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I
PLEUROTHALLIDS
Neotropical Jewels
Adam P. Karremans
&
Sebastián Vieira Uribe
Volume I
Adam P. Karremans is a professor at the Uni-
versity of Costa Rica, where he works as resear-
cher and current director of Lankester Botanical
Garden, a lecturer at the School of Biology, and
coordinator for the Biodiversity Commission. He
is a specialist on neotropical Orchidaceae, and in
the last decade has published more than 50 papers
on the taxonomy, systematics, phylogenetics and
reproductive biology of Pleurothallidinae. Adam
is a research associate at the Naturalis Biodiversity
Center in Leiden, The Netherlands and has served
as editor of journals Lankesteriana, Phytotaxa,
and the serial publication sPecies orchidacearum.
Sebastián Vieira Uribe is the executive director
at Corporación SalvaMontes Colombia where he
also works as a manager and conservationist. For
many years he has been exploring, photographing,
and studying nature in his native Colombia, with a
special focus on pleurothallid orchids, discovering
and publishing several new species. Sebastián is
editor of journal orquideoLogía and the serial
publication sPecies orchidacearum and does
research for the Grupo de Investigación Schultes,
the Sociedad Colombiana de Orquideología and
the GIBIOT research group of the Medellín
Botanical Gardens.
To Carl A. Luer (1922 - 2019)
who dedicated 44 years of his life to collecting, illus-
trating and studying Pleurothallidinae and laid the
foundation for modern research on the subtribe.
II
ACIANTHERA
ANATHALLIS
ANDINIA
ANDREETTAEA
CHAMELOPHYTON
ECHINOSEPALA
GRAVENDEELIA
LANKESTERIANA
LUERELLA
MUSCARELLA
MYOXANTHUS
OPHIDION
PHLOEOPHILA
PORROGLOSSUM
PSEUDOLEPANTHES
PUPULINIA
SPECKLINIA
PLEUROTHALLIDS
Neotropical Jewels
Adam P. Karremans
&
Sebastián Vieira Uribe
Volume I
IV
Pleurothallids Neotropical Jewels - Volume 1
ISBN:
Authors: Adam P. Karremans & Sebastián Vieira Uribe
Design, editing and layout: Adam P. Karremans & Sebastián Vieira Uribe
Text copyright © 2020 by the authors, except:
Foreword © 2020 Alec Pridgeon
Echinosepala © 2020 Franco Pupulin
Myoxanthus © 2020 Gustavo Rojas-Alvarado
Ophidion © 2020 Juan Sebastián Moreno & Adam P. Karremans
Porroglossum © 2020 Adam P. Karremans & Ron Parsons
Pupulinia © 2020 Adam P. Karremans & Diego Bogarín
Proofreading: Sarah Forsyth
Photographs copyright © 2020 by the authors, except where indicated otherwise (see Acknowledgements)
Printing and binding by Imprenta Mariscal, Quito, Ecuador
Copyright: Adam P. Karremans & Sebastián Vieira Uribe
All rights reserved
First Edition 500 copies
V
Subtribe Pleurothallidinae of tribe Epidendreae, commonly called pleurothallids, are currently among the most popular of cul-
tivated orchids for their mostly small (even miniature) stature and unusual, often showy owers spanning less than 1 millimeter
in diameter (e.g. Platystele jungermannioides (Schltr.) Garay) to 30 centimeters or more (e.g. Dracula chimaera (Rchb.f.) Luer). The
subtribe consists of well over 5000 species and ranges from Florida, the West Indies and Mexico to southern Brazil and
Argentina. The Andes of Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru are by far the most species-rich areas, but Costa Rica and Panama are
also well represented. Pleurothallids are primarily epiphytic, although many are secondarily terrestrial or lithophytic. All have
a sympodial growth habit, and the vast majority have unifoliate, non-pseudobulbous stems, conduplicate leaves, velamentous
roots, and an articulation between the ovary and pedicel. Most have an annular (ring-shapped) thickening where the
inorescence emerges from the apex of the stem.
Circumscription of pleurothallid genera prior to the advent of molecular systematics has been problematic in many
cases, and even contentious in others, such as the megagenera Pleurothallis R.Br. and Stelis Sw. Homoplasy (recurrence) in many
oral characters, the result of convergence in mechanisms of deceit pollination to attract dipterans (ies), forced morphologists
to use combinations of characters rather than single unique characters to dene most taxa. In Folia Orchidacea (1859), John
Lindley succinctly addressed the diculty in classifying Pleurothallis, which over time became a placeholder (“dumping
ground”) for species that could not readily be accommodated in other genera: “For the present I think it necessary to
preserve this great and dicult genus without dismemberment. Not that I regard it as a really single aggregation of species,
but because, in the present state of our information, and working exclusively upon dried specimens, I am of the opinion that
the materials on which to construct other genera do not exist in Europe; or, if they do exist, are not to be found either in
books or any single herbarium.”
After Lindley’s published classications of the orchid family, there followed successive oristic treatments, generic
monographs, and/or descriptions of new species by H.G. Reichenbach l., Rudolf Schlechter, and Robert L. Dressler, which
dominated pleurothallid systematics until Carlyle A. Luer began his long-running series Icones Pleurothallidinarum (1986-2012)
for the Missouri Botanical Garden and the self-published series Thesaurus Masdevalliarum (1984-1995), Thesaurus Dracularum
(1988-1993), and A Treasure of Masdevallia (1996-2004). Spanning almost 30 years, Luer described and illustrated thousands of
previously known and new pleurothallid species and several new genera throughout the Neotropics.
Molecular systematic treatments of the subtribe at the turn of the millennium upheld the majority of Luer’s concepts,
although others were transferred to resurrected genera such as Acianthera Scheidw., Anathallis Barb.Rodr. and Specklinia Lindl. or
to new ones such as Diodonopsis Pridgeon & M.W.Chase and Echinosepala Pridgeon & M.W.Chase. New data from studies using
additional taxa and DNA markers shrank or expanded some genera, illustrating the uidity of generic circumscriptions with time
and technology. As such, systematics is an ongoing exercise -- some would say an aiction -- and so change is to be welcomed if
appropriate scientic methods and reliance on strong measures of statistical support are adopted in taxonomic revisions.
Well-known and respected orchidologists Adam P. Karremans of Lankester Botanical Garden, University of Costa
Rica and Sebastián Vieira Uribe of Corporación SalvaMontes Colombia have spearheaded this ambitious, beautifully
illustrated monographic series on pleurothallids that incorporates the latest in systematics and pollination biology of the
various genera. It may not be an exaggeration to say that the most signicant contributors to our current understanding of
Pleurothallidinae begin with the letter ‘L’: Lindley, Luer, and Lankester Botanical Garden.
Foreword
Alec Pridgeon
~
VI
Acknowledgements
The idea of a book scrutinizing the pleurothallid genera in detail, by showcasing their innate diversity using color photography, came to us several
years ago, but making it a reality presented several challenges. One major issue was the lack availability of materials of rare species and genera,
especially those from poorly botanized areas. Dealing with the unstable classication within the subtribe had been another setback. It was Rudolf
Jenny who ultimately convinced us in August of 2019 that the book could be brought out in multiple volumes, publishing genera as they became
suciently complete, without necessarily following alphabetical or phylogenetic order. The switch from a single, complete treatment to a series
of partial ones had a dramatic impact on the project. Another key decision was to involve more people in the writing and photography. We had
initially set out to include our own materials only, one of us would write the texts (APK), while the other would be the photographer (SVU). But
we quickly realized that involving the whole pleurothallid community signicantly improved the quality and completeness of the book. Volume I
of “Pleurothallids Neotropical Jewels” has only been made possible thanks to the joint eorts of a multitude of pleurothallid experts and fanatics
around the world who kindly oered their assistance. The rst volume includes about 1000 photographs taken by 107 dierent people from many
countries. Their acronyms (as referred to in this book), full names and the number of photographs contributed is detailled below. Our thanks go to
all the individuals and organizations who assisted in the production of this book.
Contributors: Franco Pupulin, Diego Bogarín, Gustavo Rojas-Alvarado, Juan Sebastían Moreno, Ron Parsons, Melissa Díaz-Morales,
Isler Chinchilla, Iván Jiménez, Modesto Zárate and Esteban Domínguez.
Photographers: ADa Alexander Damián (6); ADi Alex Díaz (1); AF Alejandro Flores (1); AG Andrés González (1); AH Alexander Hirtz (20);
AKy Andreas Kay (21); APK Adam P. Karremans (152); APh Andreas Philipp (2); BC Benjamín Collantes (1); BR Bryon Rinke (5); CMa Carlos
Martel (1); CMe Carlos Mesa (4); CRB Carlos R. Beutelspacher (2); DB Diego Bogarín (11); DH David Haelterman (1); EAM Edgar Alfredo Mó (3);
EF Eladio Fernández (7); EHa Eric Hágsater (3); EHu Eric Hunt (9); EMA Erica Morón de Abad (2); EP Edicson Parra (1); ES Eric de Camargo
Smidt (6); FAA Fredy Alexander Acosta (1); FJe Francisco Jose de Jesus (8); FJo Franck Jordan (1); FP Franco Pupulin (28); GAS Gerardo A. Salazar (1);
GB Gabriel Barboza (1); GC Guy Chiron (1); GE Gilberto Escobar (1); GL Guillaume Léotard (3); GM Gilberto Merino (2); GP Giovane Proença (7);
GRA Gustavo Rojas-Alvarado (10); GRo Gustavo Romero (8); GSa Grettel Salguero (1); GV Gerrit Verhellen (1); HM Hugo Medina (1); HO Henry
Oakeley (4); IC Isler Chinchilla (1); JC James Castaño (1); JEO José Dilmer Edquen Oblitas (2); JFs Jerey Flores (2); JLa Julio Larramendi (9); JLl Juan
Llamacho (2); JLw John Lawrus (1); JMe Jan Meijvogel (12); JMM Jorge Mario Múnera (1); JMP Jean Marc Pallandre (1); JMS José Monzón Sierra (3);
JPo Jan Ponert (9); JR Joost Riksen (3); JSM Juan Sebastián Moreno (12); JV John Varigos (5); JZ Javier Zambrano (5); KH Kevin Holcomb (1);
KO Karol Olszowski (1); KZ Kilian Zuchan (1); LA Luis Eduardo Álvarez (2); LB Luis Baquero (2); LFV Luiz Filipe Varella (25); LG Lourens Grobler
(2); LJo Lou Jost (1); LK & MK Linda & Mikael Karlbom (1); LN Lars Nauheimer (1); LOc Luis Ocupa (8); LOs Lizbeth Oses (1); LPA Luis Pérez
Arcila (3); LW Lubbert Westra (8); LEY Luis Enrique Yupanqui (2); MA Marcos Aurelio (2); MC Marcos Campacci (3); MDM Melissa Díaz-
Morales (5); MM Marco Monteros (1); MRi Milton Rincón (2); MRm Mauro Rosim (5); MRs Marcelo Rodrigues (8); MS Mario Sierra (1);
MW Mark Wilson (1); MZ Modesto Zárate (3); NBa Norbert Baumbach (2); NBO Noelia Belfort Oconitrillo (1); NG Nicolás Gutierrez (2); NJ Nick
Johnson (1); PD Piet Dubbeldam (1); PPe Peter Peters (1); PPo Pepe Portilla (2); RJ Rolando Jiménez (1); RMa Roberto Martins (13); RMe Ramiro
Medina (2); RP Ron Parsons (113); RR Rebecca Repasky (3); RSo Rodolfo Solano (2); RSt Rene Stalder (1); RV Rogier van Vugt (3); SD Stig Dalström
(1); SMa Steve Manning (3); SRP Sylvio Rodrigues Pereira (1); SVU Sebastián Vieira Uribe (205); SVz Sebastián Vizcarra (1); TB Antonio Toscano de
Brito (1); TF Tomas Fox (1); TK Thomas Karrer (1); TS Ton Sijm (2); WD Wiel Driessen (26); YD Yéri Dewèvre (1).
Institutions: Jardín Botánico Lankester; Universidad de Costa Rica; Naturalis Biodiversity Center; Leiden University; Hortus Botanicus Leiden;
Medellín Botanical Garden; JAUM herbarium; MEDEL herbarium; Parque Nacional Natural Tatamá; Parques Nacionales de Colombia; Selby
Botanical Garden; Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía de Costa Rica; Sistema Nacional de Áreas Protegidas; Sociedad Colombiana de Orquideología.
Journals: lAnkesteriAnA; orquideologíA; PhytotAxA; hArvArd PAPers in BotAny; orchids (Aos).
Special thanks: To Andreas Kay, whose extraordinary photographs are featured here, and who sadly passed away during the making of this
book, we are very thankful to him, and Lou Jost who helped in accessing the original images. As well as the contributors and photographers many
other people helped in dierent ways: Rudolf Jenny, Alec Pridgeon, Mario Blanco, Sarah Forsyth, Gustavo Rojas-Alvarado, Eric Camargo Smidt,
Padre Pedro Ortiz, Lisa Thoerle, Barbara Gravendeel, Mark Wilson, Marco Cedeño, Esteban Jiménez, Karen Gil, Gerson Villalobos, Giovanni
Meza, Gustavo Rojas Aguilar, Bob and Kerry Dressler, Esmée Winkel, Harry Zelenko, Steve Kirby, Bruce Holst, Josué Ávila Molina, Álvaro Co-
gollo, Ana Benavides, Álvaro Idárraga Saul Altamirano, Magaly Mercado, Jaco Kruizinga, Yenny M. Cardona, Jorge M. Vélez, Carlos Robinson
Quiro, Florín and Yolanda Chiripua and the Colombian indigenous community of Eperara Siapidaara.
Adam thanks: My mother Rossana, my father Jan, my stepfather Pedro, and my brother Darius, who have indulged my passion for orchids since
I was a teenager and have never tired in supporting my endeavours. Franco, who has been an inspiration. Diego, Gustavo, Mario, Melissa, Isler,
Grettel, Liz, Noelia, Melania, Maricruz, Karen and Jorge, my wonderful colleagues for their continued support. My wife Miriam, my lover, con-
dante, adviser and promoter, who is always there for me and continuously stimulates and encourages this and all my other projects.
Sebastián thanks: My grandfather Rafael, my father Luis Carlos and my mother Ana María, for teaching me from a young age a love of nature
and plants. Rodrigo Escobar and Jorge Mario Múnera for teaching me the art of orchid photography. Ligia Moreno and Marta Posada for encou-
raging my love of pleurothallids. Luis F. Pérez for exploring many forests with me over the last decade while looking for orchids to photograph and
study, and for his ever-supporting and unconditional friendship. Gustavo Aguirre and Juan Felipe Posada for giving me permanent access to their
greenhouses when I wanted to photograph and study their orchids. Last but not least, my ever-loving wife, Fane, for encouraging me to follow my
passions and dedicate my life to what I really love doing.
We are deeply thankful to everyone!
VII
Foreword........................................................V
Acknowledgements.......................................VI
Contents......................................................VII
Pleurothallidinae.............................................1
Morphology (Part I).......................................3
Acianthera........................................................11
Anathallis.........................................................79
Andinia............................................................99
Andreettaea.....................................................127
Chamelophyton................................................129
Echinosepala...................................................131
Gravendeelia...................................................151
Lankesteriana..................................................153
Luerella..........................................................161
Muscarella.....................................................163
Myoxanthus....................................................183
Ophidion........................................................209
Phloeophila.....................................................223
Porroglossum...................................................225
Pseudolepanthes...............................................251
Pupulinia.......................................................259
Specklinia.......................................................261
Excluded Taxa............................................303
References...................................................305
Index to Scientic Names...........................307
Contents
307
Aberrantia 11, 23, 24
Acianthera 1–3, 5–7, 9–78, 131, 133, 135, 209, 223, 259, 312
aberrans 3, 23, 24, 76–78
aculeata 40
adamantinensis 6, 66, 77
adeodata 36
aechme 37
agathophylla 49
alborosea 52
amsleri 47
angustifolia 40
angustisepala 71
aphthosa 18, 77
appendiculata 26
asaroides 67
atropurpurea 6, 61
auriculata 32
aveniformis 66
berlinensis 37
biceps 18
bidentula 50
bohnkiana 51
boliviana 65
brachiloba 51
bragae 67, 68
breedlovei 54, 76
brunnescens 11, 12
bryonnii 22
butcheri 55, 56
cabiriae 62
cachensis 69, 70
calopedilon 50
calypso 28, 29
carcinopsis 26
catujiensis 52
caymanensis 16, 62
chamensis 41, 42
chionopa 60
chrysantha 16
ciliata 35
circumplexa 15, 17, 77
cogniauxiana 13, 14, 76
compressicaulis 26
compressiflora 31
cornejoi 36
costaricensis 43, 44, 46, 76, 135
crassilabia 13
cremasta 72
crepiniana 6, 61, 76
crinita 47
cryptophoranthoides 72
cymbiformis 58
dasychila 21
decipiens 38
decurrens 36
denticulata 25
deserta 36
discophylla 40
dodsonii 28, 30
duartei 31
dubbeldamii 35
dutrai 49
ellipsophylla 33
erebatensis 70
ericae 17
erinacea 57
erosa 26
erythrogramma 39
exarticulata 51
fabiobarrosii 64, 77
fenestrata 48
floribunda 32
fockei 59
fornograndensis 74
geminicaulina 3, 15, 34
glanduligera 49
glumacea 63
guimaraensii 65
hamata 13
hamosa 73, 77
hartwegiifolia 16
hatschbachii 61
heliconioides 35
herrerae 44, 135
herzogii 65
hirtzii 30
hondurensis 3, 60, 77
hygrophila 31
hystrix 9, 28, 49
javieri 71
johannensis 77
johnsonii 44, 45, 47
karlii 28, 67
kateora 28
klotzschiana 52
krahnii 21
lamia 22
lanceana 35
lappago 58
lepidota 70
leptotifolia 6, 66
limae 74, 77
litensis 38
lojae 37
lueri 35
luteola 77, 78
macropoda 51
madisonii 36
magalhanesii 51
majakoluckae 53
mantiquyrana 61
marleniae 18
melanochthoda 9, 28, 30
micrantha 52
minima 48
modestissima 74, 77
moronae 37
murexoidea 51
muscosa 32
nemorosa 50
nikoleae 9, 30
obscura 17
ochreata 16, 63, 64, 77
octophrys 52
oligantha 17
omissa 59
oricola 28
oscitans 55, 56
panduripetala 50
pantasmi 22
pantasmoides 22
papillosa 51
paradoxa 55
parahybunensis 32
pectinata 10, 73
phrynoglossa 58
phyllostachys 42
pollardiana 18
polystachya 41, 77, 78
prognatha 21
prolifera 10, 16, 74, 77
pubescens 53, 54
punctata 11
punctatiflora 47, 48
purpureoviolacea 32
pustulata 34
quadricristata 38
Index
to scientific nAmes
308
quadriserrata 38
recurva 11, 53
rinkei 37
rodolfo-vasquezii 42
rostellata 49
rubroviridis 17
ruizii 22
sandaliorum 39
saundersiana 50
saurocephala 72
scalpricaulis 18
sect. Arthrosiae 32
sect. Cryptophoranthae 58
sect. Pleurobotryae 62
sect. Sarracenella 67
serratifolia 27, 28
sicaria 5, 19, 20, 76
sicula 19
sigmoidea 58
sonderiana 15, 66, 77
sotoana 44, 135
strupifolia 71
subgen. Acianthera 13, 24, 133
subgen. Antilla 24, 62
subgen. Brenesia 24, 47
subgen. Kraenzlinella 24, 58
sudae 48
sulphurea 31
teres 6, 16, 64, 77
testifolia 9, 28, 29, 75, 76
thysana 55
tikalensis 24
tokachii 21
tricarinata 65
tristis 52
tunguraguae 57
unguicallosa 13, 16, 60
variegata 49
verecunda 37
violacea 24
wageneriana 21
wilsonii 40
yauaperyensis 39
Acostaea 261, 277–280, 282, 301
Anathallis 1, 3, 5, 6, 9, 79–98, 127, 156, 159
adenochila 90
anfracta 83
angulosa 84
angustilabia 85
brevipes 98
burzlaffiana 82
carnosifolia 85
citrina 87
dalessandroi 82
dryadum 88
edmeiae 156
endresii 94
eugenii 88
fasciculata 79
francesiana 90
funerea 84
gert-hatschbachii 88
grayumii 94, 96
guarujaensis 90
heloisae 156
herpetophyton 93
heterophylla 87
jamaicensis 82
johnsonii 89
klingelfusii 88
kuhniae 98
lasioglossa 91
lewisiae 79, 80, 91, 97
linearifolia 87
luteola 90
microphyta 89
minutalis 92, 97, 98
nanifolia 91
obovata 79, 85, 86, 97
ourobranquensis 91
pabstii 87
pachyphyta 93, 94
paranaensis 89
paranapiacabensis 89
peroupavae 98
polygonoides 93
rabei 81
reptilis 93
sanchezii 81
sertularioides 93
tigridens 90, 91
transtalamancana 94, 95, 97
vitorinoi 89
welteri 90
yucatanensis 93
Andinia 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 10, 99–126
auriculipetala 116
barbata 106
cardiocheila 125
catella 115
chaoae 114
ciliaris 114
composita 123
cordilabia 116
dactyla 112, 117, 118, 120
dalstroemii 104
destituta 126
dielsii 99, 107
erepsis 121
geminipetala 118
hernandoi 119, 120
hippocrepica 113
hirtzii 105
irrasa 112
lappacea 99, 100, 107
longiserpens 103
lueri 115, 120
lunaris 116
lupula 116
macrotica 118
micropetala 111, 112
monilia 114
montis-rotundi 118
nummularia 109, 110
obesa 110
ortiziana 126
panica 107, 108
pendens 126
pensilis 107
pentamytera 105
persimilis 112, 120, 122
pilosella 112, 121, 122
platysepala 112, 123–125
pogonion 106
pseudocaulescens 125
schizopogon 105
sect. Amplectentes 112, 120
sect. Brachycladae 109
sibundoyensis 113
spiralis 3, 101, 102
stalactites 110
subgen. Aenigma 104
subgen. Andinia 107
subgen. Brachycladium 3, 101, 109, 125
subgen. Masdevalliantha 101
subgen. Minuscula 107
sunchubambensis 104
tingomariana 107, 108
tridactyla 120
trimytera 107, 108
uchucayensis 106
ursula 120
vestigipetala 107, 108
viebrockiana 124
vieira-pereziana 115
wayqechensis 104
werneri 116
xenion 103
Andreettaea 127, 128
ocellus 127, 128
Antilla 11, 13, 25, 26, 44, 58, 76, 135
Apoda-prorepentia 11, 27–30, 47, 76
Areldia 261, 278, 281, 282
Arthrosia 11, 31, 32
Barbosella 3, 5, 6, 129, 135, 139
Brachionidium 1, 3, 6, 58
Brachycladium 99
309
Brenesia 11, 13, 43–46, 58, 76, 135
costaricensis 44, 135
herrerae 135
johnsonii 135
Bulbophyllum 97
Centranthera 11
Chaetocephala 183, 194
Chamelophyton 3, 9, 129, 130
kegelii 129, 130
Cryptophoranthus 11, 28, 47, 48, 49, 76, 209
cymbula 209
Cucumeria 261, 273, 275
Didactylus 11, 55, 56, 70
Dilomilis 2, 303
montana 303
serratifolia 303
Diodonopsis 7
Dondodia 11, 58
Draconanthes 251, 254
Dracula 1, 3, 6, 8, 10
Dresslerella 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 135, 139
caesariata 9
hirsutissima 9
hispida 9
pilosissima 9
Dryadella 3, 6
Duboisia 183
Dubois-reymondia 183, 196
Echinella 131, 135
Echinosepala 5, 6, 10, 44, 76, 131–150, 259
alexandrae 133, 134, 149
arenicola 133, 136
aspasicensis 131, 139, 149
biseta 135
expolita 139, 142, 143, 146, 149
glenioides 131, 137, 148-150
isthmica 131, 132, 149
lappiformis 143, 144, 149
longipedunculata 138, 139, 149
pan 133, 139, 141, 143, 149
pastacensis 137
sempergemmata 133, 134, 139
shuarii 259
stonei 139, 143, 147, 149
tomentosa 139, 145, 149
uncinata 139, 149
vittata 139, 140, 149
Empusella 261, 267–270
endotrachys 270
Epidendrum
lanceola 261
ruscifolium 1
Frondaria 6
caulescens 6
Garayella 129
Geocalpa 11
Gerardoa 261, 270
Gravendeelia 3, 10, 151, 152
chamaelepanthes 3, 151, 152
Kraenzlinella 11, 13, 44, 57, 58, 133, 135, 259
shuarii 259
Lankesteriana 3, 9, 79, 97, 153–160
abbreviata 157
barbulata 97, 153–155, 159, 160
casualis 156
caudatipetala 158
comayaguensis 155
cuspidata 157, 160
duplooyi 156
fractiflexa 156
gehrtii 156
haberi 157
imberbis 155
minima 155
muricaudata 158
rudolfii 156
Lepanthes 1–3, 6–10, 99, 101, 109, 125, 126, 175, 251, 254
aculeata 10
calodictyon 10
comet-halleyi 10
corrugata 10
cryptophyta 175
dielsii 99
dodsonii 10
manabina 10
subgen.Brachycladium 101
thysanota 3
Lepanthopsis 3, 10, 151, 254
prolifera 3
Lothiania 225
Lueranthos 99, 108
Luerella 161, 162, 209, 211, 223
pelecaniceps 161, 162
Masdevallia 1–3, 9, 161, 225, 248, 273
caesia 3
pelecaniceps 161
Masdevalliantha 99, 101, 103
Muscarella 3, 10, 163–182, 127, 275
ancora 172
aristata 163, 178, 180
barberiana 166, 178, 179
cabellensis 172, 275
catoxys 182
cestrochila 170
claviculata 169
clavigera 178
cryptophyta 175, 176
divexa 177, 178
exesilabia 174
fimbriata 163, 164, 166
furcatipetala 168
gongylodes 178
helenae 167, 182
herpestes 165
intonsa 175
kennedyi 174
latilabris 169
llamachoi 165
macroblepharis 180
marginata 173
megalops 165, 166
mucronata 174
oblonga 172
perangusta 178
quinqueseta 182
rojohniae 10
samacensis 168
schudelii 167
segregatifolia 176
semperflorens 166, 174
strumosa 173, 181
stumpflei 167
tamboensis 171, 172
trullifera 167
tsubotae 178
villosilabia 172
werneri 166
xanthella 174
zephyrina 171, 172
Myoxanthus 3, 5, 6, 8, 58, 183–208, 131, 133, 135, 139, 143, 259
affinis 189, 190, 193
antennifer 200
bolivianus 201, 202
ceratothallis 198, 208
cereus 191, 208
chloe 204
cimex 196
colothrix 186, 207, 208
conceicionensis 193
congestus 192
ephelis 194, 203
epibator 202
eumeces 194, 203
exasperatus 194, 203, 208
fimbriatus 194, 200
frutex 204
310
georgei 198
gyas 204
herzogii 185
hirsuticaulis 194, 197, 205, 206, 208
hystrix 195
lonchophyllus 193
melittanthus 195
merae 194, 202
monophyllus 183, 186, 193
octomerioides 192
ortizianus 202
pan 133
panamense 199
parahybunensis 185, 187, 188, 193, 194, 208
parvilabius 199
pulvinatus 192
punctatus 194, 208
reymondii 196, 208
sarcodactylae 189, 194
scandens 199
sect. Antenella 183
sect. Myoxanthus 183
sect. Scandentia 183
serripetalus 183, 184, 208
simplicicaulis 194, 199
sotoanus 199, 206, 208
subgen. Satyria 133, 143, 183
subgen. Silenia 133, 143, 183
trachychlamys 3, 185, 208
uxorius 198
werneri 192, 194
xiphion 199
Myrmecophila 16
Neocogniauxia 303, 304
hexaptera 303
monophylla 304
Neooreophilus 99
Octomeria 1-3, 5, 6, 273, 303
serratifolia 303
Ogygia 11, 60
Ophidion 161, 209–223
alphonsianum 220, 222
barbilabium 221, 222, 312
carrilloi 222
compactum 215, 222
cunabulum 218, 220
cymbula 209, 212
dasyglossum 222
doucetteanum 217, 222
juan-felipei 222
markertii 222
nekidapono 219, 220
nigerrimum 216, 222
pallidiflorum 222
parvum 213, 214, 222
pleurothallopsis 209, 210
Otopetalum 11
Oreophilus 99
Pabstiella 1, 8, 9, 127, 175
parvifolia 175
quadridentata 175
Palmoglossum 79
Panmorphia 79, 93
Penducella 99, 109–126
Pendusalpinx 9
Phloeophila 2, 3, 129, 161, 209, 211, 222–224
alphonsiana 222
barbilabia 222
compacta 222
doucetteana 222
echinantha 223, 224
juan-felipei 222
magnifica 222
markertii 222
nigerrima 222
nummularia 223, 224
oricola 223
pallidiflora 222
parva 222
paulensis 223
peperomioides 223
ursula 223
Platystele 1, 3, 9
Pleurobotryum 11, 61, 62, 76
Pleurothallis 1–3, 5–10, 24, 25, 28, 32, 44, 55, 58, 60, 62, 67, 70, 79,
101, 127, 129, 131, 133, 151, 153, 163, 178, 223, 259, 270, 282
adventurae 9
aristata 163
aspasicensis 131, 133
aspergillum 6
barbata 153
barberiana 178
barbulata 153
chamaelepanthes 151
compressa 5, 10
cosmetron 6
crocodiliceps 5, 6
diabolica 10
dichotoma 178
dilemma 10
divexa 178
dressleri 282
eumecocaulon 5, 6
fantastica 10
garayana 6, 9
hawkingii 3
juvenilis 9
killipii 3
palliolata 3
pan 133
ruscaria 6
ruscifolia 1
scoparum 6
sect. Alatae 79
sect. Cryptophoranthae 58
sect. Muscariae 163
shuarii 133, 259
silverstonei 9
subgen. Aberrantia 24
subgen. Aenigma 101
subgen. Apoda-prorepentia 28
subgen. Arthrosia 32
subgen.Didactylus 55
subgen. Empusella 270
subgen. Specklinia 127
subgen. Unguella 70
tetragona 5, 6
tetroxys 6
unguicallosa 60
vinealis 3
viduata 6
Pleurothallopsis 6, 135, 129, 139
Porroglossum 3, 9, 225–250
actrix 245
adrianae 235, 236, 244
agile 229, 235
amethystinum 243, 244
andreettae 233
apoloae 241, 244
aureum 244, 246
colombianum 225
condylosepalum 229, 231
dactylum 232, 235, 244
dalstroemii 231, 235, 248
dejonghei 241, 244
dreisei 233
echidna 239
× ecuagenerense 248
eduardi 225, 226, 249
gerritsenianum 232, 244
hirtzii 229, 244
hoejerii 244, 246
hystrix 239, 248, 250
jesupiae 232, 235, 244
josei 247, 248
lorenae 227
lycinum 236, 244
marcojimeneziorum 229, 244
marniae 244, 246, 249
medinae 235
meridionale 237, 244
merinoi 234
miguelangelii 236, 244
mordax 225, 228
311
muscosum 241, 242, 244, 250
myosurotum 241, 244
nutibara 243, 244
olivaceum 235, 245
oversteegenianum 237, 244, 248
panguiensis 248
parsonsii 240, 248
peruvianum 235, 249
porphyreum 238, 244
portillae 232, 235, 244
procul 248
raoorum 244, 246
rodrigoi 244
schramii 238, 244
sect. Echidnae 235
sect. Tortae 235
sergioi 243, 244
sijmii 234
sororcula 232, 235, 244
subgen. Eduardia 235
taylorianum 248
teretilabia 234, 235
teaguei 243, 244
tokachii 248
tripollex 230
uxorium 230
zelenkoi 238, 244
Pupulinia 76, 259, 260
shuarii 259, 260
Pseudolepanthes 1, 251–258
bricenoensis 253, 254
calceolaris 254–256
colombiae 251, 252, 254
ectopa 257
silverstonei 254
spathulata 258
uvaria 251
zunagensis 254
Pseudoctomeria 261, 273
Restrepia 2, 3, 5, 6, 8, 129, 135, 139, 209
kegelii 129
Restrepiella 5, 6, 135, 139
Restrepiopsis 6
Salpistele 99, 101, 107
subgen. Andinia 99
Sarcinula 261, 291–296
Sarracenella 11, 67, 68, 76
Scaphosepalum 3, 292
corniculatum 292
medinae 292
pleurothallodes 292
Specklinia 1–3, 5–10, 127, 163, 261–302
absurda 275, 276, 297, 299
acanthodes 292
acicularis 295
acoana 296
acrisepala 293, 300
alajuelensis 263, 298, 300, 302
alexii 295
alta 286
areldii 295, 301
barbae 272, 297, 300
barbelifera 293
berolinensis 296, 299, 301
blancoi 273, 300
brighamii 294, 301
cactantha 275
calyptrostele 290, 300, 301
campylotyle 280
caulophryne 279
chontalensis 265, 299, 300
colombiana 277, 278, 300
condylata 296, 301
corniculata 263, 272
coronula 282
costaricensis 3, 283, 285
cucumeris 273, 275, 300
curtisii 287
cycesis 282
digitale 283, 300
displosa 272
dodii 287
dressleri 9, 281, 282, 300
dunstervillei 268, 300
endotrachys 268, 270, 300
feuilletii 285
fuegi 275
fulgens 270, 271, 300, 302
gersonii 266, 299
glandulosa 264
gracillima 283, 286
grisebachiana 287
grobyi 283, 284, 291, 300
guanacastensis 271, 297
icterina 295, 301
juddii 269, 300
lanceola 261, 262
lentiginosa 273, 275, 300
lugduno-batavae 283
luis-diegoi 282
medinae 292
microphylla 263, 283-285
mitchellii 287
montezumae 270, 300
morganii 290
pfavii 267, 270, 300, 302
picta 283, 286, 291
pisinna 283, 299, 300
psichion 271
recula 278, 282, 298
remotiflora 263, 269, 270, 300, 302
rinkei 292
schaferi 287
scolopax 291
simmleriana 294
spectabilis 267, 268, 300, 302
striata 294
subgen. Dresslera 278, 301
subgen. Hymenodanthae 283, 290, 300
subgen. Sarcinula 292, 301
subgen. Specklinia 264, 273, 300
subgen. Sylphia 275
succulenta 285
tirimbina 293, 300
tribuloides 273, 274, 299, 300
trilobata 280, 301
tubelliflora 290
turrialbae 275
unistriata 288
vierlingii 296, 301
vittariifolia 264, 297, 300
wrightii 287
Stelis 1, 3, 5, 6, 8–10, 101, 107, 127
deregularis 3
glomerosa 3
ramificans 3
sect. Acuminatae 10
sect. Salpistele 10
subgen. Umbralia 10
subgen. Unciferia 5
Stellamaris 151
Sylphia 261, 275, 276
Teagueia 1
Tomzanonia 303
Tribulago 261, 273, 274
Trichosalpinx 10, 97, 159, 251, 290
blaisdellii 97
pseudolepanthes 251
reflexa 97
sect. Tubellae 290
subgen. Pseudolepanthes 251
Tridelta 261, 273
Trisetella 3, 6
Tubella 1, 3, 7, 8, 10, 151
Unguella 11, 69, 70
Vaginaella 163
Vanilla 16
Verapazia 163
Xenosia 99, 101–103
Zootrophion 3, 6, 7
312
Ophidion barbilabium (Vierling) Karremans & J.S.Moreno
Colombia - SVU
III
Subtribe Pleurothallidinae is the largest and one of the
most recently and intensely diversied groups in the
Orchidaceae family. Estimates suggest that with a
whopping 5500 species recognized today, pleurotha-
llids represent about one fth of all known orchids.
They are endemic to the tropical forests of the new
world, being one of its major oristic components.
Those who have had the pleasure to set foot in a
neotropical cloud forest have probably been amazed
by the overwhelming diversity of Pleurothallidinae,
both species and genera, that a single site can host.
“Pleurothallids Neotropical Jewels” is a tribute to the
beauty and comlpexity of the most specious group
of orchids on Earth. The unparalleled diversity of
pleurothallids is showcased through color photographs
here for the rst time. This comprehensive treatment
incorporates the most up-to-date classication of the
subtribe, its genera and species, and is richly
complemented by notes on taxonomy, morphology,
distribution, ecology and pollination.
Each volume includes a general introduction followed
by specic generic treatments. This rst volume
features about 500 dierent species, across 17 of the
44 pleurothallid genera. It is generously illustrated with
more than one thousand color photographs covering
phylogenetic, morphological, ecological and geogra-
phical variation as best as possible. With an average of
two thirds of the species in each genus featured, “Pleu-
rothallids Neotropical Jewels” is an essential guide for
anyone interested in Pleurothalliidinae, from the avid
hobbyist to the highly specialized professional.
This book is the physical expression of a decade of
collecting, photographing and studying Pleurothalli-
dinae by the authors. It has only been made possible
thanks to the joint eorts of researchers and growers
belonging to the pleurothallid community worldwide.