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Agent prominence and movement in Russian third person plural impersonals ("indefinite-personal sentences")

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Daniel Bunčić at University of Cologne
Daniel Bunčić
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Abstract

The present paper reports the results of an acceptability judgement test designed to test two hypotheses: first, that the Russian 3pl impersonal construction is affected by agent prominence, i.e. verbs implying a more prominent agent are more acceptable than verbs implying an agent with fewer agentivity features; second, that movement as an agentivity feature should be conceptualized as a gradual category, thus making a fast-moving referent a more prominent agent than one moving slowly. The former hypothesis could be verified, the latter falsified.
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
e present paper reports the results of an acceptability judgement test designed to test two
hypotheses: first, that the Russian 3pl impersonal construction is affected by agent prominence,
i.e. verbs implying a more prominent agent are more acceptable than verbs implying an agent
with fewer agentivity features; second, that movement as an agentivity feature should be
conceptualized as a gradual category, thus making a fast-moving referent a more prominent
agent than one moving slowly. e former hypothesis could be verified, the laer falsified.
Keywords: agentivity, linguistic prominence, verbs of motion, volition, sentience
Daniel Bunčić, Universität zu Köln; daniel.buncic@uni-koeln.de
Research for this article was funded by the German Research Foundation (DFG), Project ID
281511265, SFB 1252 “Prominence in Language”.
Die Welt der Slaven 65 (2020) 2, 297–311
ISSN
0043-2520
1. Introduction
 ! 
"#! $%
&     
 '
PL
 ('
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  '
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*)(
+
',-&./0%1"234&565
7 ##"
  #    
 '3860&&
93 3 73      ! !
:60&/#8; )
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=>
8?!
+
@"'3
>7!  >3
# *,3*!,3*,3*!,3*,33'
<
;60&/#A)3B! 
298
Daniel Bunčić
?!  
:CD'60&.60&.#9
   8 3 !3    
 !$ '
73##
=>83#
!!3"
 3#E"! !
 $')?!3?#
E !!'#
 !$#?'
  >
63E!
# #!
!"' 
!# >!F'
2. e Russian 3pl impersonal
7!3"
*B,G&.5F%
5H&6:-&./0%1"234&565:I(60&&:860&6'J#3
3;#(600/%&&13
!( $D ! 
#!! $
'7##!3 $ !
:'K3
 $!'&..&%
25# BB
B' L 60&"% &6 #    "   
(B!#MBG !
@EMG@
N
B'8$60&&%66">
)!'; )=>#E
#?# $  
##)3O &./13#7#(!
 !! #'P   
E3600/'
N
MG@E ?! $I83''
    3 #3   *8
,3*L8,'
MG@ BI8 BL
60&"%&0'L60&"%&6MG@  "
Agent prominence and motion in Russian 3pl impersonals
299
#!
 D!3  3 :   
''
3#3#!(3
6(  3
33B 3''
$#D"'
6 !"  #
'
8;O
'
PL
 
*;',I(60&&%.
" $  % & "  "& 
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IKL
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O
 #! !'
PL
*##!!!',860&6%6/
L!"';#(Q860&&#
! "# 3''@ '
3##!38" 3
#3 # $
#  8  # 
3#3 3'L;600.'
73"! 
 ! !( $%
R
() #& *!3!,!
,3# *L!
,'73"#
BB'
R
 ! !
(F#? !S&../%503#
(B>TUV !
'J#3L60&"%F >
 ! "  TUV>!' A
 !#"! !
%7("''B
!3 !!
  *,   !' P3
#'' #"**P, ! 
#*!*P,   #
 >'3(
   !"
(,$ !S >
 !L'
300
Daniel Bunčić
F + * ,
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 P
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8S
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73#!
%
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B    they#('"
8S
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',ICX%($X3GD$Y((!30600F'&6'&"
J#3 3 B
    DD 60&5' L B!3   
 $ 3 !B 
3#!!Z3
# $ L;600.3'' 
1# $
 '6&62%
1 1 !%  [Z  
S   [Z  #(
*S##(',DD60&5%"F0
2 2%!"! % 3%&
(4&45"6!  %4"
*733# $H3!'
T7V,!'T7V#(! T7V,',
L;600.%&6&
)?!3"3#!3!!
 #   ' I3 #3      
3 #
 #!      !3 #   "  
 3#F'
# # "3
!  !     
'  $  ! T\V3# 
    $ >'
]
8
]
LY(&..5%600?(%""7*7, 
3!(^,#"D $ 8%
7*83! ^,3
  (9:6 &
*%AT_#VD , '
J#   !
Agent prominence and motion in Russian 3pl impersonals
301
60&6%6.3 !3#"
3# #!%
/    
 ## #'"
8S
*K##3#', '3?!Q-&..0%"F1
J#3. !C 600F%6.68
=>3# $! 
T`V3  "3&0'
. ; <   % &!  < =

@PS
  ('
7I;O
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'"
;9
@PS
 
*7(3 ',C 600F%6.6
&098  % &!  "
'
8O)8
'
8;
'
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7I;O
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'"
8S
 
3. Agent prominence
3.1 eory
3!!
" #!  $
'737!D"! 
!#! ' 3 
"  3  #        ' 
! ! 
 > 9 8 60&&3 ; )
=> 60&/3 8  
60&.3860&.'#
"! !%!
L(QK#60&&3'' #
!3J78#
39Q#60&"%&6&3 3''
#  !  L 60&"% &' !    
#3 !#(
##*,'
J#3#*,3#>!*?!,
Ea#!&..&%526D !
!83#   ! 
%
 $3D> $ '3''
!!#  "  !!#"
'
302
Daniel Bunčić
' 
' TVZ
 ' 
' 
3 '#!
!> $';!3  
!!  
!'
E!#
 !JQ860&5H '
  (         
!3!3!>
3   ' 7      
%8
 ?#3>3
 :     # 
!!3:
 '"/3#
 E'38TUV
 '50(
DD'!
> 'F/3EE
  E >3   >    
'
3.2 Acceptability judgement test
7 # "  # 
 #3 ##
E #!,&..&%526!3#!
 60&.%11H1/%
&'  features: T\V T\V T`V T\V
‘walk’3 6"*,3&*,
6'  features: T`V T\V T`V T\V
>‘sneeze’3*,36*,
"'  feature: T`V T\V T`V T`V
 "‘doubt’3*E,3! !*D,
F'  features: T`V T`V T`V T`V
‘glisten’3"*(,3*,
Agent prominence and motion in Russian 3pl impersonals
303
K3!! 6b6b6b6
_&1 '' T\VT\
VT`VT`V ! (*#,
*(,'7(! 3!!
! #3##!
 '
 H#E? #
B?!E # >H#
 3# !
>
3 # ! 3# #  
N#! ' #
 !# $
3E! ! N
3';++H+N>'
&& ? !!")>6!,@
6."%"!>" 
*K>D# D'
K#Z#( !(
',
&6 +" &) ,A66.%" & 
*7!#'KZ3
',
&" B!! && "% >      !& ,8  C
.%  !"6  & 
*3#!'KZ
 ',
7#(>
 $##*,  
>##!!3''##!
     * ,3       ''  "
 %"  &!"> >*
3#!#(#,3ICX%+ c&3
&/1&'
P 3>#3d<
RbN bN>b<#'!#
 !e?''+<?
! # !  ? !?
 e   e   ' P    3
#( !>S(
304
Daniel Bunčić
HHH\\\'?##+fB
g(I)g
#!!
#e# R'<'
Ne??#D#!
##! !B
B#B'
?#"3!(
# 3 3h(#  ?
 33' 
#( 33
33'#!
>?'3..?#B
!1"# "5 E "1  # 
"F!#&5# #&.65! !6
#101/! /1!
#!'
7  #  B &H"3   #  
165."## 
*#(,P&3#
#>?'
e
;B# !
#!!IKG'73(
B3#(i0'053#i0'0&3
i0'00&'
3.3 Results
>3 !E #
!"P6%*#(,#"!
B! i0'0&* ,*D,3
 B! i0'0&*,#
!!'*, 
#3
e
> #(
9!3!!&2&61
3#! 'P>3
93#>
*#(,Ej>3"
I8B
3')?!3B*#(,
 !13.!'J#3
EB'
Agent prominence and motion in Russian 3pl impersonals
305
"#   
'!BEk0'0F #*#(,
' !
#!(>3#
*#(,#B!3# 
'J#3E
 *#(,3 !!
#!&..&%5263!
 !(T\V'
J#3BE #*D,#
* ,3#!
'I!* ,( *D,'
!#  %#B
E?!8; )
> ##!  60&/%&0/3
#8* ,#B!
   *D,  60&.%2&'8
DD  #!
 ( "* ,3#?
#! !T\V
   'CD'60&.3
#     >   '   
>BD3
3 *#(,
'L# #F'
7# $P&#?E
'B #!BE3
  B!# 'A
BE #*, 
i0'00&3  ?!E3  !
# $3# $
 'J#3 "
*&

DE?"
*&

306
Daniel Bunčić
3!B! i0'00&
'
#!" >
!!!3 !#!&..&'!
##!   !  #  
'; !
B3#>
JQ860&5')
?!3  "      
 !'
4. Movement
4.1 eory
Cll600/%.# E 
>!';B!3 ( &
 (=H3#
! '&&"'!
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!'A''! 3
!3#!#
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'J#3!E!  #!
9  ## 
TUV! '63'''=*,#! 
!''#*,
!''I ** ,'7>3
 ''IF00E#
 $'';' H&*,3# 
Agent prominence and motion in Russian 3pl impersonals
307
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?B%
!# 
$33(  "
3! 3# $3*,3#! '106:
'
?#! !! 
!''!3!
*,*,:!TUV
3!*,3* ,3*! 
,3''
#E'73
!3!3
(!!#!?'9
       3     
(!('
! # '
4.2 Additional test items
A #  ( 1   
"'6'*#(,! 3#
  
#'I  
3!%
"% T\V T\V T`V T3fast]
‘run’36*!,3*,
"% T\V T\V T`V T3neutralV 
‘walk’3 6"*,3&*,
"% T\V T\V T`V T3slowV
6&‘pace’3*,3*,
308
Daniel Bunčić
!3E #*#(,#
*,>'J#3 ! #
 ( 3B
!# jBE #*,
 *, '
#  #!  
 6'6'A !3
 ##! ''
&*,3*,3>
*#(,3*,: #
!'P3# 
  Z   '#
 3#B?!E #
>'
4.3 Results for motion verbs
 #P"'7 
BE #*, *,
'E #*#(,*,!Bk0'0"3
  !?!E3 
?! #
! *#(,>'E #*#(,
*,3*,!*,3
!B'
B!'I!*,
B! *#(,*,:!3*#(, 
*,'#!33
#3 D !
!')?!3#!&..&%106
*&GEG =' "
Agent prominence and motion in Russian 3pl impersonals
309
3?((
!#'
5. Conclusion
7"#B!*#(,_
*,_*,m* ,_*D,m*,'7#3
 # !# 3
 !  !!'
IE 
  '7
>3# $#
!'A*#(,_*,_*,_* ,_*D,m*,3#
BE>'!
# > !
!!'73 3#
D'
Appendix: Verb frequencies
P?!!'''L'&..F3
)(Q6000'3 
!#? '#
#  ?   >   I )
ICX336//32623F.F#%
*,% *,553.1.:6*!,6&3506:*,.36&6 [ no3opq
*#(,% *#(,"0"36.5:&*,&.31/5: 6"*,&3050 [rso3srs
*,% *,&03".&:6&*,/35&2:*,F36F2 [ t3tro
*D,%*,6&32.F:6*,63111:>*D,.50 [ o3qts
* ,% *E,603"F1: "* ,&536"&:! !*D,&3/&/ [ rn3quv
*,%*,613.5&:*,&630&0:"*(,&3".0 [ rw3qvs
P?='E !6/.
!?!E=!B'
B !#!!IKG%k0'50:
*#(,'*,3k0'"1'
References
3O'&..&'x;y zC(
O'79#(3L$QA3''JK'
#& LEMNOPQRSTSUTVQWXTYRXZ[NSY\]OS^32&H/&'L{'
DD3)'60&5'%!
#!'_*EF.'""5H"16'
310
Daniel Bunčić
!3OY$G'Q-3($'&..2'2!"! , 
& .L('
3 ' 600/'  I   ( ;' 7
C3; Q93CQX(3h(Qh3S'3
C'8`&! DaB"&%?'Fbbc3/.H&06'L{'
3'60&/'7;!
 '7C3; QA3L(QPD3I '3C
'8`&! DdB"&%8&FbDc3&0&H&&0'A '
3'60&.'8'73
Q3'31&'8`&!"E55B+2&"B
efAg%DhiDj FbDk31"H21'P(L'
) J38'6001'* !,!'7(3
8Q 38(Q ;3L(Q A3P3& 
& 36"0H65/'K>'
)(3L#A'Q3O'6000'A  
'2#'&l'6.1'1F2H11.'
#!3'&..&'O'1&&12"'5F2H1&.'
93G(Q#3X'60&"'O# !!
3 @'7((3('
'31&&E  #=3&&.H&5/''
J3I(Q83'60&5'8 !!HB
>'73'3 E 1&
%&#'#%+%B%DFiDa C  FbDG3"/H5/'
G '
A) _ ) A  ) 6'6 60&F'7 ( ' $&' %ZZ###''Z
(Z'ZB|a_#'
C 3'600F'""$&'') '
8'
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Agent prominence and motion in Russian 3pl impersonals
311
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... Cabredo Hofherr 2017;Siewierska 2008;Malchukov and Siewierska 2011;Zobel 2012;Guiraud-Weber and Kor Chahine 2013). There are a large number of typological studies on impersonal pronouns in Germanic and Romance languages (Siewierska and Papastathi 2011;van der Auwera et al. 2012;Gast and van der Auwera 2013;van Olmen and Breed 2018) and a considerable amount of research on specific constructions in individual Slavic languages (Padučeva 2012;Nikitina 2011;Guiraud-Weber and Kor Chahine 2013;Schlund 2018a;Bunčić 2019) or contrastive studies between Slavic (mostly Russian) and non-Slavic languages (Dušková 1973;Anochina 1981;Berger 1991;Rudolf 2014;Lavine 2017). Some studies present an in-depth analysis of one or two impersonal constructions in a few Slavic languages, such as a detailed comparison of reflexive impersonals in Polish and Slovenian by Rivero and Milojevic Sheppard (2003); a contrastive study of the syntactic properties of adversative impersonals in Russian with -no/-to impersonals in Polish by Szucsich (2007); an investigation of -no/-to constructions, reflexive impersonals, and third-person plural impersonals in Polish and Russian by Prenner (forthcoming), and in Polish and Serbo-Croatian by Bunčić (2018); passive constructions and the third-plural impersonals in Russian and Bulgarian by Ivanova and Gradinarova (2015); reflexive impersonals in Slovenian and Russian by Uhlik and Žele (2018); and a study on accusative impersonals (also adversity impersonals, elemental constructions) in Russian and other Slavic languages by Schlund (2020). ...
... There are a large number of typological studies on impersonal pronouns in Germanic and Romance languages (Siewierska and Papastathi 2011;van der Auwera et al. 2012;Gast and van der Auwera 2013;van Olmen and Breed 2018) and a considerable amount of research on specific constructions in individual Slavic languages (Padučeva 2012;Nikitina 2011;Guiraud-Weber and Kor Chahine 2013;Schlund 2018a;Bunčić 2019) or contrastive studies between Slavic (mostly Russian) and non-Slavic languages (Dušková 1973;Anochina 1981;Berger 1991;Rudolf 2014;Lavine 2017). Some studies present an in-depth analysis of one or two impersonal constructions in a few Slavic languages, such as a detailed comparison of reflexive impersonals in Polish and Slovenian by Rivero and Milojevic Sheppard (2003); a contrastive study of the syntactic properties of adversative impersonals in Russian with -no/-to impersonals in Polish by Szucsich (2007); an investigation of -no/-to constructions, reflexive impersonals, and third-person plural impersonals in Polish and Russian by Prenner (forthcoming), and in Polish and Serbo-Croatian by Bunčić (2018); passive constructions and the third-plural impersonals in Russian and Bulgarian by Ivanova and Gradinarova (2015); reflexive impersonals in Slovenian and Russian by Uhlik and Žele (2018); and a study on accusative impersonals (also adversity impersonals, elemental constructions) in Russian and other Slavic languages by Schlund (2020). Yet very little attention has so far been paid to contrastive research of a wide range of impersonal constructions between a sizable number of Slavic languages. ...
... As for generalized-personal sentences, they do not form a single class syntactically; they cover the 3rd-and 1st-person plural, as well as the 1st-and 2nd-person singular forms of the verb (Švedova 1980). Secondly, as already mentioned by Bunčić (2018Bunčić ( , 2020, the term "indeterminate-personal" is unfortunate and even misleading because these constructions are, on the one hand, not necessarily indefinite as the Russian term implies (cf. Berger 1991: 72;Gast and van der Auwera (2013: 26) distinguish between definite and indefinite reference). ...
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... This project is based on the finding that arbs are not equally good with all verbs, which can be explained by assuming a prominence relation in the sense of Himmelmann and Primus 2015, according to which the constructions are deemed more acceptable the more agentive the verbs are (cf. Bunčić 2018Bunčić , 2019Bunčić , 2020. However, in order to be able to determine this effect (and in very practical terms, to construct valid test items), we have to know the influence of other factors on the grammaticality and/or acceptability (cf. ...
The Competition of ARB Constructions in Polish*
Article
Full-text available
  • Oct 2021
Polish has three quasi-synonymous impersonal constructions: the-no/-to construction, the reflexive impersonal, and the 3pl impersonal. This raises the question of what the differences between them are and how one of them is selected. This paper presents the results of an acceptability judgment test, which is informed by an explorative corpus study and examines the following factors: colloquial vs. neutral register; perfective vs. imperfective aspect; present tense vs. preterite; and generic vs. specific reading. The main findings are that the 3pl impersonal turned out to be better in colloquial discourse and the reflexive impersonal is much more acceptable with the imperfective than with the perfective aspect. Furthermore, the corpus data and the acceptability judgments show numerically that both reflexive and 3pl impersonal have a certain tendency towards present tense and generic reading, and that the-no/-to construction is more typical with the perfective than the imperfective aspect.
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volume 29, number 2 summer–fall 2021 Journal of the Slavic Linguistics Society journal of slavic linguistics Special Issue Exploring the Impersonal Domain: Empirical Observations from Slavic Edited by Katrin Schlund and Peter Kosta
Book
Full-text available
  • Apr 2022
From the Editors This is the second issue of volume 29. It is a special issue entitled Exploring the impersonal domain: Empirical observations from Slavic and guest-edited by Katrin Schlund and Peter Kosta.
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Impersonal constructions in Slavic languages and the agentivity of the verb
Chapter
Full-text available
  • Jun 2018
The paper deals with impersonal constructions like Polish mówiono, Serbo-Croatian govorilo se and Russian govorili ‘they said’. Grammatical descriptions agree that these constructions require an implicit human agent and are ungrammatical without one. However, it is shown here that these impersonals are not always good even with a human agent because their grammaticality also depends on the verb. Both acceptability judgement tests and corpus studies show a clear agentivity cline: The more features of agent prominence the verb entails, the more acceptable (and relatively the more frequent) the construction is.
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Passive and passive-like constructions in English and Polish
Article
Full-text available
  • Jan 2009
This thesis is the result of several years of research at the Research Centre of English
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Wide-Coverage Probabilistic Sentence Processing
Article
Full-text available
  • Nov 2000
This paper describes a fully implemented, broad-coverage model of human syntactic processing. The model uses probabilistic parsing techniques, which combine phrase structure, lexical category, and limited subcategory probabilities with an incremental, left-to-right pruning mechanism based on cascaded Markov models. The parameters of the system are established through a uniform training algorithm, which determines maximum-likelihood estimates from a parsed corpus. The probabilistic parsing mechanism enables the system to achieve good accuracy on typical, garden-variety language (i.e., when tested on corpora). Furthermore, the incremental probabilistic ranking of the preferred analyses during parsing also naturally explains observed human behavior for a range of garden-path structures. We do not make strong psychological claims about the specific probabilistic mechanism discussed here, which is limited by a number of practical considerations. Rather, we argue incremental probabilistic parsing models are, in general, extremely well suited to explaining this dual nature—generally good and occasionally pathological—of human linguistic performance.
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``Arbitrary''pro and the theory of pro-drop [*]
Article
  • Sep 2006
Since Rizzi's influential work on pro-drop (Rizzi 1986), it has been generally assumed that null subject pronouns pattern together depending on their theta-role. The idea is that null pronouns bearing a full theta-role need more content identification than null pronouns bearing a quasi-theta-role or no theta-role at all (section 1). In what follows I will discuss evidence showing that the possibility of pro-drop is not directly dependent on the theta-role borne by the pronoun (section 2). In particular I present data from different languages [1] that allow null 3rd person pronouns with so-called arbitrary reference even though anaphoric 3rd person argumental pro is not available. In order to account for the split between arbitrary and anaphoric null pronouns I propose a modification of Rizzi's theory of pro-drop. I argue that anaphoric and non-anaphoric pro should be distinguished and I propose that the two types of pro-drop are content-identified by two different types of agreement (section 3).
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Subject ellipsis in Russian and Polish*
Article
  Polish and Russian are partial pro-drop languages with different patterns of subject realization: whereas pronominal subjects are more commonly elided in Polish, they are more commonly overt in Russian. This suggests an approach to modeling ellipsis that begins with the parameter baseline subject realization with the values overt and elided. Once a language has been thus parameterized (overt for Russian, elided for Polish), the rules for determining when to override that baseline decision must be formulated. At least four types of factors influence the realization decision for subjects in Russian and Polish: syntactic constraints; the semantic and stylistic nuances of the utterance; and two pragmatic constraints – the necessity of avoiding ambiguity and the preference for avoiding redundancy. While many theoretical approaches would stop at the point of making such generalizations, the approach taken here, which follows the theory of Ontological Semantics, necessitates that all of the proposed constraints be associated with heuristics sufficient to provide a non-native speaker or intelligent agent with a robust, practical knowledge of ellipsis usage.
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Russian as a partial pro-drop language: Data and analysis from a new study
  • 5-16
  • Camilla Bizzarri
Bizzarri, Camilla. 60&5. Russian as a partial pro-drop language: Data and analysis from a new study. Annali di Ca' Foscari: Serie occidentale F.. ""5-"16.
Null-subject properties of Slavic languages: With special reference to Russian, Czech and Sorbian
  • Naděžda Kudrnáčová
Kudrnáčová, Naděžda. 600/. Directed motion at the syntax-semantics interface. Brno. Lindseth, Martina. &../. Null-subject properties of Slavic languages: With special reference to Russian, Czech and Sorbian. München.
&./1. South Slavic accusative objects accompanying 'reflexive' se. Zbornik Matice srpske za filologiju i lingvistiku 6
  • José Tilburg
  • Van
Tilburg, José van. &./1. South Slavic accusative objects accompanying 'reflexive' se. Zbornik Matice srpske za filologiju i lingvistiku 6.(&)..