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Mobility using IEEE 802.21 in a heterogeneous IEEE 802.16/802.11-based, IMT-advanced (4g) network
Abstract
Industry is defining a new generation of mobile wireless technologies, called in cellular terminology "fourth generation" or "4G." This article shows that a system combining extensions of two radio access technologies, IEEE 802.11 and IEEE 802.16, meets the ITU-R's "IMT-Advanced" or 4G requirements. The extensions are 802.16 m (100 Mb/s, 250 km/h) and 802.11VHT (1 Gb/s, low velocity). The focus of this article is to show how IEEE 802.21 (the emerging IEEE standard for media-independent handover services) supports ";seamless"; mobility between these two radio access technologies. This mobility integrates the two radio access technologies into one system. We conclude that an 802.11VHT + 802.16 m + 802.21 system is likely to be proposed to the ITU-R for IMT- Advanced 4G.
... Ya existen algunas especulaciones de lo que serán la quinta (5G), sexta (6G) y séptima (7G) generación sin que haya terminado de madurar la 4G [3] [4]. Desde la generación 2.5G la International Telecommunication Union (ITU) ha contribuido con el desarrollo de las comunicaciones móviles con los estándares IMT-2000 utilizada en las generaciones 2.5G y 3G, Enhanced IMT-2000 para la generación 3.5G y IMT-Advanced para 4G el cual se espera que este ampliamente implementado en el 2015 [5]. Los estándares IMT (International Mobile Telecommunication) no incluyeron estándares inalámbricos IEEE 802 hasta el año 2007 cuando se incluyó el estándar IEEE 802.16 a IMT-2000 y se espera que esta tendencia continúe en IMT-Advanced para 4G [5]. ...
... Desde la generación 2.5G la International Telecommunication Union (ITU) ha contribuido con el desarrollo de las comunicaciones móviles con los estándares IMT-2000 utilizada en las generaciones 2.5G y 3G, Enhanced IMT-2000 para la generación 3.5G y IMT-Advanced para 4G el cual se espera que este ampliamente implementado en el 2015 [5]. Los estándares IMT (International Mobile Telecommunication) no incluyeron estándares inalámbricos IEEE 802 hasta el año 2007 cuando se incluyó el estándar IEEE 802.16 a IMT-2000 y se espera que esta tendencia continúe en IMT-Advanced para 4G [5]. Aunque el nombre de este tipo de redes proviene de las redes celulares, las redes 4G no son en sí una red celular sino el producto de la convergencia de varios tipos de redes inalámbricas con el fin de suministrar servicios con un mejor desempeño. ...
... Aunque en la actualidad no están definidas aún de forma definitiva las tecnologías y protocolos de las redes 4G, existe un consenso liderado por la ITU, que expresa los objetivos que deben cumplir este tipo de redes en la recomendación ITU-R M1645, de los objetivos que deben cumplir estas redes entre los cuales se encuentran; el uso de redes híbridas, que es la fusión de elementos de las diferentes redes existentes actualmente; altas tasas de transmisión, de 100 Mbps para aplicaciones móviles y de 1Gbps para aplicaciones nómadas, meta que se debía cumplir para el año 2010 según la ITU; estandarización en el uso del espectro, que sea común y abierto a nivel mundial; redes basadas en IP, dada la madurez tecnológica que tiene IP y los servicios que corren sobre este, como voz, video y datos; ubicuidad, por la disponibilidad en cualquier sitio en cualquier momento y bajos costos, dado que tienen la capacidad de ser menos costosas que las redes 3G por el uso eficiente del espectro electromagnético y porque serán construidas sobre redes ya existentes [6] [7] [8] [9]. En relación a las altas tasas de transmisión ya se han desarrollado estándares con el objetivo de cumplir esta meta como el IEEE 802.16m [5]. Otras características de estas redes en las cuales no existe un consenso general pero, sin embargo, son mencionadas por algunos autores son la personalización de las aplicaciones, conexiones P2P, el uso extensivo de las redes de área personal, el uso de terminales inteligentes que reconocen su entorno y adaptan sus capacidades y cambios significativos a nivel del terminal, de la red y de las aplicaciones [6] [10] [8] [2] [11]. ...
El artículo describe las redes 4G y muestra un mapa general de su desarrollo tecnológico. Adicionalmente se muestran dos temas que son clave en el desarrollo de este tipo de redes. Estos temas son el Handover Vertical y la convergencia hacia IP. La revisión expuesta muestra el estado del arte y los antecedentes de estos temas. Con base en esto se genera un mapa conceptual en el que se considera la variedad de tecnologías que convergen en el esquema 4G.
... Ya existen algunas especulaciones de lo que serán la quinta (5G), sexta (6G) y séptima (7G) generación sin que haya terminado de madurar la 4G [3] [4]. Desde la generación 2.5G la International Telecommunication Union (ITU) ha contribuido con el desarrollo de las comunicaciones móviles con los estándares IMT-2000 utilizada en las generaciones 2.5G y 3G, Enhanced IMT-2000 para la generación 3.5G y IMT-Advanced para 4G el cual se espera que este ampliamente implementado en el 2015 [5]. Los estándares IMT (International Mobile Telecommunication) no incluyeron estándares inalámbricos IEEE 802 hasta el año 2007 cuando se incluyó el estándar IEEE 802.16 a IMT-2000 y se espera que esta tendencia continúe en IMT-Advanced para 4G [5]. ...
... Desde la generación 2.5G la International Telecommunication Union (ITU) ha contribuido con el desarrollo de las comunicaciones móviles con los estándares IMT-2000 utilizada en las generaciones 2.5G y 3G, Enhanced IMT-2000 para la generación 3.5G y IMT-Advanced para 4G el cual se espera que este ampliamente implementado en el 2015 [5]. Los estándares IMT (International Mobile Telecommunication) no incluyeron estándares inalámbricos IEEE 802 hasta el año 2007 cuando se incluyó el estándar IEEE 802.16 a IMT-2000 y se espera que esta tendencia continúe en IMT-Advanced para 4G [5]. Aunque el nombre de este tipo de redes proviene de las redes celulares, las redes 4G no son en sí una red celular sino el producto de la convergencia de varios tipos de redes inalámbricas con el fin de suministrar servicios con un mejor desempeño. ...
... Aunque en la actualidad no están definidas aún de forma definitiva las tecnologías y protocolos de las redes 4G, existe un consenso liderado por la ITU, que expresa los objetivos que deben cumplir este tipo de redes en la recomendación ITU-R M1645, de los objetivos que deben cumplir estas redes entre los cuales se encuentran; el uso de redes híbridas, que es la fusión de elementos de las diferentes redes existentes actualmente; altas tasas de transmisión, de 100 Mbps para aplicaciones móviles y de 1Gbps para aplicaciones nómadas, meta que se debía cumplir para el año 2010 según la ITU; estandarización en el uso del espectro, que sea común y abierto a nivel mundial; redes basadas en IP, dada la madurez tecnológica que tiene IP y los servicios que corren sobre este, como voz, video y datos; ubicuidad, por la disponibilidad en cualquier sitio en cualquier momento y bajos costos, dado que tienen la capacidad de ser menos costosas que las redes 3G por el uso eficiente del espectro electromagnético y porque serán construidas sobre redes ya existentes [6] [7] [8] [9]. En relación a las altas tasas de transmisión ya se han desarrollado estándares con el objetivo de cumplir esta meta como el IEEE 802.16m [5]. Otras características de estas redes en las cuales no existe un consenso general pero, sin embargo, son mencionadas por algunos autores son la personalización de las aplicaciones, conexiones P2P, el uso extensivo de las redes de área personal, el uso de terminales inteligentes que reconocen su entorno y adaptan sus capacidades y cambios significativos a nivel del terminal, de la red y de las aplicaciones [6] [10] [8] [2] [11]. ...
El artículo describe las redes 4G y muestra un mapa general de su desarrollo tecnológico. Adicionalmente se muestran dos temas que son clave en el desarrollo de este tipo de redes. Estos temas son el Handover Vertical y la convergencia hacia IP. La revisión expuesta muestra el estado del arte y los antecedentes de estos temas. Con base en esto se genera un mapa conceptual en el que se considera la variedad de tecnologías que convergen en el esquema 4G.
... The diversity of parameters which may be involved in handover decision making and the difference in location between the point of information harvesting and information consumption require an effective mechanism for context information dissemination. The emerging IEEE 802.21 standard provide such a support for inter technology handover [19]. ...
... In MIPv6 the MN is able to also provides good security mechanisms to mitigate the risks involved by node mobility. for the corresponding nodes [19]. ...
... Four traffic categories are defined:voice, video, best effort and background, and in this order the IEEE 802.11e offers prioritisation support.The currently under study IEEE 802.11 VHT (Very High Throughput)[19] aims at offering data rates of up to 1Gbps for low velocity mobile hosts.The IEEE 802.11 family does not support host mobility except for the IEEE 802.11s standard[20,21] which specifies support for mesh networks and which addresses host mobility within the mesh network.IEEE 802.11p standardizes wireless access in vehicular environments which represents a short to medium range communication service providing high data transfer rates for roadside to vehicle or vehicle to vehicle data communications.The IEEE 802.11 family groups several other standards addressing various aspects of wireless data networks including security, management and compatibility. A more detailed overview of IEEE 802.11 family of standards can be found in[22]. ...
The latest advances in wireless data access technologies and increased popularity of mobile computing have enabled the development of the future mobile Internet. The various wireless technologies and standards already developed or under development support the existence of a highly heterogeneous wireless communication environment in which mobile users access the network from diverse devices and exchange data of various types. In the context of such a heterogeneous wireless and mobile environment, maintaining certain level of Quality of Service required by some applications and consequently providing high user Quality of Experience is very challenging. This chapter analyzes the state of the art in quality-oriented mobility management in heterogeneous wireless environments in the context of mobile multimedia applications. Most important wireless access technologies and multimedia support systems and protocols for wireless delivery are presented, while requirements for quality-oriented mobility management are identified. Handover management is discussed as the component of the mobility management system with the greatest impact on the quality as measured by the user. Finally a novel multimedia mobility management framework is presented which aims at maintaining high user perceived quality while efficiently exploiting all the communication resources available in a heterogeneous wireless environment.
... Various modes will be applied. The first mode focuses on transmission and cavity mode technique and this is examined and simulated across five equations calculated using computing technology [12][13][14][15][16][17][18]; ...
... IEEE 802.16/802.11 [12] and its application such as unlicensed wireless communication, vehicles and point to point wireless communication from 500 to 1000 m. Mainly our design hit the 60 GHz frequency level mark, the highest gain and directivity compared to literatures in Table 2 are 8.91 dB and 9.16 dBi, respectively while the best bandwidth result of 12 GHz for our proposed antenna. ...
The main objective of this paper is to successfully design a microstrip rectangular-shaped antenna resonating at a frequency of 60 GHz. The model is designed based on 3D EM
full-wave FIT-based CST Microwave Studio, aims to achieve a minimum return loss power rate lower than 10 dB with a frequency range between 56 to 68 GHz. A concept that offers solutions to a constantly changing radar and 5G application market. The proposed antenna will also include key elements such as an air cavity and a thick-film substrate for high-gain applications. Its structure also includes transmission lines (dimensions 4 mm x 2.7 mm) to improve antenna's ability in radiating signals resonating at 60 GHz out into open space. The unique design proposes to achieve a gain higher than 9 dB, a minimum return loss power less than -10 dB covering a 12 GHz bandwidth and directivity as power over 8 dBi. This high efficiency rate will be tested using Integral Equation solver software with high meshing.
... In a loosely coupled architecture, interconnected wireless networks are relatively independent from each other in terms of handling data flows and signaling messages. There is a common component in all loosely coupled solutions, which is the adoption of Mobile IP as mobility management protocol to integrate multiple wireless networking systems [9]. A typical loosely coupled architecture is shown in Fig. 2. ...
... The S2a and S2c are used to control and provide mobility with WiMAX because WiMAX is considered from the 3GPP point of view as a trusted non-3GPP wireless network. The S101 interface also plays an important role by connecting the LTE-MME with the WiMAX Access Service Network (ASN) [3,8,9]. LTE -UTRAN/GERAN Interworking: Many of the wireless operators have existing UTRAN/GERAN networks and they want to keep them prior to fully upgrading to LTE. ...
Next Generation Network (NGN) is intended at integrating the existing heterogeneous wireless access networks in order to produce a composite network that provides users with ubiquitous broadband experience. Currently, it has been established that Long Term Evolution (LTE) network, as a backbone network, provides broadband capacity with high efficiency, reduced latency and improved resource provisioning. Resource provisioning on this backbone network is not without its limitation as more mobile broadband services (MBBs) are evolving and users demand for mobility is on the increase. This paper, therefore, reviewed the different integration techniques for the heterogeneous networks that use LTE network as backbone that supports mobile broadband services.
... Network layer protocols will play a critical role in ensuring seamless mobility during inter-RAT mobility events, given the fact that a change in IP anchors/addresses invariably leads to a dropped session. A significant effort in this direction is provided by IEEE 802.21, which is an inter-RAT handover protocol allowing devices to move seamlessly between the various IEEE 802.x technologies [17,[51][52][53][54]. Sitting just above the MAC layer, it provides information and command service to higher layers thus permitting the users to perform a media independent handover. ...
... • IEEE 802.21 Pros -Provisions seamless handover capability, as it allows users to switch between multiple RATs [17,51,54] -Provisions the possibility for a UE to connect to multiple APs [17,52] • IEEE 802.21 Cons -Requires the protocol stacks of both the host and destination devices to be modified, so as to enable the IEEE 802.21 functionality [51,53] And so, given the aforesaid pros and cons with regards to IEEE 802.21, it can be deduced that it satisfies parameter RL2 for reliability (allowing for seamless movement between different RATs) and FL2 for flexibility (allowing for the possibility to connect with multiple RATs) criteria. ...
Enabling users to move to different geographical locations within a network and still be able to maintain their connectivity and most essentially, continuity of service, is what makes any wireless network ubiquitous. Whilst challenging, modern day wireless networks, such as 3GPP-LTE, provision satisfactory mobility management (MM) performance. However, it is estimated that the number of mobile subscriptions will approximately touch 9 billion and the amount of data traffic will expand by 5 times in 2024 as compared to 2018. Further, it is expected that this trend of exponential growth will be maintained well into the future. To cope with such an exponential increase in cellular traffic and users alongside a burgeoning demand for higher Quality of Service (QoS), the future networks are expected to be highly dense and heterogeneous. This will severely challenge the existing MM solutions and ultimately render them ineffective as they will not be able to provide the required reliability, flexibility, and scalability. Consequently, to serve the 5G and beyond 5G networks, a new perspective to MM is required. Hence, in this article we present a novel discussion of the functional requirements from MM strategies for these networks. We present a novel qualitative assessment of the state-of-the-art mechanisms based on their ability to satisfy the reliability, flexibility and scalability criteria for future MM strategies. We then present a study detailing the research challenges that exist in the design and implementation of MM strategies for 5G and beyond networks. Further, we chart out the potential MM solutions and the associated capabilities they offer to tackle the persistent challenges. We conclude this paper with a vision for the 5G and beyond MM mechanisms.
... In a loosely coupled architecture, interconnected wireless networks are relatively independent from each other in terms of handling data flows and signaling messages. There is a common component in all loosely coupled solutions, which is the adoption of Mobile IP as mobility management protocol to integrate multiple wireless networking systems [9]. A typical loosely coupled architecture is shown in Fig. 2. ...
... The S2a and S2c are used to control and provide mobility with WiMAX because WiMAX is considered from the 3GPP point of view as a trusted non-3GPP wireless network. The S101 interface also plays an important role by connecting the LTE-MME with the WiMAX Access Service Network (ASN) [3,8,9]. LTE -UTRAN/GERAN Interworking: Many of the wireless operators have existing UTRAN/GERAN networks and they want to keep them prior to fully upgrading to LTE. ...
... Categorized similarly into working groups, the IETF "Mobility for IPv4" Working Group focuses on the Layer 3 (L3+) and above of the OSI model in terms of heterogeneous network integration. The system integration is either macro mobility support [10] or IPv6 mobility [11] which allows a UE to maintain its source address as it moves. Additionally, the IETF is working on issues that have to do with security, Accounting, Authorization, Authentication (AAA) support, extensions and deployment that are peculiar to optimization. ...
... 3GPP LTE-WLAN interworking scenario because the process takes place at the higher layers (MIP), the mobility looks more complex as the Packet Data Network Gateway (PDN-GW) in the SAE provides the IP Access[10]. ...
The convergence of multitude radio access networks forming a cluster of seamless heterogeneous wireless environment has made the wireless communication industry meet the paradigm of always best connected, where various mobile devices are able to access numerous types of applications and services. However, achieving such landmarks could not be possible without difficulties which this paper tries to highlight some of the technical challenges underlying seamless vertical handover. It provides a general overview of the mobility management process including a brief on multi-homing mobility protocol and focuses on vertical handover decision making techniques, hi ghlighting some radio interface standar and analysed some handover approaches. The paper proposes fast intelligent inter-layer network selection as a new handover approach to select the best network among the candidate networks, where Quality of Service, handover delay and improved data bit rates are set to be achieved.
... It enabled high-definition video streaming, mobile gaming, and early Internetof-Things applications. It is also propagandized with "MAGIC", which refers to mobile multimedia anywhere, global mobility solutions over integrated wireless and customized services [2]. Deployed commercially in the 2020s, 5G operates across sub-6 GHz, theoretically offering a downlink data rate of up to 20 Gbit/s, an uplink data rate of up to 10 Gbit/s and ultra-low latency (<1 [3]. ...
The 21st century is the century of information explosion. People around the globe were gradually shifting from bulky desktop computers to using portable smartphones to demand faster and more accurate information transmission. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the definition and development of networks, from 4G to 6G, exploring the applications supported by networks in different eras and how they gradually change netizens lives. It reveals that while 4G only supports smooth video, 6G is expected to be gradually implemented by 2030, which will lead to the normalization of big data analysis and XR usage, thereby achieving a fully connected society among ocean, land and space. This article further analyzed the implementation of 4G, 5G, and 5.5G in global cities and rural areas, revealing that the theoretical values and actual performance of 4G to 5G, 5.5G are indeed disappointing. It is worth considering that while there is still significant room for improvement from 4G and 5G to 5.5G, the performance of 6G in people's lives should also be just as unsatisfactory under such urgent time and financial budgets.
... Furthermore, with the contribution of National Institute of Science and Technology (NIST), 7 NS2 supports the simulation of WiFi and WiMAX heterogeneous wireless networks [16] with IEEE 802.21: Media Independent Handover (MIH) [17][18][19][20] and Mobile IPv6 (MIPv6) 8 [9,21,22], which is yet to be completely supported by NS3. Handover is switching the base stations' connections based on poor quality, high data loss, and delay. ...
Simulation is a cost-effective, simple, and straightforward approach to implementing a system for exhaustive analysis. Many commercial and open-source simulators, such as NS2, NS3, OMNET++, OPNET, QualNet, etc., exist in the literature to simulate wired and wireless networks. However, the major challenge in dealing with open-source simulators is analysing the results and presenting their performance metrics. Further, the ever-increasing demands of the users in terms of higher data rates with uninterrupted connections resulted in a heterogeneous wireless network (HWN) that supports the integration of WiFi, WiMAX, LTE, etc. Amongst all network simulators available in the literature, NS2 and NS3 are the most popularly used by the research community because of their immense support for implementing and verifying innovative networking algorithms. Furthermore, with the contribution of the National Institute of Science and Technology (NIST), NS2 supports the simulation of WiFi and WiMAX heterogeneous wireless networks with Media Independent Handover and Mobile-IPv6 which is yet to be supported entirely by NS3. However, the major shortcoming of NIST’s contribution is the ease of developing a simulation script followed by result analysis. In continuation with the NIST’s contribution, this paper proposes a Graphical User Interface-based evaluation suite (ES) for the simulation of User Datagram Protocol applications’ in HWN, referred to as ES-HWN. With the support of this suite, the research community can quickly develop the heterogeneous wireless network simulation script followed by the textual and graphical results of handover, packets sent and received, throughput, packet delay, and jitter. The proposed ES-HWN supports the configuration of 10 WiFi and WiMAX interface mobile nodes with two WiFi-Access Points and a WiMAX-Base Station. Besides, it supports the configuration of UDP-based applications’ packet size and transmission rate. Finally, over many experiments, ES-HWN exhibited 100% reliable results.
... This standard provides a conjoint policy where the upper layer can interact with the lower layers [28,45]. Next, this standard offers media-independent handover (MIH) services, including events, commands, and information services [46]. ...
Wireless network devices can attain the required level of quality of service (QoS) and maintain connectivity even after detaching from a current point of access. This detachment (mobility) requires various mobility management (MM) mechanisms, which present numerous challenges due to the exponential growth of wireless devices and the demands of users. The network must be heterogeneous and dense to manage such a heightened escalation of network traffic, increased number of devices, and different types of user demands. Such factors will seriously challenge MM solutions, eventually making the networks non-feasible from the dependability, adaptability, extensibility, and power consumption points of view. Therefore, novel perspectives on MM mechanisms are desired for 5G networks and beyond. This paper introduces an innovative discussion of the functional requirements of MM mechanisms for advanced wireless networks. We present comprehensive arguments on whether the prevailing mechanisms perceived by standard bodies attempt to fulfill the stated requirements. We complete this discussion through innovative qualitative evaluation. We assess each of the discussed mechanisms in terms of their capability to fulfill the dependability, adaptability, extensibility, and power consumption benchmarks for upcoming MM schemes. Hereafter, we demonstrate the outcome and the identified gaps/challenges for the planning and deployment of 5G MM frameworks and beyond. Next, we present the capabilities and possible MM solutions to tackle the gaps/difficulties. We complete our discussion by proposing a 6G MM architecture based on defined parameters.
... In the context of multiple interfaces of MN and multiple radio access technologies, due to the heterogeneity of such networks, vertical handover is a complex procedure requiring comprehensive standards to facilitate seamless handover between diverse access networks and to inter-operated with multiple mobility management mechanisms. The IEEE 802.21 addresses this issue by providing a media independent handover (MIH) framework which identifies the services and structure to enable seamless handover mechanism in heterogeneous wireless networks [16]. The ultimate purpose of IEEE 802.21 MIH is to provide mobility mechanisms independent of media by offering useful information about link layer and candidate networks [11,17]. ...
Fast Proxy Mobile IPv6 (FPMIPv6) is an extension of the PMIPv6 mobility management deployed as part of the next-generation internet protocol. It allows location-independent routing of IP datagrams, based on local mobility to IPv6 hosts without involvement of stations in the IP address signaling. A mobile node keeps its IP address constant as it moves from link to link, which avoids signaling overhead and latency associated with changing IP address. Even though local mobility requirements hold, it entails security threats such as Mobile Node, Mobile Access Gateway, as well as Local Mobility Anchor impersonation that go beyond those already exist in IPv6. As mobile station keeps moving across different serving networks, its IP remains constant during handover, and location privacy may not also be preserved. Moreover, homogeneous network dependence of PMIPv6 is one of the gaps, which FPMIPv6 could not mitigate. FPMIPv6 does not support heterogeneous network handover, for which numerous researchers have proposed Media Independent Handover (MIH) enabled FPMIPv6 schemes to allow fast handover among heterogeneous networks, but in the absence of security solutions. As a comprehensive solution, we propose a new handover authentication scheme and a key agreement protocol for the ‘MIH-enabled Network Only FPMIPv6’ model. As one of the basic requirements, mobility management should minimize signaling overhead, handover delay and power consumption of the mobile node. The proposed scheme improves wireless link overhead (mobile node overhead) by 6-86% as cell radius, wireless failure probability and number of hop vary. The security of the proposed scheme has also been analyzed under BAN logic and Automated Validation of Internet Security Protocols and Applications (AVISPA) tool and its performance has numerically been evaluated through a pre-determined performance matrix and found to be effective and preferably applicable compared with other schemes.
... Its working is based on the switching functionality from base station to active current station in the network (Migaldi et al. 2008). In the 5G network, there are large number of small cells are presents. ...
Now days MIMO–OFDM is highly preferred in mobile communication, includes the 5th generation (long term evaluation). The objectives of current research include proposing and designing a high quality 5G cellular network using minimum resources and handover mechanism. The handover mechanism is implemented for the minimization of the time in the performance of the cellular network. The performance of the proposed simulation model for the 5G cellular network is extracted based resource allocation and handover mechanism. This implementation is reducing the handover preparation time and execution time. For the three selected schemes of transmission as − 5 dB, 0 dB, and 5 dB the experiment acts as an active, passive, and clustered. For the 0 dB the transmission acts as an active transmission, for the − 5 dB it acts as a passive, and for the 5db it acts as a clustered mode for the transmission. The present study clearly demonstrated that the 5G network can be communicated within minimum resources, time, space, and usability of the white spectrum with maximum speed. Due to the increasing complexity of network topology in 5G Heterogeneous with the integration of many different base station types, in the 5G architecture mobility management has many challenges. The intense deployment of small cells, along with many advantages it provides, brings important mobility management problems such as frequent Handover (HO), HO failure, HO delays, ping pong HO and high energy consumption which will result in lower user experience and heavy signal loads. The simulation framework was efficiently designed towards the minimum resources and maximum speed objective. The proposed model allowed to reduce the time required for handover mechanism time and its execution time.
... And also, we need handover for user performance and mobility. During handover, there is switching among thereby transfer users and networks to another network or Base Station [4]. The essential of 5G is heterogeneous networks and in such networks, seamless handover in immutable. ...
Mobility is the mobile communication characteristics which make it diverse and attractive for all. Wireless communication is now attractive to the whole world and provides the ability of users to communicate very active. Transferring the users from one radio network to another is accomplishing the IT. The process is called the handover process. The transfer takes place by adjusting the duration of the soft transfers, the area size and either by cell crossing or by deterioration in the signal quality of the current channel — the brief overview of handover, Handover in WiMAX and LTE, types of handover, handover types solutions, approaches used in literature are typically transfer parameters and I contemporary the convergent fact for continuance in the area of mobile and wireless communication Handover.
... Due to an interest from operators (such as the NGMN (Next Generation Mobile Network) Alliance) and standardization bodies (such as 3GPP, Femto Forum, Broadband Forum, 3GPP2, IEEE 802.16m, WiMAX Forum, GSMA, ITU-T, and ITU-R WP5D), integrated femtocell/macrocell is expected to be a major part of the IMT-Advanced network architecture [6]. From the wireless operator point of view, the most important advantage of the integrated femtocell/macrocell architecture is the ability to offload a large amount of traffic from the macrocell network to the femtocell network. ...
Integrated femtocell/macrocell networks, comprising a conventional cellular network overlaid with femtocells, offer an economically appealing way to improve coverage, quality of service, and access network capacity. The key element to successful femtocells/macrocell integration lies in its self-organizing capability. Provisioning of quality of service is the main technical challenge of the femtocell/macrocell integrated networks, while the main administrative challenge is the choice of the proper evolutionary path from the existing macrocellular networks to the integrated network. In this article, we introduce three integrated network architectures which, while increasing the access capacity, they also reduce the deployment and operational costs. Then, we discuss a number of technical issues, which are key to making such integration a reality, and we offer possible approaches to their solution. These issues include efficient frequency and interference management, quality of service provisioning of the xDSL-based backhaul networks, and intelligent handover control.
... frequency spectrum difference, vertical handovers from LTE to DSRC, 7 orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) convergence in the downlink transmission, heterogeneous handovers, maintaining and ensuring good QoS, 8 routing protocols as VANETs is highly mobile and adapts a dynamic topology, seamless connectivity which is the primary challenge in designing vehicular network where good delay performance is expected under the imperatives of vehicular paces, high dynamic mobility, 9,10 and channel data transmissions. There are numerous technical challenges in fulfilling the V2X requirements, i.e. high vehicle speed, high user equipment (UE) density, 11,12 inter-operability issues such as the industry agreement on spectrum harmonization or dedication. ...
Quick progressions in the improvement of intelligent and smart machines and parallel advancement of technologies in the field of wireless communication have achieved more prominent statures. However, certain issues still pertain when one tries to develop a hybrid network. A heterogeneous vehicular network is developed with the idea of utilizing the readily available infrastructures such as long-term evolution and dedicated short-range communication, which is economically profitable. We discussed some of the issues that arise when we converge dedicated short-range communication and long-term evolution and addressed certain issues such as creating a link to communicate between two different technologies that can be achieved by considering the baseband implementations of the two technologies in the physical layer and Media Access Control (MAC) levels. The efficiency of the system is observed at three distinguish multimedia transmission where a text file, audio file, and an image file are transmitted and the system’s performance is observed by analyzing the bit error rate vs signal-to-noise ratio for each of the files. The results obtained justified that it is possible to create a heterogeneous vehicular network (HetVNet) even with the presence of certain elements diversities in the characteristics of long-term evolution and dedicated short-range communication.
... This procedure consists of three phases, ie, (1) handover triggering, (2) network selection, and (3) handover execution. 13 After the introduction of IEEE 802.21 standard, a lot of research works have been done in modifying it for different enhancements. [14][15][16][17][18][19][20] The standard is technically tested on real test beds in the work of Neves et al. ...
The introduction of new technologies such as the new families of IEEE, third or fourth generation with long term evolution support, and WiMAX provide support for high data rate in heterogeneous networks. Providing uninterrupted and continuous connectivity across these technologies is a challenging job for the researchers in the last decade. However, researchers have worked hard to develop a generic platform for the interoperability between different networks. The IEEE has made one of the important developments in this regard in the form of IEEE 802.21: media independent handover (MIH) standard. Recently, several research works have been carried out to enhance the functionality and to work of this standard. In this article, we surveyed the well‐known and important schemes that have been proposed for migration of a session from Wi‐Fi to cellular and WiMAX technologies based on MIH standard. We also investigate different parameters that directly affect the performance of a handover process. In this work, we investigate all those schemes which are used to enhance the working of MIH standard have been investigated. The basic architecture of current MIH standard with the parameters that directly affects a handover process has been explained. Some of the well‐known schemes with their merits and demerits have been also listed down. A generic handover management scheme can be designed while utilizing these merits and demerits in a balanced way.
... This technology can provide increased data rates of up to 600 Kbps for video and multimedia applications used mainly for Internet connections. These intermediary networks have been integrated into the ITU's IMT-2000 family known as the 3G networks [15]. ...
Mobile wireless communication has enhanced the way businesses and individuals communicate. The past decade has seen enormous growth and development in telecommunication infrastructures to meet the ever increasing demand for instant access to data, resources and services. The Internet which was not a key player in the early 1990s is now a major factor in present and future network development and operation. The analog First Generation (1G) mobile (cellular) networks has evolved through to the emerging, all encompassing Fourth Generation (4G) mobile network that is expected to provide seamless connection to a wide range of information and services, data, pictures, video, and so on, with instant ubiquitous access to the Internet, incorporating the also emerging mobile WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) network technologies, which before now has provided fixed broadband wireless access for Metropolitan Wide Area Networks (WMANs). The Wireless Fidelity (WiFi) fixed broadband wireless networks that provide wireless local area network (WLAN) services has since developed into hotspots for mobile users, and is currently integratable into mobile WiMAX networks. These evolutions, present capabilities and future prospects are discussed in this paper.
... PHY improvements are bolstered by medium access upgrades as presented in the MAC segment. Thinking about the development of 802.11ac and 802.11ad corrections, Eastwood et al. (2008) state that the alterations accomplished through 802.11ac and 802.11ad satisfy the International Telecommunication Union's (ITU's) prerequisites on recommendations for the IMT Advanced standard. Both target more prominent than 1 Gb/s throughput. ...
The benefits of the IEEE 802.11 Wireless LAN standard give reasons to its gaining global traction since 1997. Frequent improvement to the rule continues to permeate the wireless communication market. In this paper, a critical analysis that underscores the enterprise requirements for wireless systems, protocols information typically investigated. The recital of both IEEE 802.11b and 802.11g via the results of data throughput experiment carried-out on campus and the simulation results from a chosen article analysed. It also discusses the feebleness in WEP as the unproductive crack of the WPA and WPA2 confirmed the security vulnerabilities of WEP. The critical decisions about designing secure wireless networks could underline the global nature of WLAN standards and design. Finally, the paper discusses the comparison of results for the scenarios.
... The benefit of introduced approach is that, it considers network specifications as well as user choices and therefore, gives service connection and improved procedure efficiency. Other VHO schemes on the basis of IEEE 802.21 to promote vertical handoff among Wi-Fi and Wi MAX was introduced by Eastwood et al. [10]. The disadvantage of the proposed scheme is the absence of interaction among the MIH structure and the QoS specifics of acquire technologies. ...
Now a days everybody is using the new and fastly emerging technologies like UMTS, 3GPP etc. For using these technologies the important factor is to find the appropriate neighbor access network during handoff processing the mobile node. We require handover because in this heterogeneous environment, there can be several networks (Wi-Fi, WIMAX and UMTS) in a geographical area which are not so interoperable. For abiding the services we use Media Independent Information Service (MIIS) provided by IEEE802.21 MIH standards to select the most suitable network. This paper presents various challenges of handover and their solutions. Finally out of many issues the perfect solution for the vertical handover is made. Keywords-Media Independent Handover,802.21 I. INTRODUCTION Current years have observed the discharge of mobile communications, mutually with an exponential make use of the Current years have observed the discharge of mobile communications, mutually with an exponential make use of the Internet for purpose like as video conferencing, voice calls or Mobile TV. Constructing and working multi mode systems can develop in to extremely compound but every entrance machinery has to be addressed straightly and independently through the organize things in the network. It grows to be yet inferior in the case of handovers among different accesses, since this needs assured degree of organization across the special equipments. IEEE 802.21 work [1] allows the mobility to and from 3G cellular systems for this. Though, cellular structural design is diverse from that of 802.x tools, and provides an increased level of complexity. Cellular or worldwide Mobile Terrestrial Service access is supplied through an investigational software radio platform that features a direct-interconnection among IP protocol and UMTS atmosphere border, and in that logic presents an IP connectivity secure to that of the LTE form. IEEE allows Media Independent Handovers (MIH)-IEEE 802.21 [2]. IEEE 802.21 explains a theoretical structure that optimizes and enhances parallel and perpendicular handovers through supplying knowledge regarding the link layer techniques to the upper layers. MIH supplies QoS materials asking for the applicant approach technologies and after the purpose approach, technology is chosen via mobility decision algorithm, MIH suggests the ability to execute the QoS resources. Because the time delay among the resource's uncertainty and stimulation might not be negligible, and the network setting in the objective approach technology can modification throughout this time, MIH structure has to be capable arrangement QoS resources in the destination network earlier to their motivation assuring their accessibility for prospective exertion. Furthermore, MIH architecture permitting for a coherent inter-technology handover procedure[2]. They demonstrate the inclusive building design of IEEE 802.21. Figure 1 appearance the understandable diagram of the inclusive framework of the distinctive nodes in 802.21 network. It displays a Mobile Node with 802 equipment and a 3GPP one, and that is presently combined to the network through the 802 interface [3].
... The simulation results showed that Media Independent Handover framework is limited only to the initiation and the preparation phases of the handoff process, but it does not address the issue of authenticating and authorizing when a mobile node wants to use another BS/Aps/cell. In [13] the emerging IEEE 802.21 standard have used to ensure seamless mobility between two radio access technologies IEEE 802.16m for 100 Mb/s high mobility connections and 802.11 VHT for 1 Gb/s at lower mobility. ...
Recently, the fast evolution of wireless technologies has enabled the development of multi-mode terminals which can support more radio interfaces. In this context, the users can enjoy various mobile applications by using network at anytime and anywhere with the best quality of service (QoS). The IEEE 802.21 is a recent standard that aims at enabling seamless vertical handover between heterogeneous technologies.
... Mobile Stations (MSs) in a typical 4G network will be equipped with multiple interfacesand will have the required intelligence to make improved decisions to be able to connect to a variety of Access Networks (ANs) in order to provide rich multimedia services. These access networks include different types of cellular networks such as Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM), High Speed Downlink/Uplink Packet Access (HSDPA/ HSUPA), General Packet Radio Services (GPRS) [7, 8], Bluetooth-based Personal Area Network (PAN) [9], IEEE 802.11 Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) [10], IEEE 802.16 Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) [11], Vehicular Ad-hoc Network (VANET) and Satellite networks. ...
In a highly integrated ubiquitous heterogeneous wireless environment, the selection of a network that can fulfill end-users’ service requests while keeping their overall satisfaction at a very high level is vital; a wrong selection can lead to undesirable conditions such as unsatisfied users, weak QoS, network congestions, dropped and/or blocked call sand wastage of valuable network resources. The selection of these networks is performed during the handoff process when an MS switches its current PoA to a different network due to the degradation or complete loss of signal and/or deterioration of the provided QoS. Traditional schemes perform the necessity of handoffs and trigger the network selection process based on a single metric such as RSS
... The outage probability is affected by HO trigger time thus the optimal HO decision can be taken using appropriate combination of design parameters [7]. Based on link quality, a number of methods have been proposed to estimate HO initiation time [8][9] [10]. The threshold signal strength is predefined in most of the handover algorithms. ...
Next generation wireless networks are envisaged to be an integration of different wireless networks and demand the ability of users to move from one network domain to another network domain seamlessly. Also these networks require superior handover techniques to provide ubiquitous access to roaming users with maximum network resource utilization. In order to fulfill these requirements, it is essential to select an appropriate time to initiate handover. The handover procedure can be completed before link down only if we have prior information about necessity of handover as well as availability of target network. The link down event and link up event provide information about handover requirement and resource availability respectively. In this paper, a predictive handover initiation mechanism is proposed to select an appropriate time to start handover procedure. Also the prediction initiation time is made adaptive to avoid link failure in high velocity applications which was fixed in conventional algorithms. MATLAB Simulation results show that the proposed mechanism decreases the probability of false handover initiation by 25% and unnecessary handover probability by 35% when compared with existing handover mechanisms in different network overlapping environments.
... A mathematical model for analyzing the performance of MIH signaling is proposed in [9]. IEEE 802.21 based vertical handover schemes are proposed in [10] and [11]. Unfortunately, the proposals lack interaction between the MIH framework and the access technologies, QoS specificities. ...
Media Independent Handover (MIH) is a standard proposed by IEEE 802.21 working group to facilitate vertical handover support between heterogeneous networks. Currently, the implementation of the IEEE 802.21 standard supported in ns2, provided by National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) considers only the signal strength as a parameter to determine the destination network. Selecting a destination network using only RSS as indicator does not meet the needs of all users. For more accurate choice of destination network, vertical handoff decision should consider the values of different criteria of network as well mobile node. In this paper, we have proposed an improved handoff decision module including additional parameters which considers state of mobile node and network conditions during handoff decision in order to improve the performance. The simulation results shows that the proposed method achieves better performance in terms of throughput, handoff latency and packet drop over the basic handoff scheme. More over the proposed method helps to reduce the unnecessary handoffs by eliminating the ping-pong effect and thus increases overall system performance.
... When the MN is leaving from one network to another, it initiates a handover procedure. This procedure consists of three phases, 1) handover triggering, 2) Network selection, and 3) handover execution [10]. After the introduction of IEEE 802.21 standard, a lot of research works have been done in modifying it for different enhancements [11] [12] [13] [14]. ...
The introduction of new technologies such as the new families of IEEE, Third or Fourth Generation (3G, 4G) with Long Term Evolution (LTE) support, and WiMAX provide support for high data rate in heterogeneous networks. Providing uninterrupted and continuous connectivity across these technologies is a challenging job for the researchers in the last decade. However, researchers have worked hard to develop a generic platform for the interoperability between different networks. The IEEE has made one of the important developments in this regard in the form of IEEE 802.21: Media Independent Handover (MIH) standard. Recently, several research works have been carried out to enhance the functionality and to work of this standard. In this article, we surveyed the well-known and important schemes that have been proposed for migration of a session from WIFI to cellular and WiMAX technologies based on MIH standard. We also investigate different parameters that directly affect the performance of a handover process.
... LTE can utilize spectrum above 2.5 GHz to boost system capacity when the spectrum below 2.5 GHz has been occupied by existing cellular systems. Although LTE is employed in a multisystem coexisting scenario, such as machine-type communications [4], [5], and 802.11/802.16 is employed in a public scenario [6], [7], which can also work at the spectrum above 2.5 GHz, it is not likely for next-generation railway communication systems to obtain adequate system bandwidth at that spectrum range. Thus, for spectrum efficiency solutions, new technologies such as beamforming, multipleinput multiple-output, coordinated multiple transmission and reception, and carrier aggregation in LTE/LTE-Advanced [8]- [11] can be explored, which can undoubtedly raise system capacity but can inevitably increase the system complexity and burden. ...
The IEEE's Media Independent Handover Services group has certified their work as
the IEEE 802.21standard. The major goal of IEEE 802.21 is to make it possible to
switch between different cellular and IEEE 802 network access methods while
ensuring service continuity, which will enhance the user experience of mobile
terminals. A new range of opportunities around mobility across heterogeneous
networks is made possible by this standard. The innovative aspect of the IEEE
802.21 specification is that it establishes a technology-agnostic abstraction layer
capable of offering an open interface to higher layers while concealing technology specific primitives.
The Media Independence paradigm is a conceptual idea that the IEEE 802.21
standard introduced. This idea is particularly appealing because it enables hiding
each technology's complexity behind a set of standardized primitives, which lowers
the complexity of higher layers. This improves code reuse and lowers required
development and maintenance costs by increasing the number of lower-layer
capabilities that are accessible without technology- or driver-specific adaption.
The next generation mobile cellular communication and networking system (5G) is highly flexible and heterogeneous. It integrates different types of networks, such as 4G legacy networks, Internet of Things (IoT), Vehicular Ad-hoc Network (VANET) and Wireless Local Access Network (WLAN) to form a heterogeneous network. This easily results in continual vertical handovers between different networks. On the other hand, substantial deployment of small/micro Base Stations (BSs) brings frequent horizontal handovers within a network. The continual handovers among BSs and various networks expose Mobile Equipment (ME) to risk of security and privacy threats. So far, many security and privacy mechanisms have been proposed to ensure secure handover either vertically or horizontally in 5G networks. Nevertheless, there still lacks a thorough survey to summarize recent advances and explore open issues although handover security and privacy are crucial to 5G. In this paper, we summarize security and privacy requirements in handovers to resist potential attacks. Following these requirements as evaluation criteria, we review secure and privacy-preserving handover schemes by categorizing them into two scenarios, i.e. vertical handover and horizontal handover. As for vertical handover, we review related work from three classes, i.e., handovers within Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) networks, between 3GPP and non-3GPP networks, and between non-3GPP networks. Concerning horizontal handovers, we review related work from two classes, i.e., intra-Mobile Service Controller (MSC) and inter-MSC handover. Meanwhile, we analyze and compare the technical means and performance of these works in order to uncover open issues and inspire future research directions.
Enabling users to move to different geographical locations within a network and still be able to maintain their connectivity and most essentially, continuity of service, is what makes any wireless network ubiquitous. Whilst challenging, modern day wireless networks, such as 3GPP-LTE, provision satisfactory mobility management (MM) performance. However, it is estimated that the number of mobile subscriptions will approximately touch 9 billion and the amount of data traffic will expand by 5 times in 2024 as compared to 2018. Further, it is expected that this trend of exponential growth will be maintained well into the future. To cope with such an exponential increase in cellular traffic and users alongside a burgeoning demand for higher Quality of Service (QoS), the future networks are expected to be highly dense and heterogeneous. This will severely challenge the existing MM solutions and ultimately render them ineffective as they will not be able to provide the required reliability, flexibility, and scalability. Consequently, to serve the 5G and beyond 5G networks, a new perspective to MM is required. Hence, in this article we present a novel discussion of the functional requirements from MM strategies for these networks. We then provide a detailed discussion on whether the existing mechanisms conceived by standardization bodies such as IEEE, IETF, 3GPP (including the newly defined 5G standards) and ITU, and other academic and industrial research efforts meet these requirements. We accomplish this via a novel qualitative assessment, wherein we evaluate each of the discussed mechanisms on their ability to satisfy the reliability, flexibility and scalability criteria for future MM strategies. We then present a study detailing the research challenges that exist in the design and implementation of MM strategies for 5G and beyond networks. Further, we chart out the potential MM solutions and the associated capabilities they offer to tackle the persistent challenges. We conclude this paper with a vision for the 5G and beyond MM mechanisms.
Mobility is the features of mobile communication that makes it desirable by all and varied. The whole world is now attractive in wireless communication as it provides users' ability to communicate on-the-go. IT is accomplished by transferring users from a radio network to another. This process is called handover. Handover occurs by adjusting the duration of soft handovers, the size of the areas and either by cell crossing or by deterioration in the signal quality of the current channel — the brief overview of handover, Handover in WiMAX and LTE, types of handover, handover types solutions, usually used handover parameters, some methods employed in the literature and I contemporary the convergent fact for continuance in the area of mobile wireless communication Handover.
Broadband service provisions aimed at providing quality video, graphics and high data rates has been on the rise since the advent of the Internet. ITU-R 4G networks specify the requirement that will meet specifications for the next-generation broadband networks. Analysis of mobile WiMAX (IEEE 802.16m) and LTE-Advanced (Release 10) in a 4G network environment to meet these specifications are analyzed and presented in this paper.
The tremendous demands from social market are pushing the booming development of mobile communications faster than ever before, leading to emergence of new advanced techniques. The paper describes about the need for enhancements in mobility management for current and future communication networks and the integration of these heterogeneous networks for a smooth handoff and better Quality of Service (QoS) in the context of next evolutionary step for wireless communication networks. The macro and micro mobility solutions for Mobile IP are analysed and a comparative study is done among HMIP, Cellular IP and HAWAII protocols. The latest changes for Handoff management and location registration are investigated and an outline of the problems regarding the handoffs and QoS to be addressed by the next generation of wireless networks is discussed.
Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) provide applications that focus on driver safety, traffic efficiency of vehicles on public roads, and the comfort and entertainment of passengers throughout their journey. Some of these applications require connections to the Internet via an access point (AP) at roadsides, such as a cell tower or Wi-Fi tower. A connection can generate an overhead of control messages and could suffer a change of AP that would impact application performance. Besides the interface connected to APs, vehicles are equipped with other network interfaces linked to various different technologies. Thus, a vehicular application can take advantage of the simultaneous use of these various network interfaces, thereby maximizing throughput and reducing latency. However, these additional interfaces can also serve as a connection to the APs located at roadsides. These multiple connections further increase the overhead of control messages and the time of change from one AP to another, thereby affecting the network throughput and, consequently, application performance. This chapter describes techniques and architectures that manage the communication among APs and vehicles to allow heterogeneous communications among several network technologies, such as wireless networks and cellular technology, reducing the impact of communication overhead on networks.
The increasing demands of various high data rate wireless applications have been seen
in the recent years and it will continue in the future. To fulfill these demands, the
limited existing wireless resources should be utilized properly or new wireless
technology should be developed. Therefore, we propose some novel idea to manage the
wireless resources and deployment of femtocellular network technology. The study
was mainly divided into two parts: (a) femtocellular network deployment and resource
allocation and (b) resource management for macrocellular networks. The femtocellular
network deployment scenarios, integrated femtocell/macrocell network architectures,
cost-effective frequency planning, and mobility management schemes are presented in
first part. In the second part, we provide a CAC based on adaptive bandwidth
allocation for the wireless network in. The proposed CAC relies on adaptive multi-level
bandwidth-allocation scheme for non-real-time calls. We propose video service
provisioning over wireless networks. We provide a QoS adaptive radio resource
allocation as well as popularity based bandwidth allocation schemes for scalable videos
over wireless cellular networks. All the proposed schemes are verified through several
numerical and simulation results. The research results presented in this dissertation
clearly imply the advantages of our proposed schemes.
Proceedings of the 9th Information Technology and Telecommunication Conference
The mobile communications have grown rapidly in past few decades and it is inevitable that the cellular communications is moving towards the next generation of wireless communications where the users will be provided connectivity through heterogeneous networks. The new generation of mobile networks is expected to evolve around 2020, which is now commonly known as 5G. Currently, the researchers are exploring how the users will be provided mobility through the combination of micro and macro cells. Vertical handovers are foreseen as a solution to seamless mobility for the end users. This paper provides insights about the state of art vertical handover techniques and explores the issues that are required to resolve for achieving vertical handovers.
This paper presents an improved Mobile WiMAX handover (HO) algorithm for real-time application by using a Link_Going_Down (LGD) trigger technique. Mobile WiMAX is a wireless networking system based on the IEEE 802.16e standard. In order to support phone mobility, a HO scheme of some kind must be adopted, and in this standard hard handover (HHO) is defined as mandatory. Since, the fact that there will be a pause in data transmission during the HO process, delay in communication will occur. Thus, the HO time (>50ms) can degrade system performance when implemented in real-time applications such as Video Streaming or Internet Protocol Television (IPTV). Additionally, the HHO takes approximately 300ms because the HO process doesn't start at the best point. The HHO standard considers only the received signal strength (RSS) to decide initiation. The mobile station velocity is also an important factor in HO initiation that should not be neglected. To deal with the problems of handover delay, this paper proposes a new HO scheme. This scheme adopts the dynamic HO threshold that used LGD technique to define the starting HO process. This technique is based on the RSSD (measured by the Doppler Effect technique), mobile velocities and handover time. Consequently, the HO process starts at the right time and HO time is reduced (<50 ms) and the network resource utilization is enhanced to be more efficient.
The networks have evolved significantly since the first network architecture has been proposed. Lately, the architecture is seen more as a framework which specifies not only the network topology, network type, network components, and their functionality, but also presents data communication protocols, data formats used, and supported services. This chapter introduces network topologies, network types, and network components, and discusses several network communication technologies.
The design of the mobility management is the key issue in the next-generation mobile networks. It is important to provide seamless service switching for a Mobile Station (MS) or a Mobile Node (MN) with uninterrupted services during an IP-based session between different access networks, where IP convergence has led to the co-existence of several IP-based wireless access technologies and the emergence of next generation technologies. Many recent research results of cross-layer design in mobility aim to minimize the data loss rate and delay time during switching so that users do not experience obvious and unacceptable interruptions during the handoff. The cross-layer design is the important approach for mobility management. This chapter mainly introduces and reviews existing protocols and then discusses the possible interest and useful applications of cross-layer in mobility management.
An optimized fast vertical inter-mobility anchor point (MAP) handover scheme for Hierarchical Mobile IPv6 (HMIPv6) is proposed for heterogeneous wireless access networks. Two existing non-optimized vertical handover schemes { the simple vertical inter-MAP handover for HMIPv6 (SVH6) and fast vertical inter-MAP handover for HMIPv6 (FVH6) - assisted by existing hierarchical handover and fast handover strategies are described. In order to improve handover latency, handover preparation time, packet loss of these two non-optimized schemes, an optimized fast vertical inter-MAP handover for HMIPv6 (OFVH6) scheme is proposed. In the proposed OFVH6, the IEEE 802.21 Media Independent Handover (MIH) is adopted to optimize and enhance the two non-optimized vertical handover schemes. The Media Independent Information Service in IEEE 802.21 MIH is extended by including new network layer (L3) information to provide domain prefixes of heterogeneous neighboring MAPs, which can eliminate the heterogeneous neighboring MAP discovery phase in the FVH6. Analysis, computer simulations and practical experiments are used to evaluate and compare performance. The proposed OFVH6 is shown to outperform the two existing non-optimized schemes in terms of handover latency, handover preparation time, and packet loss, although the OFVH6 requires additional functionality and a network entity.
Nowadays due to the increase in demand for various multimedia services requiring high capacity, shortage of wireless resources becomes a serious problem in cellular networks. It is difficult to suddenly increase the capacity of wireless communication networks because of high cost and complexity. In order to increase the capacity of wireless communication networks with minor changes and low cost, internetworking is needed. The main objective of SIP is to support the upper layer and mobility management protocols to optimize the handover process between heterogeneous networks such as Ethernet, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, WiMAX, 802.11 and various other networks. The basic purpose of the SIP standard is to facilitate between heterogeneous networks to provide seamless mobility. This standard also supports handover for the both mobile as well as stationary users. For mobile users, handover can occur when wireless link condition changes due to Mobile Node (MN) movement. In this proposed work, Vertical handover is implemented between WLAN and WiMAX networks by using Session initiation protocol and the performance metrics such as Network delay, Neighbour advertisements, Handover delay and throughput were obtained.
The contemporary Internet ecosystem today has gone through series of evolutionary changes during the last forty or fifty years. Though it was designed as a network with fixed nodes, it has scaled well enough with the development of new technologies both in fixed and wireless networks. Initially, the communication model of the Internet was based on the telephone network (and can be considered as the 1st Generation Internet). Later, its transition as a client-server model made it a network where communication systems exchange data over dedicated links. This 2nd Generation Internet, over the years, has been challenged by many problems and issues such as network congestion, path failure, DOS attacks, mobility issues for wireless networks, etc. The Internet users always look for some information, irrespectively where it is located or stored. This approach is the basic building block for a network architecture where information is considered as the premier entity. Such networks, in general, are termed as Information Centric Network (ICN), where information takes centric position superseding the node centric approach like in the current Internet. The problems faced by the current Internet architecture, mentioned above, can be handled with a unifying approach by putting the information at the centre of the network architecture. On a global scale, this network architecture design is termed as the Future Information Centric Internet. Similarly, Mobile Internet usage has increased overwhelmingly in the last decade. There has been an estimated 1.2 billion mobile broad-band subscriptions for 2.4 billion Internet users in 2011. Because of the increased spectrum efficiency and ubiquitous availability of cellular connectivity, the seamless mobility and connectivity is now considered as daily life commodity. However, in the case of the Internet, IP based mobility solutions cannot catch up in performance with the fast evolution of cellular networks. Therefore, one of the primary goals for the Future Internet is the design of mobility management schemes that overcome the issues in wireless networks such as handover and location management, multihoming, security, etc. In this thesis, we have proposed a mobility management solution in wireless networks in the context of ICN in general and in the context of Network of Information (NetInf) in particular. NetInf is ICN-based Future Internet architecture. We propose a NetInf Mobile Node (NetInf MN) architecture which is backward compatible with the current Internet architecture as well. This cross architecture design for mobility support works closely with Central Control Unit (CCU) (network entity) for improved performance in case of handover management in wireless networks. The Virtual Node Layer (VNL) algorithm explains how different modules of NetInf MN and CCU units work together. The game theoretical and Reinforcement Learning (CODIPAS-RL) scheme based mathematical model shows how handover management and data relaying in the wireless networks can increase the network coverage through cooperative diversity. Simulation results show that the proposed model achieves both Nash and Stackelberg equilibria where as the selected CODIPAS-RL scheme reaches global optimum. Finally, as a use case example of NetInf architecture, we propose the NetInf Email service that does not require dedicated servers or dedicated port unlike the current email service. The use of asymmetric keys as user's ID is the unique feature proposed for this service. The NetInf email service architecture framework presented, explains how different architectural components work together. We discuss different challenges and requirements related to this service. The prototype developed for the Network of Information will be used for the implementation of this service
Aiming at addressing the problems in vertical handover in heterogeneous network, this chapter presents a new vertical handover algorithm based on policy-enabled. It uses a decision mechanism based on the following metrics: the received signal strength (RSS), cost, the available bandwidth, and the velocity of mobile node without adding the computational complexity on mobile node. Simulation results show that in comparison to the traditional vertical handover algorithm based on RSS, the proposed algorithm can drastically decrease the times of handover and the packet loss rate (PLR), and then improves the success ratio of vertical handover and the user’s degree of satisfaction.
The advancement of new technologies such as LTE-Advanced, WiMAX rel 2, and IEEE 802.11ac standards provides high data rate for mobile users across heterogeneous networks. The increase in data rate also provides support for multimedia and real-time applications. In order to provide better services and uninterrupted connection, a generalized connectivity must be provided to the mobile user across these technologies. In this article, we survey different techniques used to modify the existing Media Independent Handover standard of the IEEE 802.21 and how they reduce handover delay across heterogeneous networks. Furthermore, different parameters such as receive signal strength (RSS), signal-to-interference and noise ratio, data rate, bandwidth, energy consumption, user preferences, cost, and speed of a mobile node are taken into consideration which directly and indirectly affect a handover management process in heterogeneous wireless networks.
Standards play an important role in the evolution of the communication market and technologies. This chapter surveys the enabling technologies and standards for mobile multihop wireless networks by considering those that have been proposed to support multihop transmission in broadband wireless access (BWA) networks. It reviews the state of the art on WLAN technologies with multihop support. The standard was shown to be versatile in adapting to different applications and use cases through its various amendments, including the following that are surveyed in the chapter: IEEE 802.11s, IEEE 802.11z, IEEE 802.11n, and IEEE 802.11p. It then reviews the most important state-of-art technologies supporting multihop communication in WPANs. The chapter focuses in particular on lowrate-WPANs (LR-WPANs), for which the ability to support multihop/mesh topologies is mostly desirable because of the very limited communication range, as compared to the coverage area required in many typical deployments, such as large-scale monitoring environments. wireless LAN; wireless mesh networks; wireless networks
One emerging characteristic of electronic devices is the increasing number of connectivity interfaces (aka NICs1) towards the outside world. That obviously translates in a set of technical issues related to their management in order to provide seamless connectivity when the connections move from one interface to another. The IEEE 802.21 is a recent effort of IEEE that aims at providing a general interface for the management of NICs. In this paper we discuss how the upcoming standard may be effectively exploited in a mobile context in order to hide network heterogeneity to end users. To accomplish this task, we propose a centralized element called Mobility Manager interfacing with the 802.21 sublayer and responsible for the application of connectivity policies. Based on a real testbed, we showed that the new standard and the MM can be used to improve network performance experienced by the end user. Moreover we showed how the MM can interact with adaptive applications in order to improve further the range of usability of real-time applications.
Wireless LAN hotspots are becoming widely spread. This, combined with the availability of new multi-mode terminals integrating heterogeneous technologies, opens new business opportunities for Mobile Operators. Scenarios in which 3G coverage is complemented by Wireless LAN deployments are becoming available. Therefore all IP based networks are ready to offer a new variety of services across heterogeneous access. However, to achieve this, some aspects still need to be analyzed. In particular, how and when to execute handovers in order to minimize service interruptions and maximize the use of the most appropriate technologies according to user's preferences (for example, a user may prefer to use a lower cost technology if available). This paper presents a simulation study of handover performance between 3G and Wireless LAN access networks. The mobile devices are based on the IEEE 802.21 cross layer architecture and use Wireless LAN signal level thresholds as handover criteria.
The next generation wireless networks are characterised by
anywhere, anytime connectivity, enhanced data services and higher data
rates to enduser. New technologies such as IEEE 802.11 WLAN, Bluetooth,
HIPERLAN/2, GPRS/EDGE, cdma2000 and WCDMA aim to achieve this. To
facilitate new services, and make them flexible and bandwidth efficient,
vertical roaming of mobile nodes is a tempting possibility for
operators. Benchmarks and metrics are needed to assess these issues. The
need for qualitative and quantitative results for these parameters in a
real time situation is critical. One such scenario is the effect on the
network performance by means of effective throughput and handoff latency
perceived by the mobile user, with increasing number of active users or
network load. This paper presents simulation results for mean throughput
and handoff delay obtained in vertical handoff and horizontal handoff in
IEEE 802.11 and GPRS/EDGE networks. An optimization scheme for mobile
users performing vertical handoffs is presented with analysis
With the emergence of a variety of mobile data services with
variable coverage, bandwidth, and handoff strategies, and the need for
mobile terminals to roam among these networks, handoff in hybrid data
networks has attracted tremendous attention. This article presents an
overview of issues related to handoff with particular emphasis on hybrid
mobile data networks. Issues are logically divided into architectural
and handoff decision time algorithms. The handoff architectures in
high-speed local coverage IEEE 802.11 wireless LANs, and low-speed wide
area coverage CDPD and GPRS mobile data networks are described and
compared. A survey of traditional algorithms and an example of an
advanced algorithm using neural networks for PTO decision time in
homogeneous networks are presented. The HO architectural issues related
to hybrid networks are discussed through an example of a hybrid network
that employs GPRS and IEEE 802.11. Five architectures for the example
hybrid network, based on emulation of GPRS entities within the WLAN,
mobile IP, a virtual access point, and a mobility gateway (proxy), are
described and compared. The mobility gateway and mobile IP approaches
are selected for more detailed discussion. The differences in applying a
complex algorithm for HO decision time in a homogeneous and a hybrid
network are shown through an example
The performance of current Internet applications is based mainly on the capabilities of the underlying network technologies. Modern access systems usually can satisfy delay, loss, or bandwidth requirements; however, design inconsistencies can lead to service degradation as the terminals move across different systems. In this article, the focal point is the satisfaction of service requirements during mobility and more specifically, how the emerging IEEE 802.21 standard enables seamless, inter-technology handover. Based on prior work and a well-known example of seamless mobility, the main seamless mobility principles are identified and used as the basis for further evaluating the potential of the IEEE 802.21 standard to meet the requirements of applications for minimum disruption during an inter-technology handover.
As we move toward next-generation all-IP wireless networks, we are facing the integration of heterogeneous networks, such as WWAN and WLAN, where vertical handoff is required. In vertical handoff between WWAN and WLAN, mobile hosts should be able to move freely across different networks while satisfying QoS requirements for a variety of applications. In order to achieve seamless handoff and maintain continuity of connection, we propose a novel mobility. management system that integrates a connection manager to detect network condition changes in a timely and accurate manner, and a virtual connectivity manager that uses an end-to-end principle to maintain a connection without additional network infrastructure support. A prototype system was built to test the effectiveness of the proposed system. Experiments show that seamless roaming between WLAN and WWAN can be achieved, and much better performance can be obtained than with the traditional scheme.
The event of handing over a call from one base station to another
in a cellular mobile radio network requests the cooperation of many
system elements, with a consequent load of signalling traffic.
Therefore, accurate design of handover procedures must be ensured, to
avoid the occurrence of forced terminations and unnecessary handovers.
This can be pursued by averaging the received power samples with a
window of suitable shape and length, N, and by introducing a hysteresis
cycle with margin H (dB). In the paper, a software simulator is
described that allows the design of N and H considering the handover
occurrence rate and the probability of unnecessary handover. Rectangular
and exponential averaging window shapes have been considered
IEEE 802.21 Enabled Mobile Terminals for Optimized WLAN/3G Handovers: A Case Study
- A De
- Oliva
A. De la Oliva et al., " IEEE 802.21 Enabled Mobile Terminals for Optimized WLAN/3G Handovers: A Case
Study, " SIGMOBILE Mob. Comp. Commun. Rev. 11, 2,
Apr. 2007, pp. 29–40.
Framework and Overall Objectives for the Future Development of IMT-2000 and Systems Beyond IMT-2000
- M Itu-R Rec
ITU-R Rec. M.1645, "Framework and Overall Objectives
for the Future Development of IMT-2000 and Systems
Beyond IMT-2000," June 2003.
Media-Independent Handover for Seamless Service Provision in Heterogeneous Networks
- G Lampropoulos
- A Salkintizis
- N Passas
Optimization Scheme for Mobile Users Performing Vertical Handovers between IEEE 802.11 and GPRS/EDGE Networks
- M Ylianttila
M. Ylianttila et al., "Optimization Scheme for Mobile
Users Performing Vertical Handovers between IEEE
802.11 and GPRS/EDGE Networks," IEEE GLOBECOM,
New York, NY, 2001, pp. 3439-43.