Gendered Transitions: Mexican Experiences of Immigration
... Gender adds another layer of complexity to this discourse. Feminist theories, notably from scholars like bel hooks and Hondagneu-Sotelo, contend that the experience of migration and displacement is deeply gendered (hooks, 1984;Hondagneu-Sotelo, 1994). Women not only face the challenges of migration but also have to navigate a patriarchal social structure that often places them in vulnerable positions. ...
... Through a feminist lens, the future could see either a reification of traditional gender roles or a radical transformation, depending on the pathways of social and political activism (hooks, 1984;Hondagneu-Sotelo, 1994). Feminist movements within the Arab world have been gaining momentum and could significantly influence policies related to gender and migration. ...
... Feminist theories would focus on the gendered dimensions of these social problems. The types of abuse experienced are often deeply gendered, with women and girls disproportionately affected (hooks, 1984;Hondagneu-Sotelo, 1994). Literature on gender and abuse often calls for gender-sensitive policies as part of broader strategies to combat abuse (Dobash & Dobash, 1979). ...
... Nationalities are consistently associated with different endowments of human and social capital and confront a common mode of incorporation when arriving in America. This is the story told by Hondagneu-Sotelo (1994), Telles and Ortiz (2008), Rendon (2019), and so many other researchers of Mexican migration; as well as Light and Bonacich (1988), Zhou (1992, 2009), Min (1996, Zhou and Kim (2006), Lee and Zhou (2015), and many other scholars of Chinese and Korean migration. ...
... So was that of Cuban exiles before and after the Marial exodus of 1980 (Portes and Bach 1985;Portes and Shafer 2007;Portes and Stepick 1993). On the other hand, it is remarkable how consistent the Mexican migrant flow has been over time, both in its social origins and modes of incorporation (Cornelius 1998;Hondagneu-Sotelo 1994;Massey 1986;Massey, Durand, and Malone 2003;Telles and Ortiz 2008). ...
... The collective focus on women's networking practices often exacerbates these challenges. As research suggests, women are community builders and tend to create informal communities that focus on their families and community activism and connect their homes to larger American institutions (Hondagneu-Sotelo 1994;Manohar 2013;Menjívar 2000). Meanwhile, immigrant men generally prefer to create large-scale, male-dominated formal organizations that focus on sex-specific patriotic, professional and recreational activities that centre the experiences and goals of other men (Hondagneu-Sotelo 1994;Manohar 2013;Versteegh 2000). ...
... As research suggests, women are community builders and tend to create informal communities that focus on their families and community activism and connect their homes to larger American institutions (Hondagneu-Sotelo 1994;Manohar 2013;Menjívar 2000). Meanwhile, immigrant men generally prefer to create large-scale, male-dominated formal organizations that focus on sex-specific patriotic, professional and recreational activities that centre the experiences and goals of other men (Hondagneu-Sotelo 1994;Manohar 2013;Versteegh 2000). For women who do not reside in an ethnic enclave, additional constraints may include high transportation costs to work or to childcare facilities, limited access to childcare and gender-and race-based discrimination (Okeke-Ihejirika, Salami, and Karimi 2019). ...
Much of the research on ethnic enclaves in the United States has focussed on physical, geographic spaces or brick-and-mortar establishments that foster community building and provide shared resources for immigrant groups, such as those from Latin America, Asia and Europe. These studies often highlight the benefits and challenges enclaves provide, with only a limited discussion of how immigrant women use these spaces. Using survey data drawn from Kenyan women residing in the United
States, this study aimed to answer two research questions: (1) Does membership in social media groups comprised of Kenyan female immigrants vary (e.g. by age, immigration status)? (2) Do age and immigration/citizenship status influence Kenyan female immigrants’ reasons for joining social media groups? The bivariate results show that older women and those who migrated to the United States for school or through the Green Card lottery programme were likelier to join Tumaini and other immigrant-specific social media groups. Regarding factors influencing their reasons for joining these groups, the regression results revealed that US citizens and permanent residents were less likely to join the group for solidarity/support. Furthermore, those who migrated for school or to join family members were likelier to join the Tumaini group for support/solidarity. This finding suggests that older women, being more likely to belong to physical social groups, have a relatively stronger attachment to such groups. Consequently, their willingness to join the Tumaini group, despite it being an online community, may be stronger than that of their younger counterparts.
... Therefore, migration scholars often focus on women's experiences in precarious migratory status. Scholars have explored how the precarious legal statuses affect women's private relationships within the household (Abrego and Schmalzbauer 2018;Menjívar and Abrego 2010;Hondagneu-Sotelo 1994;Dreby 2006) and their public relationships (Abrego and Schmalzbauer 2018;Menjívar 2006;Mendez and Deeb-Sossa 2020). These studies effectively demonstrate the importance of precarious legal statuses in the post-migration experiences of women both in public and private spheres. ...
... Social class also plays an essential role in shaping migration experiences in the US. Earlier studies on gender and migration focused on working-class immigrants (Hondagneu-Sotelo 1994;Parreñas 2001), with less attention given to middle-class experiences (Gu 2019). To address this imbalance, Gu (2019) explored the gender roles within middle-class Taiwanese immigrant families in the US, revealing how structural and cultural factors influence women's ability to negotiate power within their families. ...
The literature on migration shows that legal status in receiving countries shapes immigrant experiences. While these studies effectively address the impact of precarious legal statuses on immigrant experiences, they often examine women’s labor in public and private spheres separately. Yet, women’s lives have long involved a continuum of paid and unpaid labor. The COVID-19 pandemic brought this continuum into sharp focus by spotlighting the influence of home and work dynamics. This study explores how immigrant women’s labor in both public and private spheres are interconnected. Drawing on 18 initial interviews with Venezuelan mothers in NYC from 2020, and 13 follow-up interviews in 2024, we examine the impacts of structural forces on these women’s labor arrangements and their strategies to navigate these impacts during and after the pandemic. Our findings reveal that while pandemic restrictions disrupted traditional labor market dynamics, they simultaneously intensified women’s engagement in domestic roles. Despite this, the mothers exercised agency by exiting the labor market and engaging in patriarchal bargaining at home. Post-pandemic, they lost access to the coping strategy, and their improved legal status did little to alleviate their labor struggles. This study highlights the significance of a “gendered labor continuum” in contexts that lack institutional support and undervalue immigrant women’s labor.
... En el análisis de la experiencia migratoria, los vínculos familiares aparecen como un elemento central que dota de sentido al proyecto migratorio por la importancia que se atribuye a las relaciones de reciprocidad y afectividad, o como referente de origen e identidad (Ariza, 2007), pero también por los conflictos intrafamiliares que motivan la búsqueda de proyectos de vida alejados de la proximidad cotidiana y la convivencia parental. En este sentido, uno de los aportes de la perspectiva de género ha sido cuestionar la visión ideologizada de la familia como entidad armónica y cohesionada (Ariza y De Oliveira, 2004), para concebirla como un espacio de relaciones sociales donde coexisten múltiples jerarquías de poder y distribución desigual de recursos, en el cual los individuos toman decisiones y negocian sus intereses con el grupo doméstico (Hondagneu-Sotelo, 1994). ...
... Sin embargo, en el contexto del auge del enfoque de género en las ciencias sociales, en el ámbito de las migraciones, el género se retomó como herramienta analítica para entender las diferencias en la movilidad de hombres y mujeres, la cual está atravesada por las ideologías de género (Mummert, 2012). Evidencia de ello es que, además de organizar los patrones migratorios (Hondagneu-Sotelo, 1994;, también estructura la distribución de los tiempos de trabajo productivo y reproductivo en los lugares de origen y de destino (Herrera, 2016; Vega Solís y Martínez-Buján, 2016), e interviene en el acceso y uso de recursos materiales y sociales para la toma de decisiones a nivel personal y familiar (Fernández de la Reguera, 2015; Franco Aguilar, 2017), así como en la valoración de los ingresos económicos que se obtienen por el trabajo extra doméstico (Mummert, 2012). De acuerdo con la revisión exhaustiva de Ariza (2020), la producción académica que vincula analíticamente los estudios migratorios y la perspectiva de género en América Latina tiene una primera fase en el período comprendido de 1974 a 1985. ...
El enfoque de género permite indagar acerca de las relaciones de poder que estructuran las diferencias entre los roles asignados culturalmente a hombres y mujeres, mismas que repercuten en la experiencia de retorno migratorio internacional y de reinserción al país de origen a nivel del grupo familiar. El propósito de este escrito es revisar el aporte analítico de los estudios de género en las indagaciones sobre de la vida familiar en el retorno migratorio, anclado al campo de los estudios de la migración internacional. A partir de la revisión de su propuesta teórico-conceptual y de diversas investigaciones empíricas se destacan los aspectos de la dinámica familiar que se reconfiguran en el post-retorno.
Palabras clave: Género, migración internacional, vida familiar.
... Yet decisions to migrate are not made by isolated actors, but rathf larger units of related people (households or families). As a direct respc neoclassical models, which assume a rational individual acting in r economic vacuum, several scholars taking the household strategies assert that decisions to migrate are not made by isolated actors bv units of related people, namely households or families (Grasmuck 1991;Hondagneu-Sotelo, 1994). From an economic perspecfr collaborators suggested that individuals in households o collectively not only to maximize the expected income, but : the risks associated with a variety of market failures insurance markets). ...
... Bolivians are from Santa Cruz and La Paz. 15. For the analysis of patterns of migration, we partly rely on the classification of Hondagneu-Sotelo (1994). 16. ...
Every Saturday evening, hundreds of persons gather at a religious service in a Catholic church where a weekly mass is conducted in Spanish by a Franciscan priest. Many of the churchgoers actively participate, reading passages from the New Testament, singing in the choir, or playing instruments. Melodies of Latin American folk music are played intermittently, breaking the solemnity of the religious ritual. Two important aspects make this event unique: first, that it takes place in the old city of Jaffa, Israel, and second, it is especially organized by the church in order to attend to the needs of an emergent non-Jewish, undocumented Latino community in the city of Tel Aviv.
... For example, conventional understandings of migration have constructed it as normatively masculine, that is, emigration and return migration have been seen historically as naturally masculine endeavours. The archetypal conventional 'migration story' is one where men would leave their homes with the hope of finding success overseas and after a while return to their families, or their families would follow them (Hondagneu-Sotelo, 1994). Although this type of migration was and still is a common social phenomenon in different societies, this narrowly gendered idea of how migration, gender and family interrelate is one that denies the long history of female migration, child migration and family migration. ...
... Sometimes structures such as patriarchal systems or ethnic and religious persecution reduce the tendency to return and minimise attachment to homelands. For example, Hondagneu-Sotelo (1994) finds that Mexican women in the USA are more likely to integrate faster compared to their husbands and have less tendency to return to their homelands. Similarly, Graham and Khosravi (1997) in a study with Iranian migrant men and women in Sweden, find that the interest towards returning to their homeland, Iran, is higher among men than women. ...
... Migration often creates urban and rural homes with social, material, spiritual, and cosmological ties that shape their world sense. Bank (2020a) Transmigrant women use remittances to support families back home while performing roles as transnational parents (Crush and Tevera, 2010;Hondagneu-Sotelo, 1994;Krummel, 2012;Kufakurinani, Pasura and McGregor, 2014;Pittamay et al., 2009). Levitt (2001 conceptualises the importance of 'social remittances' as capital that shapes social exchange and practises of migration. ...
This thesis is situated within debates about the intersection between identity, gender and transmigration that are on the rise in the South-South context. Using a feminist research approach nested within qualitative methodology, the thesis focuses on the experiences of Zimbabwean women who live in the City of Johannesburg with precarious immigration legal status. The thesis argues that the working-class, transmigrant women navigate Johannesburg in ways that reveal colonial, spatial injustices that Black South Africans are already experiencing. This includes grappling with the legacies of colonial, border regimes (concrete and metaphorical) and social exclusion in labour/work; accommodation; access to public health institutions; cost of living crisis; remittances; experiences with GBV, structural violence such xenophobia, being arrested, detained, and deported. However, because of their ‘irregular’ legal status, Zimbabwean transmigrant women narrated from semi-structured interviews that they negotiated everyday life in ‘gendered spaces’. As a result, the women face additional intersecting layers of social exclusion that are embedded in historical, social structures that prompt ‘feminisation of migration’. The impact of ‘irregular personhood’ that is inscribed in the identities of working-class, transmigrant women means that they experience violence at all stages of the migration value-chain. An illumination of South-South gendered migratory trajectories is timely and crucially arises out of practices by androcentric state definitions of belonging/unbelonging to the nation-state as a project that are fundamentally gender/race/class project through somatocentric policy and migration governance. A key finding in the thesis is that what prompts women to migrate from Zimbabwe especially from the Matabeleland provinces is largely economic but can also be linked to violent post-independent nation-building projects that led to Gukurahundi genocide. The thesis argues that this violence lingers socially with the phenomenon of ‘Missing/Absent Fathers’ that is being filled by the transmigrant women themselves when they play double-roles and by other actors known as oMalayitsha. The interactions and modalities of community that arise from these social relations indicate non-normative family arrangements and non-White sociality that showed how women empathise with transmigrant Zimbabwean men and their struggles in Johannesburg therefore humanising them and demonstrating the fluidity of the performativity of gender. This analysis moves beyond the narratives of Zimbabwean working-class women Johannesburg society that binarily characterize them as either ‘victims’ or ‘victors’ without adequate engagement of the importance of gender regimes in an African context as relational. This arises from the fact that dominant analyses in transmigrant research are rooted in economic, push-pull and top-down approaches which, in this thesis, are substituted with an eclectic theoretical approach anchored on intersectionality, decolonial feminism and the reflexive turn in migration research. The thesis concludes, in part, that transmigrant Zimbabwean women’s life experiences in South Africa create gender and discourses about power and space-making that needlessly create worry, violence, and anxiety for transmigrant working-class women in South Africa. South Africa has policy options that it can adopt to address these challenges and is tied to serious attempts at bilateral and regional levels to regularise the stay of marginal transmigrants and to protect them in terms of labour exploitation and other forms of violence.
... Portanto, não só não se deu atenção à participação das mulheres nas migrações enquanto sujeitos autónomos, como foi invisibilizada a transcendência social e económica do trabalho reprodutivo, deixando fora da análise os significados e desigualdades de género e parentesco, que são centrais na divisão do trabalho e, portanto, na composição das migrações (Gregorio 1997). Hondagneu-Sotelo (1994) não só tornou visível a presença das mulheres nos estudos migratórios, como considerou que o género devia ser contemplado enquanto variável para compreender as relações de poder nos processos migratórios. ...
Este artigo toma como base o trabalho de campo realizado com mulheres de quatro gerações, pertencentes a cinco famílias residentes na localidade de Burela (Galiza) e aos seus grupos domésticos originários da ilha de Santiago. Apresentamos três casos etnográficos que exemplificam diferentes formas de organização transnacional dos cuidados, tendo em conta que a atribuição genérica desta esfera às mulheres, combinada com fatores como a orientação de parentesco da família, a posição no esquema de parentesco familiar ou a sua geração, abre ou fecha as suas oportunidades migratórias e a sua capacidade de agência perante a própria mobilidade e a dos/das seus/suas parentes próximos/as. Trata-se de três figuras muito presentes na sociedade badia, desde cuja ótica serão descritas as configurações e dinâmicas familiares através de diversas gerações.
... Policies should focus on improving working conditions, ensuring respect for labour rights, and promoting social integration and empowerment, as set out in The 2030 Agenda (United Nations, 2015). Creating community and support spaces can help reduce loneliness and improve the emotional well-being of these women (Hondagneu-Sotelo, 1994). Therefore, the discussion of these results shows importance of integrating emotional needs into public policies through innovative community initiatives aimed at mitigating loneliness and enhancing the quality of life for migrant women working as domestic workers. ...
Introduction: The article delves into the experience of loneliness among migrant women employed as domestic workers in Spain, shedding light on the intersections of gender, race, and migrant status. Methodology: Employing a constructivist grounded theory approach, the study conducted 31 in-depth interviews with migrant women working as domestic workers. Results: The analysis first demonstrates that the feeling of loneliness is predominantly influenced by the characteristics of the migration process and their subsequent integration into domestic work. Factors exacerbating loneliness include separation from loved ones, the challenging working conditions that limit their leisure time and privacy, and the absence of emotional and social support. Secondly, the results highlight the psychological and physical consequences of loneliness. Discussion: The research underscores the importance of implementing social innovation policies to address and alleviate the effects of loneliness on this vulnerable group. It highlights that loneliness is not only an individual emotional experience but also a structural consequence of their living and working conditions. Conclusion: The study emphasizes the urgent need for proactive measures to mitigate the impact of loneliness on migrant women working as domestic workers in Spain. It acknowledges the intricate interplay of individual and structural factors that influence their overall well-being.
... This shift was particularly visible in Southern European countries like Italy, Spain, and Greece, which experienced substantial migration from the Global South. In these countries, women often filled jobs in domestic care work and other low-paid, lowstatus occupations, which were not as accessible to men (Hondagneu-Sotelo, 1994). ...
In Italy, migration is a new phenomenon, with non-native women and men constituting roughly equal shares of the workforce. However, their employment sectors differ significantly: non-native women often work in the same sectors as native women, while non-native men are employed in distinct sectors compared to their native counterparts. This paper examines gender segregation by analysing individuals’ backgrounds—distinguishing between native and non-native workers—and the impact of contract types, specifically fixed-term versus open-ended contracts. The study aims to determine whether the prevalence of these contract types influences the level of gender segregation across sectors. Findings indicate that the type of employment contract significantly affects gender segregation. Increased use of fixed-term contracts is associated with a reduction in sectoral segregation, suggesting that women are increasingly willing to enter male-dominated fields, while men tend to gravitate towards female-dominated sectors. This dynamic underscores the complexities of gender roles within the context of migration and employment.
... Al terminar mi trabajo doctoral, me acerqué a los estudios de género y migración buscando comprender la experiencia migratoria de las mujeres zapotecas. Los trabajos que orientaron mis primeras reflexiones fueron principalmente los de Ariza (2000Ariza ( , 2007, Brettel (2016), D'Aubeterre (2000, Foner (1986Foner ( , 2005, Goldring (1998), Hirsch (2007, Hondagneu-Sotelo (1994, Mahler (2003), París-Pombo (2006) Salazar-Parreñas (2005, Sassen-Koob (1984, Stephen (2002Stephen ( , 2007, Velasco (2007) y Zavella (1991. Sus perspectivas teóricas, me llevaron a documentar que las causas económicas de la migración femenina y masculina guardaban ciertas semejanzas estructurales (Cruz-Manjarrez, 2013), sin embargo, las sociales eran distintas (Cruz-Manjarrez, 2012). ...
Los estudios de género y el pensamiento feminista han sido campos fértiles de trabajo intelectual y académico; durante las últimas décadas han generado herramientas teóricas para abordar problemáticas relacionadas con la igualdad de género en nuestras sociedades, pero también han generado cuestionamientos y replanteamientos el ámbito de la producción de conocimiento a nivel epistemológico y metodológico en las ciencias sociales. En este artículo damos cuenta de la forma en que la mirada de género ha transformado y definido el proceso de investigación y el quehacer metodológico en tres diferentes disciplinas–antropología, sociología y psicología social-, a través del itinerario de las autoras en el estudio de diferentes problemáticas sociales relacionadas con el género. A través de estos itinerarios mostramos la manera en que hemos incorporado miradas y herramientas de la perspectiva de género para la construcción nuestros marcos epistémicos y metodológicos en función de diferentes objetos de investigación: la perspectiva etnográfica en torno a la migración indígena femenina (Autora 2); un enfoque sociológico cualitativo que utiliza herramientas como la entrevista, la etnografía y la historia oral en torno al estudio de las familias y las emociones (Autora 3); y un enfoque de investigación psicosocial de tipo narrativo en torno a la construcción de identidades trans y la formación de masculinidades violentas (Autora 1). Posteriormente, ponemos en diálogo estos diferentes itinerarios identificando aspectos comunes y singularidades, así como desafíos inter y transdisciplinares para la investigación en género desde las ciencias sociales. El objetivo de este intercambio es contribuir a enriquecer los itinerarios con que es posible incorporar al género, no sólo como un campo temático, sino también como un enfoque metodológico en el estudio de problemáticas vigentes en nuestras sociedades.
... En ese artículo, la autora revisó de manera detallada la producción bibliográfica existente hasta la fecha e introdujo las bases para la incorporación de la perspectiva de género en el estudio de las migraciones al considerar a las mujeres, ya no solo como acompañantes, sino como trabajadoras. A partir de la década de los 90, especialmente en Estados Unidos, se comenzó a llevar a cabo una prolífica producción de trabajos de investigación que tomaron la categoría de género como concepto teórico central en los estudios migratorios (Grasmuck y Pessar, 1991;Hondagneu-Sotelo, 1994Pedraza, 1992;Pessar, 1986). ...
Este libro es parte de los resultados de investigación de los últimos diez años que la autora ha realizado en el Instituto de Estudios Internacionales INTE en temas de migración, fronteras, género y movilidad. Desde ese lugar se abocó al estudio del norte de Chile, especialmente Tarapacá, buscando comprender las particularidades de este territorio marcado por la historia decimonónica, que cuenta con una alta interacción humana transfronteriza, y como el lugar de ingreso y tránsito de la migración latinoamericana y caribeña del siglo XXI. A partir de esta experiencia, el volumen aporta a un entendimiento más amplio de los espacios fronterizos, con una mirada histórica y actual, en la que las fronteras mantienen su función separadora pero al mismo tiempo se constituyen en un lugar de encuentro, circulación y cruce.
... Research on gender differences in transnational family arrangements and gendered migration patterns has largely focused on economically motivated migration (Caarls et al., 2018;Cerrutti & Gaudio, 2010;Hondagneu-Sotelo, 1994;Kanaiaupuni, 2000). These studies demonstrate that women and men exhibit different motivations for migrating, encounter different migration experiences and engage in different migration practices. ...
The number of persons forcibly displaced across international borders increased significantly over the last decade and forced migrants’ spatial family configurations have diversified and are likely to show different patterns compared to what research has found for, e.g. labour migrants. This paper examines and disentangles the diversity of spatial family arrangements across countries of nuclear and extended family members of female and male forced migrants surveyed in Germany. Moreover, I propose a typology of refugees’ family configurations based on the whereabouts of the partner, children, parents, and siblings. The empirical analyses employ representative survey data of recent refugees from Eritrea and Syria collected in Germany in 2020. This dataset allows to account for the whereabouts of members of the nuclear as well as extended family. Descriptive statistics show the prevalence and distributions of locations of specific family members and cluster analysis is conducted to identify and propose a typology of spatial configurations of refugee families. Finally, multinomial logistic regressions are used to test associations between the obtained clusters and gender, country of origin and the financial situation, controlling for other characteristics. The findings indicate that multi-transnational family constellations beyond origin and destination countries are a common pattern among refugees, especially when considering nuclear as well as extended family members. Furthermore, different types of spatial family arrangements are related to gender and country of origin as well as family financial resources.
... Boven-dien heb ik met respondenten talloze wandelingen gemaakt door de stad, en vergezelde ik sommigen naar de kerk. Op basis van al deze verschillende contacten heb ik veldnotities verzameld (voor een meer gedetailleerde uiteenzetting van mijn veldwerk zie Van Meeteren, 2010: 37-50 Engbersen et al., 2006Engbersen et al., , 1999Grzymala-Kazlowska, 2005;Leman, 1997;Mahler, 1995;Hagan, 1994;Hondagneu-Sotelo, 1994, Jordan & Düvell, 2002Kosic & Triandafyllidou, 2004;Lazaridis & Romaniszyn, 1998;Leerkes et al., 2004;Leman et al., 1994;Paspalanova, 2006;Portes & Bach, 1985;Roer-Strier & Olshtain-Mann, 1999;Staring, 2001; Van Nieuwenhuyze, 2009). De respondenten voor de 45 open interviews die ik zelf heb gehouden zijn niet alleen op basis van het herkomstland geselecteerd. ...
In de literatuur wordt doorgaans gesuggereerd dat irreguliere migranten vrijwel geen recreatieve activiteiten ondernemen en bovendien een zeer beperkte sociale leefwereld hebben. Enkele onderzoekers verhalen echter juist over de rijke sociale levens van hun respondenten. Dit artikel laat zien dat er meer variatie bestaat dan deze eenzijdige beelden doen vermoeden, en door de aspiraties van irreguliere migranten in de analyse te betrekken wordt bovendien duidelijk gemaakt hoe de verschillende patronen kunnen worden begrepen.
... Es importante mencionar que la mujer latina ha sido retratada en numerosas ocasiones a través del marianismo (Hondagneu-Sotelo, 1994;Stevens, 1973), esto es, vista como la virgen María: dependiente, subordinada, devota por la familia y responsable del hogar. Sin embargo, las mujeres entrevistadas muestran agencia y rompen con esa visión mariana a partir de las diferentes acciones de resistencia en contra del sistema dominante. ...
Este trabajo cualitativo analiza las narrativas de cinco mujeres latinas radicadas en el estado de Oregón (Estados Unidos) en relación con sus interacciones sociales en el sector servicios y los espacios públicos de las comunidades en las que viven. El objetivo es conocer sus experiencias y observar si existe una conciencia crítica sociolingüística que reafirme una agencia en el país de destino. Usando como marco teórico el análisis crítico del discurso y la raciolingüística, se obtuvieron tres ejes temáticos comunes: la ausencia del español en los lugares públicos, la mirada blanca en los intercambios lingüísticos, y el multilingüismo en la vida pública. Estas narrativas muestran cómo la conciencia crítica desencadena la resiliencia y la agencia que les ha permitido enfrentarse a dificultades racistas y discriminaciones lingüísticas en Estados Unidos.
... studies focussed on one or other of the three inseparable stages where gender relations, roles, and hierarchies influence the migration process and produce differential outcomes for women. Hondaganeu-Sotelo (1994),Ackers (1998), Kofman and Sales (1998), and Raghuram (2000), while discussing the pre-migration stage, pointed out how social structural arrangements within households and patriarchal societies affect the opportunities for women in accessing education and acquiring skills and thus their migration experiences. Gendered division of roles and expectations lead to gender disparities in education and skilled and unskilled labour; individuals with skilled labour are more likely to be men rather than women. ...
In 2015, women immigrants outnumbered immigrant men in the US, and there is a growing concern about the needs and resources required to assimilate them into American society. This study attempts to (i) explain the gendered nature of migration that makes immigrant women a "special attention group" and (ii) explore the level and determinants of their confidence in the police. Analysis of data from the World Value Survey on immigration status, demographic factors, and confidence levels in the police, shows that 47.7% of immigrant women, in comparison to 25.7% of native-born women, have little or no confidence in the police. Furthermore, "safety and security" for immigrant women; "social class" for native-born women and "ethnicity" for immigrant men along with "safety and security", are key determinants of confidence in the police. This has implications for programs, policies, and agencies to better serve immigrant women.
... It was mainly due to the limited experience of parents with the Czech Republic causing that objectives of the five participants were developed differently than those of their parents. Social world predominantly defined by ties within a region, supply of experiences and personal understandings are strong limitations for parents (see Bonizzoni 2009;Holdsworth 2013;Hondagneu-Sotelo 1994;Kirova 2010;Kofman 2012, Moskal andTyrrell 2016;Massey et al. 1987;Orellana et al. 2001;Sime, Fox, and Pietka 2010). On the contrary, young participants aspirations are connected with gaining specific experiences, knowledge and the use of opportunities (Huijsmans 2015;Punch 2002) which making them independent from parents. ...
... Finally, Daniela took with her a small book from her grandmother, took it as a souvenir. 25. Italian genre of literature and cinema of the twentieth century, focused on suspense, detective and police stories. ...
Being a woman in Ecuador or Italy, as in any other crease of the world implies a life pierced by multidimensional inequality and violence. A transcontinental migratory process encompasses the home country’s structural conditions of disparity that represents an urgent reason to initiate the migratory experience in search of food, family sustain, health, social security, access to some fundamental rights, denied by the country of origin, like education and work. In essence, the right to be human. Most of the times the migratory experience comprises family separation, interruption, end or postponement of their educational career, patrimonial violence from their home countries reaches them at their migratory destinations. As well as the continuous exposure to not adequate jobs and exclusion as a result of current systemic inequalities. This book explores the course of migrant women from the Ecuadorian diaspora to Italy, through testimonies of their educational, working, and cultural experiences as from the artifacts of their migrant memory. Furthermore, identifying the educational value and input on their life projects and cultural integration.
... Część z nich decyduje się na swoistego rodzaju ucieczkę od patriarchalnych struktur społecznych, do których nie chcą wracać (Kim 2010). Dobrym przykładem w tym względzie są Meksykanki przebywające w Stanach Zjednoczonych, które w obawie przed ponownym uzależnieniem od męża pozostają poza granicami kraju (Hondagneu-Sotelo 1994). Ponadto, jak podają R. King i A. Lulle (2022, s. 10), kobiety rzadziej niż mężczyźni decydują się na migracje powrotne. ...
Gender influences most aspects of migration, placing migrants in slightly different positions in the host country. Gender differences are visible not only in masculinized or feminized migration streams, but also in those that are balanced in terms of gender ratio. In the case of Polish migrations to Germany, the third type of migration streams dominates. This type of migration is characterized by a relatively equal gender structure of Polish migrants. The main aim of this paper is to identify the migration experiences of Poles in the context of revealing gender differences and their potential impact on everyday life in the host country. The article was prepared based on the results of original quantitative (surveys) and qualitative (in-depth interviews) social research conducted among Polish women and men living in Berlin and Hamburg. The example of Germany as a host country allowed to prove that Polish women and men migrants experience the migration process differently. A significant difference in the context of gender was revealed in the following areas: activity in the public sphere, satisfaction with remuneration and level of knowledge of the German language.
Migration is a transformative process that brings both opportunities and challenges, particularly for individuals from distinct cultural and religious backgrounds. This study focuses on the psychological health of Namdhari Sikh migrants from Ellenabad Block in Sirsa, Haryana, and explores how they navigate the psychological impacts of migration, including loneliness, anxiety, depression, and acculturation stress. The Namdhari Sikh community, known for its unique religious beliefs and cultural practices, faces particular challenges in maintaining their identity and adapting to the norms of host countries. The study examines how cultural adaptation, identity struggles, and social support systems influence mental health outcomes. Data were collected through in-depth, semi-structured interviews with 755 migrants who relocated to countries such as Canada, Australia, the UK, and the USA. The results highlight significant psychological challenges, with 50% of participants reporting loneliness and 15% experiencing anxiety and stress. Cultural conflicts and the loss of religious practices were also common concerns, as 49% of migrants faced difficulties in maintaining their spiritual practices. Social support, particularly from family and religious communities, emerged as a key factor in mitigating psychological distress. Economic pressures, such as the need to send remittances and job insecurity, also contributed to stress. The study emphasizes the importance of cultural identity preservation and social support networks in enhancing the mental well-being of migrants. These findings provide valuable insights for policy development and community support initiatives aimed at addressing the unique challenges faced by marginalized migrant groups.
Female domestic workers often take on multiple roles in different settings, such as that of mothers and migrants. This study focuses on women’s diverse trajectories in timing motherhood and migration from a temporal perspective. Despite the continuities between their paid work for their employers and unpaid care for their own families, both of which are highly feminized, migrant women often face tensions and conflicts between the two; it is difficult to be a good worker and a good mother at the same time. Drawing on the Survey of Foreign Domestic Workers in Hong Kong, this study provides a quantitative picture of how some women decide to move before becoming mothers and some afterward, as well as their different long-term mobility tendencies. The findings lend support to a selectivity process that highly educated women are more likely to be non-mother migrants; they are more likely to move at a younger age and when they are unmarried. However, over time, migrants who were mothers at the time of their first migration are more likely to conduct multiple moves. Such mixed findings suggest that women’s migration is interrelated with motherhood in complex ways, which may reflect the need of repeated migration by mothers on the one hand, and the gender beliefs that continue to regard migrant women as neglecting their families and deviating from feminine domesticity on the other.
This monograph investigates the visual construction of migration on the U.S. southern border by the U.S. news industry. This study employs a quantitative ( N = 1,050) and qualitative ( N = 21) social semiotic analysis to illuminate the pervasive patterns of visual representation by three news agencies: The Associated Press, Getty Images, and Reuters. The analysis reveals levels of symbolic annihilation, social separation, and asymmetrical power dynamics that contribute to the symbolic othering of migrants. In-depth interviews with 21 photojournalists and field observation of an additional five photojournalists on the U.S.-Mexico border in Texas were conducted to analyze the factors that influence the production of images. Photojournalists are subject to myriad physical, social, and ideological influences from politicians, law enforcement, news organizations, non-governmental organizations, drug cartels, and border residents that constrain the depiction of migration. These complex conditions of production are marked by a scarcity of time, money, and autonomy that ultimately result in conventionalized imagery. The findings suggest that more comprehensive, nuanced, and humanizing accounts of migration can occur when external entities do not intercede in the interaction between photographers and migrants. Unconventional imagery, however, is no guarantee of empathetic reception from audiences who are steeped in hegemonic migration discourses produced by institutions that profoundly profit from a perpetual migration “crisis.”
How do Mexican-American women in the US-Mexico borderlands respond to insecurity relating to multiple forms of discrimination? The present article compares the experiences of women of different class and ethnic backgrounds to analyze their gendered watchfulness in response to the racialized and classed anti-immigrant vigilance of privileged Anglo-Americans. We argue that, in a context of ongoing coloniality, maintaining an exploitable racialized and gendered sub-worker class requires conjuring the illusion of the border as a necessary security feature. Mexican-American women's watchfulness strategies, including professionalism, beauty practices, and artistic performances, instead makes visible the ways in which the border as the margin of the state actively produces insecurity and violence. Viewing security from the margins of the margins allows us to expand and decolonize previous understandings.
Colombia has taken a leading role in Latin America in recognizing domestic workers' rights, including rights to a salary, social security, and other benefits. Nevertheless, domestic workers remain largely informal, are neither organized nor aware of their labor rights; mistreatment, and racism remain common. Drawing on discussions about domestic work and the struggles for labor organization, in this article I explore this discrepancy. Women's experiences are marked by structural, symbolic, and everyday violence. The private nature of paid domestic work, socioeconomic differences, and the local labor market create a steep power imbalance between workers and employers. Instead of demanding their rights women thus appeal to employers' conscience to treat them well. In effect, the Colombian case highlights that progressive legislation is not enough to change domestic workers' plight. I argue that we need more immediate interventions, such as a universal basic income, welfare programs, or national employment guarantees, which would strengthen women's negotiating power in the labor market. The article contributes to discussions about class, labor rights, and inequality in the Global South and beyond.
En México la mayoría de las mujeres inician su reproducción antes de los 30 años de edad; Zavala (2014) indica que a partir de 1989 el país comenzó a presentar una cúspide temprana de la fecundidad al registrarse que tres cuartas partes del total de nacimientos ocurrían antes de que las mujeres alcanzaran su tercera década de edad; los tres grupos quinquenales de edad en que esto sucede son: 15-19, 20-24 y 25-29 años. La cima se presenta entre los 20 y 24 años, edad en que la mayoría de las mujeres comienza a tener su primer bebé, mientras que entre los 15 y 19 años, si bien su reproducción es menor, las tasas de fecundidad de este grupo quinquenal han ido decreciendo con mayor lentitud (Welti, 2012), además de registrarse un incremento de embarazos entre los 10 y 14 años.
Partiendo de un enfoque de curso de vida, en este capítulo interesa precisar el espaciamiento, el orden y la temporalidad que se presenta entre el inicio de la vida sexual, la llegada del primer y segundo descendiente, el inicio y la posible conclusión de la vida conyugal, además de establecer con ello las trayectorias más comunes de lo que aquí se ha denominado como “trayectoria sexual-conyugal-reproductiva”, precisando tanto las características para mujeres y hombres como por etapa en que se inició la reproducción (adolescencia y juventud) para tres cohortes de nacimiento (1963-1967, 1968-1977 y 1978-1987). Cada cohorte se dividió en dos grupos reproductivos: mujeres y hombres que tuvieron un hijo/a en la adolescencia (entre los 10 y 19 años2 ) versus aquellos/as que vieron la llegada de su primer descendiente entre los 20 y 29 años. El eje del análisis es la reproducción en dos etapas claves de la vida: la adolescencia y la juventud.
El capítulo contiene una breve revisión en torno a la primera relación sexual, el primer y segundo hijo/a, y el inicio y finalización de la vida en pareja; también se muestran algunas características sociodemográficas de las tres cohortes y se efectúa un análisis descriptivo de transiciones, trayectorias y distancias entre eventos.
Women Voters documents and explains three important phenomena implicating gender, race, and immigration. The Element contributes to a better understanding of partisan candidate choice in US presidential elections. First, women are diverse and politically heterogenous, where white women are more likely to vote Republican and women of color are majority Democratic voters. Second, due to the unequal privileges and constraints associated with race, white women have greater agency to sort by partisan preference, whereas women of color have more limited choice in their partisan support. Finally, the authors emphasize compositional change in the electorate as an important explanation of electoral outcomes.
For this special issue of the International Migration Review, we develop and provide a comprehensive organizing framework, the Migration Intersections Grid (MIG), to inform and guide migration research in and through the remainder of the twenty-first century. We motivate our work by conducting a high-level scoping review of summaries and syntheses of different directions of travel in migration research over time. Informed by these results, we then identify and describe 12 components that constitute the MIG, which, as we later discuss, is an interactive intersectional organizing framework. Finally, we illustrate the MIG's interactive intersectional nature by applying it to several areas of migration research where a comprehensive organizing framework of this sort is needed to address existing and emerging issues and questions now and in the coming decades.
This study aims to describe how the migratory trajectories of migrant domestic workers begin in Chile and the role of migratory networks and emotional factors in their decisions. A qualitative analysis of six biographical narratives is employed to examine the complexities of their labor and migratory trajectories, influenced by intersecting factors such as gender, class, and ethnicity, within the context of global care chains. The results reveal five central moments when making the decision to migrate. The first moment is characterized by the fact that none of the cases had worked as domestic workersin their home countries. In the second moment, the need to change their circumstances in their home countries arises, often due to political crises, economic challenges, or gender-based violence. The third moment involves the existence of a migratory network of friends and family who assist in their journey.In the fourth moment, a significant emotional factor plays a central role in the decision to migrate, influencing the timing of the decision. Finally, in the fifth moment, the decision to migrate to Chile is made.
Migration theorizing has coalesced around sets encompassing several frameworks. Despite many contributions of these collections, contemporary migration theorizing exhibits three important shortcomings, which this paper aims to address. First, sets of theories have traditionally not explicitly and jointly addressed fundamental questions in migration, namely (i) key motivations beyond those related to “labor” (turmoil; environmental strain; family, or self‐realization factors); (ii) how important axes of social difference produce distinct motivations and mechanisms (e.g., by gender and sexuality); (iii) the (in)direct roles of the state; (iv) important spatial considerations, that is, immobility, internal versus international movement, step/onward/secondary migrations; and (v) key issues of temporality, that is, return migration, its timing, and intentionality. Engaging with classical and contemporary scholarship, I provide an updated, revised, and broadened set of frameworks and analytical lenses that better incorporate these issues. Second, the most common typology used to categorize frameworks into “initiation” and “continuation” suffers from ambiguity and imprecision. I offer a new classification, typifying mechanisms as more/less endogenous to prior migrations. Third, scholarship has advanced little in systematically examining whether/how theories relate to each other. I provide a basic taxonomy of mechanism “competition,” “coexistence,” co‐occurrence, and interrelation. I conclude by proposing a new and expanded set of frameworks and analytical lenses, reflecting on the implications of these modifications.
Purpose: This research explores how women in Lucy migrate from their former location to a new one to overcome trauma and better their lives but instead in their new environment they experience suppression and undergo worse situations than their former place. Methodology: Qualitative research was used to write this paper since it involves textual analysis, so the research design is explanatory and the data is presented in running text. Information of this research paper was gathered from the primary source (Lucy) and secondary sources (Global Woman: Nannies, Maids and Sex Workers in the New Economy, Women who Go and Women Who Stay: Reflections of Family Migration Processes in a Changing World, The Role of Female Migration in Development Towards a Transnational Perspective on Migration: Race, Class, Ethnicity and Nationalism Reconsidered, Women in Movement: Feminism and Social Action, International Migration: The Female Experience and Situation and Role of Migrant Women: Specific Adaptation and Integration Problems). Feminism was deemed a suitable theory on which this research paper could be hitched, in order to show how informal international migration causes underdevelopment in the country of origin and poor standard of living in the new environment. Findings: It is realized that the informal international migration of Kincaid’s protagonist and intra-national migration of other characters in Lucy fail to bear any good fruit, instead Lucy is nostalgic and she becomes wayward in her new environment. The other characters are not also happy in their new environment despite the fact that feminists condemn violence against women perpetuated by patriarchy and sexism in any place in which women find themselves. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and: This research will make people to understand that international migration without the notice of the government of both countries involved is not mostly fruitful. Since there is a reason (fate) for one to originate from a particular country, one needs to grow and work in it. Intra-national migration can be encouraged for those who wish to change environment. This study will also deepen discussion in the field of feminism and post-colonialism. In the theory of feminism this research will help feminists to understand better that women and men are unique, they complement each other. There are some tasks that women cannot do and succeed like men. In Lucy, Lewis is happy in the end after migrating whereas Maria and Lucy are not. As for the theory of post-colonialism, it would help postcolonial critics to dwell more on the present situation in the postcolonial societies rather than the past. Readers of this article will help familiarize it to leaders of the world to make their environments more comfortable for their citizens, so that informal international migration can easily be stopped. Their citizens will greatly contribute in the development of their countries and the emigrants would be at peace at home because it is very difficult for one to be genuinely accepted in a foreign environment.
This paper examines how social reproductive work—particularly childcare and material provision—is experienced by and distributed between fathers and mothers during onward migration. Onward migration is typically defined as the process whereby people leave their homeland, settle in a second country, and then migrate to a third country. Gendered in nature, social reproductive work refers to the activities involved in maintaining people daily and intergenerationally. Several studies explore how families' social reproductive arrangements are disrupted, reconfigured or maintained following migration. Less is known about the organisation of social reproductive labour in families who migrated multiple times. This paper draws from fieldwork with 32 Colombian mothers and 18 Colombian fathers who onward migrated from Spain to London after the 2008 crisis. Fathers typically onward migrated first to fulfil their breadwinning role, while mothers would stay in Spain to look after their children, following later. These arrangements were not necessarily maintained at the onward destination. To cope with downward mobility and precarity in London, some fathers became more involved in social reproductive work viewed as feminine (e.g., childcare), while mothers began outsourcing social reproductive tasks to better meet their families' needs and to seize the opportunities London offers. This paper suggests that onward migrant families renegotiate their social reproductive arrangements to address the socioeconomic challenges and opportunities its members encounter in the onward destination and proposes an understanding of social reproduction as relational and fluid across space and time.
This chapter synthesises the volume’s content and identifies common themes across chapters in the life course of Polish migrant families in Ireland. The chapter begins by outlining the dynamic context for the migration flow between Poland and Ireland, and then continues with a detailed exploration of the issues analysed in the individual chapters. It presents the migration story of Polish families in Ireland not as a series of events but as a continuum that affects family dynamics and life stages, beginning with young adults pursuing international mobility for adventure and transitioning into adulthood. It then examines how migration evolves with family formation and settlement and highlights the experiences of the ‘1.5 generation’ children impacted by their parents’ migratory decisions and their consequent adaptation challenges. The chapter also considers the variable nature of transnational ties and the need to plan for future demographic changes, including the ageing of Polish migrants in Ireland, their ageing parents in Poland and potential caregiving challenges. It considers the limitations of the volume and points to the need for prospective studies with a life course approach to understand the evolving story of Polish families’ lives in Ireland.
Sociological research on international migration shares a fundamental question: What underlining forces drive migration? Sociologists use a number of theories such as neoclassical economics, new economics of migration, network theory, segmented labor market theory, and world systems theory among others to untangle the complexities of individual and group migration patterns. These theoretical propositions, and the methodological applications that are informed by them, are colonial in their epistemic origins and assumptions. Explored in this paper are the assumptions, limitations, and the epistemic privileging within westernized migration studies and sociology. Chicanx Studies systematically addresses this question by confronting colonization’s impact on how we contemporarily study, measure, and analyze human behavior including migration. Moreover, the discipline works to humanize Chicanx populations and their historic migratory life ways. For borderland theorist Gloria Anzaldúa the underling force that drives Chicanx and Mexican migration is their ontological and epistemological connection to their indigenous tradition of “long walks” across recent politicized borders. Her work contributes to migration studies’ lack of epistemic diversity and also gives insight to the historical relationship Chicanxs have with migratory practices to other parts of the U.S. beyond the Southwest.
Ser mujer en Ecuador o Italia, así como en cualquier vértice de los continentes configura una historia atravesada por la desigualdad en múltiples dimensiones y con violencias de todo tipo. El proceso migratorio transcontinental incluye las condiciones estructurales de desigualdad del país de origen, que constituyen un motivo urgente para iniciar la experiencia migrante en búsqueda de alimentos, sustento familiar, salud, seguridad social, acceso a algunos derechos fundamentales negados por el país de origen como la educación y el trabajo. En fin, el derecho a ser humano. Muchas veces esta experiencia migrante incluye la separación familiar, la interrupción, el fin o el aplazamiento de sus trayectorias educativas, violencia patrimonial que desde su país de origen muchas veces les alcanza hasta su país de destino migratorio. Así como la exposición continua a trabajos no adecuados y la exclusión que resulta de la desigualdad sistémica actual. Este libro explora el proceso de mujeres migrantes de la diáspora ecuatoriana en Italia, a través de los testimonios de su experiencia en el campo de la educación, del trabajo, la cultura y los dispositivos de su memoria migrante. E identifica el valor y aporte de la educación en sus proyectos de vida e integración cultural.
This chapter provides background and introduces the concept of mélange familism. A way of life emerges when minorities, generally and specifically, the focus group of this study, single mothers, mix relational collectivism and individualism, seeking to make sense of their lives with the new realities in European multicultural societies. I have taken Pakistan, the land of origin of the migrant single women narrators in my research, as an example of a country where relational collectivism is widely practised within families and in broader society and is supported by the country’s state ideology, policies and legal framework. In comparison, while describing individualism in European multicultural societies, I take Denmark as a case study—a country based on industrialisation, neoliberalism and neo-conservatism—which is the new home for migrant single mothers/women: two specific national traditions as paradigms.
Executive Summary
This study explores the relationship between “sanctuary policies” that bar local law enforcement agencies from cooperating with federal immigration authorities and immigrant attitudes toward law enforcement agencies. It draws upon original survey data collected in New Mexico in 2019 and finds:
• First, that immigrants who believe they are protected by sanctuary have more trust in their police and sheriffs than immigrants who anticipate collaboration between local law enforcement and immigration authorities;
• Second, that awareness of sanctuary policies is nonetheless the exception to the rule, particularly among immigrant men.
The study therefore highlights not only the limits to sanctuary policies sensu stricto but the limited scope and gendered nature of legal consciousness among immigrants in a multilayered enforcement regime.
Our findings suggest that promoting sanctuary policies to immigrant communities, particularly through immigrant-serving agencies, may be nearly as critical in improved immigrant-police relations, as adopting sanctuary policies. The Department of Homeland Security and the courts should therefore adopt a uniform definition of sanctuary and disseminate it to state and local officials — especially in law enforcement — throughout the country. Furthermore, localities that adopt sanctuary policies should publicize them as widely as possible so that they have the desired effect in immigrant communities and facilitate the improvement of police-community relations in particular.
This article reviews how US deportations ballooned between 1997 and 2012 and underscores how these deportations disproportionately targeted Latino working-class men. Building on Mae Ngai’s (Impossible Subjects: Illegal Aliens and the Making of Modern America, Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, 2004) concept of racial removal, we describe this recent mass deportation as a gendered racial removal program. Drawing from secondary sources, surveys conducted in Mexico, the U.S. Department of Homeland Security published statistics, and interviews with deportees conducted by the first author in Guatemala, the Dominican Republic, Brazil, and Jamaica, we argue that: (1) deportations have taken on a new course in the aftermath of 9/11 and in the wake of the global economic crisis—involving a shift towards interior enforcement; (2) deportation has become a gendered and racial removal project of the state; and (3) deportations will have lasting consequences with gendered and raced effects here in the United States. We begin by examining the mechanisms of the new deportation regime, showing how it functions, and then examining the legislation and administrative decisions that make it possible. Next, we show the concentration of deportations by nation and gender. Finally, we discuss the causes of this gendered racial removal program, which include the male joblessness crisis since the Great Recession, the War on Terror, and the continued criminalization of Black and Latino men by police authorities.
Undocumented immigration has gained unprecedented prominence in many of the world’s wealthiest nation-states. In the United States, a substantial population of undocumented youth is growing up with legal access to public education through high school, but facing legal and economic barriers to higher education, even when attaining college admission. The legal and social contradictions associated with undocumented status limit these youths’ chances for upward mobility through traditional means. Based on ethnography and in-depth interviews, this article examines the experiences of documented and undocumented children of working-class Latino immigrants in Los Angeles. Because their educational and home environments are not differentiated, undocumented youth undergo similar social incorporation processes as their documented peers early on. However, their legal protections end after high school, greatly limiting their chances for upward mobility through education. In some cases, knowledge of future barriers to college attendance leads to a decline in educational motivation. Existing assimilation theories need to be expanded to include this novel and sizeable phenomenon.
Home is a space that is marked by gendered roles and identities. This chapter provides an overview of some key feminist thinking on home and how this is reflected and used in studies that focus on gender in migration studies. The chapter reflects on men and women’s home-making practices after migration, and the implications both for those who move onwards and those who stay put. In this chapter, while there is a focus on migrant women, a new line of thinking on domestic migrant masculinities is presented which discusses how varied gender roles in migration impact the space and politics of home for migrant families. Finally, the chapter reflects on how migrants’ images of future homes are entangled with gendered power relations of home.
This paper explores the ethnographic technique of the focused revisit—rare in sociology but common in anthropology—when an ethnographer returns to the site of a previous study. Discrepancies between earlier and later accounts can be attributed to differences in: (1) the relation of observer to participant, (2) theory brought to the field by the ethnographer, (3) internal processes within the field site itself, or (4) forces external to the field site. Focused revisits tend to settle on one or another of these four explanations, giving rise to four types of focused revisits. Using examples, the limits of each type of focused revisit are explored with a view to developing a reflexive ethnography that combines all four approaches. The principles of the focused revisit are then extended to rolling, punctuated, heuristic, archeological, and valedictory revisits. In centering attention on ethnography-as-revisit sociologists directly confront the dilemmas of participating in the world they study—a world that undergoes (real) historical change that can only be grasped using a (constructed) theoretical lens.
Se analiza la manera en que se trabaja el concepto de género desde tres disciplinas y objetos de estudio distintos. Asimismo, se discute la literatura desde la que entendemos el concepto de género y el sistema sexo-género y se muestran las investigaciones realizadas desde ella con la finalidad de evidenciar cómo el género, como un sistema complejo, nos convoca y pone en contacto para revelar las conexiones entre ámbitos de la vida social y categorías analíticas con estrecha relación. En las conclusiones elaboramos un diálogo interdisciplinario sobre las coincidencias que tenemos, como grupo de investigación, en el uso del enfoque de género. Reflexionamos sobre el abordaje que le hemos dado en el análisis micro y macro social para entender los mecanismos de control, sujeción y poder que atraviesan las relaciones de los grupos estudiados, pero también para analizar los procesos de agencia, resistencia y transformaciones que produce. Por último, discutimos las posibilidades de un diálogo futuro con el género como base, centrado en el análisis de la identidad, la intimidad, la modernidad y posmodernidad, como reflejo de la crisis de este proyecto civilizatorio.
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