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Transferência de Disparo Permissivo por Sobrealcance (POTT): Avaliação de Desempenho na Comunicação
Abstract
This paper presents main communication requirements on teleprotection implementation and a study comparing different communication media used in these systems, based on state of art. After the requirements survey, it was identified the need to evaluate the media latency over teleprotection time restrictions, specially when network traffic competes with other services as video and voice streaming, or supervisory and control systems. This study also compares traditional teleprotection scenario with new communication networking scenario. The signals propagation achieved times were higher over the network media than the scenario with copper pilot wire cable as evaluated. There's a gradual impact on the teleprotection signals latency when the concurrent network traffic increases. Resumo: Este trabalho compara os diferentes meios de comunicação utilizados para teleproteção e os principais requisitos de comunicação necessários para a sua implementação com base no estado da arte. Após o levantamento de requisitos foi identificada a necessidade de avaliação da latência para envio de mensagens de teleproteção, mesmo com tráfego de serviços concorrentes, como vídeo, voz, supervisão e controle. O cenário de teleproteção tradicional também foi comparado com o cenário via rede de comunicação e os tempos alcançados via rede foram inferiores quando comparados ao cenário com fio piloto, conforme avaliação em laboratório. Verificou-se o impacto gradativo do aumento de tráfego concorrente na latência da teleproteção.
Complex power systems like the Brazilian need a safe operation, granting the highest
level of energy disponibility. To reach such a requirement, it is necessary robust protection, control, and communication systems. In order to guarantee the correct operation of such systems, several tests are carried out on the devices that compose them. These tests, for protection systems, are made during the commissioning step and the operational lifetime of the device. These tests, also known as factory acceptance tests and field acceptance tests, are commonly executed using commercial robust and expensive test devices. For specific applications, it is possible to develop alternative tools for the execution of certain tests. This master thesis presents a protection test device focused on phasor protection relays. This device uses electronic power converters, with voltage source topology, for reproducing voltage and current reference signals. Reference signals are obtained through fault simulations on a modeled transmission line with real parameters from a test system. Using proper control techniques to the electronic power converters, it is possible to replay the generated reference signals. The pulse-width modulation technique is applied for replaying the reference voltage signals, and the fixed-band hysteresis control for the reference current signals. The test device is validated in two steps: first comparing the proposed device with a real test case, Omicron CMC 356. This comparison analyzes the root mean square error between the reference and replayed signals using these two devices, taking into account the fundamental frequency component of these signals. The second step consists of tests verifying the response of a simulated protection relay facing the reproduced signals using the proposed tool. Results show that the proposed tool can be used to replay desired transient signals, allowing to check correct settings of phasor protection relays and also to check undue actions of these devices. Through these results, it is possible to continue this research with a future practical implementation of this tool for real tests in a laboratory.
Este trabalho propõe dois circuitos de teste para esquemas de teleproteção DCB (Directional
Comparison Blocking) utilizando o Simulador Digital em Tempo Real (RTDS – Real Time Digital
Simulator). A metodologia aplicada é baseada na modelagem de esquemas de controle que, ao
serem operados em tempo real, podem interagir com as lógicas de teleproteção dos relés utilizados.
Cada circuito de teste propõe técnicas diferentes de funcionamento. O primeiro circuito emprega, nas
interfaces do esquema de teleproteção, as típicas entradas e saídas binárias dos dispositivos
envolvidos. Já o segundo, implementa as mesmas interfaces através da configuração de mensagens
GOOSE (Generic Object Oriented Substation Event), aplicando os aspectos relevantes do padrão IEC
61850. Ambos os circuitos são avaliados em tempo real através de simulações no módulo RunTime
do programa RSCAD, o software do RTDS. Faltas monofásicas e entre fases são aplicadas com o
intuito de verificar o desempenho do esquema de teleproteção.
A comparação dos resultados obtidos nos testes aplicando interface convencional e GOOSE mostra
que, a aplicação do padrão IEC 61850 nos esquemas de teleproteção DCB, traz um ganho no tempo
total de transferência do sinal de bloqueio e no tempo de operação da teleproteção. Outros aspectos
gerais decorrentes da aplicação do padrão IEC 61850, observados durante a execução dos testes,
mostram claramente o impacto deste padrão na comunicação entre subestações.
The aim of this paper is to evaluate the behaviour of GOOSE message traffic between two power substations using Ethernet technologies for POTT (permissive overreaching transfer trip) schemes. Moreover, a loss of messages between publisher and subscriber is closely monitored. Two main operation scenarios were defined and for each one of them some parameter variation took place, such as traffic intensity, as well as logical changes. Taking this into account, a practical laboratory was set up in order to carry out these experiments. This practical apparatus mainly consists of three digital relays, Ethernet switches, media converters, IBM personal computers, 20 km fibre optic cable, as well as support software. The results have been shown that the GOOSE messages can be applied for inter-substation communication, delivering a transfer time around 4.4 ms. Besides, traffic condition and switch configuration can heavily influence the time behaviour and loss of GOOSE messages used for POTT schemes in power systems.
A micro-grid is an aggregation of electrical and heat loads and small capacity micro-sources operating as a single controllable unit at the low or medium voltage level. Nowadays, digital telecommunications have been used in many industrial applications which micro-grid protection has also been benefited. Occurred challenges in distribution network caused by micro-grids presence, telecommunication and distribution engineers failure in recognizing the protection schema requirements and telecommunication networks restrictions always have made problems in implementation and utilization of the protection schema. In this paper, in addition to introducing types of telecommunication technology and protection system, problems existed in applying the digital telecommunication network is also evaluated for protection purpose in micro-grids and some points which a schema should consider for teleprotection system to make improvement and dependability is also explained.
Pilot relaying has been applied for transmission line protection since the 30's. The well known communication channels (pilot wire or power line carrier) are increasingly being replaced by digital channels. Dark fiber (dedicated fiber optic cable), multiplexed fiber optic systems (T1 and SONET) and 56 kbps phone lines (DDS - digital data service) are now made available for pilot protection purposes. The new channels provide much higher data transfer rate but reliability and security performance criteria developed for the telecommunications industry are not easily translated to teleprotection applications. A number of new terms are introduced to the protection engineer and it might not be all that obvious what precautions need to be taken from a protective relaying point of view. This paper discusses the requirements for the communication channel for common pilot schemes, direct transfer trip and current differential relaying. It addresses issues such as channel asymmetry and channel switching in T1 and SONET networks and the affect on pilot relaying performance. It also provides basic description of digital communication techniques and terminology that the relay engineer may encounter in his work.
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