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Effect of aircraft deicer on deicer-scaling resistance and frost resistance
of airport pavement concrete
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IoTAIMA 2020
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1605 (2020) 012178
IOP Publishing
doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1605/1/012178
1
Effect of aircraft deicer on deicer-scaling resistance and frost
resistance of airport pavement concrete
Y Lai1, 2, 4, Y Liu1, 2, P Wang2, D X Ma2, B Guo3, K Sun3 and S Hou2
1 China Airport Construction Group Co., Ltd, Beijing, 100101, China
2 Beijing Super-Creative Technology Co., Ltd, Beijing, 100621, China
3 Beijing Daxing International Airport, Beijing, 102602, China
4cacclaiyong@126.com
Abstract. This paper studies the effect of aircraft deicer on deicer-scaling resistance and frost
resistance of airport pavement concrete. The mass loss and surface profile of non-air-entrained
and air-entrained concrete eroded by water and aircraft deicer are analysed. The surface profile,
mass loss rate and relative dynamic elasticity modulus of air-entrained concrete eroded by water
and 5% aircraft deicer are discussed during freeze-thaw cycles. It is shown that the low and
medium concentration deicer has a negative effect on the deicer-scaling resistance of concrete,
and 5% aircraft deicer has the greatest influence. Adding air-entraining agent can improve the
deicer-scaling resistance of concrete. Compared with water, 5% aircraft deicer has a negative
effect on the frost resistance of air-entrained concrete. The deicer-scaling resistance and frost
resistance of air-entrained concrete meet requirements for airport pavement in the most severely
cold regions in China.
1. Introduction
According to the safety operation requirements of civil aviation in China, the ice and snow on the aircraft
must be removed in order to ensure the safety before aircraft taking off and landing in winter. At present,
aircraft deicer is often used to remove ice and snow on aircraft. Finally, the diluted aircraft deicer flows
to the airport cement concrete pavement. It causes serious frost damage and deicer-scaling damage to
concrete, which affect the durability of concrete in cold regions [1]. In the past few decades, many
researches have been conducted to solve these problems. These researches mainly focus on the influence
of air-entraining agent [4], coarse aggregate [5, 6], binder [7], fiber [8] and nanosilica [9] on the frost
resistance and salt frost resistance of concrete. There are few studies on the influence of aircraft deicer
on deicer-scaling resistance and frost resistance of airport pavement concrete, and the raw materials and
mix proportion of these studies are not consistent with the actual application of civil airports in China.
Therefore, it is necessary to study the effect of deicer on deicer-scaling resistance and frost resistance
of concrete
2. Experiment
2.1. Raw materials
The cement is Ordinary Portland Cement 42.5. The fine aggregate is river sand with a fineness modulus
of 2.88. The sand ratio is 0.32. The coarse aggregate is limestone gravel with two grades of gravel
particle sizes. The sizes of coarse aggregate are 4.75–16 mm and 16–31.5 mm. The mixed water is tap
water. The ratio of water to cement is 0.40. The air-entraining agent is sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate.
IoTAIMA 2020
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1605 (2020) 012178
IOP Publishing
doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1605/1/012178
2
The freeze-thaw solution is water and aircraft deicer, which contact with concrete as corrosive solution.
The chemical components of aircraft deicer are composed of 85% industrial first-class glycol, 14%
deionized water and 1% mixture assistant.
2.2. Mix proportions
The 28-day flexural strength of airport pavement concrete must be more than 5 MPa. We used two
different mix proportions in the test. The mix proportions of concrete are given in Table 1. Non-air-
entrained concrete consisted of cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, water and water reducer. Air-
entrained concrete consisted of cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, water, water reducer and air-
entraining agent, and the ratio of air-entraining agent to water reducer is 0.08%.
Ta bl e 1 . Mix proportions of concrete.
Type of concrete Cement
(kg m-3)
Fine
aggregate
(kg m-3)
Coarse aggregate
(kg m-3) Water
(kg m-3)
Water
reducer
(kg m-3)
Air
-entraining
agent
(g m-3)
4.75-16
mm
16-31.5
mm
Non-air-entrained 330 652.2 554.3 831.5 132 6.6 /
Air-entrained 330 652.2 554.3 831.5 132 6.6 5.28
2.3. Specimen preparation and test method
In the paper, we prepared specimens based on the Chinese standard “Standard for test methods of long-
term performance and durability of ordinary concrete” (GB/T 50082-2009) and “Specifications for
construction of aerodrome cement concrete pavement” (MH 5006-2015). The specimens for frost
resistance were prepared in the mold of 10 cm×10 cm×40 cm. The specimens for deicer-scaling
resistance were prepared in the mold of 15 cm×15 cm×10 cm, and the size of the forming surface was
15 cm×15 cm. The specimens were cured for 1 day at 20±2℃ and 60% relative humidity, and then
removed from the mold. The specimens were cured for 23 days at 20±2℃ and above 95% relative
humidity in the air. Finally, the concrete specimens were placed in the water for curing for 4 days. At
the age of 28 days, the specimens for frost resistance were tested according to GB/T 50082-2009; the
specimens for deicer-scaling resistance were tested according to MH 5006-2015. The 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%,
6%, 12%, 25%, 50% aircraft deicer and water were selected as the freeze-thaw solution and the forming
surface of specimen was contacted with the solution. The salt freeze-thaw cycle apparatus was used, and
the temperature range was set from -20℃ to 20℃ for every 12 hours. The mass loss is the accumulated
scaling mass divided by the area of specimen that contact with the aircraft deicer or water, which is
selected as the evaluation index to indicate the deicer-scaling resistance of concrete.
3. Results and discussion
In the test, the air content of non-air-entrained concrete is 1.6%. The air content of concrete increases
because of the addition of air-entraining agent. The air content of air-entrained concrete is 3.0%. The
slump of both non-air-entrained and air-entrained concrete is 1 cm. The deicer-scaling resistance and
frost resistance of concrete are analysed.
3.1 Deicer-scaling resistance of concrete
Table 2 shows the freeze-thaw cycle test results of non-air-entrained concrete. Figure 1 shows the effect
of aircraft deicer concentration on mass loss of non-air-entrained concrete after different freeze-thaw
cycles. It can be clearly seen that the mass loss of non-air-entrained concrete increases when the aircraft
deicer concentration is less than 5% at the same freeze-thaw cycles, and then quickly decreases after
that. The mass loss of non-air-entrained concrete at 30 freeze-thaw cycles in the presence of 5% aircraft
deicer is 0.676 kg/m2, which is higher than the standard limit of 0.6 kg/m2 and 16.5 times the mass loss
IoTAIMA 2020
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1605 (2020) 012178
IOP Publishing
doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1605/1/012178
3
of non-air-entrained concrete under water exposure. Figure 2 shows the effect of freeze-thaw cycles on
mass loss of non-air-entrained concrete. It can be noticed that the mass loss of non-air-entrained concrete
tend to increase linearly with freeze-thaw cycles. Compared with water freezing and thawing, the mass
loss is greater when the non-air-entrained concrete is immersed in 2%~12% aircraft deicer, the mass
loss is smaller when the non-air-entrained concrete is immersed in aircraft deicer that its concentration
is more than 25%. For 2% and 3% aircraft deicer, the mass loss of non-air-entrained concrete is basically
the same.
Ta bl e 2 . Mass loss of non-air-entrained concrete.
Aircraft deicer
concentration
Mass loss (kg m-2)
5 cycles 10 cycles 15 cycles 20 cycles 25 cycles 30 cycles
0 0.005 0.010 0.017 0.023 0.033 0.041
2 0.021 0.069 0.145 0.207 0.263 0.298
3 0.031 0.076 0.148 0.209 0.265 0.309
4 0.052 0.154 0.265 0.362 0.448 0.516
5 0.071 0.222 0.380 0.494 0.595 0.676
6 0.014 0.031 0.060 0.088 0.127 0.162
12 0.013 0.025 0.041 0.052 0.066 0.078
25 0.007 0.010 0.011 0.013 0.017 0.022
50 0.004 0.007 0.008 0.009 0.012 0.015
Figure 3 shows the surface profile of non-air-entrained concrete under water and aircraft deicer
exposure at 30 freeze-thaw cycles. The mass loss of non-air-entrained concrete is different under water
and aircraft deicer exposure, which indicates that the different damage have taken place.
Figure 1. Effect of aircraft deicer concentration
on mass loss of non-ai
r
-entrained concrete.
Figure 2. Effect of freeze-thaw cycles on mass
loss of non-ai
r
-entrained concrete.
Figure 4 shows the surface profile of non-air-entrained concrete eroded by water after freeze-thaw
cycles. The forming surface of concrete is smooth and flat before test. Mortar is obviously peeled off
from the forming surface at 20 cycles. Figure 5 shows the surface profile of non-air-entrained concrete
eroded by 5% aircraft deicer after freeze-thaw cycles. Only at 10 cycles, a large amount of mortar is
peeled off from the forming surface. The microcracks appeared and air voids expanded, making the
aircraft deicer easier to enter the inner structure of non-air-entrained concrete. Figure 6 shows the surface
profile of air-entrained concrete eroded by 5% aircraft deicer after freeze-thaw cycles. Only the cement
paste is peeled off from the forming surface.
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0 102030405
0
Mass loss(kg/m2)
Aircraft deicer concentration (%)
5 cycles 10 cycles
15 cycles 20 cycles
25 cycles 30 cycles
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0 5 10 15 20 25 3
0
Mass loss(kg/m2)
Number of freeze-thaw cycles
0% 2%
3% 4%
5% 6%
12% 25%
50%
IoTAIMA 2020
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1605 (2020) 012178
IOP Publishing
doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1605/1/012178
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(a) 0% (
b
)2% (c)3% (d) 4%
(e) 5% (f) 6% (g) 12% (h) 50%
Figure 3. Surface profile under water and aircraft deicer exposure at 30 cycles.
(a) Before test (
b
) 10 c
y
cles (c)20 c
y
cles (d) 30 c
y
cles
Figure 4. Surface profile of non-air-entrained concrete eroded by water.
(a) Before test (
b
) 10 c
y
cles (c)20 c
y
cles (d) 30 c
y
cles
Figure 5. Surface profile of non-air-entrained concrete eroded by 5% aircraft deicer.
(a) Before test (
b
) 10 cycles (c) 20 cycles (d) 30 cycles
Figure 6. Surface profile of air-entrained concrete eroded by 5% aircraft deicer.
IoTAIMA 2020
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1605 (2020) 012178
IOP Publishing
doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1605/1/012178
5
Figure 7 shows the variation of mass loss with aircraft deicer concentration at 30 freeze-thaw cycles.
It can be clearly seen that the deicer-scaling resistance of concrete is significantly improved by the
addition of air-entraining agent, especially for concrete eroded by aircraft deicer with low and medium
concentration. The mass loss of air-entrained and non-air-entrained concrete eroded by 5% aircraft
deicer is the largest. The mass loss of non-air-entrained concrete is 16.9 times that of air-entrained
concrete at 30 cycles. Figure 8 shows the variation of mass loss with freeze-thaw cycles. The mass loss
of non-air-entrained concrete increases rapidly, while that of air-entrained concrete increases slowly.
Figure 7. Variation of mass loss with aircraft
deicer concentration at 30 freeze-thaw cycles.
Figure 8. Variation of mass loss with freeze-
thaw cycles.
3.2 Frost Resistance
Figure 9 and Figure 10 show the variation of mass loss rate and relative dynamic elasticity modulus with
freeze-thaw cycles. At 300 freeze-thaw cycles, the mass loss rate of air-entrained concrete eroded by
water and 5% aircraft deicer is 0.1% and 0.4%, respectively; the relative dynamic elasticity modulus of
air-entrained concrete eroded by water and 5% aircraft deicer is 66.8% and 62.7%, respectively. The
frost resistance of air-entrained concrete eroded by 5% aircraft deicer is worse than that of water.
Figure 9. Variation of mass loss rate with freeze-
thaw cycles.
Figure 10. Variation of relative dynamic elasticity
modulus with freeze-thaw cycles.
(a) Concrete eroded by wate
r
(b) Concrete eroded by 5% aircraft deice
r
Figure 11. Surface profile of air-entrained concrete at 300 freeze-thaw cycles.
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0 1020304050
Mass loss(kg/m2)
Aircraft deicer concentration (%)
Non-air-entrained concrete
Air-entrained concrete
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Mass loss(kg/m2)
Number of freeze-thaw cycles
Non-air-entrained concrete
Air-entrained concrete
-0.1
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Mass loss rate (%)
Number of freeze-thaw cycles
Water
Aircraft deicer
60.0
70.0
80.0
90.0
100.0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Relative dynamic elasticity
modulus (%)
Number of freeze-thaw cycles
Water
Aircraft deicer
IoTAIMA 2020
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1605 (2020) 012178
IOP Publishing
doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1605/1/012178
6
Figure 11 shows the surface profile of air-entrained concrete eroded by water and 5% aircraft deicer
at 300 freeze-thaw cycles. It can be clearly seen that only cement paste is peeled off from air-entrained
concrete eroded by water; while mortar is peeled off from air-entrained concrete eroded by 5% aircraft
deicer, and a crack appears on the concrete surface. They meet the frost resistance requirements for
airport pavement concrete in the most severely cold regions in China.
4. Summary
The mass loss of non-air-entrained concrete increases when the aircraft deicer concentration is less than
5% at the same freeze-thaw cycles, and decreases quickly when the aircraft deicer concentration is
5%~25%, and then tends to be stable after that. The mass loss of non-air-entrained concrete tends to
increase linearly with freeze-thaw cycles for water and aircraft deicer with different concentrations. The
mass loss of non-air-entrained and air-entrained concrete eroded by 5% aircraft deicer is the maximum,
which is 0.676 kg/m2 and 0.040 kg/m2, respectively. Compared with water freezing and thawing, the
deicer-scaling resistance of non-air-entrained concrete eroded by aircraft deicer with low and medium
concentration is reduced, while that of high concentration is slightly improved. The deicer-scaling
resistance of air-entrained concrete is significantly improved by the addition of air-entraining agent.
Compared with water freezing and thawing, the 5% aircraft deicer has a great effect on the mass loss
rate and relative dynamic elastic modulus of air-entrained concrete. Therefore, the 5% aircraft deicer
has a negative effect on the frost resistance, but air-entrained concrete can meet the frost resistance of
300 freeze-thaw cycles and the deicer-scaling resistance of 0.6 kg/m2 for airport pavement in the most
severely cold regions in China.
Acknowledgments
This work was financially supported by Science and Technology Project of CAAC (20150225) and
Security Capacity Building Project of CAAC (20180275).
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