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Weed Flora of Great Man-Made River
Agriculture Project (Sirte).
Mohamed A. Alaib* and Naser O. El-Shakhy**
Abstract
The goals of the present work were to document the weed species in barley fields in
GMR agricultural project and to provide quantitative data that could be used to estimate
losses due to weeds, also to attract the attention to the economically important weeds in
GMR agricultural project and to develop methods for their control.
In this study a survey was conducted to identify weed species naturally
occurring in GMR agricultural barley fields in Sirte Libya. A check list including 105
species was prepared. 27 species are being reported for the first time. The check list
includes the scientific name for each species in addition to vernacular name. Reported
species belonging to 83 genera and 31 families of angiosperms. Dicotyledons were
represented by 93 species, 71 genera and 28 families and Monocotyledons were
represented by 12 species, 12 genera and 3 families. The dominant families according to
the number of species were Fabaceae (21 species), Asteraceae (17 species), Poaceae and
Brassicaceae (8 species), and Boraginaceae, and Scrophulariaceae (4species). The
survey revealed that there were two species of plants found growing in the study area
which is not their normal habitat as far as distribution is concern. These species were
Medicago disciformis which is restricted to Cyrenaica and Cynara cardunculus which is
restricted to Benghazi plain.
* Faculty of Agriculture, University of Al-Tahadi.
** Faculty of Science, University of Al-Tahadi.
1
Introduction
In no other parts of the world does uncontrolled weed growth cause
as great reduction in crop yields as it does in dry areas where soil moisture
is the limiting factor and weeds compete significantly with the crop for
available moisture (Robson,1992). Weeds and crops usually have the same
requirements, but weeds make their living at the expense of the crop by
competition for nutrients, moisture, light, carbon dioxide and space (Abdul
Ghafoor and Shad, 1995; Klingman et al., 1975; Muzik, 1970).
Weed problems in Libya have become very important not only in the
coastal belt with its higher rainfall, but also in the newly established
irrigation project in the desert where it was very difficult to find a single
weed in the past (Robson, 1992). In Libya however, the recognition of
weed science as a discipline with the same position as other crop protection
disciplines, such as entomology and plant pathology, has been neglected
(Kukula and Ghanuni, 1992). As a result no systematic research has been
done on regular bases. Some experiments, however, carried out during the
late 1970s and early 1980s in agriculture research center, particularly in
Tripoli and AL-Jabal AL-Akhdar region. The results of these experiments
have been published in a form of reports remained in the shelves of the
library of the agriculture research centers.
2
Avena sterilis.
Lolium. Bromus Phalaris spp.
!""#$%&
Anthemis
Polygonum Vicia Plantago Malva GaliumAnagalis
!"'($
)*+,-,
Oglivy (1975), surveyed agricultural fields of El-Marj, Zarda, El-
Beyda, Sahel El-Fateh men September and Al-Abiar, he recorded 25
species of weeds (c.f. Saleh et al, 1983). Kassian (1978), also surveyed
agriculture fields of Sahel El-Marj, El-beyda and Derna, and recorded 36
weed species (c.f. Saleh et al, 1983).
Saleh and El-Garbawi (1979), recorded a total of 205 species of
monocots and dicots weeds in the survey of North- weastern of Libya. The
results of their survey showed that Lolium rigidum, Bromus rigidus,
Fumaria parviflora,, Anagalis arvensis, Brassica tournefortii, Cutandia
dichotoma, Cyndon dactylon, and Phalaris minor were the dominant
species in studied fields. Saleh et al (1979) also have reported 134 weed
species growing within wheat and barley fields in eastern region of Libya.
The results of this survey showed that Avena sterilis, Lolium rigidum,
Brassica tournefortii, Anagalis arvensis, and Bromus rigidus were the
common weed species in studied fields.
Arab Organization for Agriculture Development.(1981), reported
134 of important weed species recorded in agriculture fields in Libya.
3
These species belong to 29 families. 27 species of monocotyledons and 107
species of dicotyledons. Paratov and El-Gadi (1981), surveyed the pasture
zone in the northern part of Libya south of Sirte, they recorded 306 species,
66 species, of which were weeds. Saleh and El-Garbawi (1981), carried out
a survey for weed species growing in wheat and barley fields in Fazan
region, they recorded total of 36 species of monocots and dicots. The
results of this survey showed that Lolium multiflorum, Cyndon dactylon,
Brassica tournefortii, Chenopodium mural, Polygonum equisetiforme and
Sonchus oleraceous were the dominant species in the studied fields. Saleh
and El-Garbawi (1983), have also surveyed weed species of wheat and
barley fields at El-Kufra project and found a total of 24 weed species. The
results of the survey showed that Brassica tournefortii was dominant
species in project fields. They also found that 87.04% of the fields were
infested by weeds. Saleh et al. (1983), published a report about 294 weed
species growing in wheat and barley fields in Libya. The results of this
survey showed that Anagalis arvensis, Brassica tournefortii, Bromus
rigidus, Cutandia dichotoma, Cyndon dactylon, Lolium rigidum, and
Phalaris minor were present in all studied fields. In addition, Saleh (1988),
published a book of weeds in Libya, which included the description,
distribution and control methods of weeds in Libya. Ghanuni (1995),
published a list of a common weed species which distributed in Libya, with
relative distribution more than 80% , these species included; Avena fatua,
Bromus rigidus, Lolium rigidum, Sonchus oleraceous, Brassica
tournefortii, Emex spinosus, Linaria tenuis and Chenopodium album.
Ghanuni (1998) has also prepared country weed list which included nine
locations in Libya, Benghazi, Ebn Zaidon, El-Marj, Erawin, Maknusa,
Sarir, Zahra and Abu Sheeba. The list confined 20 species of
monocotyledons and 77 species of dicotyledons.
4
Survey of weed flora is considered the key for good control
programme of weeds, especially in the newly reclaimed areas such as in
GMR agriculture project (El-Gharbawy et al, 1988). Weed surveys are also
useful for determining the occurrence and relative importance of weed
species in crop production systems (Frick and Thomas, 1992; McCully et
al., 1991; Thomas, 1985), as well as providing the base line information for
future comparisons. These comparisons can help to elucidate the effect of
new weed control technologies, and document the development of
herbicide resistant weeds. Documenting the relative importance of weed
species also facilitates the establishment of priorities for research and
Extension activities.
The goals of the present survey were to document the weed species
in barley fields in GMR agriculture project and to provide quantitative data
that could be used to estimate losses due to weeds, as well as to attract
attention to the economically important weeds in GMR agriculture project
and to develop methods for their control.
The study area
Location:
5
The study area is located about 7 Km south east of Sitre City
adjacent to the coastal highway at approximately 310 12\ N latitude and 160
35\ E longitudes. The area rises to about 13 m above the sea level. The
study area lies within the border of agriculture fields which belongs to
Great Man-Made River Water Utilization Authority (GMRWUA). The total
area of which is approximately 460 hectars.
Soil:
Soil in the study area is deep. The soil depth is more than 150 cm. In
addition the soil is characterized by light texture, it is between sand and
loamy sand. Therefore it's characterized by high surface filtration with low
water holding capacity. Electrical conductivity (EC ) of the soil in the study
area about 1.2 mmhos/cm which is very good in terms of salts content. The
soil in the study area howevere, suffer from nutrients deficiency except Cu,
Mg and S. Soil in the study area also tends to be alkaline the pH levels are
very high across all fields. The high levels of the pH have negative effect
on the availability of nutrients to plants (Ellwood and Hicks, 1999).
Climate:
The climate of the study area is subtropical semi-arid to arid
(Magrabi, 1977). It is chiefly characterized by its aridity and by its wide
variation in temperatures. The temperatures are high and the rainfall is low.
As a result there can be abrupt transition from one kind of weather to
another, in summer it is extremely hot. The heat of summer is often
aggravated by Ghibli winds. There is a hot dry season from May to October
and a cold and rainy season from November to April.
6
Materials and Methods
The study was extended for two season’s period from (2002 - 2003 and
2003 - 2004). The field trips were more frequently done from January to
late April, where the most of the plants are in flowering conditions. The
plant specimens were collected in flowering or in fruiting condition.
For drying, the presser containing the specimens was placed in the sun.
After that the specimens were examined individually, rearranged,
transferred to fresh sheet and again tightly bonded in the presser. The
specimens were changed to dry sheet every 24 or 48 hours, until they were
completely dry.
When specimens were completely dry they were mounted on
herbarium sheet with stander size (27 x 42 cm) with the aid of adhesives.
On the lower right hand corner of the herbarium sheet, a label was glued
and all information from the field notebook was transferred to it. First, the
family of the plant was determined by the use of artificial key to the
families. The genus and species was identified by the utilization of
available taxonomic literature (Erteb, 1994; Ali and Jafri, 1976-1977; El-
Gadi, 1988-1989; Keith, 1965; Jafri and El-Gadi, 1977-1986 and
Tackholm1974).
7
After drying, specimens were flooded with poisoning solution
(Mercuric chloride 15 gm, Ammonium chloride 35 gm, in 1000 ml ethanol
96%) to protect them from fungi and pests (El -Sahar, 1987). Or placed in
oven at 60º C for 4-6 hours, which is enough to killed eggs of insects
(Radford, et al, 1974).
Discussion Results and
Enumeration of species:
A taxa collected from the study area are enumerated here. For the
arrangement of families is according to Engler’s syllabus der pflazen
families, 12th edition (Melchoir, 1964) were used. The circumscription of
the families is the same as in flora of Libya. The genera and species in
each family are arranged alphabetically.
Dicotyledons
Species. Vernacular name Family
Emex spinosus (L). Campd Dors el-azouz and
el-henzab
Polygonaceae
Polygonum equisetiforme Sibth. And
Sm.
Gurdab Polygonaceae
Rumex pictus Forsk..Hommada Polygonaceae
Mesembryanthemum crystallinum L. Ghassoul Aizoaceae
Silene cerastioides L.Caryophyllaceae
Vaccaria pyramidata Medik. Ful el Arab Caryophyllaceae
Paronychia arabica (Linn .) Dc. Tifun Illecebraceae
Bassia muricata (L.) Aschers. Chouleta , Ghabbir Chenopodiaceae
Chenopodium murale L. Effena Chenopodiaceae
Salsola kali L. Chenopodiaceae
Amarathus viridis L. Buzinzir Amaranthaceae
Adonis dendata Delile Ranunculaceae
Glaucium corniculatum (L.) Rud. Gurn- aljadian Papaveraceae
Papaver hybridum L. Bugraum, Garaun,
Talma
Papaveraceae
8
Hypecoum geslini Coss.et kral Hypecoaceae
Brassica tournefortii Gouan Shultam Brassicaceae
Diplotaxis muralis (L.) Dc. ssp.
Muralis
Brassicaceae
Enarthrocarpus clavatus Del.ex
Goder.
Shultam Brassicaceae
Hussonia pinnata (Viv.) jafri Brassicaceae
Lobularia libyca (Viv.) Meisner Brassicaceae
Matthiola fruticulosa (L.) Maire Brassicaceae
Matthiola longipetala (Vent.) Dc.
Ssp. longipetala
Brassicaceae
Sisymbrium irio L. Brassicaceae
Reseda albaL.spp. decursiva (Forsk.)
Maire
m.sawiyah,
Fattolet El Holi
Resedaceae
Argyrolobium uniflorum (Dence.)
Jaub . & Sapach
Ergah , Kherta Fabaceae
Astragalus asterias Stev , ex Ledeb Fabaceae
Astragalu boeticus L. Grambushia Fabaceae
Astragalu cabrinus L. Shaewit Erraie Fabaceae
Astragalu peregrinus Vahl Fabaceae
Hippocrepis multisiliquosa L. Fabaceae
Lathyrus clymenum L. Fabaceae
Lotus cytisoides L. Fabaceae
Lotus halophilus Boiss & Spruner. Nafel , Gurn al -
Ghazzal
Fabaceae
Medicago disciformis Dc. Fabaceae
Medicago littoralis Rohde ex Lois Nafal Fabaceae
Medicago sativa L. Gadb , safsafa ,
Berseem.
Fabaceae
Medicago minima (L.) Bart. Nafal Fabaceae
Melilotus albus Medik Fabaceae
Melilotus indicus (L.) All Fabaceae
Ononis serrata Forsk. Fabaceae
Retama raetam (Forsk.) webb. Fabaceae
Trigonella marititma Delile ex poiret Kherta , Garat Fabaceae
Vicia monantha Retz. Fabaceae
Vicia sativa L. Jilban. Fabaceae
Vicia villosa Roth Jelbana -Hmam Fabaceae
Oxalis pes-caprae L. Hummdha Oxalidaceae
Erodium cicutarium (L.) L/ Herit Dahmiyet el-ghazl. Geraniaceae
Euphorbia terracina L. lebbena Euphorbiaceae
Malva parviflora L. var parviflora Khobaiz Malvaceae
Malva sylvestris L. Khobaiz , Hobbess Malvaceae
Thymelaea hirsute (L.) Endl. Metnan , Agaras Thymelaeaceae
Helianthemum lippii var .
sessiliflorum (Desf.) Murb.
Lerga. Cistaceae
Daucus syrticus Murb Apiaceae
Pituranthos tortuosus (Desf.) Benth. Gazzah. Apiaceae
9
Pseudorlaya pumila (L.) Gramde Apiaceae
Anagallis arvensis var. caerulea
(L.) Gouan
Ain Algatuus Primulaceae
Convolvulus althaeoides L. Ullak Convolvulaceae
Convolvulus arvensis L. Ullak Convolvulaceae
Convolvulus supinus Coss. et Kral Ullak Convolvulaceae
Echium angustifolium Mill. Henna alagrab ,
abat elgula
Boraginaceae
Echium horridum Batt Boraginaceae
Gastrocotyle hispida (Forsk) Bunge Boraginaceae
Heliotropium ramosissimum
(Lehm.) De.
Tahaunna , tahenna Boraginaceae
Ajuga iva (L.) Shreber Shandgura Lamiaceae
Salvia lanigera Poir. Sag en naga Lamiaceae
Teucrium davaeanum Coss. Lamiaceae
Solanum nigrum L. var. nigrum Anab ed. Deeb Solanaceae
Nicotiana glauca R.C. Graham Akkuzemusa. Solanaceae
Kickxia aegyptiaca (L.) Nabelek ssp.
Aegyptiaca
Amekchin Scrophulariaceae
Linaria laxiflora spp. Calcarlongum
Qaiser
Scrophulariaceae
Linaria tarhunensis Pamp. Scrophulariaceae
Linaria tenuis (Viv.) Spreng. Scrophulariaceae
Orobanche schultzii Mutel. Orobanchaceae
Plantago albicans L. Aenm. Plantaginaceae
Anacyclus monanthos (L.) Thell. Tagrefta , Serat
elkabesh.
Asteraceae
Artemisia secundiramea Biv. Asteraceae
Anthemis monosperma Delilw Tguft Asteraceae
Calendula tripterocarpa Rupr. Asteraceae
Carduus getulus Pomel Asteraceae
Centurea alexandrina Delile Mrrier. Asteraceae
Centurea dimorpha Viv. Bla 0ala Asteraceae
Chrysanthemum coronarium L. Gahwan Asteraceae
Conyza aegyptiaca (L.) Dryander Asteraceae
Conyza bonariensis (L.) Cornq. Ashbet Zamora Asteraceae
Cynara cardunculus L Kharshofe Asteraceae
Echinops galalensis Schweinf Shembet Elgatoos Asteraceae
Launaea resedifolia (L.) O.Kuntze Adeeda. Asteraceae
Onopordum arenarium (Desf.) Pomel Libid. Asteraceae
Reichardia tingitana (L.) Roth. Sahani. Asteraceae
Rhaponticum acaule (L.) DC. Asteraceae
Senecio gallicus Chiax Daraita , Mourare. Asteraceae
Sonchus oleraceus L. Tefaf. Asteraceae
Monocotyldons
Asphodelus fistulosus L. Lehiat ettaes Liliaceae
10
Muscari comosum (L.) Mill. Keltout , Katout Liliaceae
Scilla Preuviana L. Possaila Liliaceae
Allium subhirsutum L. Ghazul. Alliaceae
Allium nigrum L. Alliaceae
Avena barbata Pott ex Link Poaceae
Bromus rigidus Roth. Poaceae
Cutandia dichotoma (Forsk.)
Trabut
Zewahn , bu 0rukba Poaceae
Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. Najem , Najieel Poaceae
Hordeum murinm L. ssp.
Leporinum (link.) Arcang.
Poaceae
Lolium rigidum Gaud. Bomanjor. Poaceae
Phalaris minor Retz. Zewan Poaceae
Stipa capensis Thunb. Behma Poaceae
From this study of a total of 105 species of flowering weed plants
representing 83 genera and 31 families have been collected.
Dicotyledons were represented by 28 families, 73 genera and 93 species
whereas; Monocotyledons were represented by 3 families, 12 genera and
12 species (Table 1).The ratio of Dicotyledons to Monocotyledons is
roughly 9: 1.
Table (1): Different taxonomic groups present in the study
area.
No. speciesNo. of GeneraNo. of familiesPalnt group
937128Dicotyledons
12123Monocotyledons
1058331Total
Tow families were considered as a largest families with
respect to the number of their species, (more than 15 species), Fabaceae
with 21 species and Asteraceae with 17 species. The next largest families
were Brassicaceae and Poaceae with 8 species each , followed by
Boraginaceae and Scrophulariaceae with 4 species. Six families,
11
Polygonaceae, Chenopodiaceae , Apiaceae, Convolvulaceae, Lamiaceae
and Liliaceae , were represented by 3 species each.
The families which include 2 species were Caryophyllaceae,
Papaveraceae, Malvaceae Alliaceae and Solanaceae.
Aizoaceae, Illecebraceae, Amaranthaceae, Ranunculaceae, Hypecoaceae,
Resedaceae, Oxalidaceae, Geraniaeceae, Euphorbiaceae, Thymelaeaceae,
Cistaceae, Primulaceae, Orobanchaceae and Plantaginaceae were
represented by only a single species each.
In comparison with the six largest families in the flora of Libya
Fabaceae is the largest family in the study area while Asteraceae is the
largest in the flora of Libya. The second largest family in the study area
was Asterceace whereas poaceae is the largest in the flora of Libya.
Poaceae and Brassicaceae have the same number of species represented by
8 species each. They come in third and fourth place in the study area
whereas they are at Second and fourth in flora of Libya. Boraginaceae and
Scrophulariaceae have the same number of species represented by 4 species
occupy fifth and sixth largest families in the study area. Boraginaceae and
Scrophulariaceae do not appear among the six largest families in the flora
of Libya (Table 2).
Table (2): The six largest families in the flora of the study area
and flora of Libya.
Libyan family No.of species Study area No.of species
Asteraceae 237 Fabaceae 21
Poaceae 228 Asteraceae 17
Fabaceae 208 Poaceae 8
Brassicaceae 90 Brassicaceae 8
Apiaceae 80 Boraginaceae 4
Caryophyllaceae 66 Scrophulariaceae 4
12
According to the number of species in each genera, in study area,
Astragalus and Medicago were the only two genus represented by four
species each.
Three genera, Vicia, Linaria and Convolvulus have three species
each. Genera, Malva, Conyza and Lotus were represented by two species
each in the study area. The rest seventy four genera were represented by
only one species each.
The species were found in the study area considered as endemic
species to Libya (Table 3).
[
Table(3): List of endemic species in the study area
1Linaria laxiflora Desf. Ssp. calcarlongum Qaiser Scrophulariaceae
2Linara tarhunensis Pamp. Scrophulariaceae
3Teucrium davaenum Coss. Lamiaceae
The survey revealed that there were two species of plants found
growing in the study area which is not their normal habitat as far as
distribution concern.
These species are ,Medicago disciformis which is restricted to
Cyrinaica and Cynara cardunculus which is restricted to Benghazi plain.
These species could be introduced to the area with crop seed, are of
become established as part of the flora of the area.
Comparison between distribution of weed species in the study area with
that recorded for other regions in Libya, showed that there were 43 species
recorded in the study area, were not recorded in the western region of
Libya (Saleh and El-Garbawi 1979).
13
Moreover, 67 weed species were recorded in the study area were not
recorded in the eastern region of Libya (Saleh et al. 1979) .
Furthermore, 87 weed species were recorded in the study area were not
recorded in the southern region of Libya (Fazan) (Saleh and El-Garbawi
1981). ]
In addition to, 93 weed species were recorded in the study area
Were not recorded in the El-Kufra agricultural project (Saleh and El-
Garbawi 1983) .
]]
Finally, among 105 weed species which have been recorded 27 weed
species were confined to the study area and were not reported in any other
region in Libya. These species included; Paronychia arabica,
Enarthrocarpus clavatus, Hippocrepis multisiliquosa, Lotus cytisoides, L.
halophilus, Melilotus albus, Pituranthos tortuosus, Echium angustifolium,
E. horridum, Gastrocotyle hispida, Ajuga iva, Teucrium davaeanum,
Nicotiana glauca, Linaria laxiflora ssp. calcarlongum, L. tarhunensis,
Orobanche schultzii, Anacyclus monanthos, Artemisia monosperma,
Conyza bonariensis, Echinops galalensis, Onopordum arenarium,
Rhaponticum acaule, Asphodelus fistulosus, Muscari comosum, Scilla
preuviana, Allium nigrum and A. subhirsutum.
From the obtained data and the comparison of these data with published
surveys one might say that there were seven species considered to be the
most dominant in agricultural fields in all parts of Libya. These species
were: Bromus rigidus, Cutandia dichotoma, Lolium rigidum, Anagallis
arvensis, Brassica tournefortii, Melilotus indicus, and Emex spinosus.
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. z7PI=2 Db78X jFQX 9CB2:u=21-25.
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) D>A>}I=2 DAZ7\=2Poaceae ( 8 ) , D>P>Aa=2 DAZ7\=2X ƒ2KR2Brassicacea ( 8, ƒ2KR2
D>NG?\=2 DAZ7\=2 )Boraginaceae ( 4 , lP<=2 ’IQ DAZ7B ƒ2KR2 )
Sacrophulariaceae (4. ƒ2KR2
7nIrKE Œ<>= D62:F=2 D?|IE C4 YZ7H;=2 ]E ]>BKR Ga;=2 Gn“2
) CU ƒ2KRŠ2 ‡gU CAcŠ2Medicago disciformis ( TAB jGa@?E •Kis C@=2
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19
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