence traumatic injury giving rise to diffusely hepatic
parenchyma containing hemorrhagic streaks or foci. The
animal may experience weight loss, anemia and general
depression. The liver may be enlarged and show abnormal
functions. Blood leukocytosis with eosinophilia in
response to Cathepsin B (cat 12) antigen secreted by juve-
nile fluke may be observed [7]. Complicated expressions
due to synergy with Clostridium noryi; Clostridium
haemolyticum results in black diseases referred to as
Cell & Cellular Kinetic J
Hassan I, Mukhtar U, Omar AA, Ibrahim A, Shehu A, Aliyu U, Zigau ZA (2019)
Total number
of
goats examined
Number
Infected Number
non-infected % Infected
Goats
% of
non-infected
75 28 47 37.33 62.66
Page 3 of 5
Citation : Hassan I, Mukhtar U, Omar AA, Ibrahim A, Shehu A, Aliyu U, Zigau ZA (2019) Incidence of Fascioliasis among goats
slaughtered at Misau Township Abattoir Misau Lga Bauchi State Nigeria. Cell and Cellular Kinetics Journal 1(1):1-5.
Table 1: Prevalence rate of fascioliasis among goats slaughtered at Misau abattoir
sex-related distribution, the highest liver fluke infection of
41.30% was recorded by male goats compared to 31.03%
liver fluke infections of female goats (Table 2).
This can be attributed to the fact that male goats
were the more slaughtered goats at the abattoir. The liver
fluke infection rate based on age distribution of the goats is
higher in older goats ( ≥ 2 years) as 50% of them were
infected while the younger ones (< 2 years) has infection
rate of 31.37% (Table 3). This may be due to the grazing
factor/system as younger ones are normally given more
care and they are fed at home hence reducing the risk of
grazing on contaminated land. During the postmortem
examination of the goats, Fasciola parasites were visually
observed in the liver of the infected goats and the liver was
in most cases partially damaged (Figure 1) though there
are few cases in which the liver was completely hardened
and damaged.
This should lead to condemnation of the liver
although it was overlooked by the inspection officers at the
abattoir and such livers were carried to the market for sale
by the butchers.
It can be concluded that Fasciolasis is prevalent in
Misau, Bauchi State of Nigeria. It required that more
researches should be carried out in other parts of the state
so as to ascertain the level of occurrence of these parasites
to proper solutions this is because it causes loss of
livestock and poses threat to public health.
Thus, effective methods are required to control
liver fluke disease in livestock populations. Such methods
include the strategic use of anthelmintic, reduction in the
number of snail intermediate host and correct farm man-
agement practices. Routine deworming of goat and
chemotherapy against liver flukes may greatly reduce the
amount of liver condemnation due to helminthes at
slaughter and this may increase the income of butchers
and more source of protein. Proper documentation and
inspection of goats meant for slaughter at Misau abattoir
Figure 1: Fasciola Parasite observed in an infected liver of the goat
should be encouraged. In case of liver damage such livers
shall be discarded properly and make sure that it was
brought to market for consumptions as it was discovered in
this research.
Acknowledgement
We are grateful to Misau LGA, Bauchi State Nige-
ria for their permission to conduct the data/sample collec-
tion at Misau abattoir; we also owe thanks to the inspec-
tion crew and the butchers at the abattoir for their coopera-
tion. We appreciate the observations on data analysis from
some colleagues at Biological Sciences Department,
Bauchi State University Gadau Nigeria. We finally
acknowledge the Bauchi State University Gadau Nigeria
for conducting the experimental part of the research in the
Biology laboratory of the university.
1. Talukder S, Bhuiyan MJ, Hossain MM et al.
(2010) Pathological investigation of liver fluke infection
of slaughtered black Bengal goat in a selected area of
Bangladesh. Bangl J Vet Med 8: 35-40.
2. Adang LK, Kela SL, Kashere MB (2015) Fascioli-
asis in cattle slaughtered at Gombe abattoir, Nigeria. Int J
Biol Chem Sci 9: 783-792.
3. Keiser J, Utzinger J, Vennerstrom, JL et al. (2007)
Activity of artemether and OZ78 against triclabenda-
zole-resistant Fasciola hepatica. Trans Roy Soc Trop Med
Hyg 101: 1219-1222.
4. Ramajo V, Oleaga A, Casanueva P et al. (2001)
Vaccination of sheep against Fasciola hepatica with
homologous fatty acid binding Proteins, Vet Parasitol 97:
35-46.
5. Valero MA, Santana M, Morales M et al. (2003)
Risk of gallstone disease in advanced chronic phase of
fascioliasis: an experimental study in a rat model. J Infect
Dis 188: 787-793.
6. World Health Organization (2006) Animal
Production and Health Paper No.78 United States of
America.
7. Afra K, Ebrahim B (2011) Epidemiology of Fasci-
ola hepatica in Iran. International Journal of Biology.
8. Shaikh AA, Bilqees FM, G, Munif MK (2004)
Bile Duct Hyperplasia and Associated Abnormalities in
Buffaloes infected with Fasciola gigantic. Zoological
Society of Pakistan 36.
9. Ardo MB, Aliyara YH, Lawal H (2013) Preva-
lence of Bovine Fasciolosis in Major Abattoirs of Adama-
wa State, Nigeria. Bayero Journal of Pure and Applied
Sciences 6: 12-16.
10. Cheesbrough M (2009) District Laboratory Prac-
tice in Tropical Countries, part 1, Cambridge University
press, Cambridge, UK. Pp223.
11. Abolarinwa SO, Aroyehun A (2005) Gastrointesti-
nal and liver helminth parasites of cattle in Minna, Niger
State. Book of abstracts 3rdAnnual conference of the
Zoological Society of Nigeriap 16.
12. Amadi ANC, Egbuline A (2008) Prevalence of
fascioliasis in cattle slaughtered in Umuahia central
abattoir, Abia State, Nigeria.Book of Abstracts 5th Annual
Conference of the Zoological Society of Nigeria 38.
13. Wulha J, Banke ROK (2001) A survey of digenetic
infection among cattle and goats in Makurdi Metropolis:
Book of abstracts 3rd annual conference of the Zoologi-
cal Society of Nigeria 14.
3. Results and Discussion
4. Conclusions
Corresponding Author: Ismail Hasa, Department of Biological
Sciences, Faculty of Science, Bauchi State University, P.M.B 65 Gadau,
Bauchi State, Nigeria. E-mail: ihassan408@gmail.com
Citation:
Hassan I, Mukhtar U, Omar AA, Ibrahim A, Shehu A, Aliyu U, Zigau ZA
(2019) Incidence of Fascioliasis among goats slaughtered at Misau Township
Abattoir Misau Lga Bauchi State Nigeria. Cell and Cellular Kinetics Journal
1(1):1-5
.
Copy Right
J004.CCKJ.19.00001 © 2019 Oscine Nest Pvt Ltd. All rights reserved.

iinfectious necrotic hepatitis. This infection makes the
liver appear black in colour.
Fascioliasis is a zoonotic disease of public
health importance. Man becomes infected when metacer-
carial of the fluke is ingested along with water Cress
Salad and vegetables grown along banks of water reser-
voirs inhabited by potential snail hosts. About 2.4 million
people are infected world wide and 180 million are at
risk of the infection [1, 6]. In Africa, the infection has
been found to be a serious problem in humid and sub-hu-
mid zones.
Prevalence of fascioliasis differs in different
countries. Afrakhosravi (2011) reported prevalence
range of 6.03% to 11.09% among cattle in Ilam province
of Iran. About 14.8% prevalence was recorded among
buffaloes in Pakistan [8] and 21.53% among Black
Bengal goats in Bangladesh [1].
Economic impact of fascioliasis on livestock is
enormous. Great loses are evident especially where
farmers have little or no knowledge on the disease [2].
Loses are more encountered during raining season when
most stocks are exposed to fluke challenge [9]. Reduc-
tion in milk and meat production, condemnation of liver,
reproduction failure and mortality are some of loses
encountered [1].
Study area
The studies were conducted at Misau abattoir,
Bauchi State of Nigeria, located on latitudes 10°08' N
and 11°24' E and longitude 11°02’ N and 11°18’ E.Misau
has a tropical climate, marked with two distinct
seasons-wet season (April-September) and dry season
(October to March). It has an average annual rainfall of
759 mm with wettest months being July-September. The
drier months of the year are January-March when
relative humidity drops to 13%. Average daily tempera-
ture is 26°C in April and 25°C in August. Swamps and
muddy areas are common during the rainy season. The
natural vegetation is typically that of the Sudan savanna
and is composed of shrubs, herbs, grasses and sparsely
distributed trees.
Period of study
The post-mortem investigation was conducted
in October 2016 as it lasted over a period of 3 weeks.
It is done by random physical examination of the goat
slaughtered at the township abattoir in the above study
areas and approval letter was obtained from Misau
local government council.
Sample size
A total of 75 slaughtered goats were examined
during the visit days, 46 males and 29 females.
Sample collections
Post-mortem for liver samples from the
slaughtered goats using direct physical examination of
the liver was conducted to estimate the level of liver
damage and for the presence of the parasite in the liver
parenchyma. The direct physical examination of the
liver was done over 3 weeks period with a daily early
morning visits to the abattoir in Misau. Samples were
examined from 75 goats. For further investigations the
following samples were also collected:
Faecal sample were collected directly from the
rectum of each of the slaughtered goats using hand
gloves and put into a clean labeled plastic bags. The
samples were immediately taken to Biology laboratory
of department of biological science for experimental
analysis.
Bile sample from gall bladder, of each of the slaugh-
tered goats was collected into clean plastic bags using
hand gloves and immediately taken into the laboratory
for analysis.
Sample Experimental Analysis:
Faecal Sample: Two grams (2 gms) of faeces
were collected into clean labelled test tubes containing
3 mills of distilled water. The faecal samples and the
distilled water were strained to give a suspension. The
suspension was strained through a tea strainer into a
corresponding cleaned test tube.
The filtrate was poured into corresponding test
tubes. One milliliter (1 ml) of 10% formalin was added
into the test tubes which were allowed to stand for 5
minutes. Diethyl-ether (1 ml) was added in the test tubes
after 5 minutes, using different 18-gauge hypodermic
needle and syringe. The test tubes containing the suspen-
sion were then corked, shaken to mix, and centrifuged at
2000 rpm for 8minutes.The eggs and cysts of the parasites
sediment at the bottom and the faecal debris became sepa-
rated in a layer between the diethyl-ether and water. The
supernatant was then decanted leaving few of it with the
sediment. Drops (1-2) of the sediment were put on a glass
slide, covered with cover slip, and viewed under micro-
scope using × 10 magnification.
Bile Sample: From the gall bladder, 2mL of the
bile was collected using 18-gauge hypodermic needle. The
bile sample was then poured into a labeled test tube in a
test tube rack. 1mL of 10% formalin was added using
18-gauge hypodermic needle and syringe into the bile
sample and then allowed to stand for 5 minutes. Dieth-
yl-ether (1 ml) was then added in the test tube after 5
minutes using a different 18-gauge hypodermic needle and
syringe. The test tube containing the solution was then
corked and shaken tomix the solution. The solution was
then centrifuged at 2000 rpm for 10 minutes. The eggs/-
cysts of the parasites sediment at the bottom of the
mixture; while diethyl-ether with some fat come up as
supernatant. The supernatant was decanted leaving few of
it with the sediment. Drops (1-2) of the sediment were put
on a glass slide and covered with a cover slip and viewed
under microscope using ×10 magnification [10].
Out of the 75 slaughtered goats examined over the
three months study period at Misau abattoir, liver flukes
(Fasciola spp) were detected in 28 goats. This showed a
Fasciola parasites prevalence rate of 37.33 %. This overall
prevalence rate of 37.33 % (Table 1) liver fluke infection is
higher than the 31.7% reported in trade goats in south
eastern Nigeria.
Furthermore, the study revealed an overall preva-
lence higher than 18.0% [11] but lower than the 40.0%
[12] in Umuahia Central Abattoir. The high prevalence
rate of infection was observed in the dwarf goats breed,
while the yar-kasa breed was found to have no infection.
This implies that, some breeds are more susceptible to
infection than others. This may be attributed to the num-
bers of these breeds slaughtered at the abattoir. This could
also be connected with the differences in the host intrinsic
factors (genetic, physiology and immunity) and extrinsic
factors (environmental and management practices). High
prevalence of infection may also be due to poor sanitary
conditions of herds, host susceptibility to infection as a
result of poor feed quality, ill-treated tributaries, carefree
attitude of both herdsmen and health supervisors and lack
of proper control programmes, as well as poor veterinary
services in the study area against the disease [13]. Based on
Fascioliasis is a highly pathogenic disease of
clinical and veterinary importance caused by Fasciola
hepatica and Fasciola gigantica [1, 2]. Transmission of the
fluke and the presence of its infection in any given popula-
tion is dependent upon and exacerbated by some factors
such as; the presence of a substantial reservoir of water
parasite and potential host and the presence of the lymneae
snail; the intermediate host (including Fossaria cubensis,
Fossaria buhhlimoides, Fossaria modicella, etc).
These snail hosts which commonly measure about
10mm in size usually occur in areas with high annual
rainfall, large areas of poorly drained pastures and moist
soil [3]. Other factors which enhance the spread of fascio-
liasis are opportunity for water source contamination by
human and non-human hosts and also dietary practices
that includes the raw, untreated aquatic vegetation or
foliage located around water reservoir [3-5].
Fascioliasis is a cosmopolitan infection. Incidence
of the infection has been reported in many countries
including Nigeria, Pakistan, China, United States of
America and Iran [5, 6]. It is commonly reported in rumi-
nants, cattle, goat and sheep [1]. Ruminant hosts become
infected when forage with metacercarial cyst is ingested.
They can also be infected when ingesting cysts suspended
in soil and detritus while drinking water. Ingested parasite
finds its way to intra hepatic biliary duct or hepatic paren-
chyma and later to the bile duct where it resides.
Infected ruminant liver usually experi-
ence traumatic injury giving rise to diffusely hepatic
parenchyma containing hemorrhagic streaks or foci. The
animal may experience weight loss, anemia and general
depression. The liver may be enlarged and show abnormal
functions. Blood leukocytosis with eosinophilia in
response to Cathepsin B (cat 12) antigen secreted by juve-
nile fluke may be observed [7]. Complicated expressions
due to synergy with Clostridium noryi; Clostridium
haemolyticum results in black diseases referred to as
sex-related distribution, the highest liver fluke infection of
41.30% was recorded by male goats compared to 31.03%
liver fluke infections of female goats (Table 2).
This can be attributed to the fact that male goats
were the more slaughtered goats at the abattoir. The liver
fluke infection rate based on age distribution of the goats is
higher in older goats ( ≥ 2 years) as 50% of them were
infected while the younger ones (< 2 years) has infection
rate of 31.37% (Table 3). This may be due to the grazing
factor/system as younger ones are normally given more
care and they are fed at home hence reducing the risk of
grazing on contaminated land. During the postmortem
examination of the goats, Fasciola parasites were visually
observed in the liver of the infected goats and the liver was
in most cases partially damaged (Figure 1) though there
are few cases in which the liver was completely hardened
and damaged.
This should lead to condemnation of the liver
although it was overlooked by the inspection officers at the
abattoir and such livers were carried to the market for sale
by the butchers.
It can be concluded that Fasciolasis is prevalent in
Misau, Bauchi State of Nigeria. It required that more
researches should be carried out in other parts of the state
so as to ascertain the level of occurrence of these parasites
to proper solutions this is because it causes loss of
livestock and poses threat to public health.
Thus, effective methods are required to control
liver fluke disease in livestock populations. Such methods
include the strategic use of anthelmintic, reduction in the
number of snail intermediate host and correct farm man-
agement practices. Routine deworming of goat and
chemotherapy against liver flukes may greatly reduce the
amount of liver condemnation due to helminthes at
slaughter and this may increase the income of butchers
and more source of protein. Proper documentation and
inspection of goats meant for slaughter at Misau abattoir
Page 4 of 5
Citation : Hassan I, Mukhtar U, Omar AA, Ibrahim A, Shehu A, Aliyu U, Zigau ZA (2019) Incidence of Fascioliasis among goats
slaughtered at Misau Township Abattoir Misau Lga Bauchi State Nigeria. Cell and Cellular Kinetics Journal 1(1):1-5.
Cell & Cellular Kinetic J
Hassan I, Mukhtar U, Omar AA, Ibrahim A, Shehu A, Aliyu U, Zigau ZA (2019)
Sex
Number
Examined
Number of
Infected
Males
Females
Totals
46 19
29 9
75 28
Number of
Non-infected
Percentage of
Infected (%)
Percentage of
non-infected (%)
27 67.85 57.44
20 32.14 42.55
47 100 100
Table 2: Sex-related distribution of Fascioliasis among the goats
Ages
Number
Examined
Number of
Infected
≥ 2
Totals
24 12
51 16
75 28
Number of
Non-infected
Percentage of
Infected (%)
Percentage of
non-infected (%)
12 42.85 25.53
35 57.14 74.46
47 100 100
< 2
Table 3: Age-related distribution of Fascioliasis among the goats investigated
should be encouraged. In case of liver damage such livers
shall be discarded properly and make sure that it was
brought to market for consumptions as it was discovered in
this research.
Acknowledgement
We are grateful to Misau LGA, Bauchi State Nige-
ria for their permission to conduct the data/sample collec-
tion at Misau abattoir; we also owe thanks to the inspec-
tion crew and the butchers at the abattoir for their coopera-
tion. We appreciate the observations on data analysis from
some colleagues at Biological Sciences Department,
Bauchi State University Gadau Nigeria. We finally
acknowledge the Bauchi State University Gadau Nigeria
for conducting the experimental part of the research in the
Biology laboratory of the university.
1. Talukder S, Bhuiyan MJ, Hossain MM et al.
(2010) Pathological investigation of liver fluke infection
of slaughtered black Bengal goat in a selected area of
Bangladesh. Bangl J Vet Med 8: 35-40.
2. Adang LK, Kela SL, Kashere MB (2015) Fascioli-
asis in cattle slaughtered at Gombe abattoir, Nigeria. Int J
Biol Chem Sci 9: 783-792.
3. Keiser J, Utzinger J, Vennerstrom, JL et al. (2007)
Activity of artemether and OZ78 against triclabenda-
zole-resistant Fasciola hepatica. Trans Roy Soc Trop Med
Hyg 101: 1219-1222.
4. Ramajo V, Oleaga A, Casanueva P et al. (2001)
Vaccination of sheep against Fasciola hepatica with
homologous fatty acid binding Proteins, Vet Parasitol 97:
35-46.
5. Valero MA, Santana M, Morales M et al. (2003)
Risk of gallstone disease in advanced chronic phase of
fascioliasis: an experimental study in a rat model. J Infect
Dis 188: 787-793.
6. World Health Organization (2006) Animal
Production and Health Paper No.78 United States of
America.
7. Afra K, Ebrahim B (2011) Epidemiology of Fasci-
ola hepatica in Iran. International Journal of Biology.
8. Shaikh AA, Bilqees FM, G, Munif MK (2004)
Bile Duct Hyperplasia and Associated Abnormalities in
Buffaloes infected with Fasciola gigantic. Zoological
Society of Pakistan 36.
9. Ardo MB, Aliyara YH, Lawal H (2013) Preva-
lence of Bovine Fasciolosis in Major Abattoirs of Adama-
wa State, Nigeria. Bayero Journal of Pure and Applied
Sciences 6: 12-16.
10. Cheesbrough M (2009) District Laboratory Prac-
tice in Tropical Countries, part 1, Cambridge University
press, Cambridge, UK. Pp223.
11. Abolarinwa SO, Aroyehun A (2005) Gastrointesti-
nal and liver helminth parasites of cattle in Minna, Niger
State. Book of abstracts 3rdAnnual conference of the
Zoological Society of Nigeriap 16.
12. Amadi ANC, Egbuline A (2008) Prevalence of
fascioliasis in cattle slaughtered in Umuahia central
abattoir, Abia State, Nigeria.Book of Abstracts 5th Annual
Conference of the Zoological Society of Nigeria 38.
13. Wulha J, Banke ROK (2001) A survey of digenetic
infection among cattle and goats in Makurdi Metropolis:
Book of abstracts 3rd annual conference of the Zoologi-
cal Society of Nigeria 14.
5. References
Corresponding Author: Ismail Hasa, Department of Biological
Sciences, Faculty of Science, Bauchi State University, P.M.B 65 Gadau,
Bauchi State, Nigeria. E-mail: ihassan408@gmail.com
Citation:
Hassan I, Mukhtar U, Omar AA, Ibrahim A, Shehu A, Aliyu U, Zigau ZA
(2019) Incidence of Fascioliasis among goats slaughtered at Misau Township
Abattoir Misau Lga Bauchi State Nigeria. Cell and Cellular Kinetics Journal
1(1):1-5
.
Copy Right
https://www.banglajol.info/index.php/BJVM/article/view/7717
https://www.banglajol.info/index.php/BJVM/article/view/7717
https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ijbcs/article/view/119796
https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ijbcs/article/view/119796
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17905370 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17905370
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17905370
J004.CCKJ.19.00001 © 2019 Oscine Nest Pvt Ltd. All rights reserved.
https://www.banglajol.info/index.php/BJVM/article/view/7717
https://www.banglajol.info/index.php/BJVM/article/view/7717

iinfectious necrotic hepatitis. This infection makes the
liver appear black in colour.
Fascioliasis is a zoonotic disease of public
health importance. Man becomes infected when metacer-
carial of the fluke is ingested along with water Cress
Salad and vegetables grown along banks of water reser-
voirs inhabited by potential snail hosts. About 2.4 million
people are infected world wide and 180 million are at
risk of the infection [1, 6]. In Africa, the infection has
been found to be a serious problem in humid and sub-hu-
mid zones.
Prevalence of fascioliasis differs in different
countries. Afrakhosravi (2011) reported prevalence
range of 6.03% to 11.09% among cattle in Ilam province
of Iran. About 14.8% prevalence was recorded among
buffaloes in Pakistan [8] and 21.53% among Black
Bengal goats in Bangladesh [1].
Economic impact of fascioliasis on livestock is
enormous. Great loses are evident especially where
farmers have little or no knowledge on the disease [2].
Loses are more encountered during raining season when
most stocks are exposed to fluke challenge [9]. Reduc-
tion in milk and meat production, condemnation of liver,
reproduction failure and mortality are some of loses
encountered [1].
Study area
The studies were conducted at Misau abattoir,
Bauchi State of Nigeria, located on latitudes 10°08' N
and 11°24' E and longitude 11°02’ N and 11°18’ E.Misau
has a tropical climate, marked with two distinct
seasons-wet season (April-September) and dry season
(October to March). It has an average annual rainfall of
759 mm with wettest months being July-September. The
drier months of the year are January-March when
relative humidity drops to 13%. Average daily tempera-
ture is 26°C in April and 25°C in August. Swamps and
muddy areas are common during the rainy season. The
natural vegetation is typically that of the Sudan savanna
and is composed of shrubs, herbs, grasses and sparsely
distributed trees.
Period of study
The post-mortem investigation was conducted
in October 2016 as it lasted over a period of 3 weeks.
It is done by random physical examination of the goat
slaughtered at the township abattoir in the above study
areas and approval letter was obtained from Misau
local government council.
Sample size
A total of 75 slaughtered goats were examined
during the visit days, 46 males and 29 females.
Sample collections
Post-mortem for liver samples from the
slaughtered goats using direct physical examination of
the liver was conducted to estimate the level of liver
damage and for the presence of the parasite in the liver
parenchyma. The direct physical examination of the
liver was done over 3 weeks period with a daily early
morning visits to the abattoir in Misau. Samples were
examined from 75 goats. For further investigations the
following samples were also collected:
Faecal sample were collected directly from the
rectum of each of the slaughtered goats using hand
gloves and put into a clean labeled plastic bags. The
samples were immediately taken to Biology laboratory
of department of biological science for experimental
analysis.
Bile sample from gall bladder, of each of the slaugh-
tered goats was collected into clean plastic bags using
hand gloves and immediately taken into the laboratory
for analysis.
Sample Experimental Analysis:
Faecal Sample: Two grams (2 gms) of faeces
were collected into clean labelled test tubes containing
3 mills of distilled water. The faecal samples and the
distilled water were strained to give a suspension. The
suspension was strained through a tea strainer into a
corresponding cleaned test tube.
The filtrate was poured into corresponding test
tubes. One milliliter (1 ml) of 10% formalin was added
into the test tubes which were allowed to stand for 5
minutes. Diethyl-ether (1 ml) was added in the test tubes
after 5 minutes, using different 18-gauge hypodermic
needle and syringe. The test tubes containing the suspen-
sion were then corked, shaken to mix, and centrifuged at
2000 rpm for 8minutes.The eggs and cysts of the parasites
sediment at the bottom and the faecal debris became sepa-
rated in a layer between the diethyl-ether and water. The
supernatant was then decanted leaving few of it with the
sediment. Drops (1-2) of the sediment were put on a glass
slide, covered with cover slip, and viewed under micro-
scope using × 10 magnification.
Bile Sample: From the gall bladder, 2mL of the
bile was collected using 18-gauge hypodermic needle. The
bile sample was then poured into a labeled test tube in a
test tube rack. 1mL of 10% formalin was added using
18-gauge hypodermic needle and syringe into the bile
sample and then allowed to stand for 5 minutes. Dieth-
yl-ether (1 ml) was then added in the test tube after 5
minutes using a different 18-gauge hypodermic needle and
syringe. The test tube containing the solution was then
corked and shaken tomix the solution. The solution was
then centrifuged at 2000 rpm for 10 minutes. The eggs/-
cysts of the parasites sediment at the bottom of the
mixture; while diethyl-ether with some fat come up as
supernatant. The supernatant was decanted leaving few of
it with the sediment. Drops (1-2) of the sediment were put
on a glass slide and covered with a cover slip and viewed
under microscope using ×10 magnification [10].
Out of the 75 slaughtered goats examined over the
three months study period at Misau abattoir, liver flukes
(Fasciola spp) were detected in 28 goats. This showed a
Fasciola parasites prevalence rate of 37.33 %. This overall
prevalence rate of 37.33 % (Table 1) liver fluke infection is
higher than the 31.7% reported in trade goats in south
eastern Nigeria.
Furthermore, the study revealed an overall preva-
lence higher than 18.0% [11] but lower than the 40.0%
[12] in Umuahia Central Abattoir. The high prevalence
rate of infection was observed in the dwarf goats breed,
while the yar-kasa breed was found to have no infection.
This implies that, some breeds are more susceptible to
infection than others. This may be attributed to the num-
bers of these breeds slaughtered at the abattoir. This could
also be connected with the differences in the host intrinsic
factors (genetic, physiology and immunity) and extrinsic
factors (environmental and management practices). High
prevalence of infection may also be due to poor sanitary
conditions of herds, host susceptibility to infection as a
result of poor feed quality, ill-treated tributaries, carefree
attitude of both herdsmen and health supervisors and lack
of proper control programmes, as well as poor veterinary
services in the study area against the disease [13]. Based on
Fascioliasis is a highly pathogenic disease of
clinical and veterinary importance caused by Fasciola
hepatica and Fasciola gigantica [1, 2]. Transmission of the
fluke and the presence of its infection in any given popula-
tion is dependent upon and exacerbated by some factors
such as; the presence of a substantial reservoir of water
parasite and potential host and the presence of the lymneae
snail; the intermediate host (including Fossaria cubensis,
Fossaria buhhlimoides, Fossaria modicella, etc).
These snail hosts which commonly measure about
10mm in size usually occur in areas with high annual
rainfall, large areas of poorly drained pastures and moist
soil [3]. Other factors which enhance the spread of fascio-
liasis are opportunity for water source contamination by
human and non-human hosts and also dietary practices
that includes the raw, untreated aquatic vegetation or
foliage located around water reservoir [3-5].
Fascioliasis is a cosmopolitan infection. Incidence
of the infection has been reported in many countries
including Nigeria, Pakistan, China, United States of
America and Iran [5, 6]. It is commonly reported in rumi-
nants, cattle, goat and sheep [1]. Ruminant hosts become
infected when forage with metacercarial cyst is ingested.
They can also be infected when ingesting cysts suspended
in soil and detritus while drinking water. Ingested parasite
finds its way to intra hepatic biliary duct or hepatic paren-
chyma and later to the bile duct where it resides.
Infected ruminant liver usually experi-
ence traumatic injury giving rise to diffusely hepatic
parenchyma containing hemorrhagic streaks or foci. The
animal may experience weight loss, anemia and general
depression. The liver may be enlarged and show abnormal
functions. Blood leukocytosis with eosinophilia in
response to Cathepsin B (cat 12) antigen secreted by juve-
nile fluke may be observed [7]. Complicated expressions
due to synergy with Clostridium noryi; Clostridium
haemolyticum results in black diseases referred to as
sex-related distribution, the highest liver fluke infection of
41.30% was recorded by male goats compared to 31.03%
liver fluke infections of female goats (Table 2).
This can be attributed to the fact that male goats
were the more slaughtered goats at the abattoir. The liver
fluke infection rate based on age distribution of the goats is
higher in older goats ( ≥ 2 years) as 50% of them were
infected while the younger ones (< 2 years) has infection
rate of 31.37% (Table 3). This may be due to the grazing
factor/system as younger ones are normally given more
care and they are fed at home hence reducing the risk of
grazing on contaminated land. During the postmortem
examination of the goats, Fasciola parasites were visually
observed in the liver of the infected goats and the liver was
in most cases partially damaged (Figure 1) though there
are few cases in which the liver was completely hardened
and damaged.
This should lead to condemnation of the liver
although it was overlooked by the inspection officers at the
abattoir and such livers were carried to the market for sale
by the butchers.
It can be concluded that Fasciolasis is prevalent in
Misau, Bauchi State of Nigeria. It required that more
researches should be carried out in other parts of the state
so as to ascertain the level of occurrence of these parasites
to proper solutions this is because it causes loss of
livestock and poses threat to public health.
Thus, effective methods are required to control
liver fluke disease in livestock populations. Such methods
include the strategic use of anthelmintic, reduction in the
number of snail intermediate host and correct farm man-
agement practices. Routine deworming of goat and
chemotherapy against liver flukes may greatly reduce the
amount of liver condemnation due to helminthes at
slaughter and this may increase the income of butchers
and more source of protein. Proper documentation and
inspection of goats meant for slaughter at Misau abattoir
should be encouraged. In case of liver damage such livers
shall be discarded properly and make sure that it was
brought to market for consumptions as it was discovered in
this research.
Acknowledgement
We are grateful to Misau LGA, Bauchi State Nige-
ria for their permission to conduct the data/sample collec-
tion at Misau abattoir; we also owe thanks to the inspec-
tion crew and the butchers at the abattoir for their coopera-
tion. We appreciate the observations on data analysis from
some colleagues at Biological Sciences Department,
Bauchi State University Gadau Nigeria. We finally
acknowledge the Bauchi State University Gadau Nigeria
for conducting the experimental part of the research in the
Biology laboratory of the university.
1. Talukder S, Bhuiyan MJ, Hossain MM et al.
(2010) Pathological investigation of liver fluke infection
of slaughtered black Bengal goat in a selected area of
Bangladesh. Bangl J Vet Med 8: 35-40.
2. Adang LK, Kela SL, Kashere MB (2015) Fascioli-
asis in cattle slaughtered at Gombe abattoir, Nigeria. Int J
Biol Chem Sci 9: 783-792.
3. Keiser J, Utzinger J, Vennerstrom, JL et al. (2007)
Activity of artemether and OZ78 against triclabenda-
zole-resistant Fasciola hepatica. Trans Roy Soc Trop Med
Hyg 101: 1219-1222.
4. Ramajo V, Oleaga A, Casanueva P et al. (2001)
Vaccination of sheep against Fasciola hepatica with
homologous fatty acid binding Proteins, Vet Parasitol 97:
35-46.
5. Valero MA, Santana M, Morales M et al. (2003)
Risk of gallstone disease in advanced chronic phase of
fascioliasis: an experimental study in a rat model. J Infect
Dis 188: 787-793.
6. World Health Organization (2006) Animal
Production and Health Paper No.78 United States of
America.
7. Afra K, Ebrahim B (2011) Epidemiology of Fasci-
ola hepatica in Iran. International Journal of Biology.
8. Shaikh AA, Bilqees FM, G, Munif MK (2004)
Bile Duct Hyperplasia and Associated Abnormalities in
Buffaloes infected with Fasciola gigantic. Zoological
Society of Pakistan 36.
9. Ardo MB, Aliyara YH, Lawal H (2013) Preva-
lence of Bovine Fasciolosis in Major Abattoirs of Adama-
wa State, Nigeria. Bayero Journal of Pure and Applied
Sciences 6: 12-16.
10. Cheesbrough M (2009) District Laboratory Prac-
tice in Tropical Countries, part 1, Cambridge University
press, Cambridge, UK. Pp223.
11. Abolarinwa SO, Aroyehun A (2005) Gastrointesti-
nal and liver helminth parasites of cattle in Minna, Niger
State. Book of abstracts 3rdAnnual conference of the
Zoological Society of Nigeriap 16.
12. Amadi ANC, Egbuline A (2008) Prevalence of
fascioliasis in cattle slaughtered in Umuahia central
abattoir, Abia State, Nigeria.Book of Abstracts 5th Annual
Conference of the Zoological Society of Nigeria 38.
13. Wulha J, Banke ROK (2001) A survey of digenetic
infection among cattle and goats in Makurdi Metropolis:
Book of abstracts 3rd annual conference of the Zoologi-
cal Society of Nigeria 14.
Cell & Cellular Kinetic J
Hassan I, Mukhtar U, Omar AA, Ibrahim A, Shehu A, Aliyu U, Zigau ZA (2019)
Page 5 of 5
Citation : Hassan I, Mukhtar U, Omar AA, Ibrahim A, Shehu A, Aliyu U, Zigau ZA (2019) Incidence of Fascioliasis among goats
slaughtered at Misau Township Abattoir Misau Lga Bauchi State Nigeria. Cell and Cellular Kinetics Journal 1(1):1-5.
Corresponding Author: Ismail Hasa, Department of Biological
Sciences, Faculty of Science, Bauchi State University, P.M.B 65 Gadau,
Bauchi State, Nigeria. E-mail: ihassan408@gmail.com
Citation:
Hassan I, Mukhtar U, Omar AA, Ibrahim A, Shehu A, Aliyu U, Zigau ZA
(2019) Incidence of Fascioliasis among goats slaughtered at Misau Township
Abattoir Misau Lga Bauchi State Nigeria. Cell and Cellular Kinetics Journal
1(1):1-5
.
Copy Right
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12934197 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12934197
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12934197 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12934197
http://www.ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/ijb/article/view/20787
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https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265949603_Bile_Duct_Hyperplasia_and_Associated_Abnormalities_in_the_Bualoes_Infected_With_Fasciola_gigantica
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