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Growth, flowering and fruiting of Campomanesia adamantium (Cambess) O. Berg intercropped with green manure species in Agroforestry Systems

DOI:10.1007/s10457-020-00533-2
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Evania Gondim at Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul
Evania Gondim
Bruno Henrique dos Santos Ferreira at Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul
Bruno Henrique dos Santos Ferreira
Letícia Koutchin Reis at Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul
Letícia Koutchin Reis
Angélica Guerra at Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul
Angélica Guerra
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Abstract and Figures

Besides enabling economic activity, the domestication of indigenous species in situ configures a strategy for the conservation of genetic resources in Agroforestry Systems (AFSs), as well as an ecological restoration strategy. Successful productivity and restoration through AFSs require active intervention with agroecological practices, e.g., the use of green manure. We evaluated how planting different green manure species in consortium with Guavira influences its reproductive period, growth, and productivity in different spatial arrangements. Guavira, Campomanesia adamantium, is a shrub that is native to the Brazilian Savannah and has fruticulture potential. To evaluate growth, we measured plant height and canopy cover and to evaluate fruit yield, we monitored reproductive phenology among different treatments. Guavira grows better in less dense areas with Crotalaria breviflora and Cajanus cajan rather than with Canavalia ensiformis. In all inter-row spacing of Guavira and green manure species, the reproductive phases were highly seasonal, with flowering and fruiting lasting for two and four months, respectively. Guavira plants that grew in consortium with green manure in different inter-row spacing presented different flowering times, but this difference was not reflected in fruit production. Fruiting and growth appear to be affected by inter-row spacing, as well as by the species used in the consortium. Thus, these variables must be considered carefully when implementing an agroforestry system.
Experimental design of Guavira (C. adamantium) planting in an Agroforestry System, using different green manures: FP: feijão-de-porco (C. ensiformes); CR/FG: crotalaria (C. breviflora), and feijão-guandu (C. cajan), with the following inter-row spacings: T1: 2 m × 0.40 m; T2: 2 m × 0.80 m; T3: 2 m × 1.20 m; and T4: 2 m × 1.60 m. The Agroforestry System also contained baru lateral border (D. alata) and sugar cane (S. officinarum) and Napier grass backgrounds (P. purpureum)
Experimental design of Guavira (C. adamantium) planting in an Agroforestry System, using different green manures: FP: feijão-de-porco (C. ensiformes); CR/FG: crotalaria (C. breviflora), and feijão-guandu (C. cajan), with the following inter-row spacings: T1: 2 m × 0.40 m; T2: 2 m × 0.80 m; T3: 2 m × 1.20 m; and T4: 2 m × 1.60 m. The Agroforestry System also contained baru lateral border (D. alata) and sugar cane (S. officinarum) and Napier grass backgrounds (P. purpureum)
… 
Numbers and activity Index of buds, flowers, immature, and mature fruits of C. adamantium (Cambess.) O. Berg. (guavira) between March 2016 and June 2017
Numbers and activity Index of buds, flowers, immature, and mature fruits of C. adamantium (Cambess.) O. Berg. (guavira) between March 2016 and June 2017
… 
Average number (colored bars filled) and compared mean with a test in analyse of variance (black bars) of C. adamantium reproductive phenophases and interaction among the inter-row planting spacings of C. adamantium: T1: 2 m × 0.40 m; T2: 2 m × 0.80 m; T3: 2 m × 1.20 m and T4: 2 m × 1.60 m and the green manure species: C. ensiformes (feijão de porco) and mixture of C. breviflora (crotalária) and C. cajan (feijão guandu). Letters indicate significance through the Scott–Knott test at 95% probability
Average number (colored bars filled) and compared mean with a test in analyse of variance (black bars) of C. adamantium reproductive phenophases and interaction among the inter-row planting spacings of C. adamantium: T1: 2 m × 0.40 m; T2: 2 m × 0.80 m; T3: 2 m × 1.20 m and T4: 2 m × 1.60 m and the green manure species: C. ensiformes (feijão de porco) and mixture of C. breviflora (crotalária) and C. cajan (feijão guandu). Letters indicate significance through the Scott–Knott test at 95% probability
… 
Average height and crown area of C. adamantium over time in the different spacings and green manure intercropped: C. ensiformes and C. breviflora–C. cajan mixture. Statistical results in Table S1. T1: 2 m × 0.40 m; T2: 2 m × 0.80 m; T3: 2 m × 1.20 m and T4: 2 m × 1.60 m
Average height and crown area of C. adamantium over time in the different spacings and green manure intercropped: C. ensiformes and C. breviflora–C. cajan mixture. Statistical results in Table S1. T1: 2 m × 0.40 m; T2: 2 m × 0.80 m; T3: 2 m × 1.20 m and T4: 2 m × 1.60 m
… 
Average number (colored bars filled) and compared mean with a test in analyse of variance (black bars) of estimated production (kg ha⁻¹) of the dry mass of aerial parts of C. breviflora along with C. cajan and C. ensiformes, intercropped with C. adamantium subjected to four spacings: T1: 2 m × 0.40 m; T2: 2 m × 0.80 m; T3: 2 m × 1.20 m and T4: 2 m × 1.60 m. Letters indicate significance through the Scott–Knott test at 95% probability
Average number (colored bars filled) and compared mean with a test in analyse of variance (black bars) of estimated production (kg ha⁻¹) of the dry mass of aerial parts of C. breviflora along with C. cajan and C. ensiformes, intercropped with C. adamantium subjected to four spacings: T1: 2 m × 0.40 m; T2: 2 m × 0.80 m; T3: 2 m × 1.20 m and T4: 2 m × 1.60 m. Letters indicate significance through the Scott–Knott test at 95% probability
… 
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Growth, flowering and fruiting of Campomanesia
adamantium (Cambess) O. Berg intercropped with green
manure species in Agroforestry Systems
Eva
ˆnia Xavier Gondim .Bruno Henrique dos Santos Ferreira .
Letı
´cia Koutchin Reis .Ange
´lica Guerra .Mariana Abraha
˜o.
Ana Cristina Ajalla .Edimilson Volpe .Letı
´cia Couto Garcia
Received: 23 December 2019 / Accepted: 27 August 2020 / Published online: 4 September 2020
ÓSpringer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract Besides enabling economic activity, the
domestication of indigenous species in situ config-
ures a strategy for the conservation of genetic
resources in Agroforestry Systems (AFSs), as well as
an ecological restoration strategy. Successful produc-
tivity and restoration through AFSs require active
intervention with agroecological practices, e.g., the
use of green manure. We evaluated how planting
different green manure species in consortium with
Guavira influences its reproductive period, growth,
and productivity in different spatial arrangements.
Guavira, Campomanesia adamantium, is a shrub that
is native to the Brazilian Savannah and has fruticulture
potential. To evaluate growth, we measured plant
height and canopy cover and to evaluate fruit yield, we
monitored reproductive phenology among different
treatments. Guavira grows better in less dense areas
with Crotalaria breviflora and Cajanus cajan rather
than with Canavalia ensiformis. In all inter-row
spacing of Guavira and green manure species, the
reproductive phases were highly seasonal, with flow-
ering and fruiting lasting for 2 and 4 months, respec-
tively. Guavira plants that grew in consortium with
green manure in different inter-row spacing presented
Electronic supplementary material The online version of
this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-020-00533-2) con-
tains supplementary material, which is available to authorized
users.
E. X. Gondim B. H. dos Santos Ferreira
L. K. Reis (&)A. Guerra M. Abraha
˜o
L. C. Garcia (&)
Laborato
´rio Ecologia da Intervenc¸a
˜o (LEI), Instituto de
Biocie
ˆncias, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul,
Avenida Costa e Silva, s/no, Bairro Universita
´rio,
Campo Grande, MS 79.070-900, Brazil
e-mail: leticiak.reis@gmail.com
L. C. Garcia
e-mail: garcialcbio@yahoo.com.br
E. X. Gondim B. H. dos Santos Ferreira
L. K. Reis A. Guerra L. C. Garcia
Programa de Po
´s-Graduac¸a
˜o em Biologia Vegetal,
Instituto de Biocie
ˆncias, Universidade Federal de Mato
Grosso do Sul, Avenida Costa e Silva, s/no, Bairro
Universita
´rio, Campo Grande, MS 79.070-900, Brazil
M. Abraha
˜o
Programa de Po
´s-Graduac¸a
˜o em Ecologia e Conservac¸a
˜o
dos Recursos Naturais, Instituto de Biologia,
Universidade Federal de Uberla
ˆndia, Avenida Amazonas,
s/n - Bairro Umuarama, Uberla
ˆndia, MG 38.400-902,
Brazil
A. C. Ajalla E. Volpe
Age
ˆncia de Desenvolvimento Agra
´rio e Extensa
˜o Rural
(AGRAER), Rodv. MS 080 km 10, Campo Grande,
MS 79114-000, Brazil
123
Agroforest Syst (2021) 95:1261–1273
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-020-00533-2(0123456789().,-volV)(0123456789().,-volV)
Content courtesy of Springer Nature, terms of use apply. Rights reserved.
... The main challenges of agroecological cultivation for the growth of native species are soil fertilization and soil structuring, control of spontaneous species, low content of organic matter, and the long-term response in growth and physiology of native species of the Cerrado (GONDIM et al., 2020). A strategy used by family farmers to overcome these variables in agroecological systems is the use of plants as green manure to maximize the use of space, land cover, moisture retention, and nutrient cycling (CALHEIROS et al., 2013;MAZZETTO et al., 2016;SOLATI et al., 2017;ARAÚJO et al., 2017;CHEN et al., 2019). ...
... The cultivation of C. adamantium with green manures is still poorly studied. Gondim et al. (2020) evaluated in an 11-month cultivation cycle the intercropping and the spacing of C. adamantium with legumes. The authors found that the wider spacing (2.00 m x 1.20 m) and intercropping with the mixture of Crotalaria breviflora and Cajanus cajan, plants of C. adamantium were taller, with larger canopy area and larger biomass. ...
... Consequently, the decomposition of plant material was accelerated (Figure 2), improving the chemical attributes of the soil (Table 4), resulting in greater production of metabolic energy and increased synthesis of nucleic acids, which contributed to shoot growth of C. adamantium. Gondim et al. (2020) found that fast-growing Fabaceae such as Crotalaria breviflora and C. cajan contributed to the mass gain of C. adamantium. ...
Growth ofCampomanesia adamantium (Cambess.) O. Berg, native to Brazilian Cerrado, with green manure in agroecological system contributes to the preservation of the species
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Campomanesia adamantium (guavira) is a native plant of the Brazilian Cerrado used both as food and as medicine. The plant has undergone indiscriminate overexploitation in its habitat, which, in association with fires and deforestation, puts the species at risk of extinction. To preserve the species, in situ and ex situ management actions are required and agroecological practices associated with green manuring is the recommended system. In this study, we investigated the development of C. adamantium grown with the green manures Stylosanthes macrocephala, Pueraria phaseoloides, Calopogonium mucunoides, and Cajanus cajan, as well as the chemical and microbiological properties of the soil. The green manures had the highest production of fresh and dry masses at the second cut and C. mucunoides, S. macrocephala, and P. phaseoloides presented the highest nutrient concentrations. C. mucunoides mass decomposed rapidly and influenced the chemical properties of the soil, with a greater role of soil microorganisms in the biochemical process of decomposition of the organic residues. The bestdeveloped and highest yielding plants with the highest leaf nutrient content were obtained for C. adamantium grown with the green manures C. mucunoides and S. macrocephala. The results showed that C. adamantium responded positively to the use of the green manure C. mucunoides with increased leaf production. This agroecological cultivation to contributes for the preservation of C. adamantium and the appropriate use of the natural resources of the Cerrado.
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