ArticlePublisher preview available

Characterization of novel composites from polybenzoxazine and granite powder

Authors:
Ravi Krishna Swami Garigipati at Sandip University
Ravi Krishna Swami Garigipati
  • Sandip University
Ramakrishna Malkapuram
Ramakrishna Malkapuram
Ramakrishna Malkapuram
  • This person is not on ResearchGate, or hasn't claimed this research yet.
Read publisher preview
Download citation
To read the full-text of this research, you can request a copy directly from the authors.

Abstract and Figures

The potential of using granite dust as reinforcement into polybenzoxazine matrix was investigated. In this article, novel granite powder waste-reinforced bisphenol-A aniline-based benzoxazine composites were prepared using solution blending technique by varying the content of granite powder from 10 to 40 wt%. The effect of the granite powder content on the thermal, structural, dimensional, and morphological properties of granite powder/polybenzoxazine composites have been investigated. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was performed on the composite samples. Char yield of the composites increased from 44.55 to 67.70% for increasing filler content from 10 to 40wt%, whereas 22% for pure polybenzoxazine. The maximum weight loss temperatures of the composites were analyzed from derivative of thermogravimetric analysis (DTG). Limiting oxygen index (LOI) values also increased as granite powder content increased. Structural properties of benzoxazine, polybenzoxazine, and composites were observed with Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Dimensional stability of the composites was investigated through the water absorption test up to 30 days. The composites exhibited zero percent water absorption. Micro-hardness of the composites increased from 17.45 to 78.66% for increasing filler content from 10–40 wt% when compared with pristine polybenzoxazine. The morphological analysis using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed the distribution of filler, aggregate formation, compatibility between polybenzoxazine and granite powder. Overall, the importance of using granite powder waste as reinforcement in polybenzoxazine composites revealed from results of the structural, dimensional, and morphological analysis along with the improvement in thermal properties and micro-hardness.
Figures - available from: SN Applied Sciences
This content is subject to copyright. Terms and conditions apply.
A preview of this full-text is provided by Springer Nature.
Learn more
Content available from SN Applied Sciences
This content is subject to copyright. Terms and conditions apply.
Vol.:(0123456789)
SN Applied Sciences (2020) 2:1545 | https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-020-03333-6
Research Article
Characterization ofnovel composites frompolybenzoxazine
andgranite powder
RaviKrishnaSwamiGarigipati1 · RamakrishnaMalkapuram1
Received: 2 April 2020 / Accepted: 12 August 2020 / Published online: 24 August 2020
© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
Abstract
The potential of using granite dust as reinforcement into polybenzoxazine matrix was investigated. In this article, novel
granite powder waste-reinforced bisphenol-A aniline-based benzoxazine composites were prepared using solution
blending technique by varying the content of granite powder from 10 to 40 wt%. The eect of the granite powder
content on the thermal, structural, dimensional, and morphological properties of granite powder/polybenzoxazine
composites have been investigated. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was performed on the composite samples. Char
yield of the composites increased from 44.55 to 67.70% for increasing ller content from 10 to 40wt%, whereas 22%
for pure polybenzoxazine. The maximum weight loss temperatures of the composites were analyzed from derivative of
thermogravimetric analysis (DTG). Limiting oxygen index (LOI) values also increased as granite powder content increased.
Structural properties of benzoxazine, polybenzoxazine, and composites were observed with Fourier-transform infrared
spectroscopy (FTIR). Dimensional stability of the composites was investigated through the water absorption test up to
30days. The composites exhibited zero percent water absorption. Micro-hardness of the composites increased from
17.45 to 78.66% for increasing ller content from 10–40 wt% when compared with pristine polybenzoxazine. The mor-
phological analysis using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed the distribution of ller, aggregate formation,
compatibility between polybenzoxazine and granite powder. Overall, the importance of using granite powder waste as
reinforcement in polybenzoxazine composites revealed from results of the structural, dimensional, and morphological
analysis along with the improvement in thermal properties and micro-hardness.
Keywords Granite powder· Polybenzoxazine· Composite· Thermal· Structural· Micro-hardness· Morphology· Water
absorption
1 Introduction
A million tonnes of stone production take place through-
out the world every year, which causes the generation of
massive waste. Granite slurry waste is a product obtained
while shaping granite rocks. This is mainly composed of
quartz, small content of mica, feldspar, amphiboles, and
other elements [1]. The importance of the work is to utilize
granite stone waste which is anti-biodegradable and caus-
ing various problems if it mixes into the air or when it is
left on the ground. Currently, industrial waste-reinforced
polymer composites are gaining researchers and industri-
alist’s attention [1–3]. Yet little research done on the use of
waste granite powder as the ller in thermosets has been
published so far. Pawar M.J. etal. reported about granite
powder, jute ber, and carbon ber, granite powder-rein-
forced epoxy composites [4, 5]. Shujit etal. presented in a
paper about polyester composites reinforced with granite
powder scrap [6]. Wear testing was performed on glass
ber and granite powder-reinforced epoxy composites by
* Ravi Krishna Swami Garigipati, grkswami1@gmail.com | 1Department ofMechanical Engineering, Vignan’s Foundation forScience,
Technology & Research, Vadlamudi,Guntur, AndhraPradesh522213, India.
Content courtesy of Springer Nature, terms of use apply. Rights reserved.
... FTIR spectra for the composites were recorded from 4000 to 400 cm -1 on an Agilent Cary 630 FTIR spectrometer instrument. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) Model 2920 was used with a temperature ramp rate of 10 °C/min and a nitrogen flow rate of 60 mL/min for all tests of DSC study [8]. ...
... The sharp and very strong bands at 1494 cm -1 and the bands with medium intensity at 1597 cm -1 correspond to the tri-substituted structure of the benzene ring with in-plane as well as the out-of-plane bending mode of C-H. There is an OH peak at 3412 cm -1 and it may due to ring-opening benzoxazine monomer structure in smaller quantity [6][7][8][9]. ...
KINETIC MODELING OF MAIN-CHAIN BENZOXAZINE POLYMER SYNTHESIS STUDIED USING POLYMATH: CASE STUDY
Article
Full-text available
  • Dec 2021
This study reports kinetics of benzoxazine synthesis of main chain type benzoxazine polymer (MCBP(BA-a)), which was derived using Mannich condensation reaction of bisphenol-A with formaldehyde and aniline. The chemical structural of MCBP(BA-a) was confirmed by Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) and proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H NMR). Kinetics of benzoxazine (BZ) synthesis was theoretically studied using Polymath Software. The synthesis of BZ precursors consist of two main reactions. Reaction of amine with formaldehyde, and then followed by the reaction of phenolic compound with the intermediate component of the first reaction. Therefore, the effect of the reaction constant ratio (
View
... Detailed in [6,7] are the underlying technological difficulties and economic incentives that underpin wireless position concerning policy, as well as potential methods for resolving the practical improving business performance issue [8]. Provides an overview of current developments in image stabilization technology [9]. Monte Carlo Localization (MCL) is a group of deterministic localization systems that are presented in this paper [10]. ...
... The configuration is shown in Figure 14 as follows When the appropriate GPS frame is received, the information is parsed to get the vehicle's latitude and longitude coordinates. Upon those maps, the car is shown in Figure 15, where it is localized using monte-carlo localization and extended Kalman filter, which has been covered before [9]. It is necessary to communicate the vehicle's current position to a monitoring control system, and as a result, the database management architecture must be implemented. ...
Cross Vehicle Communication Based on Packet Network Theory
Article
Full-text available
  • Sep 2021
Inter-vehicle information exchange, as a function of the artificial intelligence-based transport has emotionally attached consideration through both academic and industrial in several countries, including the United States, the European Union, and Japan. The capacity based on cross communications to broaden the view of drivers as well as on equipment (such as radar or sensors) has been the most significant aspect of the technology, and it has the potential to enhance road traffic performance and comfort. Automatic braking systems of this kind are intended to help operators with both the course of the training to prevent road accidents, increase speed traffic, and maintain a greater level of control over vehicles in general. These systems take advantage of the cars' communication capabilities to connect not just amongst themselves but also with other facilities. Many of the data is collected and analyzed to provide helpful services to the community. Wireless appropriate network technologies, which allow for connection between cars and environmental devices, are extensively utilized in this field of application. It is the quality of the routing that supports the creation of a connection, and various routing have previously been studied and evaluated throughout the past; nevertheless, computations and assessments have nearly really been done with random movements as a consideration. Given that this technology is intended for integration connectivity and systemic absorption of vehicular networks, it's indeed essential to first discover the car's location using coordinates. The exactness of the location is improved through the use of available methods and object detection computer program optimizations.
View
... To demonstrate how the method works, a sample Twitter dataset has been used to demonstrate how the k-means grouping technique can be used to discover various views and sentiments, such as favorable, unfavorable, and neutral, based on the data. It consists of 4612 views on a certain product, of which 1026 are from the Apple dataset, 1230 from the Google dataset, 1257 from the Microsoft dataset, and 1098 from the Twitter dataset [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16]. ...
View
... unique capacity to recognize fundamental relationships between various events. Several writers have written about the design and implementation of ANN [4][5][6]. The input, concealed, and output layers of an ANN are discrete layers. ...
Architectures and Uses of Artificial Neural Networks in Water Resources Engineering: Infrastructure and Applications
Article
Full-text available
  • Jan 2021
In today's world, drinking water control is a key concern. A few of the essential factors in the assessment of groundwater parameters are oxygen concentration (DO), Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), pH, Total Coliforms (TCO), and Temperatures (Temp). In Siruvani river, Puducherry Territory, South India, our objective is really to predict those characteristics. A useful computer approach for simulating complicated connections between different data is indeed the convolutional neural network. The ANN network is trained using information from 2019 to 2021, and the water pollution forecast was performed for the year 2020. The results conform with the Water Quality Index (WQI), which has been established in India for a long time. This ANN method is a realistic, easy-to-use technique for assessing the water quality of the river.
View
... The structural formation of monomers was further confirmed by the FTIR spectra as shown in Fig. 4. The bands related to a tri-substituted benzene ring, N-C-O and C-O-C can be seen at 1500, 935 and 1245 cm −1 , respectively [51][52][53][54][55]. The appearance of bands between 2950 and 2850 cm −1 is assigned to the symmetric and asymmetric stretching of C-H bands [56,56]. ...
Synthesis and characterization of cardo-tetrafunctional hydrophobic polybenzoxazine composites for low-k application
Article
Full-text available
  • Mar 2023
  • POLYM BULL
The cardo tetrafunctional benzoxazines (BZ-aP-ffa, P-aP-ffa and BBA-aP-ffa) were synthesized from bis-phenols (phenolphthalein, bisphenol-Z and bisphenol-BA), paraformaldehyde, aminophenol and furfurylamine under appropriate experimental conditions. Their structural, thermal, hydrophobic, morphology and dielectric properties were characterized using modern analytical methods. Thermal studies indicate that the poly(P-aP-ffa) possesses better thermal stability (char yield 61%) than that of other two polybenzoxazines, viz. poly(BZ-aP-ffa) and poly(BBA-aP-ffa) (char yield 50 and 56%, respectively). Polybenzoxazine (P-ap-ffa) composites reinforced using varied weight percentages (10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 wt%) of GPTMS-functionalized vermiculite were prepared and the properties studied and compared with those of neat benzoxazine matrices. The values of water contact angle of neat poly(BZ-aP-ffa), poly(BBA-aP-ffa) and poly(P-aP-ffa) are found to be 142°, 141° and 142°, respectively, while that of vermiculite-reinforced poly(P-aP-ffa) composites have a water contact angle of 135° regardless of vermiculite content. A similar study indicated that the values of dielectric constant of neat polybenzoxazine matrix, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 wt% of GPTMS-functionalized vermiculite-reinforced poly(P-ap-ffa) composites are 3.34, 2.11, 2.01, 1.92, 1.86 and 1.84, respectively. The value of the dielectric constant is appreciably lowered to the extent of an ultra-low-k level, when vermiculite concentration increases. Results indicated that benzoxazines and composites developed in the present work can be used in the form of sealants for printed circuit boards in the field of microelectronics.
View
Boron Doped Graphitic Carbon Nitride Reinforced Phenylenebis(Azomethine)Diphenol and Bio-Phenol Based Hybrid Polybenzoxazine Composites for High Dielectric Application
Article
Full-text available
The phenylenebis(azomethine)diphenol was synthesized using p-hydroxybenzaldehyde and p-hydroxyacetophenone with a view to develop benzoxazines having conjugated azomethine chemical structure through Mannich reaction. The phenylenediazomethine core benzoxazine was hybridized with four different types of bio-based benzoxazines. The chemical structure of benzoxazines and hybrid polybenzoxazines were confirmed using spectral analyses. The curing behavior of benzoxazine and its blends was analyzed using differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) technique. The graphitic carbon nitride and boron doped graphitic carbon were prepared and reinforced with varying weight percentages to the polybenzoxazine matrix. The thermal stability of neat benzoxazine matrix, blends and composites were studied using TGA technique. Among the benzoxazine composites, boron doped graphitic carbon nitride filled composites possess better thermal stability than that of other composites. The maximum degradation temperature and the char yield of 15 wt% of gBCN-c reinforced polybenzoxazine composites were noticed at 469oC and 49% respectively. All the composite samples possess the value of water contact angle more than 140o. The value of dielectric constant (k) of 15 wt% of gCN-c and gBCN-c reinforced composites was noticed at 7.0 and 7.5 respectively. Findings from different studies suggest that hybrid polybenzoxazine composites can be used for the microelectronic utilizations under various environmental conditions.
View
Microscopic analyses and performance characteristics of granite powder blended cement
Article
  • Apr 2024
  • CONSTR BUILD MATER
This research investigates the characteristics of Granite Powder (GrP) and its potential use as a partial replacement for cement in mortar production. The GrP samples were analyzed via microscopic techniques. The effects of GrP Blended Cement (GrPBC) were examined on the workability and mechanical characteristics by partially replacing Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) with 0-40 wt% GrP in 4 wt% increments. Life cycled assessment in terms of Embodied Energy (EE) and Global Warming Potential (GWP) of GrPBC-based mortar were assessed based on cradle-to-gate boundaries and the sustainability and economic indexes were determined at 28 days compressive strength. The study proposed new models to predict the compressive strength of GrPBC with respect to Water to Binder (W/B) ratio. The presence of active minerals depicts GrP as pozzolanic materials. The optimum replacement level of GrP in the blended mix, based on the fresh and hardened properties of GrPBC, is 20 wt% to achieve 75% of the strength activity index. GWP and EE declined as the GrP in the mixtures rose. The best sustainable and economic prospects were attained at the 25 wt% GrP replacement level. The compressive strength and the W/B ratio are highly correlated. Thus, GrP has proven to be a sustainable construction material in the construction sector.
View
View
Review of VLSI Architecture of Cryptography Algorithm for IOT Security
Chapter
  • Feb 2024
A cipher is a data encryption and decryption algorithm used in modern cryptography. Secret key encryption, also referred to as symmetric key cryptography, is built on the usage of symmetric ciphers. By turning the original unencrypted words (or other information) into cipher text, that appears to be random data, a cipher translates data. Transposition ciphers, which maintain all the source bits of information in a byte but mess up the order, and replacement ciphers, which swap out specified data patterns for other particular data sequences, are the two most commonly used types of alteration utilized by ciphers. The Transport Layer, among many other communications protocols, can now support secure conversations thanks to modern cyphers. Traffic flow can also be encrypted using the security (TLS) protocol. To guarantee confidentiality and anonymity, many technological advancements, such as phones, cable television, and Banking, rely on ciphers. Consequently, in attempt to understand the contemporary technologies and developments used to provide privacy to the platforms, this article exposes the specifics of the study made in the subject of network security utilizing VLSI architecture.
View
Large Area Millisecond Preparation of High-Quality, Few-Layer Graphene Films on Arbitrary Substrates via Xenon Flash Lamp Photothermal Pyrolysis and Their Application for High-Performance Micro-supercapacitors
Article
  • Feb 2023
  • ACS APPL MATER INTER
We report a method for fast, efficient, and scalable preparation of high-quality, large area, few-layer graphene films on arbitrary substrates via high-intensity pulsed xenon flash lamp photothermal pyrolysis of thin precursor films at ambient conditions in millisecond time frames. The precursors comprised poly(2,2-bis(3,4-dihydro-3-phenyl-1,3-benzoxazine)), and cyclized polyacrylonitrile and possess significant absorption cross section within the bandwidth of the emission spectrum of a xenon flash lamp. By localizing light absorption to the precursor films, the process enabled the preparation of few-layer graphene films on any substrate, including thermally sensitive substrates without the need for any catalytic substrate as in chemical vapor deposition-based approaches or conductive electrodes as in electrochemical method-based approaches. The extent of conversion of the precursor films to graphene was strongly dependent on pulse energy and the local temperature achieved due to photothermal effect, which were controlled via pulse power modulation; it also depended on structural properties of the precursor and to a lesser extent on the substrate. The cPAN showed a higher efficiency for conversion to graphene, as confirmed by Raman spectra (ID/IG ∼ 0.3), and sheet resistance of 0.1 Ω cm. To demonstrate the utility of the process, graphene film electrodes prepared photothermally on carbon fiber current collector were used for the fabrication of micro-supercapacitors with a very high areal supercapacitance of 3.5 mF/cm2. Subsequent deposition of manganese oxide onto the fabricated electrodes significantly increased the energy storage capability of the supercapacitor, yielding a device with exceptionally high capacitance of 80 F/g at 1 mA current, good rate capability, and long cycle life.
View
Analysis of wear properties of granite dust filled polymer composite for wind turbine blade
Article
Full-text available
  • Feb 2020
Efficient usage of wind energy by establishing a suitable material for wind turbine blade is considered in this paper. Aluminium alloys and coated timber were used as blade material in the early stage and are discarded for various reasons including their life time and their efficiency. New polymer based materials such as Carbon fiber, Glass fiber, and Aramid fiber with different kinds of resins are being used as wind turbine blade material these days. As a new trend, granite dust is filled with the polymer material to improve its qualities like hardness and durability. It is tested for wear properties in Air jet erosion tester by varying the angle of impingement keeping other factors constant. Its mechanical properties like tensile stress, hardness and density values are calculated and plotted in graphs. The obtained results demonstrate how the wear properties of these samples changed with the impingement angle.
View
Mechanical properties of granite powder as a filler for polycarbonate toughened epoxy resin
Article
Full-text available
  • Jan 2013
I In nt te er rn na at ti io on na al l J Jo ou ur rn na al l o of f P Ph ha ar rm ma a S Sc ci ie en nc ce es s ABSTRACT Granite powder filled polycarbonate (PC) toughened epoxy composites were prepared. The variation of the mechanical properties such as tensile, flexural with filler content was evaluated. The effect of the chemical resistance on the properties of these composites was studied. Results of mechanical properties, at least in this study showed that the composites reinforced with 20% granite gave better mechanical properties.
View
Study of Thermal Properties of Granite Powder (Scrap) Reinforced Polyester Resin Composite
Article
Full-text available
  • Jan 2017
Composite materials are now widely used in engineering application and the scope of its application is widespread mainly for its contrapuntal properties. In this research work composites were prepared by crosslinking the polyester resin with Methyl Ethyl Ketone Peroxide and finally reinforced with the Granite scrap powder. Granite stone as filler was used at 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% with respect to the weight of unsaturated polyester resin with styrene monomer at 7.5% as constant basis mentioning that 0% sample (without Granite Filler) was also prepared to compare the results with it. Thermal analysis of the prepared composite such as Thermo Gravimetric Analysis (TGA), Thermo-mechanical Analysis (TMA) and Thermal Conductivity of the composites were analyzed along with the SEM analysis to find out correlation between thermal properties with composite surface topology. Thermo gravimetric analysis is done to determine the kinetics of thermal degradation and Thermo mechanical analysis is to determine expansion co-efficient along with Tg of polyester resin and granite blends composite. To avoid the thermo-oxidative degradation, thermal analysis was carried out for samples in nitrogen atmosphere at heating rates of 20°C/min. Thermal Conductivity analysis is performed to determine the ability of the composite to conduct heat at various temperatures.
View
Synthesis and Wear Characterization of Reinforced Glass Fiber Polymer Composites with Epoxy Resin Using Granite Powder
Article
Full-text available
  • Sep 2017
Recent research scenario reveals that the amalgamations of micro and nano ceramic fillers into fiber reinforced polymer composites have improved their performances in an excellent manner. In this research work, an investigation was attempted at in analyzing the wear behavior of glass fiber reinforced with epoxy resin using granite powder as a filler material in varying weight percentage ranging from 0-5%. Structural morphology of the prepared laminates was studied using SEM. Epoxy resin which was taken as matrix material was reinforced with a combination of chopped and woven roving mat glass fibers. Pin on disc method was applied for completing the wear test at different constraints of load, sliding distance and velocity for the investigation. Influence of granite powder in the composite was synthesized by calculating the specific wear rate and weight loss occurring at varying speed and normal load were applied on it. On examining by SEM worn surface wear rate of the prepared laminate at 5 wt% of granite provided better wear resistance as compared to other compositions and characterizations of worn surfaces.
View
Various Synthetic Methods of Benzoxazine Monomers
Chapter
Full-text available
  • Dec 2017
Various synthetic methods for benzoxazine monomers are introduced. Not only the traditional Mannich condensation methods of phenol, amine, and formaldehyde, but cycloaddition and other reactions are utilized to lead to the structural flexibility of benzoxazines. These methods are applicable to the monomer synthesis with alternative energy sources and to the synthesis of benzoxazine's analogue, naphthoxazine.
View
Strength and durability properties of granite powder concrete
Article
Full-text available
  • Apr 2014
The most commonly used fine aggregate across world is river sand. River sand is expensive due to excessive cost of transportation from natural sources. Also large scale depletion of the source creates environmental problems. As environmental, transportation and other constraints make the availability and use of river sand less attractive. A substitute or replacement product for concrete industry needs to be found. The main parameter investigated in this study is M30 grade concrete with replacement of sand by granite powder by 0, 25 and 50% and cement was partial replacement with silica fume, fly ash, slag and super plasticizer. This paper presents a detailed experimental study on compressive strength, split tensile strength 28, 56 and 90 days. Durability study on chloride attack was also studied and percentage of weight loss is compared with normal concrete. Test results indicate that use of granite powder and admixtures in concrete has improved the performance of concrete in strength as well as in durability aspect.
View
The influence of adding marble and granite dust on the mechanical and physical properties of PP composites
Article
  • Nov 2019
  • J THERM ANAL CALORIM
The purpose of this work is to investigate the opportunity of re-using M&G wastes to get novel PP composites. Recycling of marble and granite (M&G) wastes has the advantage of cost reduction and eco-friendly production. M&G productions generate a large amount of wastes. The handling of such wastes by incorporating them into a polymer is a practical solution for waste management. These composites can be utilized in several applications to produce low-cost products. The effect of the mass percentage of marble and granite dust on several mechanical and physical properties was examined. The mechanical (pin load behavior) and physical (thermal, water absorption and density) properties of PP composites were investigated using 0–50 mass% M&G dust particles. Adding M&G wastes increases the onset temperature.
View
Mechanical and Thermo-Mechanical Analysis Based Numerical Simulation of Granite Powder Filled Polymer Composites for Wind Turbine Blade
Article
  • Jul 2016
In present article fabrication and characterization of unfilled and granite powder filled carbon epoxy composites are reported. Addition of carbon fiber shows positive effect on mechanical performance of the composites. However, incorporation of granite powder has negative hybridizing effect on the properties such as tensile strength, flexural strength and inter-laminar shear strength. The storage modulus evaluated at 30 oC is in close agreement with flexural modulus of composites. Further, successful attempt is made for numerical simulation of actual geometry of wind turbine blade. The results obtained from numerical analysis are comparable with experimental results.
View
Introduction to Commercial Benzoxazine and Their Unique Properties
Chapter
  • Jul 2013
Since World War II, only few polymers, which have been developed, are able to reach the commercial stage. Polybenzoxazines are one of those few. Their ease of synthesis with tremendous molecular design flexibility allows tailor-made properties with broad range of applications. Their unique characteristics such as self-polymerizability upon heating without a need for a catalyst or curing agent, very low A-stage viscosity, near-zero volumetric shrinkage, fire-resistant behaviors, as well as their outstanding thermal and mechanical properties, make the polymer highly attractive for various applications including electronic packaging or aerospace. As a consequence, some companies start to commercialize the resins and their composites. This chapter summarizes benzoxazine resins and their related products recently commercialized by some major companies. The key properties of the polymers for engineering applications are also concisely discussed.
View
UTILIZATION OF GRANITE POWDER AS FILLER FOR VINYL ESTER RESIN
Article
  • Apr 2014
Granite powder is an inexpensive material that can reduce the overall cost of composites if used as 10 filler in vinyl ester matrices. The granite powder was incorporated in vinyl ester matrix in 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 wt%.Casting technique was used to make composites of vinyl ester and granite powder. Mechanical (tensile, flexural,impact and hardness), water absorption, chemical resistance and thermal (thermal degradation and dynamic mechanical analysis) properties of pure vinyl ester and granite powder filled vinyl ester composites were carried out. The composites show higher tensile, flexural and impact strength than the pristine vinyl ester resin. The highest enhancement of mechanical properties was observed in 20 wt% of granite powder filled composites. The thermogravimetric studies revealed that the composites were having higher thermal stability than the pure vinyl ester resin. As the concentration of the granite powder in vinyl ester resin increased, the char yield was also increased. Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA) showed the storage modulus and glass transition temperature of composites were increased up to 20 wt% loading of granite powder in vinyl ester.
View