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Study and Analysis of Types of Foundation and Design Construction

August 2020

Project: Design and analysis of types of foundation and design construction

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University of Texas at Arlington

Lower base of a structure is a very supreme part as it links the main body superstructure to the earth. That lower base is known as Foundation. In this paper we are going to discuss about the types of foundations used in construction industry, there design and also which alternative materials we can utilize as foundation material which can make it more firm, durable and ecofriendly. When it comes to built a structure it is very crucial to construct a firm base which holds the superstructure in all climatic conditions without collapsing or decaying. It is very important to know which type of foundation is essential to use in a particular superstructure, which materials are more suitable, which designs should be used. If any inappropriate material is used for foundation of structure then high risk is involved of collapsing of the structure. Different types of foundation base are utilized in different types of structures, each one of them has a unique design and specific configuration which makes a particular structure more durable and firm. A different foundation type is used in bungalows and in high rise buildings. In short this study presents the foundation types, which type is used for which superstructure, which design is suitable and more precisely we will be discussing about how we can make the foundation base ecofriendly, cost efficient and more durable and strong to withstand the natural calamities.

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International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056

Volume: 07 Issue: 08 | Aug 2020 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072

Study and Analysis of Types of Foundation and Design Construction

Jayesh Magar1, Adit Kudtarkar2, Jayant Pachpohe3, Pranav Nagargoje4

1-4Student, Department of Civil Engineering, Datta Meghe College of Engineering, Airoli, Navi Mumbai

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Abstract – Lower base of a structure is a very supreme

part as it links the main body superstructure to the earth.

That lower base is known as Foundation. In this paper we

are going to discuss about the types of foundations used in

construction industry, there design and also which

alternative materials we can utilize as foundation

material which can make it more firm, durable and

ecofriendly. When it comes to built a structure it is very

crucial to construct a firm base which holds the

superstructure in all climatic conditions without

collapsing or decaying. It is very important to know which

type of foundation is essential to use in a particular

superstructure, which materials are more suitable, which

designs should be used. If any inappropriate material is

used for foundation of structure then high risk is involved

of collapsing of the structure. Different types of foundation

base are utilized in different types of structures, each one

of them has a unique design and specific configuration

which makes a particular structure more durable and

firm. A different foundation type is used in bungalows and

in high rise buildings. In short this study presents the

foundation types, which type is used for which

superstructure, which design is suitable and more

precisely we will be discussing about how we can make the

foundation base ecofriendly, cost efficient and more

durable and strong to withstand the natural calamities.

Key Words: foundation, superstructure, design,

durable, ecofriendly, base, collapsing.

1. INTRODUCTION

Construction is a very oldest human activity. Knowledge

of deep founding was possessed more than 12000 years

ago in Switzerland by Neolithic inhabitants. They

constructed their home on a long wooden piles, high

above dangerous animals and hostile neighbors driven

into the soft bottoms of shallow lakes. Many years later,

the Babylonians which are found on the deep alluvium

settled themselves under the weight of the construction.

Biggest development in foundation engineering took

place in ancient Rome, where certain rules were

imposed and pozzolanic concrete was used. In later

years many buildings collapsed because of wars

earthquakes and natural calamities and those which

survived suffer from cracks and other problems. From

that period it became very important to have strong

foundation.

Construction of any structure starts with the built up of

foundation base which holds the weight of all beams,

columns, walls, slab, and other household materials.

Hence having a strong and solid base is must.

Foundation is basically classified into two major

category which is further sub divided into number of

categories based on the type of structure to be

implemented. For low rise houses and bungalows

shallow foundation is used and for high rise building and

houses deep foundation is used. The classification

diagram is shown below for better understanding of the

types of foundation. Every foundation has different type

of footing. Not only on ground but underground

foundation is also exists which has a total different type

of construction methodology. Each foundation type has a

unique equation which helps us to design the foundation

on field. For some foundation the underground depth is

3m while for some the underground depth is 10m and

more as it depends upon the height of the structure. Also

a thorough understanding of ground and soil condition is

must for construction of foundation as it plays a major

role in understanding the behavior of the structure,

which materials should be used and also will the

structure stand firm for longer time or not. So before

constructing any foundation it is very important to study

the soil type of the ground and also to check if the area is

an earthquake prone zone or not.

2. TYPES OF FOUNDATION

Foundation is basically classified into two major types

such as:

2.1 SHALLOW FOUNDATION

It is a type of foundation which transfers the structural

load to the earth surface which is very close to the earth.

The depth of the ground in shallow foundation varies

from 1.5m to 3m. Shallow foundation is later divided

into three major types such as:

2.1.1 SPREAD FOOTING FOUNDATION

Spread footing is generally used in residential building,

has a wider bottom portion as compared to the load

bearing foundation walls it supports. This wider bottom

portion spreads the weight of the structure over more

area to achieve more stability. The layout and design of

the spread footing foundation is controlled by some

factors, such as the weight of the superstructure it must

support, penetration of soft near surface layers and

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056

Volume: 07 Issue: 08 | Aug 2020 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072

penetration through near surface layers which are likely

to change volume due to shrink swell or frost heave.

This type of footing is basically used to construct

basements in residential buildings. Spread footing

behaves like an inverted cantilever with load applied in

the upward direction. Builders and civil engineers prefer

spread footing as it beneficial, as it helps transfer the

load to the ground surface making it an excellent

solution for stabilizing weak soil. Benefits of spread

footing are it reduces the cracking caused by settlement,

cost efficient in design, construction and quality control,

and stabilize the soil around the structural base, less

complicated procedure. Spread footing is further divided

into two sub categories such as

2.1.1.1 PAD FOUNDATION

Pad foundation is a sub category of shallow foundation

which settles and spreads over the soil safely. If the soil

at the site has sufficient strength and is not too deep

them Pad foundation is preferred. Thickness of pad

foundation is generally uniform. Pad foundation spreads

safely over the concentrated load to the bearing stratum.

Hence the design of the foundation should be stiff so that

uniform spreading of load to the soil takes place without

making the foundation pressure exceed the permissible

bearing stress. This is achieved by making the pad deep

or by reinforcing the pad as both the techniques helps to

spread the force in a predefined angle.

The angle of spreading is calculated by the bearing

capacity of the underlying soil and concrete strength.

Size of the pad should be design such that the tension

inside the concrete should be prevented; as a result no

cracking will take place which will result in failure. The

arrangement of pad foundation mainly depends on load

bearing capacity of the soil, available space, imposed

loads and the structure to be supported. Materials that

can be used in pad foundation are reinforcement and

cast in – situ concrete (OPC or SRPC).

ADVANTAGES OF PAD FOUNDATION

 Can be designed to accommodate tight sites

 Reinforcement for tension and shear can be

added.

 Economic due to control of foundation size.

 Shallow form of foundation needs little

excavation.

DISADVANTAGES OF PAD FOUNDATION

 Foundation size can be a very large to cope with

high point loads.

 Limited foundation suitability to point loads of

framed buildings.

 Separate foundations make this design weak

against differential settlement that may affect

the building.

 Deep excavations for foundations would require

support to prevent caving in.

 Weak against uplift forces, wind forces and

earthquake forces.

Fig 1: Pad foundation

2.1.1.2 STRIP FOUNDATION

Strip foundation which is also called as strip footing

which is sub category of shallow foundation are use

to provide continuous level or stepped strip of

support to a linear structure for example walls or

closely spaced rows or columns built in centre above

them. Strip foundations can be done in mostly all sub

soils, but a soil of good bearing capacity is suitable.

This type of foundation is generally used for the

construction of medium or low rise domestic

buildings.

The underside of strip footing should be deep so that

frost action does not take place. The position and

size of strip foundation depends upon the overall

width of the wall. The old or traditional strip

foundation is basically equal or greater than overall

wall width and also the foundation width is three

times the width of the supported wall.

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056

Volume: 07 Issue: 08 | Aug 2020 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072

Fig 2: strip foundation

ADVANTAGES OF STRIP FOUNDATIONS:

 Ability to withstand great loads.

 They have subtypes from which you can choose

the one you need for particular purposes.

 The price is much lower than that of cast-in-situ

structures, although strip foundations are not

inferior to them in strength.

 Easy to build, no special training requirements

for personnel.

 Very long service life.

 You can insulate the floors much better if you

use a strip foundation.

DISADVANTAGES OF STRIP FOUNDATIONS:

 Not suitable for every soil type.

 You have to do the filling on a single go and the

amount of material to prepare for filling is a

problem.

 It is only suitable in low rise buildings.

2.1.2 COMBINED FOUNDATION

When two or more columns are close to each other and if

there foundation are overlapping then combined

foundation is constructed. Generally it is carried out on

fields which have low soil bearing capacity. It is very

economical when isolated footing columns are

constructed over it. Combined foundation is again sub

divided into three categories such as:

2.1.2.1 RECTANGULAR FOUNDATION

Rectangular footing is constructed when one of the

projections of footing is restricted or width of the footing

is restricted. In longitudinal direction, it acts as an

upward loaded beam spanning between columns and

cantilevering beyond.

Fig 3: Rectangular foundation

2.1.2.2 TRAPEZOIDAL FOUNDATION

In trapezoidal footing two columns carry unequal load

and the distance outside the column of the heaviest load

is limited. In such scenario using any other footing

method may result in resultant of load does not fall at

the middle length of footing. The solution to this problem

is using trapezoidal footing in such a way that the centre

of gravity of the footing lies under the resultant of the

loads. Trapezoidal footing is more economical than other

foundation types as it saves concrete. While designing

the foundation, the bending moments are critical at the

face of the column and the depth requirement reduces as

we go further away from it. As a result we should use

slope or else we will end up using more unnecessary

concrete. In colder regions where water freezes on

footing results in additional pressure crack formation in

the foundation(freezing and thawing effect), in such area

it is very necessary to give slope to the footing so that

water will slide over it causing no damage to the

foundation.

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056

Volume: 07 Issue: 08 | Aug 2020 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072

Fig 4: Trapezoidal foundation

2.1.2.3 STRAP FOUNDATION

Strap footing is also known as cantilever footing. When

two columns having independent footing base,

connected by a beam is called as strap foundation. Strap

footing consists two or more columns footing connected

by concrete beam. Such type of footing distributes the

load of heavy or eccentrically loaded column footing to

adjacent footing. Strap footing works as a conjunction

with columns which are located along builder’s property

line or lot line. Main benefit of using strap footing is it

gives extra stability to the footing by sharing of loads.

Strap footing can also be used in soft soil as it avoids the

sinking of an individual footing. In strap footing the strap

is attached to the footing and column by the use of

dowels in such a way that the footing and the strap act as

unit. The footing is subjected to one way end.

Fig 5: Strap foundation

2.1.3 MAT OR RAFT FOUNDATION

Mat or raft foundation is a continuous slap resting on the

soil that extends over an entire footprint of the building,

thus supporting the building the building and

transferring its weight to the ground. Mat or raft footing

is basically a thick concrete slab reinforced with steel

that covers the entire contact area of the structure like a

thick floor. They are large concrete slabs which supports

a number of walls and columns. In this the foundations

are constructed by excavating soil in order to compact,

strong, undisturbed natural soil which is at least a few

feet’s below the ground level. This soil is stronger as

compared to the loose soil at the surface hence it is very

good for basements. Raft or mat foundation is required

in areas where soil has to support heavy structural loads

and has low bearing capacity.

Fig 6: Mat or Raft foundation

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056

Volume: 07 Issue: 08 | Aug 2020 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072

ADVANTAGES OF MAT OR RAFT FOUNDATION

 It can be constructed in poor soil condition.

 It resists differential settlement.

 It distributes load over a larger area.

 It requires less earth excavation.

DISADVANTAGES OF MAT OR RAFT FOUNDATION

 It is prone to edge erosion.

 When subjected to concentrated load it requires

special measurements.

2.2 DEEP FOUNDATION

A deep foundation is a type of foundation that transfers

building loads to the earth. The depth of the ground in

deep foundation is above 3m. This is because; to

construct high rise buildings it is necessary to go deep

into the ground to provide necessary support to the

superstructure and protects it from collapsing. Deep

foundations are further classified into four sub

categories such as:

2.2.1 PILE FOUNDATION

Pile foundation is type of foundation in which columns of

small cylindrical diameter are driven or cast into the

ground. It is made up of concrete, timber or steel. This

type of foundation is basically used for bridge type of

construction. Pile foundation is done in the areas where

the upper layer of soil is compressible or weak. Pile

foundation is basically used when the soil below the

foundation does not have sufficient bearing capacity to

carry the weight of the structure into deep soil up to

hard strata.

Fig 7: Pile foundation

ADVANTAGES OF PILE FOUNDATION

 Initial cost is low.

 Easy to handle and construct.

 Best suitable for friction pipes.

DISADVANTAGES OF PILE FOUNDATION

 Vulnerable to damage.

 Vulnerable to decay.

 Its durability decreases if subject to wetting and

drying.

2.2.2 PIER FOUNDATION

It is also known as post foundation. Pier foundation is

basically a collection of large cylindrical diameter to up

hold the structure and transfer large super imposed load

to the firm strata below. It is placed few feet’s below the

ground. This is very convenient method as the materials

are easily available and the method is easy and requires

fewer amounts of materials and labors. It is also very

cost efficient. It is preferred in locations where the top

strata consist of decomposed rock overlying strata of

sound rock.

Fig 8: Pier foundation

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056

Volume: 07 Issue: 08 | Aug 2020 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072

ADVANTAGES OF PIER FOUNDATION

 Wide range of varieties in terms of design.

 Its bearing capacity can be increased ny under

reaming the bottom.

 It is cost efficient and time efficient as it does

not needs extensive excavation.

DISADVANTAGES OF PIER FOUNDATION

 Moisture problems and rain accumulation.

 Creaking sagging and bouncy floors.

 Poor ventilation.

2.2.3 COMPENSATED FOUNDATION

Compensated foundation works on the principle that if

the load of the excavated material is equal to the weight

of the building added then no additional stresses is

applied on the soil. It is also called as floating foundation.

Compensated foundation consists of deep basements

which are used to support high rise buildings and

swimming pools, in which large amount of material is

excavated. It is a very convenient method of construction

as it has minimal impact on adjacent structure.

Fig 9: compensated foundation

ADVANTAGES OF COMPENSATED FOUNDATION

 Simple to construct with minimal impact and

disturbance to neighbors.

 Consolidation settlement is eliminated or

controlled.

 It provides protection to rising damp, drainage,

and thermal insulation.

DISADVANTAGES OF COMPENSATED FOUNDATION

 Comparatively primitive technology.

 Lesser options for design.

 No underground access for utility lines.

2.2.4 CAISSON FOUNDATION

The origin of word caisson is from a Latin word caspa

which means case or box. Caissons are basically water

tight structures build in connection with the excavation

for the foundation of piers, bridges, foreshore protection,

abutments in river and lakes dock structure, etc. it can

be made of reinforcement concrete, wood, steel etc. It is

used to construct foundation when the depth of the

water level in the river and sea is high. It is build in the

areas where the soil contains large boulders, which

obstruct the penetration of piles.

Fig 10: Caisson foundation

ADVANTAGES OF CAISSON FOUNDATION

 Economic and environment friendly.

 Less sound pollution and reduced vibration.

 Suitable for variable underwater soil condition.

 Less handling equipments required.

DISADVANTAGES OF CAISSON FOUNDATION

 Extremely sensitive and problematic.

 Not a good option for polluted sites.

 Only skilled labors required.

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056

Volume: 07 Issue: 08 | Aug 2020 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072

3. CONCLUSION

All the different types of foundation and footing types

have a specific use in a specific area for a particular

weather condition. It is very important to know the

foundation work to carry out construction activities.

This is the very first and foremost step carried out to

build any superstructure. The main objective of this

article is to provide detailed and collective information

about the types of foundation, there advantages and

disadvantages, suitable conditions, design construction.

All the major types of foundation are covered in this

article to give an overview about various types of

foundation.

4. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to express our special thanks of gratitude

to our project guide and our mentor Prof. Nitin S. Kapse

for their guidance and support in completing our project.

5. REFERENCES

1. API, API Recommended Practice for Planning,

Designing and Constructing Fixed Offshore Platforms,

15th ed., API RP2A, American Petroleum Institute, 115

pp, 1984.

2. Awoshika, K. and L. C. Reese, Analysis of Foundation

with Widely-Spaced Batter Piles, Research Report 117-

3F, Center for Highway Research, The University of

Texas at Austin, February, 1971.

3. Berezantzev, V. G., V. S. Khristoforov, and V. N.

Golubkov, Load bearing capacity and deformation of

piled foundations, Proc. 5th Int. Conf. Soil Mech., Paris, 2,

11–15, 1961.

4. Boulanger, R. W., D. W. Wilson, B. L. Kutter, and A.

Abghari, Soil–pile-structure interaction in liquefiable

sand, Transp. Res. Rec., 1569, April, 1997.

5. Broms, B. B., Lateral resistance of piles in cohesive

soils, Proc. ASCE, J. Soil Mech. Found. Eng. Div., 90(SM2),

27–64, 1964.

6. Broms, B. B., Lateral resistance of piles in cohesion

less soils, Proc. ASCE J. Soil Mech. Found. Eng. Div.,

90(SM3), 123–156, 1964.

7. Burland, J. B., Shaft friction of piles in clay — a simple

fundamental approach, Ground Eng., 6(3), 30–42, 1973.

8. Bustamente, M. and L. Gianeselli, Pile bearing capacity

prediction by means of static penetrometer CPT, Proc. of

Second European Symposium on Penetration Testing

(ESOPT II), Vol. 2, A. A. Balkema, Amsterdam, 493–500,

1982.

9. Caltrans, Bridge Design Specifications, California

Department of Transportation, Sacramento, 1990.

10. CGS, Canadian Foundation Engineering Manual, 3rd

ed., Canadian Geotechnical Society, BiTech Publishers,

Vancouver, 512 pp, 1992.

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Jun 2022

The construction of high rise structures in developed and developing countries have been widely used in their urban areas and semi-urban areas. These tall structures include residential apartment, commercial and semi-commercial apartment. Since the provision of these buildings have a larger area of construction, but constructed over less area. In analysis stage of the structure, significant characteristics like vertical load, horizontal load, superstructure design, foundation design takes place. But before that the architecture planning over the larger area has proposed. The selection of area of construction in this preliminary stage has not sufficient on comparing with structural design configurations and soil parameters is an important part should takes place before the planning of the construction area. The paper consists of the study of the past research based on the above title and after that conclusions have drawn based on the inferences of reviews. The result shows that location parameter based on the soil investigation report should be determined first for the usage of best SBC of soil of the selection of construction area. Keywords: Vertical Load, Soil Bearing Capacity (SBC), Tall Buildings, Foundation, Building Design.

A Review on Analysis of Foundation & its Super Structure under the SBC Condition of Soil

Article

Full-text available

Nov 2021

A building never builds without foundation or any base. All the loads can be transfer through it. So it is required to design the sub structure for taken the load through it. The articles are deals with the analysis and summaries the various articles under the review to find out the impact of different depth and soil condition and other techniques. Based on summarized report the paper concluded that the foundation & super structure design the assessment of at different depth and approach are required. Different SBC method Prandt, Terzaghi, Meyerhoff, Hansen, Vesic and is adopted to get the ultimate value of carrying load of the particular soil. The software approach such ABACUS, PLAXIX etc also needed to quick check the structure under the soil and foundation behavior.

Shaft friction of piles in clay - A simple fundamental approach

Article

Full-text available

Jan 1973

John Boscawen Burland

Lateral Resistance of Piles in Cohesionless Soils

Article

May 1964

Bengt B. Broms

Methods are presented for the calculation of deflections, ultimate resistance, and moment distribution for laterally loaded single piles and pile groups driven into cohesionless soils. The lateral deflections have been calculated assuming that the coefficient of subgrade reaction increases linearly with depth and that the value of this coefficient depends primarily on the relative density of the supporting soil. The ultimate lateral resistance has been assumed to be governed by the yield or ultimate moment resistance of the pile section or by the ultimate lateral resistance of the supporting soil. The ultimate lateral resistance is assumed to be equal to three times the passive Rankine earth pressure. The deflections and lateral resistance, as calculated by the proposed methods, have been compared with available test data. Satisfactory agreement was found.

Load-bearing capacity and deformation of piled foundations

Conference Paper

Jan 1961

Soil-Pile-Superstructure Interaction in Liquefiable Sand

Article

Jan 1997
TRANSPORT RES REC

Soil-pile-superstructure interaction in liquefiable sand is evaluated using dynamic centrifuge model tests and pseudostatic p-y analyses. Select recordings from a recent centrifuge test are presented to illustrate typical behavior with and without liquefaction in an upper sand layer. Pseudostatic p-y analyses of single-pile systems in two recent centrifuge model tests show that the apparent reduction in p-y resistance due to liquefaction was strongly affected by changes in the relative density of the sand and drainage conditions.

Recommended Practice for Planning, Designing and Constructing Fixed Offshore Platforms

Jan 1984
115

Api Api

API, API Recommended Practice for Planning, Designing and Constructing Fixed Offshore Platforms, 15th ed., API RP2A, American Petroleum Institute, 115 pp, 1984.

Analysis of Foundation with Widely-Spaced Batter Piles

Feb 1971

K Awoshika
L C Reese

Awoshika, K. and L. C. Reese, Analysis of Foundation with Widely-Spaced Batter Piles, Research Report 117-3F, Center for Highway Research, The University of Texas at Austin, February, 1971.

Pile bearing capacity prediction by means of static penetrometer CPT

Jan 1982
493-500

M Bustamente
L Gianeselli

Bustamente, M. and L. Gianeselli, Pile bearing capacity prediction by means of static penetrometer CPT, Proc. of Second European Symposium on Penetration Testing (ESOPT II), Vol. 2, A. A. Balkema, Amsterdam, 493-500, 1982.

Bridge Design Specifications, California Department of Transportation

Jan 1990

Caltrans

Caltrans, Bridge Design Specifications, California Department of Transportation, Sacramento, 1990.

Canadian Foundation Engineering Manual

Jan 1992
512

CGS, Canadian Foundation Engineering Manual, 3rd ed., Canadian Geotechnical Society, BiTech Publishers, Vancouver, 512 pp, 1992.

Study and Analysis of Types of Foundation and Design Construction

Abstract

Recommendations

Design and analysis of types of foundation and design construction

Implementation of Safety Management System in Managing Construction Projects

Earth sheltering runs deeper than energy conservation

Climatic risks and problems of decarbonization ofthe Russian construction industry

A CRITICAL LITERATURE REVIEW ON COMPARATIVE STUDY OF CONVENTIONAL STRUCTURE WITH MONOLITHIC STRUCTUR...

The Materiality and Measurement of Physical Climate Risk: Evidence from Form 8-K