MAN AND HIS ENVIRONMENT

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MAN AND HIS ENVIRONMENT
By
ONYEAKAZI JUDE CHUKWUMA, PhD
1. INTRODUCTION:
In the global environment, man is the most dominant and most prestigious creature.
Through his activities, the environment is both enhanced and at the same time degraded.
That is to say, his impact on his environment is bipolar in nature. For instance, he
cultivates the soil for food production, reaps the harvest of his labor, builds and enjoys
the comfort, and also destroys both himself and his environment, consciously or
unconsciously through the work of his hands (technology). He is able to do these things
because of his intellectual sophistication and unlimited psyche (mind).
The Socratic dictum ‘‘all men by nature desire to know’’, explains the nature of man as
inquisitive and exploratory. His quest for advancement of knowledge led to the discovery
of science and consequently technology. On the one hand, science is defined as “the
systematic study of nature.”1 Technology on the other hand deals with the practical
application of the knowledge of science- the employment of man’s resourcefulness and
creativity to improve his overall well-being.2
In this work, we are faced with some questions such as: can man exist independent of his
environment? Can the environment exist without man? On which area did he influence
his environment? Naturally, has the environment done anything to its inhabitants? What
are the impacts of science and technology in the development of man’s environment?
What is the hope of man in the face of ever growing environmental hazards (air pollution,
water pollution, thermal pollution, flooding, earthquake etc.)? These are some of the
problems yawning for answer in this work. For an explicit understanding, it is pertinent to
explicate some of the operating terms in this work.

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2. EXPLICATION OF TERMS
2.1. MAN:
For M.C. Nwalozieet al, the term ‘man’ is a general name given to the adult male human
being. It is also the generic name of mankind or the human race irrespective of gender.3
Man is further defined as a member of the species Homo sapiens or all the members of
this species collectively, without regards to sex.4 Man is not the only thing in existence,
but distinct from other creatures by the virtue of the possession and use of reason and
will. For Plato, reason is the highest part of the soul, and the function of reason is to
guide conduct.5 Aristotle affirming this, stated that “reason is the highest faculty of the
soul, it is man’s prized possession, which sets him apart from subhuman
nature.”6Through the acquisition of knowledge, he is able to maintain and sustain his
environment, unlike all other creature. Man influences the environment and is being
influenced by the environment both positively and negatively.
Scientifically, “man is a part of the physical order of nature and he is subject to physical
and chemical laws, as are other organisms.”7 Religiously, “man is a being created by God
and made in God’s image. He stands at the point where nature and spirit meet.”8
But there is still something unclear about man: the origin of man. We question, how did
man come into existence? From where did man originate? Did man evolve from some
other things or was man created? These and many more are the perplexities surrounding
the history of man. Till today, it is still unclear how man began to exist. In an attempt to
proffer answer to these puzzles, some theories on the origin of man emerged. We shall
look at some of those theories, in order to have some insight on how man originated.
2.2. THEORIES OF THE ORIGIN OF MAN
We cannot say for sure when man began to exist, but people have made attempts and
speculations about when and where originates from. Brown speculates that human life on

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earth have begun at least half a million years ago.9 Basically there are two main theories
of the origin of man namely; theory of evolution and the religious theory of creation.
2. 3. THE EVOLUTIONARY THEORY
This theory was propounded by Charles Darwin, in his book Origin of Species published
in 1866. In this theory, he affirmed the views of the ancients like: Anaximander,
Empedocles, Anaxagoras and Aristotle that “the new species evolved from lower ones
through a process of selection and adaptation.”10 From this theory, Darwin implied that
species are changeable, mutable and uncreated and do not remain in a particular state
eternally. It evolves or changes. With changes in time it develops into specie of its kind.
This theory claimed that man evolved from apes. He further asserted that “species
changed, not by any intelligent or purposeful activity in the organism, but essentially by a
kind of chance.”11
The Darwinian theory of evolution is the theory that man came from one or
two types of organisms of the lowest order, and that this is effected by a
constant tendency of living bodies to acquire and transmit variations; that
there is a struggle for existence among living bodies in which the fittest
survive; that existing species are survivors of the struggle by reason of their
superior nature and thus are here by natural selection of the most favored
races.12
In the classification of being, according to this theory, man is in the same
kingdom- animalia, in the same phylum- chordata and the same class of
mammalia with apes, monkeys, chimpanzees, etc. Darwin argues in the origin of
species that man was the first cousin to apes.13
2.4. THEOLOGICAL THEORY OF THE ORIGIN OF MAN
This theory of the origin of man is based on some religious assumption and beliefs.
Central to every religion is the existence of a supernatural and uncreated being, known

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with different names according to the various religions and languages. In this theory of
the origin of man, it is believed that man was created by God or a supreme being and is
kept in existence by the power of that same being. The Christian bible affirmed this
theory stating “God created man in his own image and likeness.”14 The psalmist further
stated “the earth is the Lords and its fullness…”15 With this insight to the origin of man;
we shall now look into the meaning and types of environment.
3. THE ENVIRONMENT
The word environment is derived from the French word ‘environ’ which means
‘surrounding’, which include biotic factors (human beings, plants, animals, microbes etc.)
and a biotic factors (light, air, water, etc.).16 According to the 7th edition of the oxford
advanced learners dictionary, environment is defined as the conditions that affect the
behavior and development of somebody or something. It is the physical condition that
somebody or something exists. The Chambers 20th century Dictionary defines
environment as a “surrounding external conditions influencing development or growth of
people, animal, or plants; living or working conditions.”17
When we talk of environment, we mean both living and nonliving things that an
organism interacts with, or has an effect on it. Consequent on the above definitions, there
are four types of environment that man comes in contact within the course of existence.
They are; physical (natural) environment, social environment, ideological environment
and metaphysical environment. We shall give a brief explanation of these types of
environment, in order to have a full grasp of our topic.
3.1. PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT:
This is also known as the natural environment. It refers to the natural or man-made
objects or things in mans surrounding, that man interacts with, influences and been
influenced by them. It must be something that one can touch, see and perceive. Examples
of physical environment are: sun, star, moon, sand, mountain, grass, cars, airplanes,
chairs etc.

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3.2. SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT:
Man is a social and relational being by nature, thus exhibits such characteristics in an
environment and such environment is called social environment. The social environment
has to do with the different social setting or interpersonal relationships that human beings
enter into in the course of their collective existence as a group or a society.18 The social
environment is characterized by communication. Such relationship could be seen in the
family (husband/wife, brother/sister), in religion (Clergy/congregation), in politics
(Leader/led). Hence anywhere there is a relationship between one person and the other
constitutes a social environment.
3.3. IDEOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT:
Ideas they say rule the world, therefore ideological environment refers to the prevalent
body of ideas whether political or economic or religious or a combination of these, which
form the basis of a national or racial or sectarian policy or the theoretical framework for a
course of action.19 It consists of norms, values, customs traditions etc. of a people. It
serves as a guide of action of people in the society. The ideological environment is not
seen, but its effects are felt and influences man’s thoughts in the physical world.
3.4. METAPHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT:
This is an aspect of the environment that is not seen or touched. It is beyond the physical
environment and deals with metaphysical reality such as God, deities, spirits, etc. The
nature of man is two dimensional, the physical and the metaphysical. The physical refers
to mans dealing with the physical things while the metaphysical refers to man’s
inclination to the metaphysical realities, expressed through religion and belief. In the
metaphysical environment, man expresses his relationship to a supernatural being, he
believes in, or otherwise stated, man expresses his religiosity in the metaphysical
environment.

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Having explained what environment is and the various types of environment, we shall
now see the interaction and the inter-relationship that exist between man and these
environment and how man influences and are been influenced by these environments. For
this work, we shall focus on the physical and social environment.
4. THE POSITIVE IMPACT OF MAN TO THE ENVIRONMENT
It is an undisputable fact that the existence of man gives credence to the environment, in
the sense that the environment exist because man do. With the power of reason, man is
able to impact positively on the environment. Through the inventive skills, man develops
and sustains the environment. Man impacts positively on his environment by: promoting
a forestation, conserving water resources, soil conservation, conservation of flora and
fauna, the use of renewable sources of energy and the use of technology.
4.1. A FORESTATION: This is the process of planting new tree in an environment.
These trees play pertinent role in man respiration because the oxygen it gives out, man
takes in. By improving the air quality, it reduces air pollution which is very harmful to
man. It also shields houses from the effect of heavy winds that can destroy life and
property.
4.2. CONSERVING THE WATER RESOURCES: Water is one of mostly used things
in the physical environment. Its resources are also beneficial to man; therefore man
conserves the water resources by not throwing industrial wastes, domestic wastes and
any other waste into the rivers, lakes etc. Man can conserve water resources through the
use of some techniques such as; rain water harvesting, watershed management, drip
irrigation.20
4.3. SOIL CONSERVATION: The soil is very essential because it is on the soil that all
sorts of food grow. Thus there is a serious need to conserve the soil for an effective
production of food for man and other living organism in the environment. This process
of conserving the soil is the sole responsibility of man because of the rational power man

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possess. The soil can be conserved through the use of some methods like; crop rotation,
contour ploughing, terrace farming, windbreaks and the use of shelter belts etc.
4.4. TECHNOLOGICAL INVENTIONS: Earlier we stated that man is not the only
thing in existence in the environment but man is distinguished from all other thing
through the power and use of reason. Naturally man strives to survive and dominate all
other things in the environment. Thus the natural tendency of man to exist, survive and
dominate his environment turned man into an inventor.21 Through technology which is
the application of the scientific knowledge, man makes the environment a lively place.
The environment is improved and man is happy and fulfilled. Some of the technological
inventions that has impacted positively on the environment are; artificial irrigation
system, pest control, wind vanes, tractors, etc. with these inventions, the environment is
kept in order and sustained with ease.
4.5. CONSERVATION OF FLORA AND FAUNA: This is the process of beautifying
ones environment by planting flowers and ornamental tree. This makes the environment
habitable. It provides relaxation centers for man.
4.6. ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS: Knowledge is power, to know, one needs to
be informed and be aware. Once human beings are sufficiently made aware of the
importance of preserving and protection our environment, negative and harmful
activities will be reduced to a great extent. Thus several environmental awareness
programs should be introduced in order to educate everybody on the need to take good
care of the environment.
In the light of all these positive impacts of man to the environment, man has also
impacted on the environment negatively. We shall looks at some of the negative impacts
of man to the environment and its side effect to human existences and possible panacea.
5. NEGATIVE IMPACTS OF MAN TO THE ENVIRONMENT
Whatever that has an advantage can also have disadvantage. Here we shall see some of
the ways the activities and man have impacted negatively on the environment. On the bid

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to survive, man sometimes endangers himself and the environment. Affirming this, M.C.
Nwalozie opined; “man’s curiosity in addition to his exploratory tendencies have caused
some of the useful technologies to become in some respects objects that could threaten
his existence in the environment.”22 Among the negative impact of man to the
environment are: Air pollution, water pollution, nuclear pollution, fallout, ozone layer
depletion etc. all these result either from the excessive or recessive use of some of the
technological inventions of man.
5.1. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION:
Environmental pollution began with the first use of fire about 500, 000 years ago and
escalated with the industrial revolution of the 18th century.23 Environmental pollution is
the unrestrained and the uncontrollable degradation of our environment through the
injection into it of pollutants in excess of what can be naturally be recycled, broken
down, dispersed or stored in a harmless form.24 It also refers to anything that constitutes
nuisance to the environment, thereby endangering man and other organisms in the
environment. There are two main aspects or causes of environmental pollution, namely;
Bio-genic pollution and Human induced pollution.
Bio-genic pollution is the types of pollutions caused by natural sources. The most
common of the natural sources of pollution is dust. The human induced pollutions are
those caused through the actions of human beings, his inventions and creations.
5.2. AIR POLLUTION:
In a short way, air pollution can be defined as “the emission of pollutants in excess by a
particular body of air or air generally through the activities of man.”25 This is caused by
smokes and fumes coming from industrial machines and big Lorries, by dust, mists,
sooths etc. Air pollution brings about discomfort in the environment; it can also cause
some air bone diseases.

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5.3. NUCLEAR POLLUTION:
Like the air pollution, the nuclear pollution occurs in form of radiation, which results
from the decay of radioactive elements. This is the product of man’s activities in nuclear
technology. There are three main sources of nuclear pollution, they include; coal-fired
power plants, nuclear power-plants and nuclear explosions. Nuclear pollution makes the
environment not conducive for living.
5.4. WATER POLLUTION:
This is the injection of pollutants into the bodies of water (ocean, sea, river, lakes …).
Water pollution is caused by some activities of man such as; disposal of industrial and
domestic wastes in the water. It is also caused by oil spillage. Water pollution causes the
annihilation of some aquatic creatures and causes hardness of water. It also makes water
unhealthy for human consumption. This progresses into thermal pollution, which occurs
when the heated water-coolant from nuclear power plants (or conventional fossil fuel
plants and other industrial machines) is discharged into the water of the streams, rivers,
etc. the heated water discharged into the rivers cause the normal temperature of the river
or a portion of it to rise; sometimes as high as 120`f.26
5.5. OZONE LAYER DEPLETION:
The ozone (O3) is a form of oxygen. The ozone layer is a thick sphere of this form of
oxygen in the upper atmosphere, the stratosphere, about 15 to 20 kilometers above the
surface of the earth.27 It is like a shield above the atmosphere which protects the earth
from the high rate of effect from the sun. The ozone layer depletion is a sort of opening
or hole in the ozone layer. This depletion makes us feel the heat of the sun at a greater
extent. This result to some dangerous ecological disruptions: such as; skin cancers,
cataracts, depression of human immune system, reduction of crop yield, ruination of
aquatic life and damage to properties. It is caused some activities of man such; the
explosion of nuclear bomb, the injection of nitrogen oxide into the ozone layer through
nuclear explosion.

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5.6. DEFORESTATION:
This is the process of cutting trees in an environment without replacing them with new
ones. Deforestation makes the environment prone to heavy wind which endangers human
life. This activity of man poses threat to the environment.
The effect is not only one sided, it is bipolar, in the sense that man effects the
environment and the environment effects and influences man. We shall look at some of
the benefits man gets from the environment and the influences of the environment on
man.
6. ENVIRONMENTAL DETERIORATION AND ITS CAUSES
This is the degrading movement of the environment, from the state of stability to a state
of instability. Environmental deterioration is fundamentally caused either by the action or
the inactions of man to the environment. The over use of a particular thing in the
environment without proper maintenance and care brings about deterioration. For
instance, the over use of a particular piece of farmland, results to the infertility of the land
and lowers the rate of production of the land. More so, the over use of industrial plants or
engines result to air and noise pollution.
We shall examine some of the causes of environmental deterioration.
6.1. OVERCROWDING OR POPULATION EXPLOSION
Overcrowding implies having more number of people or things than a particular
environment can carry. It is used interchangeably with over-population. Overcrowding is
the number one cause of environmental deterioration. John seamon and Douglas Kenrick
affirmed this saying; “the population explosion makes an indirect contribution to a legion
of stressors. More and more people in the world will almost certainly mean that, as
resources get scarcer, there will be more inflation, lowered standards of living, more
starvation and more pollution.”28

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Furthermore it was stated; with overcrowding comes more waste, more pollution, and
more need for energy. In an overcrowded environment, a lot of things are over used
resulting to environmental deterioration. For instance, due to scarcity of land in an
overcrowded environment, people resort to continuous planting, this weakens the
efficiency of the land. The roads in an overcrowded environment are hardly found good
because of constant usage. In such areas, there is always high rate of noise and air
pollutions resulting from the too much use of power plants, generators, motor engines etc.
6.2. SOCIAL TRAP
This is the bad effect of individualistic capitalism in the words of Adam Smith (British
philosopher and economist), whereby people are interested in their personal gain losing
sight of the interest of the masses and the long term effect of their action. He stated “each
person freely allowed to seek his or her own self interest would be led by an invisible
hand to promote… the public interest.”29
A typical example of the social trap can be seen in some areas where a particular land is
free for sheepherder to pasture their sheep; we observe that the grasses in those areas are
quickly destroyed as a result of overgrazing. Due to individual selfishness, one takes
more sheep than the pasture can carry. Although this act may have a short term benefit,
but its long term consequences are more grievous and inescapable, thus leading to
environmental deterioration.
The social traps occur when there are hidden costs for behavior. Those costs can be
hidden for some reasons namely; ignorance of long term consequences, sliding reins
forcers. When one is unaware or ignorant of the long term consequences of what he/she is
doing it may result to social trap. Example: the designers of Russia’s Chernobyl Nuclear
plant probably had no idea that their plant’s meltdown would one day cover Europe with
toxic radiation.30 More so, the social traps occur because of the inability of producers to
maintain or sustain the good quality of their product. The lower quality products effect
the environment and consequently cause environmental deterioration.

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6.3. TECHNOCENTRICISM:
The 21st century is so called ‘digital’ or ‘computer age’, hence man’s activities are
anchored or centered on science and technology. Although these technological inventions
are beneficial to man, it has also proven to be disadvantageous to man and leads to
environmental deterioration. For instance; the invention of machines and nuclear power
plants, are beneficial to man and they also constitute nuisance and environmental
deterioration through its exhaust gas.
6.4. ARBITRARY LAND-USE POLICIES:
The use of land is guided by some policies in order to avoid over use but due to man’s
greed and selfishness, these rules and policies are neglected. Thus one uses the land as it
pleases him, without consideration of the consequences of his action. In most cases, this
results to poor or low farm production, no grazing lands or pastures, erosion and
flooding.
7. ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES ON MAN
As man influences the environment, so also does the environment influences man in
diverse ways; positive, negative, physical, psychological, emotional etc. In brief, the
influences of the environment on man shall be examined.
7.1. DIRECT PHYSICAL INFLUENCES:
That the geographical aspects of the universe in which we live have determined in
extreme degree the nature of the extant biological specimens, including man, is not to be
denied.31 Thus the direct influences of the environment on man are seen in the decisive
role the environment play in selecting the people in the environment. These direct
influences would be reflected in variations, both qualitative and quantitative, in unlearned
biological tendencies induced by altitude, climate and other geographical condition.
Examples of such influences are; the civilization of some tropical areas and subtropical

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areas like Nile, Tigris, and Euphrates. The temperate zone has mothered not only the
dominant civilization of today, but also that of ancient China.
7.2. PHYSICAL INFLUENCES:
These influences are reflected in man’s religion, his literature, in his modes of thought
and figures of speech.32 For example, the cold, dark, and stormy hell envisioned by the
Eskimo bespeaks his arctic environment, whereas that of the Jews is heated by eternal
fires; the religion, myths, and legends of the island people of the southern Pacific are
concerned with all-encompassing Ocean.
Furthermore, the recreational patterns respond to the geography of the area. For instance,
majority of the hockey stars with few exceptions are Canadian-bred, while the tennis,
golf, and swimming champions are usually the products of near tropical areas, all because
the environment permits for such activities.
7.3. PSYCHOLOGICAL INFLUENCES:
The effect of the environmental deterioration on man is mostly experienced in terms of
health hazards, such as the 1952 killer smog in London, which caused 3500 deaths and
the risk of cancer from exposure to radiation from a nuclear generator.33 By
psychological influences we mean how the environment influences the human psyche
and form part of his personality. They are both positive and negative. The psychological
influences are less visible but causes more harm. Researchers have discovered some of
the psychological influences of environmental deterioration on man, they are; the
impairment of thought processes and interferes with job performance as a result of bad-
smelling or polluted air with carbon monoxide. Also, that air pollution can increase
incidents of domestic violence and psychiatric disturbance.
Those living near industries and factories, often experience increased psycho
physiological disorders such as headaches and gastrointestinal problems, and stress,
because of the disturbing noise from the plants. A typical example of such is those living

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near Three Mile Island, which is a nuclear power plant, near Harrisburg and
Pennsylvania.
Although the psychological influences of the environment on man may seem to be only
negative, there are also some positive aspects of it. The presence of industries and
factories in an environment reawakens the consciousness of the people on the need to go
for the best of product and goods, instead of poor and quick replaceable ones. It
encourages people to be positively engaged instead of misusing their time with the
excuse of no job.
7.4. NATURE AND NURTURE:
Through the psychological influences of the environment on man, his personality is
formed. It reshapes ones nature, which is the interplay of nature and nurture in human
development. In nature, we see the inborn traits in an individual, while the effect or
impact of the environment on man is known as nurture. For instance, an identical twin
separated into two different environments, one in an organized and good environment,
and the other in an unorganized and bad environment. The one in the organized and good
environment, influenced by the environment, comes out organized and with a stable
character, while the other on the contrary. But this is not always the case
7.5. EMOTIONAL INFLUENCES:
This is a continuation of the psychological influences of the environment on man. An
environment well taken care of makes its inhabitants happy, radiates joy, while on the
contrary, a degraded environment makes one unhappy even unconsciously. An organized
environment gives one the sense of being loved and makes one lovable.
8. MAN’S BENEFIT FROM THE ENVIRONMENT
The environment as we explained earlier includes the living and non-living things that
man interact with. The environment is important to man biologically, economically and
aesthetically.

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8.1. BIOLOGICAL BENEFITS
Biologically, the environment benefits man, through some medicinal shrubs, provision of
food for man, provision of shelter for man and other organisms in the environment. The
trees in the environment purify the air and make it healthy for human respiration. The
greater part of the atmospheric oxygen comes from plants and trees, which human beings
take in for living. On the other hand, humans give out carbon dioxide which plants and
trees need for their growth.
8.2. ECONOMICAL BENEFITS
Economically, the environment offers man a source of income by providing recreation
and tourist centers, fishing, camping, hunting, canoeing etc. in areas where the wild live
is preserved very well, people come from distant place to enjoy nature. It makes available
food for human consumption and wellbeing.
8.3. AESTHETICAL BENEFITS
Aesthetically, well beautified environment, benefits man and gives a sense of absolute
beauty. The solitude of woods and mountains is a source of inner serenity and strength,
an opportunity to live in harmony with natural order.34 Wilderness can teach us moral
lessons; we can learn humility and gratitude but can also gain self-reliance in facing the
challenge of the wild.35
9.CONLUSION:
That man is given a prestigious position in the environment, does not make him solely
independent on other things in the environment. Humans need the environment and other
things in it, while the environment needs man for its up keep. If man neglects the
environment, the environment militates against man, through some hazardous element.
So far in most countries of the world, there is a high level environmental deterioration
due to man’s actions and inactions. Thus man need to guide against some actions that are

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causing these environmental deteriorations, such as; disposing domestic wastes in rivers,
overgrazing, too much burning of industrial power plants etc. Man ought to enjoy and
develop the environment, because he is the chief suffering of the environmental
deterioration.
10. BASIC QUESTIONS ON MAN AND HIS ENVIRONMENT: At the end of this
course, students should be able to attempt the following questions:
1. What is environment? Explain briefly what you understood by physical and social
environments
2. Explain four ways by which man impacts on his environment.
3. Explain five major ways by which environment impacts on man
4. What is environmental deterioration? Explain four major causes of environmental
deterioration and its psychological influence on man.
5. Mention and explain three benefits of environment to man.
6. What are the three ways man interacts with the environment? (A). Adapt, develop and
sustain. (B) Depend, modify and adapt
(C) Adapt, modify and love. (D) Depend, modify and adapt
7. Humans depend on the natural environment for their basic needs, which doesn’t
include: (A) Food (B) Shelter (C) Electronics (D) Clothing
8. WE can reduce land pollution by (A) Incinerating rubbish (B) Reducing deforestation
(C) Using organic pesticides in farming (D) Building taller chimneys for factories.
(A). A Only (B) A and C only (C) B and C only (D) A, C, and D only
9. Nelson disposed off some clear liquid chemicals into a lake. Which of the following
would be observed in the pond community? (A) A smell could be detected from the
Lake. (B) The water in the Lake was stagnant (C) Dead fishes can seen floating on the
surface of the Lake. (D) Leaves of the plants growing by the Lake turned down. (A). A
and B only. (B). A, B and C only. (C). A, B and D only. (D). A, C and D only.
10. Which is the odd one here in man’s interaction with his environment?
(A). A forestation. (B). Population explosion (C) Social trap (D) Techno-centricism

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