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Local Authority Responses to people with NRPF during the
pandemic
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Local Authority Responses to people with NRPF during the
pandemic
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Contents
Executive Summary ................................................................................................................................. 6
Key Findings ............................................................................................................................................ 7
1. Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 8
What is NRPF and who has it? ............................................................................................................ 8
NRPF during the pandemic ................................................................................................................. 9
Support for single homeless people with NRPF .............................................................................. 9
Support for children and families with NRPF ................................................................................ 13
Support for Adults with care needs .............................................................................................. 14
2. Methodology ................................................................................................................................. 15
Survey of local authority websites .................................................................................................... 15
Call for evidence................................................................................................................................ 17
Daily welfare diaries completed by people with NRPF ..................................................................... 17
3. Findings ......................................................................................................................................... 18
Website survey ................................................................................................................................. 18
Call for evidence................................................................................................................................ 22
Survey of voluntary sector organisations ..................................................................................... 22
Survey of local authorities ............................................................................................................ 47
Welfare diaries .............................................................................................................................. 53
4. Discussion ...................................................................................................................................... 68
5. Conclusion ..................................................................................................................................... 71
Recommendations ................................................................................................................................ 71
Glossary ................................................................................................................................................. 75
Care Act 2014 ................................................................................................................................ 75
Destitution .................................................................................................................................... 75
Destitution Domestic Violence Concession .................................................................................. 75
European Union Settlement Scheme (EUSS) ................................................................................ 76
‘Everyone In’ directive .................................................................................................................. 76
Hunger Vital Sign screener (HVS) .................................................................................................. 76
Limited leave to remain ................................................................................................................ 76
Section 17 of the Children Act 1989 ............................................................................................. 76
Warwick-Edinburgh Mental wellbeing scale (WEMWBS) ............................................................. 77
Zambrano carer ............................................................................................................................. 77
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Local Authority Responses to people with NRPF during the
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References ............................................................................................................................................ 78
.............................................................................................................................................................. 82
Figure 1. Local authority website checklist ........................................................................................... 15
Figure 2. Scoring thresholds .................................................................................................................. 16
Figure 3: Local authority website scores - survey 1 .............................................................................. 18
Figure 4: Local authority website scores - survey 2 .............................................................................. 19
Figure 5: Local authority NRPF policies - survey 1 ................................................................................ 20
Figure 6: Local authority NRPF policies - survey 2 ................................................................................ 20
Figure 7: Local authority COVID-19 NRPF updates - survey 1 ............................................................... 21
Figure 8: Local authority COVID-19 NRPF updates -survey 2 ............................................................... 21
Figure 9: Have service users been diagnosed or had COVID-19 symptoms ......................................... 23
Figure 10: If yes, please could you indicate approximately how many people? .................................. 23
Figure 11: Have any of your members/clients died or become seriously ill as a direct result of COVID-
19 .......................................................................................................................................................... 24
Figure 12: Social impact of COVID-19 ................................................................................................... 24
Figure 13: Access to support ................................................................................................................. 25
Figure 14: Difficulties for those already accessing support (Care Act & Section 17) ............................ 25
Figure 15: Steps to increase support during the pandemic .................................................................. 26
Figure 16: Regional breakdown of call for evidence from local authorities ......................................... 47
Figure 17: Have you seen an increase in referrals from people with NRPF during the pandemic? ..... 48
Figure 18: Has the cost of supporting people with NRPF increased during the pandemic? ................ 48
Figure 19: Do you have a NRPF policy? ................................................................................................. 49
Figure 20: Have you had to update your NRPF policy since the pandemic? ........................................ 49
Figure 21: Has your local authority made calls to MHCLG or the Home Office about NRPF during the
Pandemic? ............................................................................................................................................. 51
Figure 22: Have you taken any of the following steps for people with NRPF who you are supporting
under Section 17 of the Children Act 1989 or the Care Act 2014? ....................................................... 52
Figure 23: Have you taken any of the following steps for people with NRPF who you are supporting
during the pandemic and would not normally be eligible for statutory support? ............................... 53
Figure 24: Welfare diary participant immigration status ..................................................................... 53
Figure 25: Welfare diary participant support needs ............................................................................. 54
Figure 26s: Welfare diary participant regions....................................................................................... 54
Figure 27: Household food security ...................................................................................................... 55
Figure 28: Household finances .............................................................................................................. 56
Figure 29: GP registration and prescribed medication ......................................................................... 56
Figure 30: COVID-19 symptoms and tests taken .................................................................................. 57
Figure 31: Adequate accommodation during pandemic? .................................................................... 57
Figure 32: Sharing facilities during pandemic? ..................................................................................... 58
Figure 33: Type of facilities shared ....................................................................................................... 58
Local Authority Responses to people with NRPF during the
pandemic
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Published by ICRD, University of Wolverhampton
All rights reserved
© The Authors, 2020
Cover photo by Hello I’m Nik on Unsplash
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Local Authority Responses to people with NRPF during the
pandemic
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Executive Summary
Migrants with ‘no recourse to public funds’ (NRPF) are at high risk of destitution due to their
exclusion from most welfare benefits and statutory housing support. This is a longstanding issue that
has been highlighted by campaigners, academics and the migration sector.
This report examines how local authorities in England responded to people with NRPF during the
COVID-19 pandemic. It highlights systemic issues with access to support for people with NRPF and
shows how provision varied considerably across England (most notably in the case of single adults
with NRPF who would not normally be eligible for support but were included in the COVID-19
homelessness response) and even within individual local authorities.
The COVID-19 pandemic has made life significantly more difficult and precarious for people with
NRPF. Many have lost income, employment and accommodation, while non-statutory support
services have been forced to close. The number of people with NRPF in need of assistance to meet
their basic needs has increased. Our research indicates that people with NRPF are more likely to
become seriously ill or die if they contract COVID-19. Despite this, it has been difficult for many
people with NRPF to access the help they need, including adequate food, shelter and subsistence
support, during this public health crisis.
Local authorities have statutory duties towards two categories of people with NRPF: families with
‘children in need’; and adults with care needs. There are, however, significant variations in how these
duties are implemented, with many migrants in need of support unable to access their entitlements
under normal (pre-pandemic) circumstances. A key problem in this area is that local authorities are
not funded by central government to provide support to people with NRPF - an issue that has been
consistently raised by rights advocates. This issue became more urgent during the pandemic as local
authorities were called upon by central government to provide support to a third group of people with
NRPF who would not normally be eligible for assistance: single homeless adults without care needs.
Our research shows that, while some councils put in place effective emergency support for this group,
the England-wide response of local authorities was frequently characterised by confusion, a lack of
information about support options, the ‘gatekeeping’ of access to accommodation, and gaps in
essential provision (e.g. food).
Our research focuses on the period during which the UK was in ‘lockdown’. But the problems we
highlight in this report have by no means come to an end. Local authorities continue to be
underfunded and the destitution experienced by people with NRPF has not abated. It is unclear what
will happen to homeless adults with NRPF who have no statutory entitlement to support as public-
health concerns subside. Our research indicates that while some local authorities are trying to respond
to this issue in a way that respects people’s rights and dignity, others do not want to continue to
support people with NRPF, with a number planning to resort to so-called ‘voluntary returns’ or
‘reconnection’. In the view of many of our research participants, only an urgent end to the NRPF
system can adequately address the problems that have been highlighted by COVID-19.
Local Authority Responses to people with NRPF during the
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Key Findings
There was a lack of information available for people with NRPF: Only 5 of the
151 local authorities in England had publicly-available NRPF policies which were
accurate, up to date and contained referral contact details. More than 40 percent of
local authority websites did not contain any information at all about NRPF. Only 7
percent of local authority websites surveyed in April had information on COVID 19-
related support for people with NRPF. When the survey was repeated a month later,
this number had increased to 12 percent. 6 out of 10 organisations who responded to
the call for evidence had not received updated information from their local authority
since the start of the pandemic.
Numbers of service users with NRPF who had COVID-19 symptoms were
relatively small, but those who did have symptoms were particularly likely to die
or become seriously ill: More than half of organisations that responded to the call for
evidence knew of service users who had been diagnosed with COVID-19. Although
most knew of relatively small numbers who were experiencing symptoms, of those
who did, more than half had become seriously ill or died.
People with NRPF struggled to access food, shelter and subsistence support
during the pandemic: The most commonly reported impact of the pandemic was not
having enough food. More than 8 out of 10 organisations identified this as a concern
for their service users. The most commonly reported difficulty across all user groups
was being refused support from the local authority. For those already accessing
support, the most commonly experienced difficulty amongst children and families
was inadequate accommodation for self-isolation. For adults with care needs, it was
being unable to get in contact with the local authority. For homeless adults, the most
commonly reported problem was having no provision made for their food or
subsistence needs.
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Local Authority Responses to people with NRPF during the
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1.Introduction
This report examines how local authorities responded to people with ‘no recourse to public
funds’ (NRPF) during the pandemic from the perspectives of voluntary-sector organisations,
local authorities and migrants with NRPF.
Our research questions were:
- What are the different local-authority policies across the country towards people with NRPF
and how did this change during the pandemic?
- Are people with NRPF able to access support?
- Are people being turned away from support because of their immigration status?
- Which third-sector agencies are supporting people with NRPF and what support are they
providing?
What is NRPF and who has it?
The no recourse to public funds (NRPF) rule is a condition in the Immigration Rules, and
Section 115 of the Immigration and Asylum Act 1999. The rule excludes people ‘subject to
immigration control’ from a range of state benefits, including: income-based jobseeker’s
allowance; income support; child tax credit; universal credit; working tax credit; a social
fund payment; child benefit; housing benefit; council tax reduction; domestic rate relief
(Northern Ireland); state pension credit; attendance allowance; severe disablement allowance;
personal independence payment; carer’s allowance; and disability living allowance.
The condition also prohibits access to local authority homelessness assistance and housing
allocation, and some kinds of support linked to benefits, including free school meals and
some extended childcare services.
The NRPF rule applies to a range of different people, including most people with
temporary leave to enter or remain in the UK (such as those in the UK on a spouse or
student visa), and undocumented migrants (such as visa overstayers and refused asylum
seekers). Since 2012, the NRPF rule has been extended to include people on the 10-year route
to settlement and those granted leave to remain in the UK outside the rules on the basis of
family or private life.
It is important to note that in this report we are using NRPF in the broad sense of everyone
who is barred from access to most welfare benefits and statutory homelessness assistance due
to their immigration status. This means that, as well as the categories of migrant already
cited, we include in the scope of our research EEA nationals without a qualifying right to
reside for the purposes of welfare benefits and homelessness assistance (that is, those without
permanent residence or settled status who are ‘jobseekers’ within the meaning of EU law, and
‘non-economically active’ EEA nationals exercising the three-month initial right to reside.)
There are no official statistics on the number of people with NRPF in the UK. However, there
are an estimated 674,000 undocumented migrants in the UK (Jolly et. al., 2020), and an
Local Authority Responses to people with NRPF during the
pandemic
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additional 142,496 children under 18 and 1,002,091 adults with leave to remain in the UK,
most of whom are likely to have NRPF (Pinter et al., 2020). There are also an estimated 3.6
million EEA nationals (Vargas-Silva & Fernandez-Reino, 2019), many of whom cannot
establish eligibility for welfare benefits or homelessness assistance.
Migrants with ‘no recourse to public funds’ (NRPF) in the UK were already at high risk of
destitution due to their lack of access to most welfare benefits and statutory housing support.
The COVID-19 pandemic has made the position of people with NRPF even more precarious
as a result of loss of income and employment and the closure or withdrawal of formal and
informal sources of support (including charities, family and friends).
NRPF during the pandemic
Under normal circumstances only a minority of people subject to the NRPF rule would be
likely to approach their local authority for support. However, since the start of the pandemic,
it is likely that more people with NRPF are experiencing destitution and the need to access
some form of social protection. This might be either because their income has fallen, or
because their needs have increased. Some indication of this trend can be seen in data recently
released by the Home Office, which shows the number of applications from people with
NRPF for a change of conditions (i.e. to remove the NRPF condition from their leave to
remain). These indicate that the beginning of the COVID-19 lockdown coincided with a
sixfold increase in applications (UKVI, 2020).
For those who do approach local authorities for support, there is no single NRPF referral
route. The application process, and legislation under which support may be provided, depend
on both age and assessed needs. For ease of analysis, the different categories are broken
down below into: support for single homeless people; support for children and families; and
support for adults with care needs.
Support for single homeless people with NRPF
Many local authorities in England have been providing accommodation to single homeless
NRPF adults without care needs during the COVID-19 pandemic. Some local authorities
have also been providing limited basic-needs support in the form of food, vouchers and
hygiene items.
Unlike in the cases of NRPF families and NRPF adults with care needs, there is no clear legal
basis for any of this provision. Local authorities have no duty in law to accommodate such
people (although s18 of the Care Act 2014, s.6 Human Rights Act 1998 and s.1 Localism Act
2011 offer possible legal bases for the provision of local-authority support to otherwise-
ineligible single adults with NRPF during a public health emergency). No new legislation or
statutory guidance has been introduced during the COVID-19 pandemic to amend the
entitlement to local-authority support of people with NRPF who would not ordinarily be
eligible.
The effect of the absence of new legislation or statutory guidance has been twofold: firstly,
the support provided to this group has been inconsistent and unpredictable both within and
across local authorities; and secondly, it has been difficult for individuals or their advocates
to effectively challenge local authorities in cases where single NRPF adults have been
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Local Authority Responses to people with NRPF during the
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refused support or accommodation or where the accommodation or support offered has been
inadequate.
Below we provide a brief chronological outline of how the provision of local-authority
support to ordinarily-ineligible NRPF recipients developed in response to the pandemic, and
sketch the policy debate around the scope and legal basis of this provision.
The current novel coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak was characterized as a global pandemic
by the World Health Organisation on March 11 2020.
On March 20th 2020 over 50 homelessness and migration-sector organisations wrote to local
authorities in England demanding they take urgent steps to protect and support vulnerable
migrants, particularly those with No Recourse to Public Funds (NRPF) and those
experiencing or at risk of homelessness, during the pandemic (PILC, 2020a).
On 23th March 2020 the United Kingdom went into ‘lockdown’, with the prime minister
urging people to ‘stay at home, protect our NHS and save lives’. On 26th March 2020 the
Health Protection (Coronavirus, Restrictions) (England) Regulations 2020 were enacted,
formally restricting freedom of movement.
Also on 26th March 2020, the homelessness minister, Luke Hall, wrote to local authorities
formally announcing the government’s COVID-19 homelessness response and instructing
councils to ‘provide self-contained accommodation to‘[people] who are, or are at risk of,
sleeping rough, and those who are in accommodation where it is difficult to self-isolate’.
The homelessness minister’s letter of March 26th 2020 specifically addresses NRPF, telling
councils they should ‘utilise alternative powers and funding to assist those with no recourse
to public funds who require shelter and other forms of support due to the COVID-19
pandemic’. The letter also directs councils to provide support above and beyond
accommodation, saying they should provide ‘social care basics such as food, and clinician
care to people who need it’ (Ministry of Housing, Communities & Local Government, 2020)
Luke Hall’s letter states that it is ‘imperative’ that local councils enact the government’s
policy of ‘bringing everyone in’ by ensuring that ‘rough sleepers and other vulnerable
homeless are supported into appropriate accommodation’. The rationale given in the letter for
‘bringing everyone in’ is as follows: ‘[to] safeguard as many homeless people as we can from
COVID-19 [both] to protect their health and stop wider transmission […] this approach aims
to reduce the impact of COVID-19 on people facing homelessness and ultimately on [sic]
preventing deaths during this public health emergency.’
However, the letter does not specify the ‘alternative powers’ local authorities should use to
support people with NRPF who would not normally be eligible for support. Nor does it define
the terms ‘NRPF’, ‘rough sleeper’ or ‘vulnerable homeless’.
This lack of clarity has contributed to confusion around support options for homeless people
with NRPF as well as to a lack of clear pathways for (self)-referral. The government’s failure
to either address the cost implications for councils of supporting otherwise-ineligible people
with NRPF or publish statutory guidance clarifying which homeless people need to be
supported and how have made it additionally difficult for ordinarily-ineligible people with
NRPF to access support.
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As this report shows, policy and practice with respect to support for single NRPF adults who
would not be eligible for assistance under normal circumstances have varied significantly
across local-authority areas.
For example, councils have taken varying positions on the question of whether homeless
people (NRPF or otherwise) who are not ‘verified’ rough sleepers should be accommodated
through the pandemic response (many homeless people with NRPF sleep rough
intermittently). There has been inconsistency across and sometimes within local authorities
around whether it should be the responsibility of councils to make basic-needs provision
(food, hygiene items) for single homeless people placed in hotels or whether the voluntary
sector should be responsible for this. In many areas it has not been clear whether single
homeless people with NRPF should approach the housing office, the outreach team or the
NRPF team for assistance, with some people being bounced back and forth between different
council agencies.
Confusion around whether (and, if so, which) homeless people with NRPF should be
accommodated through the COVID-19 homelessness response deepened in April 2020 when
some local authorities were informed by MHCLG that they were not required to
accommodate homeless people with no recourse to public funds and would not be reimbursed
for doing so.
On 8 April 2020 the Local Government Association (LGA), the Convention of Scottish Local
Authorities (COSLA) and the Welsh Local Government Association (WLGA) wrote jointly
to the government calling for ‘guidance for local authorities, families and individuals […] to
make it much clearer that the current emergency support is available for those with NRPF,
including rough sleeping support through local authorities’ (LGA et al., 2020). The letter also
called for additional funding and the suspension of the NRPF system.
On 28 April 2020, Robert Jenrick, Secretary of State for Housing, Communities and Local
Government, was asked in parliament to clarify the position of people with NRPF during the
COVID-19 lockdown. The questioner, David Linden, MP for Glasgow East (SNP), accused
the government of ‘[leaving] asylum seekers and failed asylum seekers [...] in complete
isolation at the height of a global pandemic.’ The Secretary of State’s response was that
‘[w]ith respect to no recourse to public funds, the Government’s position and the law have
not changed, but councils are able to use their discretion within the law to support those
individuals, as they would in the normal way’ (HC Deb 28 April 2020).
On 28 April 2020 (HC Deb 28 April 2020), and again on 4 May 2020 (HC Deb 4 May 2020),
Luke Hall responded to written parliamentary questions about support and accommodation
for people with NRPF experiencing homelessness during COVID-19. Both responses from
the homelessness minister stated that ‘the legal position on those with no recourse to public
funds has not been amended.’
A number of local-government representative bodies have expressed concern that the
government’s response to COVID-19 for people with NRPF has been both confusing and
inadequate and stated that the NRPF regime should be suspended or ended on public-health
grounds.
In its submission to the Parliamentary Housing, Communities and Local Government
(HCLG) committee enquiry into the impact of COVID-19 on homelessness and the private
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rented sector, the NRPF Network (a network of local authorities and partner organisations
focusing on the statutory duties to migrants with care needs who have no recourse to public
funds) raised concerns about a lack of clear messaging from government and the absence of
clarity around the legislative duties and powers of councils with respect to single homeless
NRPF adults (NRPF Network, 2020).
On 15 May 2020 London Councils issued a statement saying there was an urgent need for
clarity on funding and other support arrangements for homeless people accommodated
through the COVID-19 response and calling for a ‘twelve-month suspension of no recourse
to public funds restrictions to enable financial support for those who would otherwise return
to rough sleeping’ (London Councils, 2020).
In a letter sent to local authorities on May 28th 2020 the homelessness minister confirmed that
the legal position on support for people with NRPF had not changed and suggested that
homeless migrants with NRPF accommodated through the COVID-19 response should be
offered ‘a voluntary return to their country of origin’ (Heath, 2020).
In June 2020 the HCLG committee inquiry into the impact of COVID-19 on homelessness
and the private rented sector published its interim report. On the subject of ordinarily-
ineligible NRPF homeless people, the report states:
We appeal on humanitarian grounds for the Government to improve its support to
councils for people with no recourse to public funds during this crisis, or hundreds will
return to the streets with potentially disastrous consequences. We recommend that the
Government should guarantee it will compensate councils for provision offered to
rough sleepers with no recourse to public funds as a result of the current crisis. While
the Government believes the legal position is clear, local authorities do not.
(Parliament. House of Commons, 2020)
As lockdown measures were eased during June and July 2020, local authorities and frontline
organisations began advocating to central government around the precarious position of
homeless people with NRPF accommodated through the COVID-19 response but ineligible
for ‘move-on’ support as a result of being subject to the NRPF condition.
On 18th June 2020, more than 100 homelessness and migration-sector organisations wrote to
local authorities in England asking them to commit to not evicting homeless people with
NRPF from accommodation provided through the COVID-19 homelessness response and to
publicly call on the government for an end to the ‘no recourse to public funds’ (NRPF)
regime (PILC, 2020b).
On 7th July 2020 16 London local authorities wrote to the Home Secretary asking her to ‘take
urgent action […] to ensure that restrictions on some Economic Area (EEA) nationals and on
people who have no recourse to public funds (NRPF) do not undermine our collective effort
to end rough sleeping in Britain’. The letter appeals to the Home Secretary to ‘formally
suspend all restrictions on rough sleepers’ recourse to public funds until community
transmission of COVID-19 has been eradicated […] remove restrictions on recourse to
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Universal Credit and Housing Benefit for all rough sleepers accommodated during COVID-
19 [and] accelerate immigration claims by rough sleepers’ (Williams, 2020).
Support for children and families with NRPF
The legal basis for providing support to children and families with NRPF in England is
Section 17 of the Children Act (1989). Social care is a devolved responsibility, so legislation
differs in the other nations of the UK. (In Wales the relevant legislation is Section 37 of the
Social Services and Well-being (Wales) Act 2014. In Scotland, support is provided under
Section 22 of the Children (Scotland) Act 1995 and in Northern Ireland, Article 18 of the
Children (Northern Ireland) Order 1995.)
Section 17 of the Children Act defines a ‘child in need’ as a child who falls under one or
more of the following three categories:
· they are unlikely to achieve or maintain or to have the opportunity to achieve or maintain a
reasonable standard of health or development without provision of services from the Local
Authority;
· their health or development is likely to be significantly impaired, or further impaired, without
the provision of services from the Local Authority;
· they have a disability.
Although Section 17 does not only apply to families with NRPF, children in families who are
subject to the NRPF rule are likely to be at risk of destitution, and would therefore commonly
fall into one of the first two categories.
A number of services can be provided by local authorities under Section 17, including
financial support to prevent destitution and accommodation for families at risk of
homelessness. Support under Section 17 is provided following an assessment of need, and the
support that is provided following an assessment should be outlined in a ‘child in need’ plan
for those supported. There is no statutory guidance for local authorities around supporting
children with NRPF, and no government guidance was issued during the pandemic. However,
unofficial guidance from the NRPF Network is commonly followed by many local authorities
(NRPF Network 2018). COVID-19 specific guidance was published by the network on 27
March 2020 (NRPF Network, 2020).
Prior to the pandemic, a number of concerns had been raised about support provided under
Section 17, including inappropriate gatekeeping by local authorities (Price & Spencer, 2015;
Dexter, et.al., 2016), poor standards of housing (Threipland, 2015), and inadequate levels of
support (Jolly, 2019). These issues are likely to have been exacerbated by the pandemic. With
widespread unemployment and loss of income, more people with NRPF have found
themselves destitute and in need of local authority support. Local authorities, already under-
funded and under the additional pressure of a public health crisis, are likely to have struggled
to cope with the increase in demand. As a result, unlawful gatekeeping may have become
more prevalent and the provision of inadequate support more likely (Pinter et al., 2020).
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Support for Adults with care needs
For adults with care needs in England, the relevant legislation is the Care Act 2014. (In the
other nations of the UK other legislation applies – in Wales, Section 35 of the Social Services
and Well-being (Wales) Act 2014; Scotland, Sections 12 and 13A of the Social Work
(Scotland) Act 1968; and in Northern Ireland, Articles 7 and 15 of the Health and Personal
Social Services (Northern Ireland) Order 1972.)
Under the Care Act 2014, local authorities have a duty to assess the needs of anyone who is
ordinarily resident in their area who appears to have a need for care and support. For those
who have no ordinary place of residence (such as people with NRPF who have been
homeless) section 18 and 19 of the Care Act determine that local authorities have a power to
meet the needs of someone who is physically present in their area even if they have no formal
place of residence.
However, if a person is part of an excluded group under schedule 3 of the Nationality,
Immigration and Asylum Act 2002, they can only be provided with support if the support is
necessary to prevent a breach of their human rights. Excluded groups include:
· People who are not currently seeking asylum and is unlawfully present in the UK,
· EEA nationals (not UK nationals)
· People who have been granted refugee status by another EEA State
· Refused asylum seekers who fail to comply with removal directions
· Refused asylum seekers with dependent children who have been certified by the Secretary of
State as having failed to take steps to leave the UK voluntarily.
Eligibility for care support relies on meeting a three-stage test set out in section 13(1) of the
Care Act 2014 and the Care and Support (Eligibility Criteria) Regulations 2015. However,
there is an additional test for people with NRPF to meet. Section 21 of the Care Act 2014
stipulates that a local authority cannot provide care support to someone whose needs for care
and support arise solely because the adult is destitute, or because of the physical effects of
being destitute. This has become known as the ‘destitution plus’ test, and has the effect of
making adults with care needs the service-user group who face the most barriers to accessing
local-authority support.
Local Authority Responses to people with NRPF during the
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2.Methodology
Survey of local authority websites
Evidence from both local authority and voluntary sector caseloads suggests that there has
been a rise in numbers of people with NRPF seeking support during the pandemic. There was
a sixfold increase in the number of Destitution Change of Conditions Applications made to
the Home Office by people with NRPF between the first and second quarters of 2020 (Home
Office, 2020).
However, previous research suggests that it is difficult for people with NRPF to access
support from local authorities (Jolly, 2018; Dexter et al., 2015).
In order to understand whether people with NRPF who were approaching local authorities for
the first time would be likely to be able to find information about support, the websites of all
unitary and upper-tier authorities in England were surveyed using the checklist in figure 1
below.
Figure 1. Local authority website checklist
Name of Local Authority
Date website checked
Is there an NRPF policy online? (Y/N/Partial)
If yes/partial Please specify (Including link)
Has the policy been revised in light of the pandemic to include COVID-19 specific
information (Y/N/NA)
Date of policy (If no date, write 'none')
If there is a NRPF policy, what are the key points that it covers? (referral process/Support
available housing or subsistence also/free school meals access/self-isolating advice etc
Are NRPF specific issues mentioned in general support policies e.g. Homelessness/Adult
social care/safeguarding (Y/N)
Are there any gender-specific policies? (Yes/No)
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Local Authority Responses to people with NRPF during the
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Are contact/referral details available for people with NRPF to access support? (Y/N)
Is there information about homelessness support for people with NRPF during the
pandemic? (Y/N)
Is there information about Section 17 support during the pandemic? (Y/N)
Is there information about Care Act support during the pandemic? (Y/N)
The first survey was conducted between 22nd April and 8th May 2020, and the survey was
repeated using the same methodology a month later. Findings from the first survey were
presented in ‘Interim project findings briefing’ (Jolly et al. 2020). In this report we present
findings from both surveys. These scores were then converted into four indicators based on
the likelihood of a person with NRPF being able to find information about support during the
COVID-19 pandemic. Local authorities were graded between inadequate and outstanding
based on the findings from their websites. The thresholds and indicators for these scores are
outlined in Figure 2 below.
Figure 2. Scoring thresholds
Local Authority Responses to people with NRPF during the
pandemic
17
17
Call for evidence
Two calls for evidence were distributed through a snowball sample using existing networks
and mailing lists. The first call for evidence was to voluntary and community-sector
organisations, and the second was to local authorities. The aim of the calls for evidence was
to find out how local authorities have responded to people with NRPF during the pandemic.
What were the challenges and difficulties, and what were the emerging areas of good practice
during the pandemic?
Findings from both calls for evidence were then coded inductively by the project team into
relevant themes for analysis.
Daily welfare diaries completed by people with NRPF
The final research method was designed to understand the perspectives of people with NRPF
themselves. This method involved ‘welfare diaries’, where people with NRPF were asked to
report, over the course of a week, on their access to services, food and housing and the impact
that this was having on their health and wellbeing. A panel of 15 research participants with a
variety of immigration statuses were recruited through existing stakeholder contacts.
Participants reported on their experiences over a 1-week period. On day 1 participants were
asked for baseline data on household food security using the Hunger Vital Sign (VSN)
screener, derived from the USDA household food security scale (Hager et al., 2010; Radandt
et al., 2018), for baseline data on mental health and wellbeing using the short form Warwick-
Edinburgh Mental Wellbeing scale, and about whether they were experiencing symptoms of
coronavirus.
On subsequent days, participants were asked for information using the following prompts:
How are you today? (We are interested in your food situation, your finances, your
health situation, your housing situation and your mental and physical health).
How are you feeling physically and mentally today? (Cough, temperature, loss
of taste or smell?).
How are you feeling about your financial situation?
How are things where you are living at the moment?
Can you tell me what you (and your family) have eaten today and whether you feel
like it's been enough?
Did you have to go out today to get food? If so, can you tell me more about
that?
Has anything changed since yesterday?
Would you say things are better, or worse than yesterday (Please explain)
18
Local Authority Responses to people with NRPF during the
pandemic
18
3.Findings
Website survey
In both surveys none of the websites reached the threshold for a score of ‘outstanding’ and in
the first survey only five met the threshold for a rating of ‘good’ - where there was an NRPF
policy and information which was both accurate and often up to date, with some specific
information about different support categories. These were Brent, Hackney, Wolverhampton,
Manchester and Trafford (see figure 3).
Figure 3: Local authority website scores - survey 1
The London Borough of Brent included NRPF issues on its pages about homelessness and
domestic abuse and alongside referral details for its children’s social care team. However,
there was no COVID-19 specific update. By contrast, Hackney had a COVID-19 update
including what support rough sleepers could receive during the pandemic, along with contact
details and a clear statement for homeless people with NRPF:
“We have been working hard to ensure rough sleepers are not on the streets during
the coronavirus pandemic. Self-contained accommodation, food and support is
available for all rough sleepers including those with no recourse to public funds.”
(Hackney, 2020).
The City of Wolverhampton Council had a policy that explicitly referred to Zambrano carers,
with detailed guidance on support policies, referral contact details, and a homelessness
strategy informed by local partners in the refugee-and-migrant sector. Manchester City
Council had an NRPF policy and detail on specific groups including older people and people
suffering from domestic abuse, as well as contact details for support. Nonetheless, there was
still a concerning emphasis on NRPF in their Counter Fraud and Irregularity Strategy
44%
53%
3%
Local Authority Responses to people with NRPF during the
pandemic
19
19
(Manchester, 2020). Finally, Trafford Borough Council had an NRPF policy, including
information on housing, violence against women and maternity support.
The second survey showed that 14 met the threshold for a rating of ‘good’ and these were
Birmingham, Bolton, Brent, Coventry, Croydon, Hackney, Islington, Lewisham, Manchester
Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Redbridge, Southwark, Trafford and Wolverhampton (see figure 3).
Figure 4: Local authority website scores - survey 2
In both surveys, the majority of websites were rated as ‘needing improvement’, indicating
that there was some information on the website about support for people with NRPF but that
this information either fell short of a full policy or contained inaccuracies/was misleading. As
a result, someone with NRPF trying to find out how to get support during the pandemic
would be unlikely to be able to make use of this information (see figure 3).
Most worryingly, in survey one, over 40 percent of local authority websites either did not
have any information at all about NRPF, or had information that was out of date, factually
inaccurate or misleading and were therefore categorised as inadequate because it would not
be possible for someone with NRPF to be able to find out how to get support during the
pandemic.
It is important to acknowledge that ten of the local authorities had improved their overall
scores by the time of the second website survey. These were: Birmingham, Coventry,
Lewisham, Luton, Borough Council, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Newham, Redbridge, Richmond
Upon Thames, Southwark and Warwickshire.
The most common reason for being rated as needing improvement or inadequate was not
including a policy at all - more than two-thirds of local authorities did not have any available
information for referrers or people with NRPF during the pandemic (see figure 4). Among
those that did, there were a number of ways in which information was inaccurate or
misleading.
5%
45%
50%
Good
Needs Improvement
Inadequate
20
Local Authority Responses to people with NRPF during the
pandemic
20
Figure 5: Local authority NRPF policies - survey 1
The second survey showed that over 90% of websites did not have comprehensive NRPF
policies. The increase in the percentage of local authorities with no NRPF policy available
from over 40% to over 90% reflects the inclusion of lower-tier local authorities in the survey.
Worryingly, lower-tier local authorities often did not have any information on NRPF, the
council's statutory homelessness duty etc. available on their websites.
Figure 6: Local authority NRPF policies - survey 2
The most common reason for being rated as needing improvement or inadequate was not
including a policy at all – in survey number one more than two thirds of local authorities did
not have any available information for referrers or people with NRPF during the pandemic
(see figure 7). Among those that did, information was sometimes inaccurate or misleading.
93%
4% 3%
No Policy
Partial policy
Full policy
75%
16%
13%
Local Authority Responses to people with NRPF during the
pandemic
21
21
Figure 7: Local authority COVID-19 NRPF updates - survey 1
In survey number two 88% of unitary and upper and lower tier authorities did not have any
available information for referrers or people with NRPF during the pandemic (see figure 8).It
is important to mention that lower tire authorities were significantly less likely to have aby
information for referrers or people with NRPF during the pandemic on their websites.
Figure 8: Local authority COVID-19 NRPF updates -survey 2
Initial analysis of documents on the websites of local authorities rated as needing
improvement or inadequate reveals a common perception that people with NRPF were a
fraud risk to the local authority. Barnsley Metropolitan Borough Council’s website had only
two references to people with NRPF, one of which was in an annual fraud report which stated
that:
12%
88%
COVID-19 update
No update
93%
7%
22
Local Authority Responses to people with NRPF during the
pandemic
22
"Social care fraud has been identified nationally as an emerging fraud risk area for
local authorities. Whilst this type of fraud can take many forms the areas of greatest
concern are the misuse of personal budgets, and people with no recourse to public
funds deceiving local authorities into providing services to them." (Barnsley, 2020)
Durham County Council did not have an NRPF policy, but listed ‘Fraudulent claim of
eligibility’ for council services by people with NRPF among Emerging / Increasing Fraud
Risks (Durham 2018). Rochdale Borough Council had also identified people with NRPF as
one of two ‘emerging fraud risks’, though this was not borne out by the local authority’s own
figures. Despite receiving 967 fraud referrals and having NRPF as a focus, they only
identified 5 incidences of fraud relating to support for people with NRPF. This was compared
to 143 relating to council tax (Rochdale, 2017). Blackpool Borough Council outlined some
examples of how this focus on fraud played out in practice:
“Several local authorities who identified that ‘no recourse to public funds’ was a risk
have undertaken pro-active anti-fraud exercises in this area, including visiting
recipients of the funds and undertaking fraud awareness exercises with those
responsible [for] administering the scheme.” (Blackpool, 2020)
It is difficult to assess the extent to which a focus on people with NRPF as a fraud risk
prevented people accessing services, but it is notable that only one of the local authorities
who saw people with NRPF as a fraud risk had an NRPF policy or public details about an
NRPF team.
Examples of missing or erroneous information included referencing out-of-date legislation
when referring to legal responsibilities (Walsall, 2017). Hillingdon Borough Council had a
broken link to an NRPF policy and outdated information about the Destitution Domestic
Violence Concession. North Lincolnshire and East Riding of Yorkshire Council’s website
incorrectly said that people with NRPF were not eligible for early-years education.
Call for evidence
Survey of voluntary sector organisations
Experiences of COVID-19
Over half of organisations knew of service users who had either been diagnosed with or had
symptoms of COVID-19 (see figure 9).
Local Authority Responses to people with NRPF during the
pandemic
23
23
Figure 9: Have service users been diagnosed or had COVID-19 symptoms
The total number of service users with COVID-19 symptoms was relatively low (See figure
10 below). 42 organisations responded to the question, and just over half knew of five or less
people with COVID-19 symptoms. However, this was not evenly distributed, and 2
organisations knew of over 20 people with symptoms.
Figure 10: If yes, please could you indicate approximately how many people?
Although numbers of service users with COVID-19 were relatively low, their symptoms were
particularly severe. Nearly a third of respondents did not know how severe the symptoms
were, but 15 out of the remaining 34 knew of people who had died or become seriously ill
(figure 11).
24
Local Authority Responses to people with NRPF during the
pandemic
24
Figure 11: Have any of your members/clients died or become seriously ill as a direct result of COVID-19
Social impact of the pandemic
In addition to COVID-19 symptoms, a wide range of social impacts were experienced by
service users (figure 12). The most commonly experienced problem was not having enough
food. This was closely followed by reduced support from support networks during the
pandemic. Conversely, the least commonly reported problem was domestic abuse, although
this is likely to be underreported, it was still mentioned by 11 organisations.
Figure 12: Social impact of COVID-19
The pandemic had caused many service users who had previously not approached local
authorities to request support. Organisations reported a range of barriers experienced by
service users when attempting to access support (figure 13). The most common barrier across
all service-user groups was being told that no support was available. For people with NRPF
who were experiencing homelessness, common barriers were being scared to access support
because of their immigration status, and being unable to find out how to access support. In
contrast, people attempting to access support under Section 17 Children Act 1989 or the Care
Act 2014 were more commonly told to rely on support networks by the local authority.
Local Authority Responses to people with NRPF during the
pandemic
25
25
Figure 13: Access to support
For service users who were already accessing support from a local authority, the challenges
during the pandemic were different (figure 14). Inadequate accommodation which made it
difficult to socially distance was the most commonly reported issue for families supported
under Section 17 of the Children Act 1989. For those supported under both the Care Act 2014
and the Children Act 1989, being unable to contact social workers or other local authority
workers was a frequently raised concern.
Figure 14: Difficulties for those already accessing support (Care Act & Section 17)
26
Local Authority Responses to people with NRPF during the
pandemic
26
Some local authorities were taking steps to improve support for service users during the
pandemic, and participants mentioned a variety of examples of this, the most common being
to arrange for alternative accommodation to allow people to socially distance (figure 15).
Figure 15: Steps to increase support during the pandemic
Issues faced by service users in accessing support
Children & families/Section 17
Voluntary sector organisations reported a range of issues encountered by families with NRPF
trying to access support under Section 17 of the Children Act 1989 during the pandemic.
These included delays in support provision, threats to take children into care, attacks on
credibility, and aggression on the part of council workers.
Families seeking support for the first time during the pandemic
One organisation based in the East of England reported that their service-users were “being
accused of lying about needing support” by a local authority, while another, London-based
service said they had witnessed “aggressive discrediting of clients that [was] unreasonable
and unfounded” on the part of local authorities.
Some organisations described cases in which local authorities refused to provide urgently-
needed interim support in the absence of evidence which service-users were unable to obtain
Local Authority Responses to people with NRPF during the
pandemic
27
27
(for example, original documents that had been sent to the Home Office in support of an
immigration application).
An organisation based in the East of England described how one family had found the local-
authority assessment process so intrusive that they had withdrawn from both the local
authority and the organisation responding to the survey, despite having no other sources of
support.
Respondents also described inadequate support being offered to families, such as
accommodation with no bedding or cooking utensils, and families being relocated by local
authorities far away from their networks.
Aggression from local authority staff was identified as an issue by a number of organisations.
A charity in the West Midlands described a case in which a social worker had told a service-
user to “stop talking to other agencies as [it was] getting them in trouble.”
Other issues reported by organisations included: families being told by local authorities to
rely on support networks (even where this meant them having to live in overcrowded or
unsafe conditions); and families simply being told that no support was available.
Reasons local authorities gave to justify the refusal of support included: telling service-users
with no income that no support could be given until they were street homeless; and telling
women experiencing domestic violence that they would not be offered accommodation
“unless there was considerable immediate danger and [they] need[ed] to be removed urgently
[from the situation]”. There was widespread belief on the part of respondents that local
authorities were simply trying to evade their statutory duty and would give whatever reason
they could to do so. One national organisation said, “Local authorities [are] thinking of any
possible reason not to assist”.
“Fobbing off, if possible, for whatever reason, is the main strategy used by local
authorities.”
Caseworker, voluntary sector organisation based in the East Midlands
Case study: Ms F
Ms F and her three children approached a London local authority for support and were
signposted to children’s services. Ms F called children’s services three times and was
repeatedly told she could not be helped as she had no recourse to public funds. Ms F
reported that the worker said to her: “If you are worried about feeding your children, you
should find work”.
Ms F was very upset by this comment and told the worker that there was no work available
due to the COVID-19 outbreak. Previously her husband had been looking for a job but hadn’t
had any success. Ms F said that her experience of the local authority led to her experiencing
headaches and panic attacks.
28
Local Authority Responses to people with NRPF during the
pandemic
28
Families already supported under Section 17
NRPF families already supported under Section 17 reported new difficulties with local-
authority support provision during the pandemic. These issues included: families being
required to collect subsistence payments in person even where this necessitated travelling on
public transport during lockdown; families being unable to contact their social worker;
inadequate accommodation for self-isolation or ‘shielding’; and local authorities threatening
to terminate support during lockdown despite families having no alternative accommodation.
“A lot of clients are accommodated in hostels with shared facilities that are also accessed
by people who are self-isolating because they have caught Coronavirus.”
Advisor, voluntary sector organisation in London
Case study
A NRPF single mother of two young children with additional needs was receiving section 17
support from a West Midlands local authority during the pandemic. Once lockdown was
imposed, she asked her social worker if her subsistence payments could be paid into her bank
account. The local authority refused and required the family to collect the payments in
person. This meant the family had to take two buses each way and wait in a congested
reception area to receive their regular payment.
Improvements in provision
Very few organisations had encountered good practice from local authorities in relation to
families with NRPF.
Organisations reported increased subsistence support in just two London local authorities—
Southwark and Newham. One organisation reported that the local authority had increased
subsistence for NRPF families by £10 a week. The respondent felt that this increase was
inadequate and noted that families were still being charged by the card provider for
withdrawing money.
One London-based respondent reported that a local authority had provided emergency food
parcels. Another respondent, in South-East England, observed that a local authority had
amended its criteria for discretionary social fund grants to include those with NRPF
following advocacy from local organisations.
Local Authority Responses to people with NRPF during the
pandemic
29
29
Another South-East based organisation reported very limited additional support from a local
authority, which had “provided one jigsaw puzzle to a family with 5 children [along with] a
supermarket voucher”.
NRPF adults with care needs
Frontline respondents reported a range of difficulties experienced by NRPF service users with
care needs trying to access support from local authorities. These included:
Attacks on credibility
Requests for unobtainable evidence
People being told to rely on their support networks
People being told no support was available
Local authority offices being closed with no adequate alternative to access support
Problems with collecting subsistence
Difficulties contacting social workers
People with care needs being unable to self-isolate due to the type of accommodation
provided.
A South-West-based organisation reported that it took three weeks to get help for one NRPF
client with care needs because the local council ‘didn't believe he was being honest’.
The same organisation reported that another client with serious mental health issues had been
refused support by a local authority on the basis of his NRPF status. The client was referred
after his friend, with whom he had been staying, said they could no longer accommodate
him.
A London-based homelessness charity reported that they had referred a homeless NRPF
service user with care needs to his local authority NRPF team. The NRPF team told them that
the service user did not reach the threshold for support under the Care Act 2014. This service
user was ultimately accommodated through the mainstream COVID-19 homelessness
response.
Case study
A West Midlands respondent reported that they been forced to commence legal action against
a local authority because of the local authority’s failure to support an EEA national with care
needs:
‘The individual is a Romanian national who has been left severely physically disabled
following a violent street attack. Though he clearly has ongoing care needs, the local
authority has refused Care Act support on the basis that he could reasonably be expected to
return to Romania. The LA is aware that this man is eligible for registration under the EU
Settlement Scheme and, thus, for a grant of leave to remain, but they have claimed that this is
immaterial, stating that, as an EEA national, there would be no breach of his Article 3 rights
if he were to return to Romania. A local authority social worker signposted him to a local
30
Local Authority Responses to people with NRPF during the
pandemic
30
migrant support agency with no consideration for the fact that his mobility and care needs
are such that he could not reasonably expected to travel to the organisation in question.’
Improvements in provision
One London-based respondent working with single homeless clients reported that the local
authority had arranged for alternative accommodation to allow adults with care needs to self-
isolate or shield.
NRPF adults without care needs
Respondents reported an extremely wide range of issues in relation to single homeless NRPF
adults without care needs who sought support from local authorities during the pandemic.
This may be because this group is both the largest in terms of numbers and made up of
people who under normal circumstances would not be able to establish their eligibility for
statutory support.
The issues encountered by respondents in relation to this group included:
The lack of a clear pathway for individuals and supporting organisations to refer
people with NRPF for accommodation and support
‘Gatekeeping’ of accommodation provision by housing officers, including applying
Housing Act tests of eligibility;
Local authorities offering hotel accommodation only to ‘verified’ rough sleepers;
Homeless people with NRPF being placed in hotels but no/inadequate provision being
made for their subsistence;
Threats by local authorities to share data with the Home Office
People being too scared to seek support for fear their information will be used for
immigration enforcement purposes
Attacks on credibility
Requests for unobtainable evidence
People being told to rely on their support networks
People being told they cannot be supported because they have no recourse to public
funds
Inconsistent decision making
People not being found by outreach services
People and support organisations being unable to find out where people can go for
support
People not being given basic information about the nature of support provision
Poor quality of accommodation provision
People being unable to contact key workers/housing officer
People simply being told no housing is not available
People having to share communal facilities with others in hotels/hostels
No/inadequate support for substance-misuse and mental health issues
Local Authority Responses to people with NRPF during the
pandemic
31
31
People being pressurized to apply for benefits despite not being eligible
Attacks on credibility
A South West-based respondent reported that a local authority did not believe that one of
their service users, a refused asylum seeker, was a rough sleeper. This was because he was in
a shop and ‘nowhere near a park’ when the local authority housing team telephoned him.
Unreasonable evidence requests
A London-based grassroots charity reported that a pregnant woman in urgent need of
accommodation was asked to fill in a complex, 20-page-long form. A London-based law
centre noted that some homeless people with NRPF had been told they needed an identity
document such as a passport or ID card to be accommodated during the pandemic.
Meanwhile, a London-based refugee advice organisation noted that service users were being
asked to provide evidence of previous addresses, which was difficult for rough sleepers in
particular.
People being told to rely on their support networks
Several respondents reported people with NRPF being told to rely on their support networks.
One respondent linked this to rising homelessness and lack of temporary housing stock,
which they said had contributed to a ‘gatekeeping’ culture in which local authorities sought to
avoid supporting anybody who had any form of support in the community, however insecure,
unsuitable or occasional that support might be.
People being told no support available for those with NRPF
A West Midlands-based community group for refugees and asylum seekers reported referring
a woman who had just been released from immigration detention to the local authority for
support. The local authority responded to the referral by telling them to call the Salvation
Army, which they did, only to be told that the Salvation Army service in question did not
cater to people with NRPF.
Several respondents reported that local authorities had told people with NRPF that they
should seek support from charities or the police rather than the local authority. One London-
based charity working with vulnerable migrants said that a local authority had signposted a
homeless DV survivor to them (the charity) for accommodation and support during the
pandemic because they believed her to be NRPF and therefore ineligible for statutory
support. It was later established that the woman in question was eligible for statutory housing
assistance as the family member of an EEA national.
A South West-based respondent reported that a local authority had been ‘pushing’ people
with NRPF towards hosting accommodation rather than local-authority support.
32
Local Authority Responses to people with NRPF during the
pandemic
32
An East Midlands-based branch of a national charity reported that some of their NRPF
service users had been told that council crisis support grants were ‘for people with status’.
The same organisation reported that NRPF service users had been told by the local authority
that they should seek support from the Home Office.
A national organisation reported that local authorities were refusing to ‘bridge’ (by providing
accommodation) the time gap between asylum seekers being granted Section 4 asylum
support and the start date for this support.
People being told support only available to ‘verified’ rough sleepers
A West Midlands-based respondent said that a number of their NRPF service users had
struggled to access local-authority support because they were not regarded as ‘verified’ rough
sleepers. Some people in this situation had been told to wait for a telephone call about
support options but had not been called by the time of reporting.
Respondents reported that some individuals with NRPF had been told that the only way to be
classified as a rough sleeper for the purposes of support during the pandemic was to be
assessed by a local commissioned outreach service.
‘Homeless guests are being told by [local authorities] that their only pathway to
accommodation is through the local outreach team. This involves sleeping rough, being
found and verified on CHAIN then accommodated in a GLA funded hotel. Many in the
hidden homeless category—women, young people, victims of [domestic violence,
modern slavery] and trafficking—tend not to sleep on the streets and are therefore not
reflected in the street counts. This policy can actively endanger people who are already
at risk.’
Homelessness charity in London
Another London-based respondent reported that winter night shelters, many of which were
still operational when the UK went into lockdown, were initially told by local authorities that
hotel accommodation provided through the pandemic homelessness response was only for
verified rough sleepers or those with a local connection. Ultimately, hotel accommodation
was offered to other winter night shelter guests, including those with NRPF.
Inconsistent decision making
A London law centre reported that one of their clients had been refused accommodation by a
local authority because he was deemed to be ‘sofa surfing’ rather than street homeless. This
decision was reversed when the respondent raised the decision with a different council
employee.
Local Authority Responses to people with NRPF during the
pandemic
33
33
People not being found by outreach services
A London-based refugee organisation reported that they had made a Streetlink referral on
behalf of one of their NRPF service users, a vulnerable woman who had been asked to leave
the accommodation she was staying in. The woman was asked to wait in the street in order to
be picked up by outreach services but the outreach team did not arrive. The woman, who
spoke little English, was forced to spend the night on the bus, which was both distressing and
a safeguarding risk.
Unable to find out where or how to get support
Several respondents reported that it had been difficult for them and their service users to find
out what support was available for homeless people with NRPF. A London law centre
reported that different frontline partners had been given differing information by the same
local authority about how people with NRPF should go about seeking support. The same
respondent said that having a named contact in the local authority made it much easier to get
support for NRPF clients.
A London-based homelessness organisation said that their local authority had responded to
requests for support from people with NRPF by handing out a list of voluntary-sector support
services.
An organisation in the South East reported that a client with NRPF had been ‘bounced back
and forth’ between the council and the commissioned outreach provider for over two weeks
before support was provided ‘despite being clearly street homeless’.
People not being given basic information about the nature of support provision
Some respondents reported that some NRPF individuals had not been told how long they
would be accommodated for or where they would be accommodated.
‘Clients not being given the address and being driven by a taxi to the wrong location,
having to search the right accommodation. Clients being offered accommodation
extremely far, despite working centrally or not having funds to travel. Clients being
bitten by insects in the hotel room’
Law Centre in London
Scared to access support due to immigration status
Some respondents noted that service users with NRPF were afraid to seek support during the
pandemic due to their irregular immigration status.
“We are aware of significant numbers of young Afghan and Kurdish men who had been
working in carwashes and other unregulated environments, and lost employment and
34
Local Authority Responses to people with NRPF during the
pandemic
34
accommodation once the lockdown commenced. They have for the most part, been
reluctant to approach the local authority because of fears about immigration status.”
Migrant support charity, West Midlands
Immigration status was also linked with waiting periods for accommodation. A South East-
based organisation said that it had taken significantly longer to secure local-authority
accommodation for people with NRPF compared to UK and EU citizens entitled to public
funds.
No/inadequate subsistence support/other issues with hotel accommodation
A number of respondents reported that NRPF service users had been accommodated with no
or inadequate provision being made for their basic needs, including food, essential travel and
hygiene items.
A West Midlands-based charity said that an NRPF young person had been given
accommodation by a local authority but no provision had been made for food. The young
person was forced to rely on a youth worker and other voluntary-sector organisations.
One way in which some local authorities dealt with the issue of food provision was by
providing people placed in hotels with food parcels. However, some individuals were
provided with ingredients that needed to be cooked or prepared despite having no access to
facilities for cooking or food preparation.
‘Elderly client, after several weeks in hospital with COVID-19—housed straight from
hospital with no food provisions except for breakfast. In the same hotel, clients housed by
another local authority were receiving additional food provisions
[In other cases] food portions too small or providing one meal a day. Clients receiving
foodbank parcels with pasta or rice [but] placed in a hotel room with no access to kitchen
facilities, or tins requiring a can opener, so no use for the type of food provisions they were
receiving. Clients not having access to soap or dishwasher for two weeks, not receiving fresh
towels or having the room cleaned (rubbish, clean sheets etc) for up to two weeks.’
Law centre, London
Other respondents reported dissatisfaction with the quality and variation of food provided.
Some charities had been providing NRPF clients with food in cases where local-authority
food provision was absent or inadequate. Finally, several respondents noted that NRPF
clients had not been provided with contact details for housing officers or support workers,
which meant that there was nobody from the local authority they could contact in case of
problems.
Local Authority Responses to people with NRPF during the
pandemic
35
35
Having to share communal facilities with others
Respondents reported that some individuals with NRPF accommodated through the COVID-
19 homelessness response had been provided with communal living or food preparation
facilities, undermining their ability to socially distance and, where necessary, self-isolate.
No/inadequate support for individuals with high support needs
A London-based respondent reported that NRPF clients with substance-misuse issues,
including an individual suffering from alcohol withdrawal symptoms, had not been given
appropriate support.
The same organisation reported that a suicidal client with severe physical health problems
was left in an unstaffed hotel for days with no mental health support despite concerns being
raised.
Another London-based respondent said that NRPF service users placed in hotels were
struggling to access necessary medical care. This respondent described the atmosphere in
hotels as one of ‘misunderstanding, frustration, depression, anxiety, lack of hope or stability’.
People being pressurised to apply for benefits despite not being eligible
A London-based migrant organisation reported that some NRPF clients had been encouraged
by council workers to apply for benefits despite not being eligible, noting that this could have
a negative effect on future immigration applications.
Improvements
A number of respondents reported positive steps taken by local authorities in relation to the
single-homeless NRPF cohort and many were generally complimentary about the efforts
made by local authorities to accommodate people who would not ordinarily be eligible.
“All of our clients have been provided with hotel or other accommodation to enable them to
self isolate.”
London borough-based homelessness charity working with many NRPF clients
A London law centre had struck up a funded partnership with a local authority to provide
immigration advice and casework to NRPF homeless people placed in hotels. This
respondent was mostly positive about the support provided to NRPF clients.
‘The accommodation seems to be of a good standard. One client who had been on the streets
for two years told us he absolutely loves his hotel room, is getting great food and gaining
weight and feeling healthier each day. Others have commented on the food not being very
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36
nice, or that it is cold when it is brought to their rooms, but overall our clients are reporting
that the accommodation is well managed and needs are being met.’ Law centre, London
A London-based homelessness organisation praised a local authority for providing suitable
self-contained accommodation to a woman with NRPF who was suffering from mental health
difficulties. The respondent noted that effective joint working between the local authority and
the voluntary sector had helped make this provision happen.
Relationship with local authority
The survey responses give a mixed picture of the relationship between voluntary-sector
organisations/grassroots groups and local authorities around NRPF issues both before and
during the pandemic.
Some organisations found that the COVID-19 crisis had led to improved relations with
councils and increased local-authority responsiveness to the needs of people with NRPF.
Other respondents reported frustration with a lack of responsiveness and coherent planning
on the part of councils.
Voluntary-sector & grassroots ‘gap-filling’
A number of respondents reported that local authorities had asked voluntary-sector and
grassroots organisations for assistance with meeting the needs of homeless people with NRPF
during the pandemic.
The most commonly described requests from local authorities to voluntary-sector or
grassroots organisations for practical support involved the provision of food and other basic
items.
In London, it was reported that two local authorities were sourcing their meals provision for
homeless people with NRPF accommodated through the pandemic response from a
‘taskforce’ run by grassroots homelessness organisations.
In another part of London, it was reported that people with NRPF were told to rely on a local
COVID-19 mutual aid group for food provisions.
Also in London, a voluntary-sector respondent drew a distinction between the support
provided to people with NRPF who had previously been accommodated in winter night
shelters—and whose hotel accommodation was therefore funded by the GLA—and those
who had been accommodated by local authorities at borough level. While homeless people
with NRPF in the former group were consistently provided with meals, those in the latter
group were not and were in many cases relying on mutual aid groups or other voluntary
networks to meet their subsistence needs.
Local Authority Responses to people with NRPF during the
pandemic
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37
A further respondent in the South East of England reported that the local council ‘has been
relying on independent food banks (including ours), mutual aid groups and faith groups
(mosques) to provide food deliveries to destitute and NRPF clients.’
A hosting organisation in the West Midlands reported that their local authority had contacted
them requesting help with accommodating people with NRPF.
Legal advice
At least four organisations reported that local authorities had been in touch with them about
legal advice for NRPF clients. In one case, where the local authority concerned was already
commissioning the voluntary-sector organisation concerned, they contacted that organisation
to discuss the possibility of providing additional immigration assessments for people with
NRPF accommodated through the pandemic response.
An organisation working with destitute families reported that several local authorities had
been in touch with them asking for advice around Section 17 (Children Act 1989) issues.
Joint working around accommodation
One organisation reported that ‘we have been working with the local authority to provide
additional self-contained accommodation and food’.
Positive or improved relations
One organisation working with destitute NRPF families reported finding Section 17 referrals
to local authorities generally easier than before the pandemic.
Another organisation working with destitute NRPF families reported that, since the start of
lockdown, they had not needed to refer any of their client families to community care
solicitors to challenge a refusal of Section 17 support.
A number of organisations reported generally improved relations with the local authority
during the pandemic, with one saying they were ‘largely impressed with the LA response and
speed at which support ha[d] been offered.’
Generally we have been finding referrals to local authorities easier. With a bit of negotiation
we have been bringing the evidence down in line with what someone can obtain at the time in
the majority of cases. The only issue we are having is with single points of access (MASH
teams mainly) refusing from the off and then backing down when challenged about it. Local
authorities have generally been unusually reasonable.
Charity working with destitute families, London
‘We have found the local authority actually to be quite good. After some initial gatekeeping,
all of our rough sleeping clients have been provided with catered hotel accommodation for
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the duration of the lockdown. The LA staff we have dealt with have generally been very busy
but willing to help. They have committed not to reporting people to the Home Office, and we
are involved in regular meetings with the head of their housing team. They have made
general statements that they do not want anyone to return to the street, and have engaged in
weekly meetings with us. We have been provided with funding to provide immigration
casework to those placed in hotels in response to the pandemic.’
Law centre, London
Negative experiences
One organisation noted that, while not explicitly hostile to NRPF clients, local authorities
were generally reluctant to provide support due to lack of resources, with councils preferring
to let charities and voluntary sector organisations take the lead.
Another respondent noted that one local authority’s social services department had been
systematically refusing all referrals at the ‘single point of entry’/MASH stage, apparently as a
blanket response to the COVID-19 lockdown, and that this had required advocacy challenge.
‘I don’t understand why some statutory services are still making it difficult for people to
access support. The virus doesn’t make any distinction between people with recourse to
public funds and NRPF, so why the approach is different during this pandemic, it doesn’t
make sense, and it is ethically and morally wrong.’
Migrant charity in South West of England
‘I am very concerned about what will happen after lockdown and where people will go,
especially with NRPF, and also the pressure that is going to be placed on organisations
having to deal with the fallout, trying to find places for people to go etc. Haven’t had an
indication from LA’s that they have a coherent plan, and I’m certainly worried that the
government commitment to ending homeless is an empty one’
Homelessness charity in London
Some respondents interpreted requests for assistance from local authorities positively. Others
viewed these requests more ambivalently. This may reflect differing expectations of the role
of local authorities in supporting local residents with NRPF. More broadly, it may reflect
differing perspectives on what services councils should be expected to provide above and
beyond those they are required to provide by law.
It may also be possible to map differences in the way that respondents perceived requests
from councils for support onto cultural and structural differences between the migrant-
support sector and the homelessness sector. Migrant-support organisations often have a
neutral or antagonistic relationship to local authorities due to the special difficulties many of
their service users face in accessing statutory support. Homelessness organisations are more
likely to be, or to aspire to being, commissioned service providers or recipients of local-
authority core funding.
Local Authority Responses to people with NRPF during the
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39
It is worth drawing out an additional distinction: between local authority requests for support
that engaged the specific experience and expertise of voluntary-sector and grassroots groups
(e.g. specialist advice provision, relationship with communities); and requests for charities or
grassroots networks to help meet the subsistence needs of people with NRPF. Respondents
were generally happier to provide the former than the latter, although, perhaps surprisingly,
there were few expressions of principled objection to the idea of the voluntary sector filling
gaps in council provision.
Policy changes organisations would like to see
Respondents acknowledged that during the COVID-19 pandemic many local authorities had
provided support to homeless people who would not be eligible for statutory support under
normal circumstances. However, as this section has shown, frontline organisations reported
significant concerns over the quality of this provision. A number of improvements were
suggested, some specifically in relation to COVID-19 and others more general.
The changes organisations would like to see are perhaps best summed up by a respondent
from the East of England-based branch of a national organisation:
‘[Local authorities should t]reat all clients with humanity. Stop gatekeeping and treating
people like criminals and look for ways to support vulnerable people. Recognise the duty
when there is one and work with families and local organisations to support clients. Our
client group is not treated with humanity and it seems that social work in practice in the UK
has diverged from its core principles. Promote the rights and wellbeing of people, families
and communities. We are all aware that this is happening and it is so important that we work
together to stand with these families and demand a change in practice.’
We have split the policy changes suggested by respondents into two sections. The first
section deals with policy and practice issues at local-authority level and the second with
national policy issues around NRPF.
Local level
Improved coordination within local authorities and with support organisations
A London-based respondent suggested that there was a need for better coordination among
local authority services, perhaps through the creation of NRPF teams incorporating both adult
and children’s services.
A local organisation in the South West suggested that local authorities could improve
coordination by being ‘proactively willing to work with and support organisations working
with vulnerable migrants’.
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An organisation in the East of England noted that support for people with NRPF was
coordinated very differently from one local authority to the next and said that this made
referring service users complicated. This issue had been compounded by the fact that
referral mechanisms and contact names had changed during the pandemic.
A national organisation noted that there was little transparency about services for people with
NRPF during the pandemic and how to access them, and suggested that this could be
improved by better joint working between statutory homelessness teams and street outreach.
Commissioning/partnership
Voluntary-sector organisations felt that there was expertise and local knowledge that was not
being utilised by local authorities. One faith group in the West of England felt that local
authorities should ‘work more closely with charities [and] accept our knowledge on many
issues (we hear our clients and work on the ground) [in order] to act faster.’
It was suggested that voluntary organisations have demographic data and community
knowledge that could be useful for local authorities and enable them to better tailor support to
the communities they worked in. This was particularly true, it was suggested, of small,
specialist community organisations:
“ [Local authorities should u]se data on demographics coming from local organisations
about the needs and barriers that the community reports everyday and tailor support for them
ensuring they have the means to support non-English speakers with very complex and multi-
layered needs ranging from housing, employment, immigration status and access to
education that are severely exacerbated by COVID-19.”
Local charity, London
An organisation in the West Midlands suggested that local authorities should support, and
draw on, the voluntary sector’s expertise in the provision of immigration advice.
A respondent in the East of England reported that many voluntary-sector agencies were
struggling to find adequate funding and would benefit from being commissioned or otherwise
supported financially by local authorities. The respondent said there would be mutual benefit
in this, citing the example of a local organisation whose expertise in translation into
community languages could be of use to the local authority.
Holistic support
Respondents thought that the support provided by local authorities needed to be more holistic
in order to better meet people’s needs. A London-based organisation suggested that as well as
providing accommodation, local authorities should address immigration, housing, health,
substance misuse and addiction and other issues.
Two organisations, based in London and the West Midlands, emphasized the need for people
with NRPF to be able to access technology such as phones and the internet, particularly when
self-isolating or socially distancing. Another London organisation noted the importance of
Local Authority Responses to people with NRPF during the
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41
subsistence provision to enable service users to pay for hygiene items. A national
organisation highlighted the importance of laundry facilities. The need to ensure people were
able to access three meals a day was raised by a charity from the South West of England.
More financial support
The most common suggestion was an increase in subsistence rates for families with NRPF
during the pandemic.
A local organisation in West Midlands said that where living costs had increased as a result
of the pandemic, subsistence support rates should be reviewed. The same respondent
suggested that alternative methods of delivering support (such as BACS payments) should be
introduced to support social distancing.
Improved accommodation
A national organisation noted that the pandemic had created specific extra needs, including
housing suitable for self-isolation.
A local organisation in the South West observed that providing support to allow people to
socially distance went beyond just supporting ‘traditional’ rough sleepers.
Talking to people with NRPF
A regional organisation in the South West noted the need to reach out beyond families
already known to local authorities to include those who were newly at risk of becoming
homeless due to the pandemic.
“LAs need to ask families what they want. I have heard of LAs making decisions where they
have not consulted the families and decisions have been unrealistic and inappropriate, in
some cases they have made the situation worse.”
Charity, South West
Accommodation for self-isolation
Respondents viewed the ability to socially distance and, where necessary, self-isolate as vital
to keeping NRPF service users safe during the pandemic.
One London organisation noted that the accommodation provided to many families supported
under Section 17 made it very difficult for them to self-isolate and suggested that many
families would need rehousing for the duration of the pandemic.
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More information for the voluntary sector/better training for council workers
A respondent in the South West reported that housing officers did not appear fully aware of
the government’s instructions to councils to house people with NRPF, and noted the need for
better training for staff on who should be supported during the pandemic.
A London-based organisation reported that many council housing officers were not used to
dealing with people with NRPF and needed a better understanding of NRPF restrictions.
These concerns were echoed by a charity in the West Midlands, which suggested that there
needed to be “more clarity of information about local authority duties, and how to access
support under those duties”.
Another organisation felt that the information about support for people with NRPF that was
publically available on a local-authority website was ambiguous and needed to be amended.
A fourth, London-based refugee charity said that assessment processes needed to be made
more straightforward and easier for people with NRPF to understand.
Finally, a national charity said that local authorities needed to issue clear guidance about
access to accommodation during COVID-19. This needed to be communicated to local-
authority staff (so that incorrect eligibility tests were not applied) and to the voluntary-sector
(so they could properly advise NRPF clients).
Food provision
A particular concern for respondents was an apparent rise in food poverty during the
pandemic, especially for people with NRPF. A local organisation in London said that the
provision of food was a key change that could improve the lives of people with NRPF.
A charity in the South West noted that access to hot meals was very important for people who
had previously been sleeping rough. As already noted, some NRPF homeless people
accommodated in hotels through the COVID-19 homelessness response have not been
provided with hot meals by local authorities.
Finally, the earning threshold for entitlement to free school meals was thought to be too high
as it excluded some families with NRPF. It was suggested that local authorities should fill the
gap through the provision of food vouchers
Flexibility
The exceptional circumstances created by COVID-19 have presented a unique challenge to
local-authority bureaucracies. Respondents wanted councils to be more flexible about support
provision for people with NRPF. There were concerns that the protocols for validating and
verifying applications for support were inappropriate in the context of a public health
emergency.
Local Authority Responses to people with NRPF during the
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43
A London-based homelessness charity suggested that local authorities should temporarily
change eligibility requirements for statutory homelessness assistance. An East Midlands
branch of a national organisation said that, given the circumstances, local authorities simply
needed to give people the benefit of the doubt when it came to eligibility for support.
Subsistence as well as housing
Many of the organisations who responded to the call for evidence noted that local authorities
were accommodating people with NRPF who presented as homeless, but not providing them
with subsistence support. This meant that some people who were housed by councils had no
money to meet their basic needs. An East of England branch of a national organisation noted
that this was a particular issue given that many people with NRPF were no longer able to rely
on their usual support networks due to COVID-19.
A local organisation in the East of England suggested that local authorities should make
destitution payments for people without access to benefits, as well as those who had
previously been employed in the informal economy.
Gatekeeping
A frequent recommendation for change in local authority practice was to end gatekeeping
practices. (A London-based respondent noted that local authorities often end up on the losing
side in judicial review challenges to these practices.)
Some respondents complained of an unwillingness on the part of councils to assess people
approaching for support under Section 17 or the Care Act. Others noted the complex referral
and interview procedures for homeless adults.
One organisation suggested that a local authority should remove from its website information
suggesting that people with NRPF should contact the Home Office for support, noting that
most people with NRPF are unlikely to be able to establish eligibility for asylum support.
Data firewalls
As already discussed, a significant barrier to people with NRPF asking for help during the
pandemic was the fear that information about them might be shared with the Home Office.
Two South East-based respondents raised this as an issue. A London-based migrant charity
suggested that local authorities needed to be clearer about what information about applicants
for support might be shared with the Home Office.
Support beyond lockdown
Many local authorities have housed people with NRPF during the lockdown after being
directed to do so by the government. Respondents expressed concern about the long-term
prospects for people with NRPF accommodated on this basis and called for both a clear plan
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of action and assurances that accommodation would be made available in the long term to all
who need it.
Transitions from local-authority support, or between different kinds of local-authority
support, were also raised as an issue. A national organisation noted that social services
departments needed to communicate more effectively with housing departments to ensure a
smooth transition for NRPF families and individuals who are granted leave to remain or have
their NRPF condition lifted. Otherwise there was a risk of destitution in the interim period.
Social services support should not be withdrawn until people are in receipt of Universal
Credit.
National level
Suggestions for policy changes to improve support for people with NRPF at national level
fell into six broad themes.
End NRPF
The most commonly suggested policy change was an end to the NRPF system. This was
raised by both national and local organisations. Some respondents said NRPF should be
suspended, while others said it should be scrapped in its entirety. Some said that NRPF
should be abolished for people with leave to remain, while others believed that nobody
should be subject to NRPF.
“Denying people who are lawfully resident in the UK recourse to public funds serves no
purpose other than to marginalise and impoverish children and families who are on a route
to settlement in this country, creating far more social policy difficulties than the supposed
savings to the welfare budget are worth. The NRPF condition should be scrapped,
permanently.”
West Midlands organisation
Several respondents believed that the COVID-19 pandemic had brought into sharp relief the
harm and suffering caused by NRPF. The NRPF system was described as ‘discriminatory’
(West Midlands respondent), ‘inhumane’ (South East respondent) and as a ‘safeguarding’
(East of England respondent) and ‘public health’ concern (South West respondent).
There was a general feeling that there should be ‘no going back’ (South East respondent) to
how things had been before the pandemic.
"It feels like a really rare opportunity to put long term support in place for people
[with NRPF who have been accommodated in] hotels. [The g]overnment has shown
that it does in fact have the resources to effectively tackle rough sleeping and to
provide accommodation for all, and there is no reason to end this support when the
Local Authority Responses to people with NRPF during the
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45
lockdown ends. We have seen great improvements in our clients' physical and mental
health since being accommodated."
London organisation
Another respondent noted that the pandemic had provided opportunity to reflect on the whole
system of support for migrants:
‘I hope that this period has highlighted to local authorities the importance of the
safety net that they provide [There is] perhaps some learning [in terms of] how this
safety net can be improved. Consideration needs to be given in policy to the fragility
of the support people are provided with […]There is no ‘give’ for changes in
circumstances [or] unprecedented situations such as this. Ultimately, I hope that the
[pandemic] illustrates the need to entirely reconsider NRPF and the [reliance] on
social care legislation to provide support (however fanciful that currently feels).’
Organisation in East of England
Recognising the scale of destitution
Some organisations believed that the scale of NRPF-related destitution and its human
consequences had not been properly acknowledged by the government.
“Recognition of the numbers and scale of destitution faced by those with NRPF and
how much reliance there is on the charity sector to essentially keep people alive. The
real insight will come as lockdown ends and people are asked to leave the emergency
accommodation. What offers, if any, will be made to those with NRPF?”
National organisation
It was suggested that if the government understood how serious the problems caused by
NRPF-related destitution were, better services and policy responses could be put in place to
alleviate it. This would result in better outcomes for service users and less pressure on
services:
"People who have accommodation have improved mental health and stability so can
focus on resolving their right to remain. Not only is this good for that individual or
family [It also] improves safety and security in already deprived communities. People
can lead independent lives and not [be] dependent on statutory services
South East charity
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Right to work
Giving people with NRPF the right to work was seen as a key area of policy change. This
would allow people to “pay their own way” (West Midlands respondent) and reduce poverty
by increasing people’s income (London respondent).
Some respondents saw giving people with NRPF the right to work as linked to wider policy
change.
"Make it easier to remove NRPF condition. Allow NRPF people with no status same
access to work so they can support themselves, and if not working [allow them] to
access support if destitute."
East Midlands charity
Faster Home Office decision making
The length of time taken by the Home Office to decide cases was recognised as a cause of
prolonged hardship. One London respondent suggested there was a need for faster timescales
and targets for responding to applications for leave to remain.
Another respondent, in the East of England, suggested that cases could be sped up if local
authorities had access to a Home Office immigration officer.
Right to rent
The so-called ‘right to rent’ policy was identified by one national organisation as a problem
contributing to the homelessness of people with NRPF.
Better guidance
A lack of statutory guidance for local authorities working with people with NRPF was
identified as a key area for policy change. One respondent said that there needed to be clearer
procedures and policies about what people could expect to be provided with. This would
enable better practice on the part of councils.
“Better understanding by LA staff of issues facing those with NRPF so when they are
supporting them through any given pathways the individuals are treated with dignity
and not made to feel pressured or cautious about answering questions or [forced to
make] desperate choices e.g. in this instance, either contracting COVID-19, returning
to violent husband or being homeless and running the risk of having child removed..
Awareness of cultural differences including/ food.”
National organisation branch in South West
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Survey of local authorities
There were 18 responses to the local authority call for evidence across 7 English regions and
Wales. In total, responses were received from 16 local authorities and one children’s trust
running children’s social care services. There were no responses from local authorities in
South West England, North East England, Northern Ireland or Scotland. In contrast to the call
for evidence from the voluntary sector, the largest number of responses came from North
West England.
Figure 16: Regional breakdown of call for evidence from local authorities
Local authority experiences of NRPF during the pandemic
Over 60 percent of local authority officers who responded to the survey reported an increase
in referrals from people with NRPF during the pandemic (see Figure 17). One local authority
in the East of England described a fivefold increase in referrals at the height of the pandemic
in April and May.
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Figure 17: Have you seen an increase in referrals from people with NRPF during the pandemic?
The number of local authorities who had experienced increased costs associated with
supporting people with NRPF during the pandemic, however, was significantly higher, at 78
percent (see Figure 18).
Figure 18: Has the cost of supporting people with NRPF increased during the pandemic?
Only 55 percent of respondents could confirm that their local authority had a NRPF policy,
while over a quarter of local authorities stated that they did not have a NRPF policy.
Local Authority Responses to people with NRPF during the
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Figure 19: Do you have a NRPF policy?
Concerningly, half of the local authorities who responded had not updated their NRPF policy
since the COVID-19 pandemic, with just 28 percent of respondents having done so.
Figure 20: Have you had to update your NRPF policy since the pandemic?
Local authority responses to people with NRPF during the pandemic
When asked how they had responded to people with NRPF during the pandemic, all local
authorities emphasised the provision of accommodation. A high number of respondents also
mentioned providing other forms of support to those accommodated, such as subsistence
money or vouchers, food parcels and other essential items, and discretionary support grants.
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Some local authorities described signposting people with NRPF to voluntary sector services,
paying for immigration advice, and supporting service-users with EUSS applications. Two
local authorities said they had offered ‘reconnection’ to people with NRPF who they were
supporting. The majority of local authorities focused on their response to people
accommodated in response to the Ministry for Housing, Communities and Local
Government’s ‘Everyone In’ directive, but one respondent mentioned providing increased
support to people with NRPF who were already supported under statutory duties.
“The Government's lack of clarity, the fudge in Luke Hall's letter and the apparent refusal to
lift the legal restrictions on assisting people who are ineligible or NRPF is perhaps the biggest
challenge.” Manager in a local authority in the East of England
Local authorities described some of the challenges they faced in responding to and supporting
people with NRPF during the pandemic. The most commonly reported issues were high costs
and insufficient funding; lack of clarity and guidance from central government; and
difficulties sourcing accommodation, particularly as a result of the closure of hotels due to
lockdown restrictions. Several local authorities also reported decreased capacity in the
voluntary sector as a significant problem. It was clear from respondents that moving those
with NRPF on from local-authority support posed a big challenge. Issues described included:
a shortage of employment opportunities as a result of the pandemic; the government’s refusal
to lift restrictions prohibiting people with NRPF from accessing welfare support; and delays
in the transition to benefits where the Home Office had lifted service-users’ NRPF
conditions. Language barriers and the lack of face-to-face contact were also cited by local-
authority staff among the difficulties of working with NRPF service-users.
Examples of good practice developed during the pandemic that were identified by local
authorities included: improved understanding of NRPF across different departments; more
coordinated work with the voluntary sector and outreach teams; and the provision of
accommodation to those who would not normally be entitled to support. One respondent from
a local authority in the East Midlands described being able to look at the issues experienced
by people with NRPF in “new and innovative ways” as a consequence of collaboration with
faith groups and voluntary sector organisations.
Respondents were also asked about their post-lockdown plans with respect to support for
people with NRPF accommodated under ‘Everyone In’. A number of local authorities
mentioned the prospect of‘ moving on’ EEA nationals to private rented accommodation in
cases where they had taken up employment. In two cases, this had been arranged for groups
of service-users. One local authority had negotiated with landlords to accept groups of EEA
nationals to be housed together, with the council covering deposits and rent upfront. Another
was setting up supported shared housing with a view to EEA nationals finding employment.
A small number of local authorities gave concerning answers that indicated support would be
withdrawn in cases where service-users had no alternative accommodation. One local
authority in the North West bluntly stated that their plan was ‘repatriation’, while an East of
England-based local authority said they would be carrying out Human Rights and European
Treaty rights assessments.
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“Work to ensure recourse to public funds where possible, transfer cases to asylum support as
appropriate, use 'quick wins' to justify longer support to other more complex cases. Consult
with leadership about the approach they want us to take and in light of competing
pressures.”
Manager in a London local authority
Policy change
Most local authorities who responded to the call for evidence identified policy changes that
would improve support for people with NRPF. These included: the suspension or ending of
NRPF; adjustments to the welfare system to allow people with NRPF to access welfare
benefits; funding to provide accommodation; increased access to free immigration advice;
and quicker resolution of cases by the Home Office. Some local authorities suggested that
specific groups affected by NRPF should be given access to welfare benefits (such as those
with ‘Limited Leave to Remain’ who had been working but had lost employment during the
pandemic). One local authority officer said they would like the local authority to continue to
support young people with NRPF in the same way after the end of lockdown.
Half of respondents had made calls to central government about NRPF during the pandemic
(see Figure 21). In some cases, local authorities had repeatedly raised the issue with the
Ministry for Housing, Communities and Local Government. Others had little capacity due to
the pressures of the pandemic, or were wary. One local authority officer in the East of
England stated: ‘In view of the hostile environment and the Windrush scandal I do not trust
the Home Office - I have no desire to become an outsourced immigration officer.’
Figure 21: Has your local authority made calls to MHCLG or the Home Office about NRPF during the Pandemic?
Provision of support to people with NRPF
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Local Authority Responses to people with NRPF during the
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Only a small number of local authorities reported providing additional support to people with
NRPF who were being supported under Section 17 of the Children Act 1989 or the Care Act
2014 (see Figure 22). Although four local authorities reported that they had provided
increased subsistence, two of those had simply increased their subsistence rates by 26p a day
in line with the minimal increase to asylum-support rates announced by the government on
8th June 2020. A large number of respondents were unsure whether their local authorities
were providing additional support and one local authority in the North West stated that it was
not supporting any families with NRPF under Section 17. Concerningly, one respondent
answered:
“The Council does not have duties under s17”
Manager in a local authority in North West England
This lack of understanding of statutory duties extended to the Care Act 2014, with the same
respondent also claiming that their council had no duties to people with NRPF with care
needs.
Figure 22: Have you taken any of the following steps for people with NRPF who you are supporting under Section 17 of
the Children Act 1989 or the Care Act 2014?
In terms of support provided to those with NRPF accommodated under ‘Everyone In’, a high
number of local authorities reported providing food and referring individuals to organisations
that provide immigration advice. A smaller number of respondents said their local authority
had provided substance misuse support, mental health support and internet access. In
addition, one local authority in the North West of England described individuals who had
been accommodated being given basic prepaid mobile phones so contact could be
maintained.
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Figure 23: Have you taken any of the following steps for people with NRPF who you are supporting during the pandemic
and would not normally be eligible for statutory support?
Welfare diaries
Welfare diaries were conducted with 18 people, identified by participants in the frontline call
for evidence. Purposive sampling was used to ensure that welfare-diary participants had a
range of immigration statuses (See figure 24) and support needs (see figure 25). The most
common immigration status was limited leave to remain subject to the NRPF condition.
Figure 24: Welfare diary participant immigration status
Just over half of welfare-diary participants were families with dependent children who were
supported under Section 17 of the Children Act 1989. Six people were homeless adults who
would not previously have been eligible for support but were accommodated in response
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to MHCLG’s ‘Everyone In’ instruction. The final two participants were adults with care
needs who were supported under the Care Act 2014.
Figure 25: Welfare diary participant support needs
Figure 26s: Welfare diary participant regions
Telephone interviews with participants took place on a daily basis over 6 days. On the first
day participants were asked a series of closed-ended questions about their food, financial,
health, housing, and wellbeing situations. This provided a baseline to track how participants’
situations changed during the course of the diary. On days 2-6 participants were asked open-
ended questions around the same themes, with additional prompts used by the researchers
where needed. Participants were also asked whether anything had changed since the previous
day and whether they felt things were better, or worse than the day before.
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Welfare diary questionnaire analysis
Food
Participants were asked if since the beginning of the lockdown:
a. “we worried whether our food would run out before we got money to buy more.”
b. “the food we bought just didn’t last and we didn’t have money to get more.”
Using the Hunger Vital Sign (HVS) screener, if respondents answered that either or both of
the two statements were ‘often true’ or ‘sometimes true’, they were at risk of food insecurity.
16 out of 18 participants were at risk of food insecurity (see figure 27). Previous research
indicates that children in households at risk of food insecurity are more likely to be ill, or to
have been hospitalised, and are at increased risk of developmental delays. Similarly, mothers
of children who are at risk of food insecurity are more likely to be ill or report depressive
symptoms (Goldman et al., 2014),
Figure 27: Household food security
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Figure 28: Household finances
Figure 29: GP registration and prescribed medication
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Figure 30: COVID-19 symptoms and tests taken
Figure 31: Adequate accommodation during pandemic?
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Figure 32: Sharing facilities during pandemic?
The majority of people who shared facilities shared more than one facility with others,
making it difficult to self-isolate if they became ill. Equal numbers of people shared
bathrooms, laundry facilities and kitchens.
Figure 33: Type of facilities shared
Wellbeing
Participants completed the short form Warwick-Edinburgh Mental wellbeing scale. Scores
ranged from 12 to 26, with a mean score of 20.2. This is lower than the national figures from
the Health Survey for England, which is 23.2 (Ng Fat et al. 2017). The relationship between
low wellbeing and the social conditions such as food insecurity and inadequate housing is
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beyond the scope of this research. However, participants’ experience of stress and anxiety
were frequently mentioned during the welfare diaries.
NRPF participants’ experiences during the pandemic
Participants accommodated under ‘Everyone In’
NRPF participants accommodated in response to the ‘Everyone In’ directive described
various issues with their accommodation, including bed bugs and being forced to share
facilities. One participant, an EEA national in London, described feeling surveilled by staff at
his hotel.
Welfare-diary participants in this category were experiencing high levels of destitution and
food insecurity. There was varied food provision across accommodation providers, with some
offering three meals a day and others offering just breakfast. None of the participants were
receiving financial support.
“We were on the streets and were given three croissants, three bananas, three yoghurts, we
didn’t have anything to eat. We heard that others from St Mungo’s are getting food vouchers
for £20 or £50 but nobody has offered them to us. We asked at St Mungo’s and were given
food bank vouchers once, then we were told to sort this out at the hostel/hotel, but when we
approached the hotel we were told to go back to St Mungo’s to ask. Same for bus tickets, we
need them but were never able to obtain them, even though we were placed far away, and we
hear stories of others getting lots, full booklets.”
Aleks, London
One participant in London described being told that if he obtained employment, he would be
evicted from the accommodation:
“I am worried about work, I would like to go to work but when I told the staff that I might
have something lined up, they said if I start working, I will lose my accommodation in the
hotel.”
Mateusz, London
In this sense, some people with NRPF accommodated in response to the ‘Everyone In’
directive were effectively forced into destitution as they were neither provided with adequate
subsistence nor allowed to seek employment. The welfare diaries also revealed that previous
survival strategies such as begging were no longer possible as a result of the pandemic. In
some cases, participants were going to charities and food banks for food, but a number of
participants complained that they did not have money or bus tickets to travel, which meant
they could not obtain this additional support.
Almost all participants reported anxiety. A high number said they were experiencing
depression, feelings of hopelessness, isolation and stress.
“I always feel stressed and worried. I’m worried I am going to get evicted and put back on
the streets when this virus ends. I’m worried about my benefit application. I'm also still
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waiting for a decision on my Settled Status Application and I am worried that this will not
come out good.”
Kwame, West Midlands
These feelings were clearly linked to the uncertainty around participants’ accommodation,
with many believing that it was simply a matter of time before they were evicted.
“...They’ll take it sooner or later and I will end up back on the streets. I don’t think about the
future.”
Artur, London
The welfare diaries showed that support to obtain passports, bank accounts and settled status
was being provided to some participants. This support often appeared to be part of a plan to
‘move people on’ from accommodation. One participant was particularly positive about the
support she was receiving from her keyworker at a charity providing services on behalf of a
local authority:
“I have a keyworker and I really have to say she is great, she really gives everything to her
work...she is a really nice person and she is really trying to help. She is not pretending to do
things with no effect, but she really tries to help and puts her heart into it.”
Zosia, London
However, the majority of participants expressed disillusionment and cynicism with respect to
motives of support services. Frequent references were made to “empty promises” and a lack
of support. Mateusz, an EEA national with multiple medical issues, said:
“I was angry because I was promised something and then there were changes, I said you
should have it all written down, what my illnesses are. Not asking me whether I have a fever
and cough, or how I feel. I don’t feel like the staff know my medical history. The staff just
keep asking how I am but they only care about the virus [...] Each time I get new staff. I have
to repeat all my issues, don’t they have it all in the paperwork? I still don’t have the inhaler, I
got two bandages for varicose veins. Sometimes it’s all words, nothing happens. They
promise a lot, then nothing happens.”
Artur, who was in accommodation provided by the Greater London Authority, told us, “If
they could, they’d send us far, far away beyond London so that they wouldn’t have to see us
ever again.” This perspective may reflect long-standing issues with the way local and central
government, and the charities to which they contract outreach services, approach migrant
homelessness. ‘Reconnection’ has long been the standard response to migrant rough sleepers
excluded from welfare support (Homeless Link, 2011), despite the lack of evidence on
reconnection outcomes (Johnsen & Jones, 2015). There has also been extensive collaboration
between local government, homelessness organisations and the Home Office’s Immigration
Compliance and Enforcement teams over the last decade, with a number of operations and
policies between 2010-2017 targeting EEA national rough sleepers for administrative
removal as a ‘solution’ to rough sleeping (see Demars, 2017).
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Case study: Mateusz
Mateusz is a homeless EEA national who has been in the UK for over 15 years. He has an
application for settled status pending but has been waiting a long time to hear back from the
Home Office. He was accommodated two and a half weeks after lockdown was enforced in
the UK.
Day 2
Mateusz says his health is the same. He has some medical conditions. His friends are still
supporting him, bringing him food because it’s difficult to subsist on dry food.
“Don’t know what to tell you, at least it’s good to have accommodation, streets are the
streets and here I’m under the roof, at least I’ve got a TV, however it is, you can always
watch something.”
He says he had a long phone call yesterday with a manager and an interpreter, who asked
what they could help him with. He complained about the food and mentioned the clothes that
he had to throw away. They will give him Polish books. He told them that he needs a
passport. They also asked him about his national insurance number and said he should get it
in a week.
“I am happy about the conversation, bit by bit sorting things out. They asked me about work.
My health is so so but my hands are working. I’d love to go to work...They said they will help
me with clothes. I only have one change of clothes, have to wash things to go out...I am very
pleased, it’s some sort of help...They say I can stay here until the end of July. They mentioned
moving on, and a passport. I think I am entitled to further help...I’d like to get an official job,
not working cash in hand where someone pays me, others don’t and it’s stressful...They asked
me about alcohol. I drink, I get three beers a day. They asked if that’s enough, I said not
really, but if I have funds then I can buy an extra one or too. Evenings are the worst, [it’s]
hard to fall asleep.”
Mateusz also said that they told him he would be able to see a doctor, which is good because
sometimes he blacks out when he stands up quickly. He lost his clothes because there were
bed bugs in his room. He was given another room, but there were bed bugs there too. He left
the hotel for two days after that, but then they promised him a clean room.
“The reception said they were aware of the bugs but thought they were gone. I spoke to
[outreach worker], she also knew but didn’t tell me, I said she could have at least told me.
She doesn’t want to pick up the phone from me, she says I am too nervous.”
Mateusz says he still doesn’t have an inhaler, but that he got bandages for his varicose veins.
He talks about empty promises from staff.
He has some hope for the future and says once he gets his national insurance number, he will
be very happy.
Day 3
Mateusz says nothing has changed. He got a good night’s sleep and he is still waiting for his
national insurance number to come. He still has food left to eat.
He is bored and hopes his paperwork will be sorted out soon.
Day 4
Mateusz got his national insurance number today. He is very happy. He will now be able to
get a bank account and sort things out.
“I am very pleased that things are finally moving. So far it’s been conversations,
conversations, all talk but nothing was going forward, now it’ll be different.”
He is still waiting for a call about his housing.
“I got a second portion of food yesterday, there was another shift and they gave me extra but
I couldn’t eat it, my stomach is shrunk because I’ve gotten used to eating less than normal.”
Day 5
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Mateusz says things are the same, monotonous. Nothing has changed.
Day 6
Mateusz says he doesn’t know what will happen after the pandemic, but he hopes he will be
able to find a job.
“I told them [the outreach team] that I might have a job option on and off, they told me they
will kick me out straight away.”
Mateusz says he thinks most people in his situation will be street homeless again after the
pandemic.
“Sleeping [accommodation] will end, and you know, if I don’t catch a job, I’ll be back on the
street. It’s simple and logical. Same for many others who are here...It’s always going to be
the street, no one is going to offer me a house...It’s like a lottery, someone plays, someone
wins. Not everyone will get their things sorted. I do believe they can help some, but definitely
not everyone.”
Families with NRPF
Welfare diaries were also conducted with ten parents, six of whom were in receipt of local
authority support under Section 17 of the Children Act 1989 when first spoken to. Two of the
families who were not receiving any support were being assessed by local authorities, but
were not receiving any interim support. During the course of the welfare diaries, one of these
families was provided with Section 17 support. All of the parents we spoke to were mothers.
The parents we spoke to described experiencing destitution, food insecurity, and
accommodation issues such as overcrowding and disrepair. The interviews revealed that loss
of employment, reduced or withdrawn support from friends and family, and the increased
cost of utilities and food during lockdown had significantly affected families, in many cases
creating substantial debt as participants fell behind with rent payments or were unable to pay
off bills. While some of the families were receiving financial assistance from local
authorities, the amount of support was consistently described as inadequate. The low level of
support provided meant that families were unable to meet basic costs, with parents often
having to prioritise food for their children over bills and rent payments.
“Even if I go into arrears with the rent, I know now that every week the children will get
something to eat.”
Mary, East Midlands
One participant, who emphasised the inadequacy of the financial support she was receiving,
described feeling reluctant to raise the issue with the social worker. She was concerned that
she might appear to be “complaining”.
“If they do ask me if I need more [subsistence] then I would say, yes. I do. But they’ve not
asked and I don’t want to disturb them.”
Ade, London
The welfare diaries highlighted that parents were experiencing high levels of anxiety,
depression, and stress. These feelings were linked to immigration issues, homelessness, social
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services assessments, difficulties with home schooling, inadequate accommodation, and
financial problems such as additional expenditure and debt. In many cases, parents were
waiting for decisions from the Home Office on their applications for leave to remain or,
where they already had limited leave to remain, on their applications to access public funds.
“We don’t have any place…we don’t have any place to go to…We have to move from the
house so that there isn’t any trouble…but where are we going to go?...If the Council don’t
help us, we don’t have any hope.”
Tia, London
A number of parents described trying to manage their high stress levels through relaxation
techniques.
“I have actually been very stressed recently, but I have been reading about meditation, and
teaching myself to meditate, and it’s helping me a lot. I wake up early, before the kids, so I
can get some time to myself.”
Rachel, West Midlands
Many parents said they were ‘managing’, and in some cases participants were optimistic and
hopeful for the future. One parent in the West Midlands, who had lost employment and was
receiving Section 17 support, talked about the fact that she no longer had to leave her
children to go to work. She said, “I do feel useful - it’s all about looking after my children -
but I do miss work.”
The closure of schools had also created issues for families, with many parents reporting that it
was difficult for their children to complete schoolwork at home without access to a computer
or the internet. One parent reported that she was not aware that her children would have been
eligible to continue attending school in person during lockdown:
“I was not told that my children could have stayed in school during the shutdown- I would
have liked them to. They miss school. I have been trying to teach them, but it’s hard. It’s nice,
though, when we all sit to watch a movie.”
Susanna, West Midlands
Some families were receiving supermarket vouchers as a result of the extension of the
National Free School Meals Voucher Scheme to some families with NRPF. Others had been
unable to access their full entitlement. One parent reported that she had only been given
vouchers for one of her four children.
“The free school meals, [the school] said we can’t have it and they refuse to give it, apart
from one of
my daughters.” Mary, East Midlands
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Case study: Tia
Tia lives with her partner and two small children. During the period in which the welfare
diaries were conducted Tia was granted limited leave to remain with NRPF. One of her
children and her partner are undocumented. They are waiting for the Home Office to make a
decision on their application.
The family has no income. They have been told they need to leave the place they’ve been
illegally subletting.
Day 2
Tia says she is still managing on the food she received from the food bank last week. The
Council have given her a one-off Section 17 payment. She’s worried about unpaid bills.
“I’m OK when it comes to the basic needs, but my worry is that because of my situation,
there are a whole lot of bills coming that I haven’t sorted out. From the past two months now.
So that’s my worry now. But all the same, the social workers are looking at my cases and
even today they called to ask a few questions. So I am crossing my fingers and I’m waiting
for what will come up…We still have a few days in this house before the eviction.”
She tells us that people who were supporting the family before the pandemic have now
stopped,
“Now we don’t have any support from anywhere.” She’s hoping social services might help
them.
Tia and her family need to leave their sublet accommodation in a few days.. Tia says she
didn’t realise they might be entitled to support from the Council, so she was relieved to know
that the Council might help them. She thought she would have to sort everything out herself.
She is experiencing some stress as she doesn’t know what will happen.
The Home Office has written to her about her NRPF lift application. She has been trying to
speak to her solicitor about it, but it’s been difficult.
Day 3
Tia says it’s been stressful, but she’s OK. She’s been receiving calls from the social worker—
they want evidence. She has been trying to get the evidence.
She heard from the Home Office that they have lifted her NRPF condition. She says she is
happy:
Today…I feel part of the country.”
But she is also feeling stressed as the council are now moving her to a different department.
“It’s been stressful, but I’m hoping for good news. The social services came to tell me
something different, I wasn’t expecting that…I told them about the NRPF lift as soon as I got
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the information and they said they have to move me to a different department.”
Tia says they only have a few days left in the house and she’s worried about having to start
all over again with another department. There isn’t time for that.
She says she had a call from Thames Water as she hasn’t paid the water bill for two months.
The NHS also got back to her about her maternity bill. She said a few months ago that she
could pay £20 a month towards it. They got back to her today to say that’s OK, but now she
doesn’t have the money to pay anymore.
Tia tells us that the children are happy, as always.
‘[The children] don’t know what I’m going through, they don’t know the stress.’
She feels like things are progressing today.
Day 4
Tia has been advised to apply for Universal Credit by her charity caseworker, so she’s been
working on the application.
They’ve eaten almost all of the food. She doesn’t know whether to tell social services. She
still has a small amount of money left. She thinks she will need to get some more food from
the food bank to manage.
She is feeling stressed about their situation.
‘It’s a real big pressure and stress. I’m still waiting to hear from the social worker about
what is going on…I’m ready to pack my stuff but…I just want to hear from them what the
outcome is...It’s about the housing now, my problem. That’s the main problem’
She’s feeling good about her finances as she read about Universal Credit and if the
application is successful, she’ll have something in a month or two.
Day 5
The food bank people came to drop off some food for them today. Tia says she’s not feeling
good.
‘My case with the social [services], I called the social worker today and the way she
responded, it was like it was not an emergency…They know the deadline…’
The social worker said they sent Tia a letter, but she hasn’t received it. The social worker told
her to wait for the letter to see what they say, but she has to leave tomorrow. The social
worker says she isn’t involved in her case anymore and Tia is feeling confused about what
will happen tomorrow. She’s worried they have to start all over again with an assessment in
another department and she doesn’t know what will happen when they have to leave the
house. They have to leave the property tomorrow.
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Tia says she is disappointed in the way social services have handled the case.
Day 6
Tia says she’s calmed herself down today as feeling stressed wasn’t helping her.
She’s received the letter from social services.
“The contents of their letter…What they are trying to say is that they are done with me…They
are saying that I can now access <