WORLD TRENDS IN WAREHOUSING LOGISTICS

Abstract

Logistics as well as supply chain management is a fast changing field of economic activity, because it deals with different types of companies, different goods, different countries and continents, different cultures and management styles. It is reasonable that further prosperity of such entities are impossible without tracking modern trend and innovative technologies, which are providing the opportunity to rise, develop and stay profitable. Warehouse logistics is an essential part of companies’ activity and takes on a significant part of the costs. Following the main worlds trend and their implementation designed to improve the financial result and quality of services. That’s why this paper is devoted to analysis of the warehousing logistics innovative development and the ways how to reach it, of the most progressive world trends, namely robotics (manipulator robots, palletizer robots, sorting robots, mobile robotic carts, etc., due to whom automation of warehouse operations is carried out), Big Data (as an efficient processing of structured and unstructured huge amounts of analytical data from various sources coming at high speed), electronic data exchange technology – EDI (allows to automate the creation, sending, receiving and processing of any electronic documents and integrate them with existing business applications), drones (automated unmanned aerial vehicles, which can be used in the warehouse to gain access to goods at high altitudes, where other modes of transport will not be able to get), Internet of Things (IoT, which would give the opportunity to maintain communication between sites or premises and to control business processes of the warehouse complex), additive technologies (allows to create the necessary products and various components using 3D-printing technology), etc. Moreover, it is not only given the general characteristic of each type of innovative ways of developments, but also presented the advantages, disadvantages and prospects of using global trends in warehousing infrastructure. It is shown that implementation of modern technological solutions and automation of processes promotes the development of multi-storey warehouses.

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Editor in Chief: Hryhorak M. Yu. – Doctor of Economics, Ass. Professor.
Deputy editors-in-chief: Koulyk V. A. – PhD (Economics), Professor.
Marchuk V. Ye. – Doctor of Tech. Sci., Ass. Professor.
Technical editor: Harmash O. M. – PhD (Economics), Ass. Professor.
Executive Secretary: Davidenko V. V. – PhD (Economics), Ass. Professor.
Members of the Editorial Board:
SWIEKATOWSKI Ryszard – Doctor of Economics, Professor (Poland);
POSTAN M. Ya. – Doctor of Economics, Professor;
TRUSHKINA N. V. – PhD (Economics), Corresponding Member of the Academy;
KOLOSOK V. M. – Doctor of Economics, Professor;
ILCHENKO N. B. – Doctor of Economics, Ass. Professor;
SOLOMON D. I. – Doctor of Economics, Professor (Moldova);
ALKEMA V. H. – Doctor of Economics, Professor;
Henryk DŹWIGOŁ – PhD (Economics), Professor (Poland);
SUMETS O. M. – Doctor of Economics, Ass. Professor;
STRELCOVÁ Stanislava – PhD (Economics), Ass. Professor, (Slovakia);
RISTVEJ Jozef (Mr.) PhD (Economics), Professor, (Slovakia);
ZAMIAR Zenon – Doctor of Economics, Professor, (Poland);
SMERICHEVSKA S. V. – Doctor of Economics, Professor;
GRITSENKO S. I. – Doctor of Economics, Professor;
KARPENKO O. O. – Doctor of Economics, Professor;
PATKOVSKYI S. A. – Business practitioner.
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Contents
INTRODUCTION 6
GRITSENKO S.I. Doctor of Economics, Professor, Professor of Logistics Department
National Aviation University (Ukraine), KARPUN O.V. PhD of Economics, Associate
Professor, Associate Professor of Logistics Department National Aviation University
(Ukraine)
7 – 15
CREATION OF AVIATION TRANSPORT AND LOGISTIC CLUSTERS NETWOR
K
KOSTYUCHENKO L.V. PhD (Economics), Associate Professor, Associate Professor of
Logistics Department National Aviation University (Ukraine), KOSTIUCHENKO A.V.
lieutenant-colonel Armed Forces of Ukraine, Kyiv, (Ukraine)
16 – 31
THE LOGISTICAL SUPPORT SYSTEM ELEMENTS FOR THE PREPAREDNESS FOR MILITARY
OPERATIONS
MARCHUK V.Ye. Doctor of Engineering, Associate Professor, Professor of Logistics
Department National Aviation University (Ukraine), HARMASH O.M. PhD
(Economics), Associate Professor, Associate Professor of Logistics Department
National Aviation University (Ukraine), OVDIIENKO O.V. PhD student, Assistant at
Logistic Department at National Aviation University (Ukraine)
32 – 50
WORLD TRENDS IN WAREHOUSING LOGISTICS
PATKOVSKYI Sergii Business practitioner; Business development manager,
emerging markets Kuehne + Nagel Inc., Chicago, IL (USA), LYTVYNENKO S.L. PhD
(Economics), Associate Professor, Associate Professor of International Economics
Department National Aviation University (Ukraine)
51 – 64
THE WAYS OF SUPPLY CHAIN RESPONSIVENESS INCREASE AT TIME OF PORT
INFRASTRUCTURE AND TRANSPORTATION ASSETS PRODUCTIVITY DISRUPTIO
N
POPOVYCHENKO I.V. Doctor of Economic, Professor, Head of Economics and
Entrepreneurship Department State Higher Educational Establishment
“Prydniprovs’ka State Academy of Civil Engineering and Architecture”, Dnipro,
(Ukraine), SPIRIDONOVA K.O. PhD (Economics), Associate Professor, Associate
Professor of Economics and Entrepreneurship Department State Higher Educational
Establishment “Prydniprovs’ka State Academy of Civil Engineering and
Architecture”, Dnipro, (Ukraine)
65 – 77
A
PPLICATION OF FUNCTION COST ANALYSIS AND NETWORK SCHEDULING IN LOGISTICS
COST MANAGEMEN
T

KOLOSOK V.M. Doctor of Economic, Professor, Head of the Department of
Transport Management and Logistics Department Priazovsky State Technical
University (Ukraine), LAZAREVSKA Yulianna. PhD student Donetsk National
Technical University (Ukraine)
78 – 87
EFFICIENCY OF DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS IN THE LOGISTICS BUSINESS: EVALUATION
INDICATOR
S
CHORNOPYSKA N.M. PhD (Economics), Associate Professor, Associate Professor at
department marketing and logistics at Lviv Polytechnic National University
(Ukraine), BOLIBRUKH L.I. Student at department marketing and logistics at Lviv
Polytechnic National University (Ukraine)
88 – 98
THE INFLUENCE OF THE COVID-19 CRISIS ON THE FORMATION OF LOGISTICS
QUALITY
KOPISHYNSKA K. O. PhD (Economics), Senior Lecturer of Department of
Management, National Technical University of Ukrainen “Igor Sikorsky Kyiv
Polytechnic Institute” (Ukraine)
99 – 110
CURRENT STATE AND PROSPECTS OF DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION OF THE TRANSPORT
A
ND LOGISTICS SECTOR OF UKRAIN
E
HRYHORAK M. Yu. ., Doctor of Science in Economics, Associate Professor, Head of
Logistics Department of National Aviation University (Ukraine), KARPENKO O.O.,
Doctor of Science in Economics, Professor, Professor by Water Transport
Management and Economics Department, State University of Infrastructure and
Technologies (Ukraine), SEMERIAHINA M. M., Senior Lecturer of Logistics
Department of National Aviation University (Ukraine)
111 – 130
FORMATION OF THE MULTIMODAL TRANSPORT ECOSYSTEM IN UKRAIN
E
The History of Science.
MIROTIN Leonid Borysovych– the Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor 131 – 135

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UDC 004.932 DOI: https://doi.org/10.46783/smart-scm/2020-2-3
JEL Classification: D 29, E 29, F 20, L 89, O 14.
Received: 28 July 2020
Marchuk V.Ye. Doctor of Engineering, Associate Professor, Professor of Logistics
Department National Aviation University (Ukraine)
ORCID – 0000-0003-0140-5416
Researcher ID – S-6514-2018
Scopus author id: 56246790900
Harmash O.M. PhD (Economics), Associate Professor, Associate Professor of Logistics
Department National Aviation University (Ukraine)
ORCID – 0000-0003-4324-4411
Researcher ID – I-4542-2018
Scopus author id: –57218381499
Ovdiienko O.V. PhD student, Assistant at Logistic Department at National Aviation
University (Ukraine)
ORCID – 0000-0003-2770-4895
Researcher ID – S-6493-2018
Scopus author id: –
WORLD TRENDS IN WAREHOUSING LOGISTICS
Marchuk Volodymyr, Harmash Oleh, Ovdiienko Oksana. “World Trends in Warehouse Logistics”.
Logistics as well as supply chain management is a fast changing field of economic activity, because it deals with
different types of companies, different goods, different countries and continents, different cultures and
management styles. It is reasonable that further prosperity of such entities are impossible without tracking
modern trend and innovative technologies, which are providing the opportunity to rise, develop and stay
profitable. Warehouse logistics is an essential part of companies’ activity and takes on a significant part of the
costs. Following the main worlds trend and their implementation designed to improve the financial result and
quality of services. That’s why this paper is devoted to analysis of the warehousing logistics innovative
development and the ways how to reach it, of the most progressive world trends, namely robotics (manipulator
robots, palletizer robots, sorting robots, mobile robotic carts, etc., due to whom automation of warehouse
operations is carried out), Big Data (as an efficient processing of structured and unstructured huge amounts of
analytical data from various sources coming at high speed), electronic data exchange technology – EDI (allows
to automate the creation, sending, receiving and processing of any electronic documents and integrate them
with existing business applications), drones (automated unmanned aerial vehicles, which can be used in the
warehouse to gain access to goods at high altitudes, where other modes of transport will not be able to get),
Internet of Things (IoT, which would give the opportunity to maintain communication between sites or premises
and to control business processes of the warehouse complex), additive technologies (allows to create the

The electronic scientifically and practical journal 32-50
“INTELLECTUALIZATION OF LOGISTICS AND SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT”, v.2 (2020)
ISSN 2708-3195 https://smart-scm.org
necessary products and various components using 3D-printing technology), etc. Moreover, it is not only given
the general characteristic of each type of innovative ways of developments, but also presented the advantages,
disadvantages and prospects of using global trends in warehousing infrastructure. It is shown that
implementation of modern technological solutions and automation of processes promotes the development of
multi-storey warehouses.
Keywords: world trends; innovative developments; warehousing logistics; automation; digital
technologies; processes.
Марчук Володимир, Гармаш Олег, Овдієнко Оксана. «Світові тренди складської
логістики». Логістика та управління ланцюгами поставок завжди були швидко змінними сферами
економічної діяльності, оскільки постійно працюють з різними типами компаній, різними товарами,
різними країнами та континентами, різними культурами та стилями управління. Цілком зрозуміло,
що подальше процвітання таких організацій неможливе без відстеження сучасних тенденцій та
інноваційних технологій, які надають можливість рости, розвиватися та залишатися
прибутковими. На складську логістику припадає значна частина не лише операційної діяльності
компаній, але і загальних витрат. Відслідковування основних світових трендів та їх впровадження у
своїй діяльності покликане покращити фінансовий результат та якість пропонованих послуг. Саме
тому особлива увагу у статті надана аналізу інноваційного розвитку логістики складських
приміщень та шляхів її досягнення, найбільш прогресивних світових тенденцій, а саме робототехніці
(роботи-маніпулятори, роботи-палетизатори, сортувальні роботи, мобільні роботизовані візки
тощо, завдяки яким впроваджується автоматизація складських операцій), Big Data (ефективна
обробка структурованих та неструктурованих аналітичних даних з різних джерел, що надходять з
високою швидкістю), технологія електронного обміну даними - EDI (дозволяє автоматизувати
створення, відправлення, отримання та обробку будь-яких електронних документів та інтеграція
їх до існуючого програмного забезпечення), безпілотники (автоматизовані безпілотні літальні
апарати, які можна використовувати на складі для отримання доступу до товарів на великій
висоті, куди не зможуть дістатися інші види транспорту ), Інтернет речей (IoT, що дасть
можливість підтримувати зв'язок між різними приміщеннями складу та контролювати бізнес-
процеси всього комплексу), адитивні технології (дозволяють створювати необхідні продукти та їх
комплектуючі за допомогою технології 3D-друку) тощо. Також надано не лише загальну
характеристику кожного типу інноваційних шляхів розвитку, але й проаналізовано переваги,
недоліки та перспективи використання світових трендів у складській інфраструктурі. Показано, що
впровадження сучасних технологічних рішень та автоматизація процесів сприяє розвитку
багатоповерхових складів.
Ключові слова: світові тренди, інноваційні розробки, складська логістика, автоматизація,
цифрові технології, процеси
Марчук Владимир, Гармаш Олег, Овдиенко Оксана. «Мировые тенденции в складской
логистике». Логистика, а также управление цепочками поставок - это быстро меняющаяся сфера
экономической деятельности, поскольку она имеет дело с разными типами компаний, разными
товарами, разными странами и континентами, разными культурами и стилями управления.
Разумно, что дальнейшее процветание таких предприятий невозможно без отслеживания
современных тенденций и инновационных технологий, которые дают возможность расти,
развиваться и оставаться прибыльными. Складская логистика является неотъемлемой частью
деятельности компаний и берет на себя значительную часть расходов. Следование основным
мировым тенденциям и их реализация призваны улучшить финансовый результат и качество услуг.
Именно поэтому данная статья посвящена анализу инновационного развития складской логистики
и путей ее достижения, самых прогрессивных мировых тенденций, а именно робототехнике
(роботы-манипуляторы, роботы-штабелеры, сортировочные роботы, мобильные
роботизированные тележки, использование которых обеспечивает автоматизацию складских
операций), Big Data (как эффективная обработка структурированных и неструктурированных

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огромных объемов аналитических данных из различных источников, поступающих с высокой
скоростью), технология электронного обмена данными - EDI (способ автоматизировать создание,
отправку, прием и обработку любых электронных документов и интеграция их с существующими
бизнес-приложениями), дроны (автоматизированные беспилотные летательные аппараты,
которые можно использовать на складе для получения доступа к товарам на больших высотах, где
другие виды транспорта не работают), Интернет вещей (IoT, который дает возможность
поддерживать связь между помещениями склада и контролировать бизнес-процессы всего
комплекса), аддитивные технологии (создание необходимых продуктов и различных их компонентов
с использованием технологии 3D-печати) и т. д. Кроме того, в статье не только дана общая
характеристика каждого типа инновационных способов развития, но и представлены
преимущества, недостатки и перспективы использования мировых трендов в складской
инфраструктуре. Показано, что внедрение современных технологических решений и
автоматизация процессов способствует развитию многоэтажных складов.
Ключевые слова: мировые тренды, инновационные разработки, складская логистика,
автоматизация, цифровые технологии, процессы.
Introduction. The dynamics of the world
business ecosystem development is
characterized by rapid development in recent
years. To gain a competitive advantage,
maintain their market position and generate
additional profits, the world's leading
corporations are thinking about using the
innovative technologies and solutions
potential that are rapidly changing not only
business methods but also the essence of the
product offered to the end user.
One of the focuses of close attention is
warehousing logistics, which always remains
a pool of costs (for example, Amazon lost
about $ 7 billion in logistics in 2017), and often
the cost of delivery significantly exceeds the
revenue from the delivery itself [1].
Modern warehouses, as the most
important component of warehousing
logistics, are a complex technical structure,
which includes a number of interacting and
complementary elements of the logistics
system, providing the functions of
accumulation, processing and distribution of
goods between end users. The warehouse is
considered as an integrated component of
the logistics chain, which allows to achieve a
high level of profitability. Warehousing and
processing of goods are important
components of the logistics activities of
retailers, manufacturers, distributors and
industrial enterprises. The cost of their
implementation absorbs up to 40% of
logistics costs.
The area in which warehousing logistics
has the greatest influence today, where
turnover is growing in the fastest way, is e-
commerce online retail. The global e-
commerce market continues to grow at a
steady pace: in 2018 its volume increased by
18%, and the total value of all online orders
amounted to $ 2.86 trillion. Thus, according to
EVO business, in 2018, compared to previous
year, the e-commerce market in Ukraine grew
by a third - up to UAH 65 billion and was
expected to continue to grow in 2019 not so
fast - by 25%. According to Gartner, by 2020,
online retailers who have personalized their
service through artificial intelligence
technologies will increase profits by 15%.
Confirmation of this can be seen now: when
the online store Very.co.uk made a home
page that adapts to weather conditions, its
revenue jumped by € 5 million [2, 3].
The spread of COVID-19 and related
quarantine measures have increased the
share of e-commerce in the overall structure
of commercial real estate. This gave impetus
to the creation of a developed logistics and
terminal-warehousing infrastructure, and also
to the changes in the warehouse real estate
market in the direction of increasing demand
for warehouses premises (Fig. 1).

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Fig. 1. Impact of COVID-19 spread and related to it quarantine measures on the warehouse real
estate market (compiled on the basis of [4])
But despite this, among the main barriers
to the development of e-commerce online
retail could be noted the imperfection of the
logistics process in the warehouse, errors and
low speed of order processing. To develop
online sales, it is needed to change the
common technological approach used in
warehousing and distribution. It should be
aimed at the introduction of modern and
promising innovations, global trends in the
field of warehousing logistics.
The aim of the article. Analysis and
development trends of promising global
trends in the field of warehousing logistics.
The main material. The warehousing
logistics development is impossible to
imagine today without the use of modern
innovative technologies and solutions. This is
due to the active development of both
domestic and global markets, as well as the
rapid development of warehousing
infrastructure (terminal warehouses, logistics
centers). Innovative technologies are aimed
at automating internal warehousing,
integration of logistics business processes
that ensure the interaction of all participants
in the logistics chain in the supply and
distribution of finished products.
Recent advances in artificial intelligence
and automation, as well as the ever-
increasing capabilities of intelligent devices
have created completely new conditions for
revolutionary changes in the development
and application in warehousing logistics of
promising global trends based on innovative
nature (Table 1).
The use of robots plays an important role
in increasing the level of warehouse
automation, which is becoming a global trend
today. Robotization, according to FNC
experts, will be the leading driver of business
over the next five years, along with such
trends as global distribution platforms and
digital identifiers [5]. This is due to the need to
Reasons for increasing
demand for warehouses
COVID-19
impact on
the
warehouse
real estate
market
Providing a stock sufficient
level to meet demand
quickly
Supply chain regulation
Rising labor costs
Problems of intellectual
capital
Factors of increasing demand for
warehouses
The need to store large volumes of
goods in the supplier's warehouse
Interrupted supply chains from
China and the introduction of trade
tariffs in the United States
As modern innovative technologies
are introduced, logistics companies
will refrain from operating in China
and other parts of Asia, Mexico and
even the United States

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accelerate logistics business processes in
large warehouses, where human capabilities
have reached the limit. Inventory
management with robotic systems eliminates
possible errors and accidents and simplifies
most processes. Integration of software and
hardware solutions for efficient accounting
and management of major warehousing
processes accelerates warehousing
operations, reduces the amount of routine
work and increases staff efficiency.
Table 1.
World trends in warehousing logistics
Technology General description Advantages Disadvantages
Robotization
With the help of
warehouse robots
(manipulator robots,
palletizer robots,
sorting robots, mobile
robotic carts, etc.)
automation of
warehouse operations
is carried out
1. Eliminates
mistakes, reduces
defects and minimizes
accidents and risks to
people.
2. Accelerates the
efficiency of
warehousing
operations.
3. Increases
productivity, reduces
costs
1. Problems of
providing
navigation inside
warehouses.
2. Insufficient
development of
technologies
Big Data
Efficient processing of
structured and
unstructured huge
amounts of analytical
data from various
sources coming at
high speed, using
horizontally scalable
software tools for
their further effective
application
1. Minimization of
human involvement in
the decision-making
process.
2. Continuous self-
learning process to
optimize business
processes in the
warehouse.
3. Analysis of results
and implementation of
necessary changes
(forecast of
fluctuations in
demand, detection of
seasonality,
adjustment of
processes in the
warehouse, etc.)
1. Not fully used
the potential of
technology.
2. Risks that may
arise during the
collection,
processing and
use of data
Radio
frequency
identification –
RFID
Uses radio waves to
record and read
information stored on
labels attached to the
product. Widely used
in warehousing, and in
the coming years will
become more perfect
1. Fuller control and
greater transparency
of inventories.
2. Reduction of
inventory stock-taking.
3. Reduction of theft
Increased costs
compared to
paper medium

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Continuation of the table 1.
Electronic data
exchange
technology -
EDI
Allows to automate
the creation, sending,
receiving and
processing of any
electronic documents
and integrate them
with existing business
applications between
the computer systems
of the customer and
the contractor in a
structured digital form
based on standard
formats
1. Allows to
significantly speed up
document
management
processes.
2. Increase sales to
retailers and
purchases from
suppliers.
2. Reduces the
number of human
errors in the execution
of documents in the
warehouse.
3. Reduces inventory.
4. Optimizes goods
delivery routes to
customers
Low level of
information
security
Drones
Automated unmanned
aerial vehicles, which
can be used in the
warehouse to gain
access to goods at
high altitudes, where
other modes of
transport will not be
able to get.
The real scope of
drones is inventory
stock-taking.
1. Flexibility of goods
storage at height.
2. Reduction of time
for inventory stock-
taking
1. Limited safety
when moving.
2. Imperfection of
energy sources.
3. Insufficient
power and
autonomy.
4. Restriction of
orientation in
space by GPS
indoors.
5. Lack of legal
framework
Internet of
Things (ІоТ)
Would give the
opportunity to
maintain
communication
between sites or
premises and to
control business
processes of the
warehouse complex,
productivity, energy
costs, track stocks of
resources and
materials, improve
customer service,
efficiency of
warehouse
equipment, monitor
the safety and work of
warehouse staff
1. Real-time control of
business processes.
2. Ensuring security
and reliable safety.
3. Improving the
efficiency of
warehouse
equipment.
3. Implementation of
successful business
models.
4. Improving the
quality of customer
service and minimizing
risks in case of
unforeseen
circumstances

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End of table 1.
Additive
technologies
Allow to create the
necessary products
and various
components from
metals, plastics, mixed
materials and even
human tissues in
layers on the basis of
computer 3D-model
using 3D-printing
technology at the
request of customers,
which will reduce the
supply chain,
eliminating the need
to store large volumes
of finished products in
warehouses
1. Increasing the
speed of production
and reducing costs.
2. Customer
orientation: without
the material resources
spending, the
consumer can make
individual changes to
the product.
3. Opportunity for
companies to abandon
outsourcing after the
transition to 3D
printing.
4. Reduction of
negative impact on
the environment
1. Limited product
sizes.
2. High cost of
some materials
used for printing.
3. High energy
consumption of
production.
4. Relatively
narrow choice of
materials
Cross-docking
The process of
acceptance and
shipment of goods
through the
warehouse without
placement in the area
of long-term storage
1. The cost of
processing the goods
decreases.
2. The minimum
period of goods
staying in the
warehouse.
3. The turnover of
warehouse space is
growing.
4. Reducing
warehousing costs
1. It is necessary
to constantly
analyze consumer
demand for
products.
2. The incoming
goods must be
immediately ready
for shipment or
require minor
additional
operations.
3. The need for
well-managed
organization of
traffic flows
Multi-storey
warehouses
Represents the multi-
storeyed construction
in which access to
floors is organized, as
a rule, on a ramp that
gives the chance to
divide warehouse area
on separate
warehouses
1. Low operating
costs.
2. Decrease delivery
costs and reduction of
delivery time due to
proximity to potential
customers.
3. Ability to use the
whole modern
infrastructure complex
1. High capital
costs for
construction.
2. The need for
higher energy
capacity.
3. Additional
costs for support
and
modernization
technological and
operational
systems

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In general, there are three main groups of
robots that are currently used in warehouses
for moving goods: Automated Guided
Vehicle, Autonomous Mobile Robots,
automated warehouse forklifts RLT (Robotic
Lift Truck). With new advances in navigation
technology and functionality, companies are
beginning to use robots in warehouses for a
variety of operations, namely: loading,
moving, unloading, packaging, depalletizing,
sorting, packaging, inventory stock-taking.
In its report on the future of warehouse
automation ("The Future of Warehouse
Automation - 2019"), the specialized
analytical agency Interact Analysis singled out
the introduction of mobile robots that
displace traditional conveyor systems as a
trend #1 [6]. The robots are already used by
many foreign manufacturers to perform such
simple tasks as cleaning the floor, issuing
orders, checking and tracking the location of
goods on the shelves, etc.
From the point of view of digital
transformation of business, autonomous
mobile robots in warehouses provide the
mechanism of autonomous data collection on
movement of materials and use of stocks
within the limits of warehouse operations. In
addition, the integration of robots with
operational-level systems such as WMS
(Warehouse Management System) and WES
(Warehouse Execution System) will help align
between the physical execution of tasks and a
digital copy of the operation in Digital Twins
systems.
Now there are more than 30
manufacturers of logistics robots. Some
developments are given in table. 2.
Table 2.
Promising world developments of warehouse robots
Purpose of the
robot Producer General description Source
Robot loader
Handle version
American
company
Boston
Dynamics
The robot loader is equipped with
a manipulator with suction cups,
which are used to capture and hold
the boxes. The on-board robot
inspection system tracks marked
pallets for navigation and finds
separate boxes to capture and
move. When the robot places the
boxes on the pallet, it uses force
control to press each box to the
next. It can simultaneously lift a
load of up to 15 kg inclusive. This
version of the robot is able to work
with pallets with a depth of 1.2 m
and a stack height of 1.7 m.
[7]
SpotMini security
robot
American
company
Boston
Dynamics
Amazing mobility and "passability".
Can deftly go up and down the
stairs, and, if necessary, open the
locked door
[8]
Digit robot
courier
Ford
Company
The robot looks like a human, has
two legs and a pair of arms that
can not only lift weights, but also
catch falling objects. The robot can
navigate in space and in complex
situations, including stairs and
blockages in the room.
[9]

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End of table 1.
Robot-assembler British
company
Ocado
The robot moves along the paths
on the upper tiers, selects
containers and sends them to the
sorting point, where the order is
completed. The special lattice
design allows to work at the same
time more than one thousand
robots which pass on 60 km with
a speed of 4 m/s each. Thanks to
automation, the selection and
packaging of goods takes about 5
minutes.
[10]
Several robot manufacturers from
different countries, including Kiva (now called
Amazon Robotics), Swisslog and Grenzebach
offer robotic solutions that speed up
inventory stock-taking and ordering
processes. At the same time, the analytical
agency Interact Analysis emphasizes that the
acquisition of Kiva Systems by Amazon gave
rise to two significant trends in the warehouse
logistics market [11]: first, the vacuum,
created after the departure of Kiva, was very
quickly filled with new players; second, the
event forced retailers and logistics companies
to implement automation to keep up with
Amazon. The agency predicts an explosion of
growth in the installed base of autonomous
mobile robots for the warehouse (not
including Amazon) - 100 thousand in 2020
and about 600 thousand - in the next 5 years.
Comparative forecast of Interact Analysis
by types of warehouse robots showed that it
is the decision to move goods and
equipment, according to analysts, will
account for the bulk of the projected growth
in robot production (Fig. 2).
Fig. 2. The trend of production growth by types of robots: 1- P2G - Person-to-Goods; 2- G2P -
Goods-to-Person; 3- Piece Picking - Artificial Selection; 4- Sortation - Sorting (Source:
interactanalysis.com) [11]

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The number of Amazon's warehouse
robots is many times greater than the total
worldwide. According to the Associated Press
at the end of 2019, Amazon were using more
than 200,000 warehouse robots, doubling its
fleet compared to the end of 2018. In 2014,
there were 15 thousand of them [12].
According to the NYT, without robots
Amazon would not be able to cope with
current tasks and deliver goods quickly. A
study by Deutsche Bank showed that the
cycle of Amazon Robotics takes 15 minutes,
while people - 60-75 minutes. In addition,
robotic warehousing systems reduce
operating costs by 20%. The robots also
relieve the workload of employees and helps
save space in warehouses. A smart cargo
transportation system does not require the
extra free space that people would need to
approach the shelves. Despite this pace of
robotics, Amazon continued to hire new
employees. Since the advent of Kiva robots,
the company has hired 80,000 warehouse
workers in the United States alone. Currently,
the warehouses employ 125 thousand
workers, but soon their number will increase,
and work tasks will change [13].
Warehouse robotization also covers other
global technology trends, namely: Big Data,
the Internet of Things, unmanned vehicles
and other technologies.
Big data is a term that describes the large
volume of data – both structured and
unstructured – that inundates a business on a
day-to-day basis. But it’s not the amount of
data that’s important. It is what organizations
do with the data that matters, these data are
efficiently processed by horizontally scalable
software tools that appeared in the late 2000s
and alternatives to traditional database
management systems and solutions of the
class "Business Intelligence". [14]. In fact, Big
data is an alternative to traditional data
management systems.
In a broad sense, "Big data" could be
interpreted as a socio-economic
phenomenon associated with the emergence
of technological capabilities to analyze huge
data sets, in some problem areas for their
further effective application. [15].
The term "Big data" was coined by
Nature's editor Clifford Lynch back in 2008 in
a special issue on the explosive growth of
global information. According to experts,
more than 2.5 exabytes are generated every
day. By 2020, every inhabitant of the planet
will generate about 1.7 megabytes of data
every second and humanity will generate 40-
44 zettabytes of information. And according
to IBS forecasts, by 2025 the entire global data
volume will increase 10 times, compared to
2020. Data will become a vital asset, and
security - a critical foundation of life. The
technology will change the economic
landscape, and the average user will
communicate with connected devices about
4800 times a day [16].
In the near future, Big Data will be actively
used in warehousing logistics. Analytics of big
data will allow to predict fluctuations of
demand, to reveal seasonality, to correct
processes in a warehouse (the forecast of
loading of reception and marking, smoothing
of peak hours), etc. By means of Big Data it is
possible to construct multifactor model
results. In addition, it stores information not
only about all products, their location,
movement, but also a huge amount of
additional data: all clicks in the interface,
delivery schedule, weather, customer
information, distance of suppliers from the
warehouse (Fig. 3). At the same time there is a
continuous process of self-learning. That is,
the machine itself learns (the principle of
Machine Learning) in real time and creates
algorithms for optimizing business processes.
The principle of Big Data technology is
based on the maximum informing the user
about an object or phenomenon. The task of
such acquaintance with data is to help to
weigh all "pros" and "cons" to make the
correct decision.

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Fig. 3 – Big Data in warehouse logistics

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In intelligent machines, a model of the
future is built on the basis of an array of
information, and then various options are
simulated and the results are tracked. In an
ordinary warehouse, such analytics allows to
learn about the most popular products and
store them close to the assembly lines, as well
as to place similar goods or goods in high
demand together in one part of the
warehouse. This allows to complete orders
with maximum speed. At the same time, the
collected orders are immediately sorted by
regions, transport companies, dimensions. All
this increases the speed of processing and
shipment by at least 30%.
The basic principles of working with Big
data (Table 3) differ from traditional,
centralized, vertical models of storage of well-
structured data. Accordingly, new
approaches and technologies are being
developed to work with Big data.
Table 3.
Basic principles of working with big data (built on data [17])
Principle Characteristic
Horizontal scalability
Increasing the number of computing nodes with the growth
of big data should not impair the performance of data
processing
Fault tolerance
Methods of working with big data should take into account
the probability of failure of computer nodes of machines and
provide preventive measures
Data locality
It is desirable to process big data on the same server on
which it is stored to save time, resources, data transfer
costs.
McKinsey, an international consulting
firm specializing in strategic management,
identifies 11 methods of analysis that can be
applied to Big data (Table 4).
Table 4.
Methods of Big data analysis (based on data [16])
Methods of analysis Characteristic
Data Mining methods
(data mining, in-depth
data analysis)
A set of methods for identifying previously unknown, non-
trivial, practically useful knowledge needed for decision-
making. Such methods, in particular, include teaching
associative rules, classification (division into categories),
cluster analysis, regression analysis, detection and analysis
of deviations, and others.
Crowdsourcing At the heart of this technology is the ability to receive and
process streams in billions of bytes from many sources. The
final number of "suppliers" is not limited to anything if only
to the power of the system
Data fusion and
integration
A set of technical solutions that allows to integrate
disparate data from different sources for in-depth analysis
Machine learning Using models based on statistical analysis or machine
learning to obtain comprehensive forecasts based on core
models
Artificial neural networks,
network analysis,
optimization
Heuristic search algorithms used to solve optimization and
modeling problems by random selection, combination and
variation of the required parameters using mechanisms
similar to natural selection in nature

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End of table 4.
Pattern recognition Identify an object or determine any of its properties by its
image, audio recording, or other characteristics
Forecasting analytics Analysts try to set certain parameters for the system in
advance and then check the behavior of the object based
on the receipt of large arrays of information
Simulation Allows to build models that describe the processes as they
would take place in reality
Spatial analysis A class of methods that use topological, geometric, and
geographic information extracted from data
Statistical analysis Time series analysis, A / B testing (A / B testing, split
testing - a method of marketing research; when used, the
control group of elements is compared with a set of test
groups in which one or more indicators have been changed
to find out which of the changes improve the target)
Visualization of analytical
data
Presentation of information in the form of figures,
diagrams, using interactive features and animation both to
obtain results and for use as source data for further
analysis. Allows to present the most important results of
the analysis in the most convenient form
The effectiveness of Big Data technology
and analysis tools in the warehouse implies
the presence of a built-in logistics
management system (which can be a source
of data), formalized business processes,
awareness of the need for additional data and
motivation to use them in decision making.
The next global trend of warehousing
logistics is the technology of electronic data
exchange - EDI (Electronic Data Interchange),
which allows to automate the creation,
sending, receiving and processing of any
electronic documents and integrate them
with existing business applications. It
supports the exchange of data between the
customer's and contractor's computer
systems in a structured digital form based on
standard formats. In the process of sending
documents, EDI translates the information
into a standard format, saving the content.
EDI is used to exchange purchase order
documents, shipment orders, warehouse
receipts, shipment notices, etc. This
significantly reduces the time to fill in the
tables and compare data, reduces the number
of human errors in the execution of
documents in the warehouse, reduces
inventory, optimizes routes for delivery of
goods to customers.
For example, the Vehicle Loading setting
[18] allows to transfer data for each individual
pallet of both one and a group of orders; split
orders between multiple vehicles. In addition,
the customer sees the volume of shipped
pallets online, and recipients know about the
contents of each pallet before the arrival of
the vehicle.
To implement EDI, it is necessary that all
trading companies have an international
identification number - GLN, and each
product must have a global GTIN in the
international system EAN (GS1). EDI operates
on any platform: mainframe, client-server,
personal computer. In general, the choice of
platform for EDI depends on the specific
needs of the company, the volume of
transactions and the number of partners
involved in the EDI project.
EDI exchange is based on the use of
international standards designed to meet all
possible requests. The application of
standards increases the security of EDI-data
transmission based on the principles (Table 5),
which allow reliable transmission of
electronic exchange documents over the
Internet. This allows companies to improve
management and control processes,
significantly reduce warehousing costs.

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Table 5.
Principles of EDI data transmission
Principle Characteristic
Delivery guarantee Automatic notification of the sender about receipt
Efficiency About 170 types of messages are processed and transmitted
within 10 minutes
Accuracy
Complete elimination of errors is achieved already at the stage
of data input that considerably reduces time for an information
exchange between contractors.
Economy Allows to minimize the costs associated with the preparation of
documents up to 7-10% of the total cost of the transaction
Confidentiality of
information
Warrant the security of commercial information transmission is
ensured through data encryption and the use of Internet
standards for EDI
Certainty
Provided by the use of notifications about the location of
messages for checksums and completely eliminates the
possibility of making changes to the document without the
knowledge of the recipient
The Center for the Simplification of
Procedures and Practices in Management,
Trade, and Transport (CEFACT) has been
operating at the United Nations since 1997 to
address the compatibility of international
standards with US and European standards.
The RosettaNet standard is currently being
actively improved. In 1998, 40 of the world's
leading IT organizations founded the non-
profit consortium RosettaNet, one of the
largest projects in the field of data exchange
standardization, which continues to develop.
It aims to globalize supply chains in the IT
industry and bring companies from America,
Europe, Japan, Korea, Singapore and Taiwan
into a single e-commerce network. In
particular, Intel, using the global RosettaNet
infrastructure, reduced the average time to
receive orders from the customer from 12
hours up to a few minutes [19].
Electronic document management (EDI)
systems have been actively used in Ukraine
since 2005. To date, most retail chains,
manufacturers and distributors in Ukraine
have switched to modern technologies to
support commercial transactions. The use of
EDI technologies to service legally significant
document circulation is also becoming more
widespread. Among the largest retailers that
use EDI in Ukraine (according to Comarch) are:
"METRO Cash & Carry Ukraine", GC Fozzy
Group, "Velyka Kyshenia", "Auchan", "ATB",
Watsons, "Furshet", WOG, "PACCO", "Tavria B",
"Caravan" ("Retail Group of Ukraine"), Billa,
"Obzhora" and many others. Business
documents, such as: orders, shipment
notifications, acceptance certificate, invoice,
analogues of tax and goods invoices, sales
report and stock balances in the warehouse
and others, exchanged by retailers,
manufacturers, distributors, logistics
operators - can be transmitted using EDI
technology (electronic data interchange) [20].
EDI technologies are still the most
important element of medium and large
companies’ activity, which can significantly
speed up document management processes,
increase sales to retailers and purchases from
suppliers, reduce inventory, optimize routes
for delivery of goods to customers. Current
trends are such that in the next few years EDI
will remain the main driving force of the e-
commerce market.
Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is
widely used in warehousing logistics, which
will become more and more advanced in the
coming years. RFID technology uses radio
waves to record and read information stored
on labels attached to the product. The
benefits of RFID include greater control and

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greater transparency of inventory, which
ensures ease of inventory stock-taking, as well
as reduced theft.
Today, logistics companies are trying to
combine drone technology with RFID in order
to further automate the inventory process.
RFID in combination with the maneuverability
of drones will optimize the size of warehouse
space by increasing the height of storage and
significantly reduce the time spent on
inventory stock-taking. When using drones,
there is no need to remove pallets from a
height, to attract additional staff, to spend a
lot of time on the recalculation of products,
the human factor is excluded completely.
It is important to note that it is used not
only for the inventory stock-taking of pallets
for high-altitude storage. As a result of high-
altitude miscalculation, the availability of free
storage spaces is detected and additionally
confirmed. Both of these processes -
inventory stock-taking and confirmation of
vacancies allow to ensure further trouble-free
work with replenishment, placement,
acceptance of stocks [21].
With clear advantages (mobility,
efficiency, cost and low payback time), there
are a number of factors that limit the
widespread use of drones in warehouses,
namely: energy imperfections, insufficient
power and autonomy, limited orientation in
space by GPS indoors, lack of legislation.
Nowadays, these problems of drones are
being actively addressed. So the modularity
of drones allows to solve the problem with
additional batteries. Recently, local
positioning systems have been launched that
allow the replacement of the GPS drone
module with internal positioning. With the
help of open SDKs, third-party programmers
can interact with drones, assign them flight
routes, receive data from scanners (cameras)
of RFID tag readers, integrate existing WMS.
The Massachusetts Institute of
Technology is testing a new system with small
drones and RFID tags to monitor inventory.
According to the research team, the most
difficult task in developing a system that uses
RFID is to find a way to make it secure. Drones,
which are safe enough to fly in close proximity
to humans, are usually small and light with
plastic rotors. Unfortunately, these drones
cannot carry RFID readers over long distances
[22].
At LogiMAT in Stuttgart, Linde MH, a
manufacturer of equipment and solutions for
the warehouse, presented a prototype Flybox
drone for work in the warehouse. The
combination of a drone and a robotic stacker
into a single system ensures uninterrupted
power supply to the drones (usually the drone
battery lasts for about 15 minutes) and
constant tracking of the location of drones
without the use of GPS within the warehouse
space. Thanks to the innovative geological
steering system, the developed Linde control
system determines exactly where the drone is
at a certain point of time [23].
At the Munich exhibition Transport
Logistic 2017, the development of Fraunhofer
IML - a ball drone "Bin: Go" was presented. A
feature of this drone is the ability to work near
humans. The spherical structure closes the
structural elements of the drone and prevents
the possibility of injury to a person in a
collision, as well as allows the drone to move
on the floor surface [24].
Of course, drones and robots are just the
most effective part of the Internet of Things
(IoT) technology that a modern warehouse
can be equipped with. DHL and Cisco
estimate that IoT technology will generate
about $ 8 trillion assets in the next ten years,
of which $ 1.9 trillion will have to logistics and
supply chain management. The impact of the
Internet of Things on the logistics sector
cannot be overestimated. Solutions of this
kind are beginning to be used both in
warehousing operations and in the
transportation of goods and for "last mile"
delivery [25].
IoT solution in warehousing logistics
allows to optimize the use of warehouse
space, monitor the integrity of goods and
other tangible assets, improve customer
service, improve the efficiency of
warehousing equipment, assess and improve

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the quality and safety of warehouse workers,
conduct a "smart" stock-taking.
Thus, most modern warehouse
complexes are already equipped with
Warehouse Management Systems (WMS),
which receive data from barcodes and RFID-
tags placed on the packaging of goods. A
more advanced level is Warehouse Control
Systems (WCS). To determine the optimal
capacity and speed of storage equipment
(from forklifts and ending with conveyor
belts), they are equipped with controllers and
sensors. Also with the help of cameras located
in the warehouse and in the area of shipment,
it’s possible to detect violations of the
integrity of packaging, products.
Some warehouses are equipped with
Building Automation Systems (BAS). Such
systems can use special sensors to monitor
and control lighting, air conditioning and
ventilation, as well as ensure the operation of
security subsystems and access control to the
warehouse. Modern WMS, WCS and BAS
systems are equipped with interactive
interfaces - dashboards that allow warehouse
workers to effectively manage the warehouse
complex. Internet of Things technologies
combine the data of these systems, provide
their cross-interaction to solve more complex
problems. For example, in the case of storage
of perishable products that require a special
temperature regime, the BAS system can
monitor temperature fluctuations in the
warehouse through sensors. And, if it has
reached critical values, send a signal to the
WMS system, and in turn - to inform
warehouse workers about the situation [25].
Additive technologies are one of the
main world trends, which is actively
implemented in warehousing logistics. They
allow almost any company to create products
or parts of products from metals, plastics,
mixed materials and even human tissues in
layers based on a computer 3D model using
3D printing technology.
3D-printing technology significantly
expands the production process, making it
independent of specialized industries and
enterprises. This will allow manufacturers to
"print" the necessary products and various
components on demand, which will reduce
the supply chain, eliminating the need to
store large volumes of finished products in
warehouses [26].
The introduction of 3D printing for the
logistics industry has huge growth potential.
The logistics provider will be able to supply
raw materials instead of finished products,
provide 3D printing services at delivery
points, which will be an additional source of
income. For such purposes it will be possible
to use the electronic library of projects,
available on a local computer, and print the
part. Worn parts can be scanned in 3D-mode
and re-created.
Recently, additive technologies are
developing rapidly in various industries. Thus,
experts from the University of Wollongong
(Australia) in 2015 introduced the first 4D
printer that can print such details that will
take into account the time factor, such as
adapting to temperature variability [27]. To
expand the possibilities of 3D printing in the
food industry, a team of Korean scientists led
by Jin-Kyu Rhee from Ewha Women's
University developed and created a food
printing system that allows to accurately
control the composition and texture of food.
The new technology allows to obtain food
products with the required content of
nutrients, with a given texture and controlled
digestion rate [28].
A popular area of 3D-technologies
application in Ukraine is the repair and direct
production of equipment, namely: printing of
parts and mechanisms that need immediate
replacement. An example is Privatbank, which
purchased a 3D printer and began printing
gears for ATMs. Thanks to 3D printing, the
cost of their production has decreased 20
times. In addition, the bank no longer needs
to maintain stock - gears are printed as
needed [29].
Lately, cross-docking or Merge-in-Transit
(MIT) technology has become increasingly
popular in warehousing logistics. This is
primarily due to the reduction of costs in the
organization of warehousing operations by

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20-30%, which is due to the lack of storage
space. That is, the process of acceptance and
shipment of goods through the warehouse is
carried out without placement in the area of
long-term storage.
Unlike the traditional warehouse
complex, which implies the availability of
inventory that the distributor can send to
customers, the functions of the cross-docking
center are end-to-end warehousing, i.e.
receiving, sorting and shipping parcels
without placing in a long-term storage area. A
feature of these properties is the low rate of
land use, as they must provide the necessary
free space for travel and maneuvering of
trucks and vans [30].
In other words, cross-docking is
essentially a Just-in-Time production system
adapted for warehousing operations, when
storage costs are reduced during the
movement of cargo. Cross-docking provide
the opportunity to speed up the delivery of
goods to the final consumer, which is
especially important when working with
perishable products.
Newly, the number of cross-docking
distribution centers located along city
borders has been growing rapidly. They are
focused on the delivery of "last mile" logistics
and are the last link between the supplier and
the final consumer of goods.
The trend towards the introduction of
modern technological solutions and
automation of processes will promote the
development of multi-storey warehouses.
The practice of building multi-storey
warehouses first developed in Asia, where
rapid economic growth and industrialization
of the economy took place against the
background of acute shortage of land
resources and a sharp rise in land prices. As a
result, Asian industrial warehouse real estate
began to grow. So today, the average height
of a warehouse building in Hong Kong is 12
floors, in Tokyo and Singapore - 5 floors.
In the United States is actively building
multi-storey warehouses. In 2018, several
sources reported that Amazon is going to
build six automated multi-storey fulfillment
centers in different regions of the United
States. For example, in Minnesota, in the
suburbs of Minneapolis, a 4-story warehouse
Project Hotdish with a total area of 240
thousand m2 is being built, in Charlotte
(North Carolina) it is planned to build a multi-
storey fulfillment center Project Quattro with
a total area of about 230 thousand m2 [30].
Access to the floors in a multi-storey
warehouse is organized on a ramp, which
makes it possible to divide the area of the
building, in fact, into separate warehouses.
Cargo is delivered to the upper floors by
trucks, where there are unloading docks for
their maintenance. Although it should be
noted that the first multi-storey warehouses
in Asia used freight elevators to move goods
on the floors. According to forecasts, in the
near future multi-storey warehouses will
become a more common solution for the
European logistics market, at least near or in
large cities. In this case, large cities are
megacities with extremely high land values. In
small towns, the construction of a multi-
storey warehouse is likely to be economically
impractical.
Simulation technologies today are also an
innovative approach to organizing the work
of the warehouse and are designed in most
cases for large customers with complex
logistics processes. With the help of
simulation, a virtual model of real processes
and warehouse topology is created, which
allows to quickly analyze and demonstrate to
customers in the dynamics of development
various options for improving the efficiency of
warehouse business processes and,
consequently, minimize costs. At the same
time, up-to-date data on the required number
of personnel, trucks and workload of different
storage areas are promptly collected. The
received information allows to estimate
efficiency of variants, to calculate time of
operations performance, to calculate
expenses and to choose optimum algorithms
of management and the organization of
cargo flows [31].
Conclusions. The development of digital
technologies has greatly influenced the

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innovative solutions in the field of logistics,
which change the technical and economic
structure of many economies around the
world. Warehouse logistics was one of the first
to respond to systemic changes in technology
and introduced elements of robotics and
artificial intelligence. Due to the emergence
of modern world trends, namely: robotics, Big
Data, electronic data exchange technology -
EDI, drones, Internet of Things (IoT), additive
technologies, etc. the efficiency of warehouse
and supply chain management increases,
especially for non-standard solutions, which
significantly stimulates the market;
accelerates the efficiency of warehousing
operations, optimization of inventories in the
supply chain, increases productivity and
quality, reduces costs, etc.
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