Ābzan (Sitz bath) -An effective mode of treatment in ʹIlāj bit Tadbīr (Regimenal Therapy)

Abstract

Unani System of Medicine has four modes of treatment and these are; ʹIlāj bil Ghizā (Dietotherapy), ʹIlāj bit Tadbīr (Regimenal Therapy), ʹIlāj bid Dawā (Pharmacotherapy) and ʹIlāj bil Yad (Surgery). Ilaj bit Tadbīr is a mode of treatment which works on the principle of modification or modulation in Asbāb sitta ḍarūriya (Six Essential Factors) for gaining health in sick persons or preventing from diseases in normal individuals. ʹIlāj bit Tadbīr includes a number of therapeutic interventions such as Hijāmah (Cupping Therapy), Irsal-i-ʹAlaq (Leech Therapy), Fasd (Venesection), Dalk (Massage), Nutūl (Irrigation), Ābzan (Sitz bath) etc. Among these, ābzan is a novel, simple, safe, economic, non-invasive and effective external mode of treatment for various disorders. It is basically a type of bath in which only buttock and hips are immersed in the water, either plain or medicated (Joshānda or Khaisānda) for therapeutic purposes. Sometimes, a whole body upto shoulder is immersed into the water. This regimen is used to relieve discomfort and pain in the lower as well as upper parts of the body, for example, haemorrhoids, uterine cramps, inflammatory bowel disease, an episiotomy, infections of bladder, prostate, vagina etc. Ābzan also provides relief from itching in genital area. Even though no scientific evidence is available to indicate that ābzan can promote faster healing but it is widely described in unani system of medicine for various body ailments.

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The Pharma Innovation Journal 2016; 5(12): 45-49
ISSN: 2277- 7695
TPI 2016; 5(12): 45-49
© 2016 TPI
www.thepharmajournal.com
Received: 11-10-2016
Accepted: 12-11-2016
Mohd Nayab
Lecturer, Department of ʹIlāj bit
Tadbīr, National Institute of
Unani Medicine, Bengaluru,
Karnataka, India
Correspondence
Mohd Nayab
Lecturer, Department of ʹIlāj bit
Tadbīr, National Institute of
Unani Medicine, Bengaluru,
Karnataka, India
Ābzan (Sitz bath) - An effective mode of treatment in
ʹIlāj bit Tadbīr (Regimenal Therapy)
Mohd Nayab
Abstract
Unani System of Medicine has four modes of treatment and these are; ʹIlāj bil Ghizā (Dietotherapy), ʹIlāj
bit Tadbīr (Regimenal Therapy), ʹIlāj bid Dawā (Pharmacotherapy) and ʹIlāj bil Yad (Surgery). Ilaj bit
Tadbīr is a mode of treatment which works on the principle of modification or modulation in Asbāb sitta
ḍarūriya (Six Essential Factors) for gaining health in sick persons or preventing from diseases in normal
individuals. ʹIlāj bit Tadbīr includes a number of therapeutic interventions such as Hijāmah (Cupping
Therapy), Irsal-i-ʹAlaq (Leech Therapy), Fasd (Venesection), Dalk (Massage), Nutūl (Irrigation), Ābzan
(Sitz bath) etc. Among these, ābzan is a novel, simple, safe, economic, non-invasive and effective
external mode of treatment for various disorders. It is basically a type of bath in which only buttock and
hips are immersed in the water, either plain or medicated (Joshānda or Khaisānda) for therapeutic
purposes. Sometimes, a whole body upto shoulder is immersed into the water. This regimen is used to
relieve discomfort and pain in the lower as well as upper parts of the body, for example, haemorrhoids,
uterine cramps, inflammatory bowel disease, an episiotomy, infections of bladder, prostate, vagina etc.
Ābzan also provides relief from itching in genital area. Even though no scientific evidence is available to
indicate that ābzan can promote faster healing but it is widely described in unani system of medicine for
various body ailments.
Keywords: Ilaj bit Tadbīr, ābzan, joshānda, Khaisānda, Sitz Bath, Harārat, Barūdat
Introduction
Ābzan (Sitz bath) is a simple, safe, economic, non-invasive and effective external regimen for
various disorders. It is basically a type of bath in which only buttocks and hips are immersed
into the water with the upper body, legs and feet out of the water. Plain or medicated water
(Joshanda & Khaisanda) may be used for the therapeutic purpose. Sometimes, a whole body
upto shoulder is immersed into the water [1, 2]. This regimen is used to relieve discomfort and
pain in the lower as well as upper parts of the body, for example, haemorrhoids, uterine
cramps, inflammatory bowel disease, an episiotomy, infections of bladder, prostate, vagina etc.
Ābzan also provides relief from itching in genital area [2]. Even though no scientific evidence is
available to indicate that ābzan can promote faster healing but it is widely described in unani
system of medicine for various body ailments.
Historical Background
The therapeutic use of water, Joshānda, Khaisānda has long history dating back to ancient
cultures. Ābzan has been included in the most popular and effective therapies.
Ali Ibn-i-Abbas Majoosi describes in his book Kamil-us- sana that when the time of delivery is
near or the female is in labour pain advise her to take Ābzan ḥār (Hot Sitz Bath) [3].
Ibn-i-Sina has mentioned in his book Alqanūn-Fiṭ-ṭib that if the female is suffering from Usr-
e-wiladat, suggest her to take Ābzan ḥār (Hot Sitz Bath) [4].
Definition
Ābzan is a type of bath in which hips and buttocks are immersed in water, either plain or
medicated (Joshanda, Khaisanda), for the therapeutic effects.
Types
1. Ābzan ḥār (Hot Sitz Bath)
2. Ābzan bārid (Cold Sitz Bath)
3. Ābzan mo’tadil (Neutral Sitz Bath)
4. Ābzan murakkab (Alternate Hot and Cold Sitz Bath)

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Ābzan Ḥār (Hot Sitz Bath)
Ābzan ḥār is one of the easiest and effective ways to ease the
pain and discomfort caused by various diseases. Hot water,
Joshanda/Khaisanda of specific drugs is used for the purpose
of ābzan ḥār resulting in increased tissue temperature. The
temperature of the warm water should be between 950F-
1050F/35 – 41 0C. The level of water in the bath tub should
not be above the navel. This type of ābzan is mostly used
worldwide with promising therapeutic effects in various
diseases.
Physiological effects of ḥarārat on the body
1. Systemic
A. Vasodilatation
2. Local
A. Temperature sensitive nerve endings send impulse to
hypothalamus and make the centre aware about the local
temperature changes
B. Increased capillary permeability
C. Increase blood flow
D. Increased metabolism
Therapeutic uses of ḥarārat
a) Increases blood flow
b) Softens exudates
c) Decreases pain
d) Relaxes muscle
e) Psychological relaxation
f) Decreases muscle contracture
g) Improves joint range of motion
h) Decreases joint stiffness
Physiological effects of ḥarārat include pain relief, increases
in blood flow and metabolism, and increased elasticity of
connective tissues. Increasing tissue temperature stimulates
vasodilatation and increases tissue blood flow, which is
thought to promote healing by increasing the supply of
nutrients and oxygen to the site of injury. The rate of Istehāla
(metabolism) in local tissue is also increased by ḥarārat,
which may further promote healing as Tabi’at Mudabbira-e-
Badan works on healing instead of Istehāla. Ḥarārat also
induces changes in the viscoelatic properties of collagen
tissues which can be demonstrated in the mechanism of
improvement of range of movement [5].
Ābzan Bārid (Cold Sitz Bath)
When ābzan is done with cold water, either medicated or
plain, it is called ābzan bārid. The temperature of this water
should not be too low to bear except few conditions where
ice-cold water is recommended for the procedure. In such
conditions where ice-cold water is indicated, the length of
immersion into water should be decreased. Burūdat is
basically useful in the management of acute injury/trauma,
chronic pain, muscle spasm, inflammation, and oedema.
Physiological effects of burūdat on the body
1. Systemic
A. Vasoconstriction
B. Piloerection
C. Shivering
2. Local
A. Temperature sensitive nerve endings send signals to
hypothalamus
B. Local vasoconstriction
C. Decreased capillary refill
D. Decreased cellular metabolism
Therapeutic uses of burūdat
A. Decreases inflammation
B. Relaxes muscles
C. Decreases the pain by numbing the area
D. Local anaesthetic effects
E. Decreases bleeding
F. Slows bacterial growth
Burūdat has multiple physiological effects on injured tissues.
Decreasing temperature of the skin and muscle reduces blood
flow to the bārid tissues by activating a sympathetic
vasoconstrictive reflex. The decrease in blood flow, induced
by burūdat, reduces oedema and slows the delivery of
inflammatory mediators, reducing inflammation of the
affected area. Decreasing tissue temperature also reduces the
metabolic demand of hypoxic tissues, potentially preventing
secondary hypoxic damage in inured tissues. Burūdat also
induces a local anaesthetic effect by decreasing the activation
threshold of the tissue nociceptors and the conduction velocity
of nerve signals. Burūdat also reduces muscle spasm via
inhibition of a spinal cord reflex loop [5].
Ābzan Mo’tadil (Neutral Sitz Bath)
Normal water in term of temperature, either plain or
medicated, is used sometime for the treatment of various
diseases. Patients with diabetic neuropathy can use this type
of ābzan safely.
Ābzan Murakkab (Alternate Hot and Cold Sitz Bath)
Several variations of the procedure can be used with different
therapeutic effects depending upon the temperature of water
and the length of time spent immersed. Ābzan murakkab is a
combination of ābzan ḥār and ābzan bārid, taken into use
alternatively. In this procedure, a patient stays in ābzan ḥār
for 5 minutes followed by ābzan bārid for less than one
minute only. The cycle is repeated for atleast five times and
finished in ābzan bārid. This type of ābzan is considered
having a soothing effect. A towel soaked in ice-cold water
may be used in place of cold water.
Effects of Ābzan Murakkab
It has been suggested that ābzan murakkab causes a “pumping
effect” due to the cycle of vasoconstriction and vasodilatation,
therefore facilitating Imala-e-Mavad resulting in removal of
the oedematous conditions. Ābzan murakkab increases the
venous and lymphatic flow of fluids. It is very important to
achieve the adequate deep tissue vasoconstriction in order to
get the results because any mādda which has been stagnant in
the tissues, after absorption, needs vasoconstriction to be
diverted. Constriction increases the intramural pressure in the
blood vessels, causing the fluid to move with the valves in the
veins, thereby preventing the backflow of the fluid. This
would produce a beneficial effect of minimising the influence
of accumulated morbid material at the injured site while the
healing process is taking place.
Manual Operating Procedure (MOP)
Ābzan is frequently prescribed but proper instructions as how
to perform it are seldom given to patients. In general, the

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water is expected to cover only the perineum and lower
pelvis. Immersing other parts of the body in warm water may
lead to systemic vasodilatation and decrease circulation to the
perineal area. Following are the instructions which should be
followed for the procedure of ābzan.
1. Take an appropriate sized bath tub and clean it with
lukewarm water mixed with bleaching powder followed
by rinsing thoroughly.
2. Fill the tub with prescribed liquid upto 2-3 inches.
3. In case of ābzan ḥār, the water should be warm and not
too hot to cause burns or discomfort.
4. In case of ābzan bārid, the water should be cold, but not
too cold to cause discomfort to the patients.
5. Ask the patient to remove the cloth and get into the tub to
immerse his perineum into water, bend his legs or dangle
them over the side of the tub to keep them out of the
water and ensure the perineum is submerged.
6. Ask the patient to stay in water for atleast 15-20 minutes
in case of ābzan ḥār.
7. Ask the patient to stay in water for atleast 5-10 minutes in
case of ābzan bārid.
8. In case of ābzan murakkab, ask the patient to stay in hot
water for 5 minutes followed by a stay in cold water for
less than one minute alternatively and the cycle is
repeated upto 5 times finishing on ābzan bārid.
9. Ask the patient to dry himself with a clean cotton towel
10. Instruct the patient not to rub or scrub the perineum, as
this may cause pain and irritation.
11. The procedure is completed by rinsing the bath tub
thoroughly.
Fig 1: Ābzan
Indications and Specific Formulations [6]
S.
No. Indications Name of Drugs Method
1 Bawaseer-e-Baadi
(Haemorrhoids) Post-e-Anar, Maazu, Sirka
Boil Post-e-Anar and Maazu in water and
filter it. Mix Sirka in the filtered water and
use it for the patients of bawaseer-e-baadi
2 Bawaseer-e-Damvi
(Bleeding Piles) Zaj, Sibr, Kundur, Dam-ul-Akhwain, Gulnaar, Mameesa
Boil all the medicine in water and filter it.
Use this filtered water for the patients of
bawaseer-e-damvi
3 Istirkha-e-Maq’d Abhal, Qust, Joz-us-Saroo, Sumbul, Mur, Izkhar
Boil all the medicine in water and filter it.
Use this filtered water for the patients of
Istirkha-e-Maq’d
4 Khurooj-e-Maq’ad
(Rectal Prolapse)
Gul-e-Surkh, Adas, Makoh, Simaq
OR
Post-e-Anar, Juft Baloot, Gulnaar, Maazu, Berg-e-Moorad
Boil all the medicine in water and filter it.
Use this filtered water for the patients of
Khurooj-e-Miq’ad.
5 Qillat-e-Haiz
(Oligomenorrhoea) Fotanj, Suddab, Mushktaramasheeh
Boil all the medicine in water and filter it.
Use this filtered water for the patients of
Qillat-e-Haiz
6 Warm-e-Raham
(Metritis)
Roghan-e-Gul Mix Roghan-e-Gul with water and use for
Aabzan in case of Warm-e-Raham
Lukewarm Water Use lukewarm water for the Aabzan in the
patients of Warm-e-Raham
Marzanjosh, Berg-e-Maroo (Kanocha), Parsiyaosha, Makoh, Abhal,
Mushktaramasheeh, Tukhm-e-Khatmi, Tukhm-e-Kharpaza, Qaisoom,
Tukhm-e-Kasoos, Tukhm-e-Halyoon, Tukhm-e-Karafs, Tukhm-e-
Khubbazi, Gul-e-Khatmi, Adas Muqashshar, Gul-e-Surkh, Berg-e-
Shibba
t
Boil all the medicine in water and filter it.
Use this filtered water for the patients of
Warm-e-Raham.
7 Sartan-e-Raham: Berg-e-Khatmi, Karnab, Banafsha, Tukhm-e-Katan
Boil all the medicine in water and filter it.
Use this filtered water for the patients of
Sartan-e-Raham.
8 Shiqaq-e-Raham: Maazoo, Shaa-e-Baloot, Gulnar, Gul-e-Surkh
Boil all the medicine in water and filter it.
Use this filtered water for the patients of
Shiqaq-e-Raham.
9 Nafakhat-ur-Raham: Baboona, Nakhoona, Shibbat, Marzanjosh, Mastagi, Pudina, Suddab,
Tukhm-e-Karafs, Baadyaan, Baranjasif, Zeera, Nankhwah
Boil all the medicine in water and filter it.
Use this filtered water for the patients of
Nafakhat-ur-Raham.
10 Ikhtenaq-ur-Raham
(Hysteria):
Kashim, Tukhm-e-Hulba, Tukhm-e-Katan, Marzanjosh,
Qaisoom/Afsanteen
Boil all the medicine in water and filter it.
Use this filtered water for the patients of
Ikhtenaq-ur-Raham
11 Inzilaq-ur-Raham
(Uterine Prolapse): Izkhar, Aas, Gul-e-Surkh
Boil all the medicine in water and filter it.
Use this filtered water for the patients of
Inzilaq-ur-Raham
12 Waja-ur-Raham
(Uterine Pain), Lukewarm Water Take lukewarm water and use it for
Aabzan in case of Waja-ur-Raham

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13 Kharish-e-Miq’ad
(Pruritus in Ano): Lukewarm Water Take lukewarm water and use it for
Aabzan in case of Kharish-e-Miq’ad.
14 Ehtibas-e-Tams: Shibbat, Marzanjosh, Pudina, Suddab, Baboona, Nakhoona, Sa’tar
Boil all the medicine in water and filter it.
Use this filtered water for the patients of
Ehtibas-e-Tams.
15 Kasrat-e-Tams: Jau Muqashshar, Biranj Biryan, Post-e-Anar
Boil all the medicine in water and filter it.
Use this filtered water for the patients of
Kasrat-e-Tams.
16 Kasrat-e-Isqaat: Sandal Safaid, Beg-e-Neelofar, Habbul Aas, Aqaqiya, Gulnaar, Gul-e-
Surkh
Boil all the medicine in water and filter it.
Use this filtered water for the patients of
Kasrat-e-Isqaat
17 Zof-e-Kulliya: Shibb Zaj
Mix all the medicine in water and warm it.
Use this filtered water for the patients of
Zof-e-Kulliya.
18 Reeh-ul-Kulliya: Berg-e-Qinnab, Karam, Shibbat, Hulba, Bazar katan, Baadyaan, Khaar-
e-Khasak, Nakhoona, Baboona
Boil all the medicine in water and filter it.
Use this filtered water for the patients of
Reeh-ul-Kulliya.
19 Waja-ul-Kulliya: Baboona, Shibbat, Tukhm-e-Khatmi, Berg-e-Karnab, Podina
Boil all the medicine in water and filter it.
Use this filtered water for the patients of
Waja-ul-Kulliya.
20 Warm-e-Kulliya: Baboona, Nakhoona, Tukhm-e-Khatmi, Saboos-e-Gundum, Jaw
Muqashshar
Boil all the medicine in water and filter it.
Use this filtered water for the patients of
Warm-e-Kulliya.
21 Qurooh-e-Kulliya:
Gul-e-Baboona, Berg-e-Neem, Berg-e-Anar, Pamba, Fanj Kusht,
Tukhm-e-Khurtum, Khaar-e-Khasak, Parsiyaosha, Tukhm-e-Khubbazi,
Bazar-ul-Banj, Shibbat, Baadyaan, Tukhm-e-Kharpaza, Berg-e-Karnab,
Berg-e-Yasmeen
Boil all the medicine in water and filter it.
Use this filtered water for the patients of
Qurooh-e-Kulliya.
22 Hisaat-e-Kulliya: Khaar-e-Khasak, Baboona, Marzanjosh, Karafs, Karnab, Shibbat, Berg-
e-Khatmi, Parsiyaosha
Boil all the medicine in water and filter
it.Use this filtered water for the patients of
Hisaa
t
-e-Kulliya
23 Warm-e-Masana
Haar (Cystitis):
Dar-e-Sheeshan, Qaroomana, Shibt, Sa’d, Izkhar, Hamama, Tukhm-e-
Katan
OR
Shaljam, Gokhroo, Karnab
OR
Banafsha, Berg Neelofar, Baboona, Nakhoona [7]
Boil all the medicine in water and filter it.
Use this filtered water for the patients of
Warm-e-Masana Haar
24 Hisaat-e-Masana ():
Bazar-ul-Banj, Shibbat, Katan, Khaar-e-Khasak, Nakhoona, Hulba,
Habbul Qilt, Berg-e-Qinnab, Aftimoon, Berg-e-Neem, Berg-e-
Sambhaloo, Gul-e-Palas
Boil all the medicine in water and filter it.
Use this filtered water for the patients of
Hisaat-e-Masana.
25
Waja-ul-Masana
Haar:
Banafsha, Neelofar, Tukhm-e-Khatmi, Makoh
Boil all the medicine in water and filter it.
Use this filtered water for the patients of
Warm-e-
M
asana Haa
r
26
Baul-ud-Dam
(Haematuria):
Adas Muqashshar, Post-e-Anar, Beehi, Maazu, Asbatur Ra’ee
Boil all the medicine in water and filter it.
Use this filtered water for the patients of
Baul-ud-Dam
27
Zaheer-e-Sadiq
(Dysentery):
Khubbazi
Soya
Nakhoona
Baboona
Boil all the medicine in water and filter it.
Use this filtered water for the patients of
zaheer-e-sadiq
28 Zaheer-e-Wabai Ice –Cold water Use ice-cold water for the Aabzan in the
patients of Zaheer-e-Wabai, (Antaki)
29 Is’hal-e-Wabai: Ice –Cold water Use ice-cold water for the Aabzan in the
patients of Is’hal-e-Wabai (Antaki)
30
Amraz-e-Asbi Yaabis
Saada:
Berg-e-Baid, Kahu, Kaddu, Khayar, Berg-e-Kunjad, Berg-e-Khashkhash,
Berg-e-Chuqander
Boil all the medicine in water and filter it.
Use this filtered water for the patients of
Amraz-e-Asbi Saada
31 Tashannuj-e-Yaabis:
Banafsha, Gul-e-Neelofer, Khatmi, Gul-e-Surkh
Gul-e-Gulharh, Berg-e-Baid, Jau Muqashshar, Gul-e-Hina, Aab-e-
Tarbooz, Aab-e-Khayar, Aab-e-Kaddu
Mix Banafsha, Gul-e-Neelofer, Khatmi,
Gul-e-Surkh, Gul-e-Gulharh, Berg-e-Baid,
Jau Muqashshar, Gul-e-Hina in Aab-e-
Tarbooz, Aab-e-Khayar, Aab-e-Kaddu and
warm it lightly.
Use this lukewarm liquid for Aabzan in
cases of Tashannuj-e-Yaabis.
32
Tamaddud-wa-
Kuzaz: (Aabzan
Hakeem Alwi Khan)
Paicha-e-Buz, Kallah Barrah, Chooza-e-Murgh, Jau-Muqashshar, Lu’ab-
e-Sapistan, Kaddu, Baboona, Gul-e-Khatmi, Berg-e-Khurfa, Palak,
Ispaghol, Behdana, Aab-e-Baid mushk, Aab-e-Gulab, Aab-e-Anar
Sheerein, Aab-e-Beehi Sheerein, Roghan-e-Kaddu, Roghan Tukhm-e-
Tarbooz, Roghan-e-Badaam
Boil all the medicine in water and filter it.
Use this filtered water for the patients of
Tamaddud-wa-Kuzaz
33 Su-e-Tanaffus: Banafsha, Khatmi Boil all the medicine in water and filter it.

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Use this filtered water for the patients of
Su-e-Tanaffus
34 Zeequnnafs, Lukewarm water Use lukewarm water for Aabzan in the
patients of Zeequnafs.
35 Takhaluss-e-Hijab: Lukewarm water Use lukewarm water for Aabzan in the
patients of Zeequnafs
36 Jau-ul-Kalb, Ice –Cold water
Use ice-cold water for the Aabzan in the
patients of Jau-ul-Kalb, Zaheer-e-Wabai,
and Is’hal-e-Wabai (Antaki)
37 Fuwaq:
Milk Use milk for the Aabzan in the patients of
Fuwaq
38 Yarqan-e-Bohrani:
Gul-e-Neelofar, Gul-e-Kasni, Gul-e-Sada Bahar, Gul-e-Gulharh, Gul-e-
Khatmi, Berg-e-Hina, Berg-e-Baid Saada, Berg-e-Kasni, Berg-e-Tamar
Hindi
Boil all the medicine in water and filter it.
Use this filtered water for the patients of
Yarqan-e-Bohrani
Patient should be merged in to the water
upto neck.
39 Zaheer-e-Baarid
(Dysentery): Khatmi, Shibbat, Nakhoona, Baboona, Bazar Katan, Makoh
Boil all the medicine in water and filter it.
Use this filtered water for the patients of
zaheer-e-Baarid
40 Ailaoos: Baboona, Nakhoona, Karnab, Shibbat
Boil all the medicine in water and filter it.
Use this filtered water for the patients of
Ailaoos
Contraindications [8, 9, 10]
1. Acute profuse bleeding
2. Open wounds
3. Pressure sores
4. Acute fever
5. Acute skin infections
6. Contagious skin rashes
7. Diabetic patients with diabetic neuropathy
8. Hypotensive patients
9. Sciezure
10. Thermal nerve deficiency
11. Raynaud’s disease
Complications [8, 9, 10]
Numbness sensation after Aabzan bārid when skin
temperature decreases below 590 F, Frostbite (white, waxy,
mottled blue skin), Burn, Palpitation, Bleeding
Conclusion
The indications and specific formulations mentioned by
eminent unani physicians shows the extensive use of ābzan
for the management of various disorders since time
immemorial. On the basis of theoretical description, it can be
concluded that ābzan seems to be a very effective as well as
safe and patient friendly mode of treatment but it is the
demand of the hour to validate the claims of ancient unani
physicians about the effectiveness of ābzan therapy on
scientific basis.
Acknowledgement
Source of data was library of National Institute of Medicine,
Bengaluru
Author’s Statement
Competing Interests
The author declares no conflict of interest.
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