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Complementing theories to explain emotional solidarity
Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to test the effect of residents’ attitudes concerning tourism development on support for future tourism development, and ultimately whether such a relationship explains a sense of solidarity with tourists. To do this, a theoretical model was developed and tested based on the social exchange theory and affect theory of exchange. Residents of Antalya, Turkey (N = 660) comprised the sample from which data were collected. Structural equation modelling results demonstrated that residents' attitudes explained 69% of the variance in support for future tourism development, and in turn, this support explained between 25% and 80% of the variance in factors comprising residents’ emotional solidarity with tourists. Findings provide support for the complementary use of the two theories. To round out the paper, implications, limitations and future research are offered.
... Many researchers consider the Social Exchange Theory (SET) framework to appraise residents' views of the tourism industry and to clarify the relationship between tourism effects and future support for tourism growth (Gursoy, ouyang, et al., 2019;nunkoo & Gursoy, 2012, Stylidis et al., 2014. However, this theory is not exempt of limitations (Erul et al., 2023). Some scholars (Woosnam & norman, 2010;Woosnam et al., 2009) have stated that this theoretical approach has the risk of restricting the relationships between residents and tourists to purely economic exchanges plane. ...
... According to SET, if residents perceive that the benefits of growth are greater than the costs -economical, environmental, and socio-cultural -they are more likely to support its further expansion (Ap, 1992). As highlighted in the works of Erul et al. (2023) and Eslami et al. (2019), the SET has its share of limitations, most notably, these include reducing the relationship between residents and tourists to one based on benefit-cost transactions (Woosnam et al., 2009). ...
... SET remains a dominant view through which researchers examine determinants of residents' support for tourism (e.g. Erul et al., 2023;Munanura et al., 2023;nunkoo & Ramkissoon, 2012). As such, the SET was utilized in this study to explain why and under what situations local residents would have positive perceptions toward their community (DSR and satisfaction) and would support future tourism development (H1 & H5) (see Figure 1). ...
This study proposes a model including several antecedents (i.e. perceived destination social responsibility, community satisfaction, emotional solidarity and place attachment) to describe local residents' support for tourism. Hypotheses were tested employing survey data collected from 535 residents in an urban tourist destination in Spain. The results of a structural equation modelling approach confirmed all hypotheses showing significant and positive relationships between the variables included. This research provides new insights regarding the analysed relationships by adopting a residents' perspective and can help destination management organizations to better identify some of the community factors that influence residents' support for tourism.
... The development of urban tourism has the potential to disrupt the lives of residents [13], although it can also have multiple positive impacts on local communities [14,15]. For instance, it can enhance the quality of life of residents by creating employment opportunities and improving infrastructure and amenities [16][17][18]. Sustainable tourism development can also stimulate the economy [19], promote reputation and competitiveness of tourism destinations [20][21][22], and preserve resources and the environment [23][24][25]. However, there are also negative impacts associated with tourism [26], as is the case of urban tourism. ...
... Tourism stakeholders, particularly residents, carefully consider the impacts of tourism on their lives and the environment [30]. For instance, residents may oppose further tourism development if they are excluded from the planning process [31], or if the negative impacts of tourism outweigh the positive ones [13,16]. Therefore, scholars have studied residents' perceptions of tourism and their attitudes toward tourism development, as tourism impacts can significantly affect residents' daily lives and influence their support for sustainable tourism [1,[32][33][34]. ...
... Tourism planners should encourage residents to participate in the process of tourism development and keep them informed of all possible impacts of tourism development. If residents are involved and well informed, they will support the sustainable development of tourism [16,31]. ...
The purpose of this study is to examine the extent to which residents’ perceptions of their
place image can predict their perceptions of the impacts of tourism, and ultimately, to elucidate
their support for sustainable tourism development in Midyat, Turkey. This city currently faces a
range of negative impacts associated with tourism, such as inflation, high leakage, threats to family
structures, environmental degradation, pollution, and crowding. At the same time, Midyat seeks to
maximize the positive impacts of tourism, including job creation and employment, environmental
protection, cultural and educational enrichment, and recreational opportunities. Therefore, there
is an urgent need for a strategic shift in development. The study population consists of residents
residing in Midyat, Turkey, from whom three hundred and fifty-six questionnaires were collected.
PLS (Partial Least Squares) path analysis was utilized to analyze the research model constructed
based on the literature. The results demonstrated that residents’ place image significantly predicted
two out of three impacts of tourism, namely, socio-cultural and economic impacts. Additionally,
residents’ perceptions of environmental and socio-cultural impacts were significant predictors of
their support or opposition to sustainable tourism. While perceived environmental impacts have a
positive effect on support for sustainable tourism, perceived economic impacts have a negative effect.
This finding can guide tourism planners and professionals to make more informed decisions and
take stronger steps toward sustainable tourism development. This study revealed that the quality
of life, job opportunities, infrastructure, and economic income of Midyat’s residents are insufficient.
However, the city is characterized by social attributes, such as friendliness, trust, and supportiveness.
The results are limited to local residents, and using only one tourist stakeholder to assess sustainable
tourism development is insufficient. Therefore, additional research must be performed to guarantee
the involvement of other tourism stakeholders.
... Based on these notions, our research argues that residents' perceived emotions based on the precautionary measures taken by tourists concerning COVID-19 would significantly impact residents' willingness to engage in specific behaviors involving tourists in their community. Though a few studies [19,23] have recently considered the ATE (in tandem with the CAT) in the context of tourism, such work has deviated from Lawler's intentions by not focusing on social relationships between residents and tourists, instead centering on attitudes about tourism development. ...
... Hypotheses development: As noted throughout much of the literature on sustainable tourism, it is crucial to consider residents' attitudes about tourism and tourists; the success of tourism, in fact, is highly contingent upon such perspectives [23]. Prior to the pandemic, scholars [24][25][26][27][28][29] emphasized the importance of social distance in explaining residents' attitudes toward tourists and tourism development. ...
... According to the affect theory of exchange, people (e.g., residents) feel emotionally high when interactions go well, or they can be emotionally depressed when trades go poorly. Similarly, when the level of exchange activity rises, various emotions or feelings will manifest [23], which is supported by the affect theory of exchange. In other words, perceptions can be changed depending on the exchange between residents and tourists. ...
With destinations steadily ‘opening back up for business’ (while COVID-19 cases are still high in many areas), there is an increasing need to consider residents. Integrating the cognitive appraisal theory and the affect theory of exchange, this work tests a structural model examining the degree to which residents’ perceptions of COVID-19 precautionary measures explain emotions directed toward visitors, and ultimately their willingness to engage in shared behaviors with tourists. Data were collected from 530 residents in 25 U.S. counties with the highest percentages of historical COVID-19 cases per population. A total of 10 of the 12 tested hypotheses were significant, contributing to 60% and 85% of the variance explained in contending and accommodating emotions, and 53% and 50% of the variance explained in engaging in less intimate–distal and more intimate–proximal behaviors with tourists. The implications highlight the complementary use of the two frameworks in explaining residents’ preference for engagement in less intimate–distal interactions with tourists.
... Scheyven (1999) indicated that the distribution of the economic benefits of tourism determined the sustainability of tourism activities, as local people would only continue to support tourism if it furthered their development (Sindiga, 1995;Woosnam et al., 2022) because it can generate a sense of emotional solidarity (Erul et al., 2022). Boley et al. (2014) argued that the inclusion of economic profit in the original RETS was actually derived from SET, which has been widely used in the tourism literature to assess residents' perceptions (Erul et al., 2022;Y. ...
... Scheyven (1999) indicated that the distribution of the economic benefits of tourism determined the sustainability of tourism activities, as local people would only continue to support tourism if it furthered their development (Sindiga, 1995;Woosnam et al., 2022) because it can generate a sense of emotional solidarity (Erul et al., 2022). Boley et al. (2014) argued that the inclusion of economic profit in the original RETS was actually derived from SET, which has been widely used in the tourism literature to assess residents' perceptions (Erul et al., 2022;Y. Wang et al., 2020;Woosnam et al., 2022). ...
... Studies have shown that residents who hold more positive perceptions of the impact of tourism are often more supportive of tourism development (Erul et al., 2022;T. H. Lee, 2013;Nunkoo & Gursoy, 2012). ...
This article uses the theoretical bases of Resident Empowerment through Tourism Scale, Framing Theory, and Self-Identification theory to explore the moderating effect of destination promotional videos on the relationship between residents’ empowerment and support for tourism. Initially, a large-scale survey with 1,634 respondents from Chinese Ningbo communities was performed to confirm that the destination promotion videos were widely viewed by the residents. After that, 492 questionnaires were administered to residents to test the moderating effect of media identification on the relationship between residents’ empowerment and support for tourism. The findings show that, overall, promotional media moderates the relationship between resident empowerment and support for tourism. Specifically, the use of destination promotion videos has been found to give residents a stronger sense of empowerment within society, increasing their high level of support for tourism. However, in this study’s case study of Ningbo, media were not found to moderate the relationship between perceived economic profit and support for tourism. The findings of this study could provide implications of how to use promotional video wisely to engage residents and build a “happy host.”
... Most recently, Erul et al. (2020) forewarn that residents are crucial stakeholders in establishing successful sustainable tourism destinations. Therefore, they investigated emotional solidarity as a predictor of support for tourism development (Erul et al. 2020, 5) and found out that the level of support for future tourism is conditioned with their awareness of tourism importance and impacts perceiving. ...
... Indeed, residents' attitude about tourism and its development can be affected by the feelings and degree of solidarity, residents' experiences with tourists on an individual level (Woosnam 2012, 24), which is why Emotional solidarity scale (ESS) is becoming functional in explaining and predicting their tourism development support. In comparison to Social exchange theory (SET), criticised mostly for reducing host-guest relationships to economic perspectives, ESS introduces feelings and affections that are firm factors of relationships in tourism (Erul et al. 2020). ...
... Residents from both destinations strongly believe in the importance of the involvement in the decision-making process, though residents from Portorož assess the tourism development more neutrally compared to those in Opatija, who showed a much more positive attitude towards it. Erul et al. (2020) report that if people are aware of the importance of tourism, they are likely to perceive positive impacts and support further sustainable tourism development. Moreover, Joo et al. (2020) found that resident's empowerment enhances their engagement in tourism planning and development. ...
Purpose – The impact of tourism is an ongoing research interest among scholars as it is
directly related to the tourism development process. Residents’ perceptions of tourism
impacts can indicate development guidelines if planners pay attention to them.
Design – We examine residents’ perceptions of tourism impacts and their support for
sustainable tourism development in two similar tourism destinations, Portorož and Opatija,
based on their similarity, closeness, and connectedness through time to the present.
Approach – There is an urgent need for a strategic development change for both
destinations, which are coping with typical negative impacts of tourism, including
seasonality, noise and, overcrowding.
Methodology – Four hundred and forty-six residents surveyed indicated that tourism
development is an important issue. Two databases were combined in order to conduct
inference data analysis using SPSS 21 statistical software. Depending on the type of
variables, t-test and ANOVA were used for the analysis in addition to the descriptive
statistics.
Findings – Residents point out a clear and strong message for the importance of their
inclusion and active involvement in the decision-making processes of sustainable tourism
development. Furthermore, our results revealed higher criticism of tourism impacts among
those personally involved in tourism (employed or economically dependent on tourism) and
among Portorož locals.
Originality - We provide theoretical and practical implications of the research,
especially suitable for planners of the destination development, who should be cautious
about residents’ reaction to tourism at the destination.
... This socio-cultural phenomenon can have complex and multifaceted impacts on host communities, such as over-commercialization of local culture and heritage (Connell, 2012;Croy, Kersten, Melinon, & Bowen, 2018). Prior research in tourism studies has demonstrated that residents play a pivotal role in contributing to more successful, sustainable and locally respectful tourism initiatives (Erul, Woosnam, Ribeiro, & Salazar, 2020;Jaafar, Rasoolimanesh, & Ismail, 2017;Nunkoo & So, 2016;Oviedo-Garcia, Castellanos-Verdugo, & Martin-Ruiz, 2008;Sharpley, 2014;Stylidis, 2016Stylidis, , 2018Woosnam, 2012). Despite this, it has been documented that little scholarly attention has been paid to residents' support for future film tourism development (e.g., Beeton, 2016;Connell, 2012;Kim & Park, 2021;Thelen, Kim, & Scherer, 2020). ...
... Finally, previous studies have concluded that residents' relationship with the tourism sector influence their support for future tourism development, indicating that those that obtained direct advantages from this industry adopt more supportive attitudes toward it (e.g., Erul et al., 2020;McGehee & Andereck, 2004;Oviedo-Garcia et al., 2008). Therefore, in the present study the relationship with the tourism sector (i.e., personally working in tourism, having close friends/relatives working in tourism, and neither working themselves nor having close friends/relatives working in tourism) will be used as a control variable to explore the effect it has on the RSFFT. ...
This study aimed to develop and test a conceptual model of the antecedents of residents' attitudinal behavior to support future film tourism in a popular tourism destination. These antecedents include: socio-cultural impacts of existing tourism, place attachment, external perceived realism of media programs, and perceived importance of residents' involvement. A total of 416 survey questionnaires were completed from residents living in the province of Seville, Spain. Partial least squares-structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) was used to examine the relationship between these factors and the residents' support for future film tourism (RSFFT). The results indicate that place attachment and perceived importance of residents' involvement are the most significant predictors. Also, it confirms that the importance of residents' external perceived realism of movies and TV series shot in their locale is a key predictor of the RSFFT.
... Such an approach has been met with criticism from Joo et al. (2021) and Maruyama et al. (2019) indicating that SET boils down the relationship between residents and tourists as one rooted in financial exchanges, shortchanging the social aspects of interactions and relationships between the parties. Additionally, given that SET does not lend itself to a testable model, it oftentimes is considered in tandem with other theoretical frameworks (Ward & Berno, 2011) as some authors have done most recently (Chang, 2021;Erul et al., 2022;Ouyang et al., 2017;Yeager, Boley, Woosnam, et al., 2020). Other theories have also been considered in social impacts of tourism research but to a lesser degree. ...
... The emotional solidarity theory is also advanced within this issue (Erul et al., 2022;Joo et al., 2022;Maruyama et al., 2020;Munanura et al., 2021;Phuc & Nguyen, 2020). Considering the social exchange theory in tandem with the affect theory of exchange, Erul et al. (2020) demonstrates how Turkish residents' perspectives of existing tourism explained support for future tourism development (69% of the variance), which in turn, predicts emotional solidarity with tourists (25-80% of variance across the three dimensions). ...
This lead article introduces the double special issue dedicated to methodological and theoretical advancements in social impacts of tourism research. We begin by providing an overview of five key developmental stages of research within this area: Definitions, typologies, and conceptual model development; the advent of case study-based, atheoretical empirical inquiry; scale design, development, and testing; further scale development/refinement and theoretical application; and theoretical model development and testing. Brief evolutionary histories of the methodological and theoretical advancements of research dedicated to social impacts of tourism are then discussed. This includes a review of the most pertinent predictor variables (along with a visual display of each and key studies) in explaining residents’ perceptions of social impacts of tourism and a thorough review of most frequently used theoretical frameworks. Following this, brief synopses of the articles are provided along with key themes (e.g. resident-tourist relationships, social impacts and residents’ attitudes, residents’ empowerment, overtourism, and methodologies) and salient points of each work. In closing, we suggest numerous lines of inquiry that will continue to advance research into social impacts of tourism. Though these studies were undertaken prior to the COVID-19 outbreak, we emphasize that future work should be designed with the pandemic in mind.
Supplemental data for this article is available online at http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2022.2046011
... Likewise, emotional solidarity was defined by Durkheim as a feeling of "togetherness," or an emotional connection among group members [7].In Tourism industry this concept is utilized to evaluate the level of closeness or intimacy that exists between visitors and locals [9,10].Many academics (e.g. [11][12][13][14]have referred to the social solidarity model created by [16], which composed of three dimensions:first dimension is Emotional closeness,which occurs when locals feel a connection with the visitors and become friends with some of them [16], the second dimension is Sympathetic understanding occurs when the locals feel a strong sense of affinity, compassion, and understanding for the visitors; they identify with them and feel they have much in common [16]. Further, many academics [e.g.14, 15,9] pointed out that sympathetic understanding indicates the empathy that the visitors feel towards locals, [18] have also added that sympathetic understanding refers to destination citizens experiencing sense of similarity with and familiarity to visitors and their understanding and support, The third dimension Welcoming nature can be illustrated as the level of visitors' feel warmth from the locals [14,9,16]. ...
Festivals offer more than just entertainment, it considered a powerful platform for emotional connection and cultural exchange. This study explores the impact of emotional solidarity on festival visitors' satisfaction. It also examines the moderating role of festival authenticity in the relationship between emotional solidarity and festival visitors’ satisfaction. Quantitative approach using 456 self-administered questionnaire directed to festival visitors in Egypt and Saudi Arabia. The findings reveal that all three dimensions of emotional solidarity welcoming nature, emotional closeness, and sympathetic understanding have a direct and significant positive impact on visitors' satisfaction. Furthermore, festival authenticity plays as a moderator between emotional solidarity dimensions and festival visitors’ satisfaction. The study discusses both theoretical and practical implications of these findings for festival organizers and tourism researchers.
... Jointly, these dimensions of emotional solidarity partly explain residents' support for tourism development (Woosnam, 2012). Social exchange theory is considered an antecedent to emotional solidarity (e.g., Erul et al., 2023). ...
... This trend has given rise to the globalization of tourism, offering quality services in different social strata, and has promoted an internalization of the activity, which has gained strength in the business field [21]. Tourism has become a positive tool for local and regional development, allowing for economic, social and cultural benefits in the community, which improves the quality of life of the people who dedicate themselves to this activity [22]; however, there is some social concern in relation to the saturation of visitors, especially in traditional tourist destinations, and the management, planning and measurement of its impact are crucial points for tourism development [23], being the key actor who should be concerned with mitigating negative impacts. ...
Tourism boosts the regional economy and encompasses various sectors that determine its potential, promoting economic, environmental and social development by generating the creation of small and medium-sized enterprises and employment, thus improving people’s quality of life. In this context, an analysis of the structural changes in the number of visitors to the Kuélap archaeological site in the region of Amazonas, Peru was conducted. The closure of the Kuélap Monumental Archaeological Zone was selected as the object of analysis since the Kuélap archaeological site constitutes the most prominent tourist resource in the department of Amazonas and is the main attraction for tourists to visit. This study was carried out by using an analytical and descriptive approach, with a non-experimental longitudinal and cross-sectional design. Data from the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Tourism (MINCETUR) were used, and the perspective of tourism providers by means of a survey applied to a sample of 83 entrepreneurs in Chachapoyas, Tingo and La Malca was analysed. The results show that the implementation of cable cars in Kuélap has had a positive impact of 54% on sales and employment, while the COVID-19 pandemic has had a negative impact of 81%. On the other hand, the closure of the archaeological site has had a negative impact of 52%. Any negative impact on the Kuélap archaeological site resulted in a slowdown in the regional economy. In conclusion, from the point of view of visitor records and the perspective of tourism providers regarding structural changes, social impact is reflected in different economic sectors and, therefore, in the development of the local and regional economy. It is essential to consider these aspects when making decisions and developing strategies to promote tourism in the region in order to improve the quality of life of its residents (social, economic and cultural well-being).
... Since then, there has been a plethora of research that has examined emotional solidarity; its antecedents, and consequences. Table 1 summarises some of the research showing that emotional solidarity influences support for tourism (Joo et al., 2021;Munanura et al., 2023;Woosnam, 2012), contributions tourism makes to the community (Woosnam, 2012), (attitudes towards) sustainable tourism development (Erul et al., 2020;Erul et al., 2023;Joo et al., 2019;Phuc & Nguyen, 2023) and collaboration (Phuc & Nguyen, 2023). Emotional solidarity also influences destination image , destination loyalty, and tourist satisfaction (Ribeiro et al., 2018). ...
Residents’ perceptions of tourism development largely determine the success of a tourist destination. In recent years, the concept of Emotional Solidarity, that is, the affective bonds that people have with each other, has been used to explain the resident–tourist relationship. Emotional Solidarity encompasses three factors:welcoming nature, sympathetic understanding, and emotional closeness. The objective of this research is to examine residents’ perceptions about tourism development using the theory of Emotional Solidarity in the context of Rotuma,
Fiji. Rotuma has little tourism development. We analyse 310 surveys completed by Rotuma residents. Using PLS-SEM model, we find residents’ emotional closeness with tourists and welcoming nature of touris is (but not sympathetic understanding
of tourists) explained tourism’s contribution to the community and support for tourism development. Travel by residents strengthens the relationship between emotional closeness and welcoming nature to their perceptions of contribution to the community and support for tourism development.
... The negative effects of the pandemic are obvious, but keywords Page 2 of 13 Alzaydi and Elsharnouby Future Business Journal (2023) 9:42 with high relevance such as "sustainable tourism" represent the new development direction of tourism [2]. Residents are considered a proactive stakeholder group to co-create tourism products and services [6]. Pro-tourism behaviour is one of the key constructs related to the residents. ...
Social media has recently played a highly impactful role in communication. Specifically, these channels are vital and have a substantial influence on the attitudes, behavioural intentions, and actual behaviour of tourists. Previous research showed clearly that there is an increasing number of individuals who rely heavily on social media platforms for gathering information and gaining knowledge about various issues. The current research tries to show the impact of these platforms on citizens’—as individuals—attitudes and behaviours to support tourism activities. Specifically, the current study examines three research objectives: (1) The impact of social media marketing activities on pro-tourism behaviours. (2) The impact of social media marketing activities on both destination attractiveness and attitude towards the positive impacts of tourism. (3) The mediation role of destination attractiveness and attitude towards the positive impacts of tourism in the relationships between social media marketing activities and pro-tourism behaviours. We adapted the theory of uses and gratifications and the stimulus-organism-response framework in the current research, where social media marketing drives pro-tourism behaviours indirectly through both destination attractiveness and attitude towards the positive impacts of tourism. A survey of 200 Albaha residents was conducted. We have used AMOS to check the constructs’ validity and reliability and Hayes’s PROCESS macro to test the mediation. The findings show that (1) Social media marketing activities help in explaining why city citizens positively behave towards tourism activities in their city; (2) Sequentially both destination attractiveness and attitude towards the positive impacts of tourism partially mediate the relationships between social media marketing and pro-tourism behaviours. The current study contributes to the existing research through the elucidation of why residents behave to support tourism in their countries by using social media marketing activities. In addition, it adds a number of professional insights. For example, the admins of destination social media platforms should increase their efforts towards providing presence, conversation, interactivity, and sharing on these platforms.
... CB-SEM was considered appropriate given the data met multivariate analysis requirements and the study's hypotheses were based on theory. Prior to undertaking the main analysis, however, the data were examined for normality (i.e., kurtosis and skewness) (Erul, Woosnam, Ribeiro, & Salazar, 2023). Further a common method bias test was performed (given data were collected using a single approach) to identify any issues with the factor structure of the seven model constructs (Podsakoff, MacKenzie, and Podsakoff, 2012). ...
Grounded in the norm activation theory and the theory of planned behaviour, this study investigated antecedents of residents' active and passive opposition to tourism. Data were collected from 569 Fijian residents and analysed using covariance-based structural equation modelling. Results revealed that awareness of the problem was positively associated with ascribed responsibility for COVID-19 and residents' attitudes towards tourism opposition. Residents' responsibility for COVID-19 was positively associated with personal norms regarding tourism opposition. Personal norms, attitudes concerning tourism opposition and perceived behavioural control to oppose tourism were positively associated with residents' active and passive intention to oppose tourism. However, the association of these three factors were stronger for passive intention. Subjective norms regarding tourism opposition were positively associated with residents' passive intention to oppose tourism. Overall, these findings provide practitioners and policymakers with a more robust perspective to best plan for sustainable tourism in the throes of reviving the industry.
... Results from previous studies have shown that residents' attitudes toward tourism are influenced by the perceived impacts of tourism. Erul et al. (2020) highlighted that residents are key stakeholders in creating sustainable tourism destinations and found that their level of support for future tourism is related to their perception of tourism impacts. Similarly, Ramón et al. (2019) reported that the resident forms his or her attitude toward tourism through a cost-benefit analysis based on his or her perception of the impacts of tourism. ...
Tourism is one of the activities most affected by the COVID-19 pandemic crisis, including residents' attitudes toward tourism. The development of tourism destinations in the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic requires the cooperation of all stakeholders, including local residents. Therefore, it is important to understand residents' thoughts and attitudes regarding tourism development after the COVID-19 pandemic. This study aims to examine the impact of COVID-19 on residents and tourism, and the willingness of residents to support tourism development after the COVID-19 pandemic. To achieve the objectives of the study, semi-structured interviews were conducted with the residents of Ait Ben Haddou. This study provides an in-depth understanding of how this pandemic is affecting the attitudes of Ait Ben Haddou residents and how this will affect tourism development post-COVID-19. The results show that residents understand that tourism is important to their region and are willing to support it. However, COVID-19 has caused negative economic impacts that have caused many residents who rely on tourism to withdraw. The study recommends that tourism planners should develop plans and strategies to address the negative economic impacts of the COVID-19 disaster and ensure that the impacts of future disasters on tourism and residents are mitigated. Otherwise, COVID-19 could lead to negative repercussions and affect the future development of tourism.
... Therefore, understanding what the natives think and feel about tourism should concern the planners, managers, and organizers of tourism and the destinations. Also, because they are crucial for the establishing of sustainable tourism destinations (Erul et al., 2020;Jackson, 2008;Vodeb et al., 2021). ...
Santiago de Compostela is one of the best-known pilgrimage routes globally, and it connects many countries in Europe. Its historic center was recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1985. This article aims to assess the types and quality of social interaction among residents and visitors (city users) of this particular World Heritage City. Many studies were conducted prior to this one about Santiago. However, most of them have missed some recent approaches to the overtourism phase. The “overtourism” is a phase, which was notorious until 2019. The primary sourcing was assessed by a quantitative study accompanied by a questionnaire responded by 588 residents. The results confirmed that those more exposed to tourism were the most critical of their relationship with the visitor. Thus, we confirm a direct relationship between the intensity of contact with the visitor and the negative perception of tourism. The results are helpful for local and regional planners to implement more collaborative and democratic planning in the tourism sector. This is more relevant to destinations recognized as UNESCO and revealed an overtourism scenario. This new approach is urgent and must be prepared in the on-going COVID-19 pandemic and a short and long-term perspective.
... The success of a tourism destination needs to be supported by residents whose daily lives are impacted by tourism development (Eusébio, Vieira, & Lima, 2018). Within the past 40 years, tourism research has witnessed a shift from a focus on tourists (i.e., tourism product consumers) to a greater focus on residents (i.e., a proactive stakeholder group to cocreate tourism products and services) (Erul, Woosnam, Ribeiro, & Salazar, 2020). This is due to residents' inevitable interaction with tourists (Shen, Geng, & Xu, 2019). ...
Sound measurement is critical for advancing an understanding of resident pro-tourism behavior, a growing but still new research area. However, existing scale development and validation practices of pro-tourism behavior tend to focus on classical test theory (CTT), a dominant measurement approach in social science. The addition of item-specific information provided by item response theory (IRT) to the overall scale performance, the focus of CTT psychometric testing, allows us to gain a more thorough understanding of the pro-tourism behavior scale. The results suggest that the pro-tourism behavior scale (Ribeiro, Pinto, Silva, & Woosman, 2017) has good psychometric properties. Most items have high discrimination parameters, demonstrating their ability to discriminate between participants across a range of pro-tourism behavior. More importantly, it is evident that the instrument demonstrates better measurement precision across the lower and middle levels of pro-tourism behavior.
... indicate any favoured response in the statements(Galbreath & Shum, 2012;Ribeiro et al., 2021). Likewise, we guaranteed that the exogenous and endogenous variables in the survey were clearly separated(Galbreath & Shum, 2012; Jordan & Troth, 2020), with the goal of minimising likelihood of CMB. ...
Given the expediency with which some U.S. governors have reopened their states to tourists, this research focuses on residents’ responses to pro-tourism behaviour within the State of Georgia—one such state where contentious perspectives have been voiced. This work tests a social exchange model which includes four potential predictors of residents’ pro-tourism behaviour. Eight of the 11 proposed model hypotheses were supported. Though perceived risk of COVID-19 was not a significant predictor, perceived positive and negative tourism impacts were the strongest. Local and state destination marketing organizations will be best served in applying our findings in efforts to continually monitor residents’ perspectives as more individuals receive the COVID-19 vaccination.
... Travel decisions involve the choice of destination, time period of visit, duration of stay, activities to undertake, purchases, accommodation, sites to visit (and itinerary), among others (Erul et al., 2020). The challenge is to make choices that will maximize the experience and yield the desired satisfaction. ...
Purpose of the study: The study aims to assess the influence of social distance on the tourist decision-making process on tourists visiting the Maasai Mara National Game Reserve using the construal level theory. Methodology: Exploratory research design was used using regression equation modeling. The Borgardus social distance scale was adapted to structure the questionnaire. A sample of 157 tourists was selected. The data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics which were used to determine the relationship between the variables. The hypothesis was tested at a 5% level of confidence. Main Findings: The study established that the majority of the respondents understood and indicated that social distancing influenced their choice of a destination. Social distance (R=0.580, p=0.00<0.05) had a strong positive and significant influence on the contractual level of tourist choice of a destination. It was further established that construal level accounted for up to 33.6 percent of the variance in choice of destination (R2=0.336). Applications of this study: The study recommends that the conventional consumer behaviour model can be enhanced in decision making by incorporating the construal level of destination decision making for tourists. It will be beneficial to the tourists visiting Maasai Mara National Game Reserve, the marketers, hotels and destination owners, and the government at large. Novelty/Originality of this study: Decision-making is central to the satisfaction of a customer that seeks value for his/her money. Though research in consumer decision-making has been conducted before its application in tourist’s destination decision-making process remains new. This study sought to bring to light this link and fill this gap in the literature.
... A negative environmental impact damages the environment on which residents' lives rely. According to SET, if residents perceive more loss than gain, they are less likely to support tourism development (Erul et al., 2020;Jamal & Getz, 1995;Nunkoo & Gursoy, 2012). Ecotourism destinations generally have highly attractive natural resources and an enjoyable environment. ...
This study examined a model linking perceived negative environmental impacts, support for tourism development, environmentally responsible behavior (ERB), and community participation in the ecotourism setting. The findings reveal that perceived negative environmental impacts restrained residents' ERB. This relationship was mitigated by the moderation of community participation such that the suppression effect of perceived negative environmental impacts on ERB became less strong as community participation increased. Moreover, support for tourism development mediated the moderating effect. This study provides novel insights on understanding residents' attitudes and behaviors towards environmental impacts and identifying the role of community participation in empowering residents' ERB. Managerial implications and future research directions are discussed.
... Results obtained from this research will contribute careful planning on the part of destination marketing organizations. Erul et al. (2020) stated that Emotional Solidarity Scale (ESS) was used as a predictive variable in many studies (Hasani et al., 2016;Li & Wan, 2017;Ribeiro et al., 2018;Simpson & Simpson, 2017;Woosnam, 2012;Woosnam et al., 2015); however, only a few studies (Li & Wan, 2017;Woosnam, 2011;Woosnam et al., 2009) used it as a dependent variable. In this study, "welcoming nature", which is one of the dimensions of ESS, was used as a dependent variable. ...
The aim of this study is to identify residents' place personality attitudes regarding the place in which they live and to determine the effects of this attitude on attitudes to positive and negative impacts of tourism and residents' welcoming of tourists. Results of the analysis reveal that the sincerity and excitement dimensions of place personality affected residents welcoming tourists through attitudes to positive impacts of tourism; however, the sophistication dimension affected residents welcoming tourists through attitudes to negative impacts of tourism. Additionally, the influence of the sophistication dimension on attitudes to negative impacts of tourism is relatively higher.
This study explores the impact of generativity on supporting sustainable tourism development (SSTD) in Jecheon City, South Korea, a destination renowned for its captivating natural landscapes, including a national park and a lake. Faced with the environmental challenges posed by increasing tourist numbers, this research employs a mixed-method approach to investigate the causal relationships between place attachment and SSTD, informed by generativity concepts. It develops a comprehensive framework for generative community-based management. Survey data from local residents, coupled with insights from national experts, confirm a significant correlation between residents' place-based identity and their generativity. Based on these findings, the study proposes a novel six-step plan aimed at enhancing SSTD through strategic community management practices. Although the study focuses on a specific region, its findings have broader implications, suggesting the need for further research across diverse cultural and geographic contexts to validate and refine the proposed model.
The global tourism industry, a significant contributor to the world economy, often grapples with challenges related to the interactions between resident communities and tourists. This study, testing a cognitive appraisal theoretical model, explores how the quality of interactions (situation) between residents and tourists influences emotional solidarity (appraisal), which explains perceived emotions associated with tourists, and how these, in
turn, affect residents' desire to engage in specific behaviors with tourists. Survey data were collected from a sample of Fijian residents (N = 407) in six tourism destinations using a mall-intercept method and analyzed using co-variance-based structural equation modelling. Of the 13 proposed hypotheses, nine were significant, with variances explained ranging from 17 to 48%. These findings make a meaningful contribution to the literature and present crucial insights and actionable strategies for tourist stakeholders.
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to assess the effects of presence on users’ information processing in mediated visualizations using immersive virtual reality (VR) and websites, focusing on information understanding and cognitive load. The impact of user interfaces on users’ perception of presence is also tested.
Design/methodology/approach
A between-subjects laboratory experiment using two user interfaces – immersive VR and website – is carried out. It is complemented by a self-administered survey on the participants.
Findings
The current results indicate that an immersive VR interface improves tourists’ information processing by producing a heightened sense of presence. The results confirm that presence facilitates tourists’ information processing by increasing information understanding and decreasing cognitive load. Finally, a negative relationship between cognitive load and information understanding is obtained.
Practical implications
VR user interfaces are not only visually appealing but also cognitively optimized. Immersive VR devices can be introduced in the specific sale process of cruise trips through both offline channels (physical stores and travel agencies) and online channels to facilitate tourists’ information processing during the prepurchase phase.
Originality/value
The primary contribution lies in the integration of the theory of presence with two influential information processing frameworks, namely, cognitive load theory and cognitive fit theory. This integration provides a holistic perspective on how user interfaces influence consumer information processing in the unique context of cruise tourism, particularly during the stage of a prepurchase information search.
Purpose The aim of this model is to determine the residents’ welcoming attitudes towards tourists through place personality, place attachment and self-congruity amidst Covid-19 Pandemic. Design/methodology/approach A series of Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) was applied to the variables. Then, First Level Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was performed, and the reliability and validity of the variables were evaluated. Following CFA, Structural Equation Modeling was performed with the remaining variables Findings Results show that the sincerity (21%) and excitement (32%) affect the residents’ welcoming attitude through self-congruity and place attachment; and the competence (21%) directly affects the welcoming attitude. While place attachment (11%) directly affects the welcoming attitudes, self-congruity (53%) indirectly affects the welcoming attitudes. Also, self- congruity affects the welcoming attitude through place attachment. Another significant result is the strong effect (45%) of self-congruity on place attachment. Originality/value Some studies revealed locals adopted a negative attitude towards tourists during the pandemic while others indicated locals adopted positive attitudes towards tourists. Within this context this study, as addressing this controversial issue contribute to the development of more sustainable plans and policies by destination management organizations.
Purpose
Using the Stimulus-Organism-Response (SOR) model as a theoretical guide, this study employed a conceptual model involving residents’ place attachment (S) to the destination in which they live and emotional solidarity with tourists (O) as precursors to their involvement in tourism (R). The purpose of this paper is threefold: To determine (1) whether residents’ place attachment explains their emotional solidarity with tourists, (2) if emotional solidarity is an effective predictor of residents’ involvement in tourism planning and development and (3) if emotional solidarity dimensions mediate the relationship between place attachment and involvement.
Design/methodology/approach
Data were collected from 378 permanent resident heads of households living in, or adjacent to, central Orlando, using a self-administered survey with a census-guided systematic sampling method. Data were subjected to tests of normality and common method bias, followed by a two-step confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling.
Findings
Seven of the 11 proposed model hypotheses were supported, with moderate variances explained in each of the four outcome variables: welcoming nature ( R ² = 19.3%), emotional closeness ( R ² = 24.5%), sympathetic understanding ( R ² = 39.4%) and involvement ( R ² = 36.8%). Though both place identity and place dependence (as two dimensions of place attachment) were partial mediators, the former proved to be more pronounced.
Originality/value
This study employed non-economic measures—place attachment and emotional solidarity—in determining residents’ involvement in tourism within their community. Such an approach provides fresh insights into how such symbolic constructs can contribute to residents’ positive, actionable involvement in tourism. This research is one of the few that have incorporated emotional solidarity as a construct within the SOR model and the first to examine the indirect effects (through mediation) of emotional solidarity.
Purpose
Examining emotional solidarity that drives tourists’ nostalgia has received significant attention, offering valuable insights that can aid in the selection of a travel destination. However, tourists’ nostalgia, along with its antecedents—perceived safety risk and emotional solidarity, has gained less attention within the setting of Pakistan. Therefore, this research has been carried out and validated a research framework using the stimulus-organism-response model to investigate the links between perceived safety risk, emotional solidarity—welcoming nature, emotional closeness, sympathetic understanding, perceived nostalgia, and destination advocacy intentions. In addition, this model employed destination attachment—place identity and place dependence—as a boundary condition on the relationships between emotional solidarity and advocacy intentions.
Design/methodology/approach
This study collected 545 responses through two methods: offline distribution of print copies of the questionnaire and online surveys from domestic tourists who visited scenic destinations last year. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was performed using AMOS 26, and the PROCESS macro was conducted using IBM SPSS 28.
Findings
The findings highlighted that perceived safety risk negatively influences emotional solidarity—welcoming nature, emotional closeness, sympathetic understanding—, resulting in a positive effect on perceived nostalgia. Furthermore, tourists’ perceived nostalgia positively triggers advocacy intentions. The findings also confirmed the boundary conditions of destination attachment—place identity and place dependence—on the association between emotional solidarity and perceived nostalgia.
Practical implications
Three major practical implications of these findings: First, ensuring visitor safety with smart security measures, digital tools for quick response, and local community involvement. Second, highlighting local markets, art, and architecture to enrich cultural experiences and promote accessibility and diversity. Finally, using marketing to generate nostalgic experiences through local collaborations, professional storytelling, and engaging social media content to build emotional ties and curiosity.
Originality/value
In terms of originality, this is pioneering research intended at developing and validating the model in the context of Pakistani destinations. Furthermore, this marks the initial step in examining the proposed relationships between perceived safety risk and emotional solidarity in fostering tourists' perceived nostalgia, ultimately leading to a strong desire to advocate for the destination.
Rooted in conservation of resources (COR) theory, this study investigated the effects of perceived threat severity (PTSE) and susceptibility (PTSU) of COVID-19 pandemic on residents’ hospitality toward tourists. The mediating role of COVID-19-caused stress and the moderating role of economic benefits from tourism were addressed. Data were collected from 281 destination residents in Xiamen and analyzed using structural equation modeling. Findings indicate that the negative effect of PTSE on residents’ hospitality toward tourists is stronger than that of PTSU, and both effects are partially mediated by COVID-19-caused stress. Furthermore, economic benefits from tourism significantly moderates the effects of PTSE, PTSU, and COVID-19-caused stress on residents’ hospitality toward tourists, and these effects are insignificant for residents with high economic benefits from tourism. Theoretically, this study advances literature on residents’ attitudes toward tourism by introducing COR theory to build a framework centered on resource loss and replenishment. Practically, useful strategies are proposed to reduce the negative effects of PTSE and PTSU of COVID-19 pandemic and thus foster residents’ hospitality toward tourists.
This study explores senior tourists’ willingness to sojourn with companions and their
emotional solidarity with residents. Interviews were conducted to gain insights into
their previous travel experiences, preferences and behavioral intention when
traveling with companions and their emotional solidarity with residents. Applying
a grounded theory approach, this study found that senior tourists’ emotional
solidarity with residents includes three categories: identity perception, emotional
closeness and feeling welcome which influence the formation of positive emotions
such as curiosity, trust and happiness. The study also acknowledges the effects of
loneliness on the elderly when they desire to sojourn with companions.
The massive cultural transformation in the pandemic-paused tourism industry has revamped loyalty towards destinations, thus prompting scholarly attention towards global expats who were rarely considered in tourism research. Drawing on data from 266 expats in South Korea, the study examined the effects of country image (CYI), destination image (DNI), and expat’s cultural intelligence (ECLI) on expat’s renewed destination loyalty (EDLY) in COVID-19 tourism. Using partial least squares structural modeling (PLS-SEM), we show that expat’s cultural intelligence has a significant influence on destination image and expat’s destination loyalty. Moreover, the study provides new empirical evidence that destination image mediates country image and expat’s destination loyalty in the COVID-19 tourism. The study findings underpin policy interventions to rescue tourism destinations under COVID-19 crisis, as well as restore loyalty towards destinations in the post-COVID-19 global tourism.
This study examined the role that tourists’ emotional solidarity with residents serves in explaining their loyalty to the destination they have visited since the COVID-19 pandemic, between May and August of 2020. In so doing, the original Emotional Solidarity Scale (ESS) and the modified ESS were utilized, where their dimensions were considered as predictors of destination loyalty. All ESS dimensions were significant predictors, but the original ESS dimensions explained greater variance in destination loyalty (36.4%) than those of the modified ESS (22.0%), and the difference was statistically meaningful. The results attest to the importance of emotional solidarity to destinations’ success amid the pandemic.
Last chance tourism (LCT) has received significant attention within the academic literature and popular press because of its controversial nature of bringing travelers to threatened places. However, little theory has been applied to understand why travelers gravitate toward this controversial type of tourism. Hence, this work combines the value–belief–norm (VBN) model and theory of planned behavior (TPB) framework to explain intentions to participate in LCT. Survey data were collected from a national panel ( n = 436) of US travelers in 2019. A two-step modeling approach (confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling) was followed to examine psychometrics and hypothesized relationships between VBN constructs, TPB constructs, and intentions to participate in LCT. Of the 11 hypotheses examined, 10 were supported, with both theories combining to explain 61% of the variance in travelers’ intentions. The TPB construct of “social norms” was the best predictor of LCT intentions, emphasizing the conspicuous nature of LCT’s influence on demand.
Authors are experiencing increasing competition for their articles to be published. One way of ensuring their work is given the best chance of being published is to underpin their research with rigorous methods that are characterized by robustness, accuracy and reliability. A common factor that can stymie research rigour is common method bias. Our aim in this article is to outline the nature of, concerns about and examine reasons why researchers still conduct studies that are susceptible to common method bias. We also provide some solutions for avoiding or managing common method bias concerns. In doing this, we acknowledge the substantial work that has been produced on this topic to date and, therefore, focus our contribution specifically on issues that affect research in applied and managerial settings.
JEL Classification: C90, D23
Building on common identity theory and intergroup contact theory, this study sought to further understanding of people–place relationships by developing a holistic theoretical model to scrutinize place attachment as an antecedent of social distance, mediated by emotional solidarity and moderated by frequency of contact between tourists and residents. Visitor data analyzed with SEM revealed that place dependence is a significant predictor of social distance given it affects affinity positively and avoidance negatively, both of which are mediated by the three dimensions of emotional solidarity. Furthermore, the mediated relationships (via emotional solidarity) between place attachment and social distance vary by level of visitors’ frequency of interaction with residents. This study expands current theorization by examining the merits of emotional solidarity as an affective link in a tourist cognitive-behavioral model. From a practical standpoint, DMOs need to understand these construct linkages and include residents in their marketing strategies to increase repeat visitation.
This study examines the impacts of residents' trust along with other factors such as community concerns, eco-centric values, and community attachment on local residents' perceived impacts of and their support for the 2014 FIFA World Cup, Brazil. A theoretical model developed on the premise of social exchange theory is tested utilizing data collected from the residents of Natal, Brazil, that hosted three games of the 2014 FIFA World Cup. Findings indicate that expected benefits is the most critical determinant of locals' support/opposition for hosting a mega-event in their community. Trust is found to have the strongest influence on locals' perceptions of the positive and negative impacts of the game. While the community attachment is found to have significant impact on costs perceptions, community concern significantly influences locals' benefit perceptions. Theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.
This work examines emotional solidarity to determine to what extent residents' perceptions are
heterogeneous by considering a host of sociodemographic and socioeconomic variables. An onsite
survey instrument was administered to 660 residents living in the popular Turkish tourism
destination, Antalya. Psychometric results provide support for the employment of the Emotional
Solidarity Scale and its factor structure in an international context. Significant differences in Emotional
Solidarity Scale factor means were found across five variables (e.g., gender, age, education
level, tourism employment status, and level of tourism dependence). Theoretical and practical
implications are offered, as are the limitations and potential future research opportunities.
This paper investigates and compares the effects of residents’ perceptions of the impacts of tourism on community participation and support for tourism development across urban and rural World Heritage Sites (WHSs). Partial least squares – structural equation modeling, using a number of recently developed advanced analysis methods, has been employed to perform the analysis. The results reveal significant differences between the effects of residents’ perceptions and community participation on support for tourism development in urban and rural destinations. However, the findings did not support any differences between the effects of positive perceptions on community participation, and the indirect effects of negative perceptions on support for tourism development. This study makes a significant theoretical contribution to the urban and rural tourism and residents’ perceptions literature by comparing rural and urban WHSs residents. Furthermore, this study has a number of practical implications for the local authorities of rural and urban WHSs.
By 2014, it became apparent that a popular debate was emerging in many destinations about the “annoyances” felt by local residents in the face of an upsurge in inbound tourism. This study investigates residents’ attitudes toward mass tourism and tourism development in Macau. It comprises an examination of three emotional solidarity factors of residents’ perceptions of the contribution of tourism to the community and the community's experiences of so-called “annoyances” from tourists that may ultimately influence residents’ attitudes toward community tourism development. The results of this study reveal that three emotional solidarity factors play different roles in influencing residents’ attitudes about community tourism and community tourism development. The theoretical contributions, as well as implications, are discussed and future research opportunities are proposed.
This study develops a conceptual model by integrating social exchange theory (SET), emotional solidarity theory, and community attachment. Empirically, the study tests the adequacy of the model in predicting residents’ perceptions of and their support for festival development in Macao. Confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling are used for data analysis. Results indicate that residents’ perceived positive festival impacts are influenced by emotional solidarity and community attachment; and their support for festival development can be influenced by their emotional solidarity, community attachment, and perceived festival impacts, both positive and negative. However, the relationship between emotional solidarity and perceived negative impacts is found to be not significant. While the results extend support for SET, as well as theory of emotional solidarity, the findings also show that community attachment is one important determinant of residents’ perceptions of and their support for festival development. The findings also shed light on practical implications for festival planers and organizers.
Early studies on residents’ attitudes to tourism were criticized for being atheoretical. As a result, it was not clear to researchers how, why, and in what conditions residents of a destination react to the impacts of tourism. To address these shortcomings, researchers started making use of a number of theories, among which, the Social Exchange Theory (SET) is considered to have made the most important theoretical contribution to studies on residents’ perceptions of tourism. This paper critically analyzes the different elements involved in the social exchange process between residents of a destination and the tourism industry. It analyzes the core constructs of the SET and in particular, focuses on power and trust between the actors in the exchange process. The arguments suggest that researchers have failed to integrate these core concepts in a single study to investigate their influence on residents’ perceptions of tourism and their support for development. The paper suggests that the power and trust concepts have significant potential in explaining community acceptance of tourism and if this field of study is to be advanced theoretically, then researchers should empirically test these concepts in an integrative framework.
In many countries, especially one such as Malaysia, tourism has become a key factor in economic development, and the industry heavily relies on feedback from local residents. It is essential to observe and examine the perceptions of residents towards tourists and tourism
development for better planning in realizing successful and sustainable tourism development.
Therefore, this research measured the relationship between residents’ welcoming nature, emotional closeness, and sympathetic understanding (emotional solidarity) towards
tourists and their respective attitudes towards supporting tourism development. To test the proposed research model, we collected data using a questionnaire survey from 333 residents in rural areas in Malaysia. We used the structural equation modelling technique (Amos) to evaluate the research model, and the results revealed that the residents’ willingness (welcoming nature) to accept tourists is the strongest factor that effects the residents’ attitudes towards supporting tourism development. However, there was no significant relationship between residents’ emotional closeness and their sympathetic understanding towards tourists with their attitude and support towards tourism development. Welcoming nature, emotional closeness, and sympathetic understanding are able to predict 48%25 of residents’ attitudes towards tourism development and 62%25 of their support towards tourism development.
This study examined Antalya residents’ perceptions of the impacts of all-inclusive resorts (AIRs) in the Turkish coastal destination. Perceptions were examined to determine if they significantly differed across residential demographics. All told, 660 residents completed the on-site, self-administered survey instrument. Exploratory factor analysis of the Perceptions of All-Inclusive Resorts (PAIR) Scale revealed four unique factors (e.g. three focused on negative impacts and one on positive impacts). In four of the five multiple analysis of variance models, significant differences in PAIR factors were found among residents. Results revealed that residents who were male, older, employed in the tourism industry and less educated perceived AIR impacts more negatively. Results are explained through the social exchange theory and practical implications, along with future research opportunities, are offered.
This study examines the influence of residents’ trust in government and organizing committee on their impact perceptions and support for a mega-event, namely, 2014 FIFA World Cup. Findings suggest significant relationships between impact perceptions and support. While trust in government is found to be a significant determinant of impact perceptions, findings indicate no significant relationship between trust in government and support, which suggest that the relationship is mediated by impact perceptions. While a positive relationship between trust in the organizing committee and positive impact perceptions is found, findings suggest no significant relationship between trust in the organizing committee and negative impact perceptions. Trust in the organizing committee is also found to have significant positive impact on support.
The aim of this study is to investigate the factors influencing residents’ perceptions and support for tourism development. Integrating a revised theory of social exchange and previous research has led to the development of a framework with which to conceptualize these relationships. This study was conducted in Lenggong Valley, a newly recognized World Heritage Site in Malaysia. The findings revealed strong positive effects for economic gain and involvement in the planning and management process on residents’ perceptions. Community attachment, environmental attitudes, and age also affected residents’ perceptions. The results of our study suggest that perceptions strongly influence support for tourism development. This study makes a significant theoretical contribution to the tourism and resident perceptions literature through a revised framework based on social exchange theory. Furthermore, this study has a number of practical implications for Lenggong Valley’s local authorities in terms of sustainable management.
This text makes a tour through the most important aspects of residents' attitudes towards the impact of tourism in relation to some of the most studied variables that attempt to explain the behaviour of residents. The heterogeneity of methodologies and different models or theories proposed to the present day, have not produced results with universal validity or efficacy, so these studies could be directed to the analysis of other variables beyond the tourism sector and especially focusing on local studies. Tourist destinations are places conditioned by history, tourist developments, social and cultural aspects which make each tourist area identified by factors that shape the zone. This paper opens a discussion on the limitations of the methods and theories developed for the study of resident attitudes towards tourism. The creation of a new framework of study that overcomes the identified problems is advocated.
Discriminant validity assessment has become a generally accepted prerequisite for analyzing relationships between latent variables. For variance-based structural equa-tion modeling, such as partial least squares, the Fornell-Larcker criterion and the examination of cross-loadings are the dominant approaches for evaluating discriminant validity. By means of a simulation study, we show that these ap-proaches do not reliably detect the lack of discriminant valid-ity in common research situations. We therefore propose an alternative approach, based on the multitrait-multimethod ma-trix, to assess discriminant validity: the heterotrait-monotrait ratio of correlations. We demonstrate its superior performance by means of a Monte Carlo simulation study, in which we compare the new approach to the Fornell-Larcker criterion and the assessment of (partial) cross-loadings. Finally, we provide guidelines on how to handle discriminant validity issues in variance-based structural equation modeling.
Trust and power between actors are two central concepts in social exchanges. Yet, studies investigating residents’ support for tourism using the social exchange theory have failed to consider these constructs simultaneously. This study tests a model of community support with the social exchange theory as its theoretical basis. Results indicate that support is determined by residents’ trust in government actors and perceived benefits. Trust is in turn predicted by residents’ perceived benefits and costs and their level of power. The theoretical contributions of the study emanate from the inclusion of the trust and power variables in the model. The practical implications of the findings and the limitations of the study are discussed. Some suggestions for future research are also made.
This article develops a theory that explains how and when emotions, produced by social exchange, generate stronger or weaker ties to relations, groups, or networks. It is argued that social exchange produces positive or negative global feelings, which are internally rewarding or punishing. The theory indicates that social units (relations, groups, networks) are perceived as a source of these feelings, contingent on the degree of jointness in the exchange task. The jointness of the task is greatest if (1) actors find it difficult to distinguish their individual effects on or contributions to solving the exchange task (nonseparability) and (2) actors perceive a shared responsibility for success or failure at the exchange task. The theory explicates the effects of different exchange structures on these conditions and, in turn, on cohesion and solidarity. Implications are developed for network-to-group transformations.
While a strong knowledge base has developed in sustainable tourism, theoretical links to justice and ethics have been slow to emerge at the destination level, especially about fairness, equity and justice for disadvantaged local groups, including poor, minority and indigenous populations. This paper draws upon, and justifies the use of, several key philosophical traditions and social-‐political perspectives on justice to tackle this issue. A case study illustrates a range of justice issues experienced by local Mayan residents in Quintana Roo, Mexico, related to procedural and distributive justice, fairness and equity in the development and marketing of their natural and cultural heritage for tourism, as well as discriminatory and exclusionary practices towards that ethnic minority. Together, theoretical and empirical insights corroborate the need for a justice-‐oriented framework that addresses the social and cultural well-‐being of disadvantaged populations, and attempts to ensure that the poor are better off through tourism development and marketing. Following Rawls' concept of justice, and linked to Fainstein's Just City, a preliminary framework, based on a joint ethic of justice and care, is outlined to guide tourism development, marketing and policy making in the Just Destination and to offer performative resistance to a globalized culture of consumption.
Airbnb has been portrayed as making neighborhoods significantly less safe where hosts are operating. However, the evidence has been mainly anecdotal. The present study developed a model of non-hosting residents' emotional solidarity with Airbnb visitors, their sense of feeling safe, and support for Airbnb hosts. Results indicated that non-hosting residents who had higher emotional solidarity with Airbnb visitors were more supportive of Airbnb hosts. Also, economic benefits and place attachment were significant antecedents to emotional solidarity. Considering the protection motivation theory, results of group modeling indicated the sense of feeling safe was an important factor for non-hosting residents with children living in their household, attributed to parental fear of visitors around children (i.e., “stranger danger”). The sense of feeling safe was a significant mediating factor influencing support for Airbnb hosts in the non-hosting residents group with children living in their households.
This paper focuses on non-monetary peer-to-peer (P2P) accommodation networks, examining the way in which personality traits, emotional-solidarity factors, and technology-related perceptions affect the inclination to participate in these networks. To test the theoretical framework, a structural equation model is validated, based on a representative online survey of German consumers (N=600). The findings confirm the explanative power of considered model components that directly or indirectly impact individual usage intention. A group analysis distinguishes between the guest and host perspective, providing further insights into the antecedents of the inclination towards P2P accommodation networks. Based on the study results, the present paper develops managerial implications and suggests avenues for future research.
Although tourists’ affective bonds with one another are essential to their travel experiences as well as their pretrip anticipations, it nevertheless remains as an underexplored topic in tourism research. Responding to this research gap, this study modified the Emotional Solidarity Scale (ESS), which is originally intended to measure affective bonds between tourists and residents and developed new scales for its theoretical antecedents (i.e., shared beliefs, shared behaviors, and propensity to interact), using potential faith-based tourists in the United States as the target population. For scale modification and development, both qualitative and quantitative research methods were used. The modified ESS (resulting in two unique factors— communality and fairness) along with the new scales for its antecedents demonstrated strong psychometric properties. Further studies are suggested to confirm the two-dimensional structure of the modified ESS and the relationships between the three antecedents in tourists’ intragroup relationship settings.
Hosting ethnically and culturally rich religious festivals provides visitors a glimpse into how a sense of togetherness and faith are not only established but strengthened through shared beliefs and ritualistic behavior. This research examines visitors’ destination loyalty through their emotional bonding with place, the emotional solidarity they experience with residents, and their perceived level of safety. Based on data collected from 813 visitors during the Attur Church Feast in Karkala, India, the results indicated that place attachment directly influences loyalty and two dimensions of emotional solidarity and, in turn, emotional solidarity has a positive effect on loyalty. Additionally, it was found that emotional solidarity partially mediates the effect of place attachment on destination loyalty. Finally, employing a moderated mediation analysis, visitor level of perceived safety at the festival partially moderated the indirect effect of place attachment on destination loyalty through emotional solidarity.
and Tourism Sciences, College Station, TX, USA h i g h l i g h t s Tourists' level of place attachment with the OOCF is significantly higher than residents.'. Interaction and emotional closeness each significantly predicted place attachment factors for residents and tourists. Social determinants explained a greater degree of variance in place attachment factors for residents. a b s t r a c t While the work on place attachment is extensive, it neglects to focus on residents' and tourists' perspectives of the construct concurrently. Additionally, the role that social factors play in forging attachment to place is lacking within the tourism literature. This work focuses on whether residents' (n ¼ 469) and tourists' (n ¼ 461) degree of place attachment at the Osun Oshogbo Cultural Festival (Nigeria) were significantly different. Examining the psychometric properties of the place attachment scale in an international context was a second aim. The final purpose of this work was to assess whether social factors (i.e., frequency of interaction and emotional closeness) between residents and tourists could explain the resulting CFA place attachment factors. MANOVA results revealed tourists demonstrated a significantly higher degree of attachment. Each social determinant predicted the attachment factors for both samples, with the two independent variables explaining higher degrees of variance among residents.
This study introduces self-perception theory as a guiding framework in explaining residents' attitudes from an introspective approach involving residents' own degree of travel. To date, measures explaining such attitudes have primarily come in the form of sociodemographic, socioeconomic, spatial, personal benefit/dependence, etc. variables. Results reveal that travel use history (TUH) is a useful predictor of residents' attitudes about tourism development. Residents who were infrequent travelers indicated less support for tourism than those who were intermediate or frequent travelers. For intermediate travelers, residents who had traveled internationally over the past two years had stronger support than those who had not for selected items within both attitude factors: support for tourism development and tourism contributions to the community. Findings provide support for the continued use of self-perception theory as a framework to consider in explaining residents' attitudes involving tourism and corresponding development.
Despite the fact that emotional solidarity, social distance, and contact theory have been widely used to
explain resident tourist interaction, these three concepts were never considered in tandem in investigating
the intergroup attitude within a domestic tourism setting. To understand what type of interaction
improves emotional solidarity and reduces social distance, and how emotional solidarity affects social
distance, this study sought to measure the factors explaining emotional solidarity and social distance by
focusing on the frequency and the nature of interaction in domestic tourism. Study hypotheses proposed
that frequency of interaction and different types of activities that residents engage in with visitors
explain both emotional solidarity and social distance, and emotional solidarity in return explains social
distance. All hypotheses were partially supported with the findings, confirming the validity of the contact
theory in a domestic tourism setting and underscoring the importance of interaction in residents' attitudes
toward tourists.
The Sustainable Tourism Attitude Scale (SUS-TAS) has been used as a tool to gauge the sentiment of local residents toward sustainable tourism development. This scale has been validated in cross-cultural settings by several scholars. In a like manner, in order to validate this scale, data were collected in the Cape Verde islands (off the coast of Africa) and the results showed (1) a parsimonious version of the 21-item SUS-TAS that facilitates the process of data collection without compromising its robustness and psychometric properties, (2) a validated second-order factor model, confirming that the seven factors of SUS-TAS can be loaded in two broader dimensions named “perceived tourism impacts” and “expected tourism sustainability”, (3) a SUS-TAS second-order factor model with validity in predicting residents’ support for sustainable tourism development, (4) that SUS-TAS can be interpreted by seven individual factors and/or as a global factor as indicated by the hierarchical measurement model and predictive validity. Methodological and theoretical interpretations are discussed and future refinement and applications are also offered.
This study proposes a theoretical model integrating two lines of tourism research: emotional solidarity and destination loyalty. In order to test the proposed model, a survey of visitors to Cape Verde islands was undertaken. Structural equation modeling and moderated mediation analysis were implemented to assess the relationships involving visitors’ emotional solidarity with residents, satisfaction, and destination loyalty. The three dimensions of emotional solidarity were considered in the study: feeling welcomed, sympathetic understanding, and emotional closeness. Results indicate that visitors’ feeling welcomed and sympathetic understanding directly influence loyalty. In particular, the relationships involving visitors’ feeling welcomed by residents, emotional closeness with residents, and sympathetic understanding with residents and loyalty were all mediated by satisfaction. Additionally, gender was found to moderate the conditional indirect effects of emotional closeness and feeling welcomed on loyalty (via satisfaction). Such relationships were stronger among male visitors. Implications as well as future research opportunities are offered.
This study proposes and tests a model that incorporates two competing theories of political trust, institutional trust and cultural trust, to examine community support for “red tourism” development. Using data gathered from residents living in close proximity to Jinggangshan Scenic Area in China, this study examines the influence of authoritarian values, particularly as they relate to level of residents’ power, their level of trust in government, and their effects on support for “red tourism.” Findings suggest that trust in central government moderates the relationship between trust in local government and support. Future studies should utilize the institutional trust framework to assess residents’ trust in the local government and the cultural trust framework to assess trust in the central government.
A critical element in the evolution of a fundamental body of knowledge in marketing, as well as for improved marketing practice, is the development of better measures of the variables with which marketers work. In this article an approach is outlined by which this goal can be achieved and portions of the approach are illustrated in terms of a job satisfaction measure.
Immigration crises are of increasing concern around the globe. Although most of these immigrants are fleeing violence and seeking a better life, residents and tourists to these destinations in crisis are concerned about crime and violence associated with an increase in such migration. Consistent with this increase, recent scholarly attention has begun to focus on the dynamics of group relations in the context of immigration crises. Using multigroup partial least squares to examine differences between residents and tourists to the Lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas, we examined the relationships between the perceived effectiveness of the security forces deployed to handle the crisis on emotional solidarity, emotional solidarity on perceived safety, and the relationship between perceived safety on likelihood to recommend the destination. We find a complex relationship for our proposed model where most relationships are significant for destination residents and for migrant tourists.
As the body of work concerning emotional solidarity between residents and tourists continues to grow within the tourism literature, little focus has been placed on how the setting factors into such relationships. Using the Osun Osogbo Sacred Grove (a UNESCO World Heritage Site in southwestern Nigeria) as a study site, this research examines the role visitors’ attachment to the place plays in explaining their perceived solidarity with area residents. From confirmatory factor analysis, a measurement model was established, which revealed strong psychometric properties for the two place attachment factors (i.e., place identity and place dependence) and the three emotional solidarity factors (i.e., feeling welcomed, emotional closeness, and sympathetic understanding). Structural equation modeling demonstrated that each of the place attachment factors explained a high degree of variance (e.g., R² ranging between 45% and 54%) in visitors’ emotional solidarity with residents. Implications and future research opportunities are offered within the close of the article.
Hall, C.M. & Lew, A. 2009, Understanding and Managing Tourism Impacts: An Integrated Approach, Routledge, London. 392pp. ISBN 13: 978–0–415–77132–0 (hbk); ISBN 13: 978–0–415–77133–7 (pbk); ISBN 13: 978–0–203–87587–7 (ebk); ISBN 10: 0–415–77132–3 (hbk); ISBN 10: 0–415–77133–1 (pbk); ISBN 10: 0–203–87587–7 (ebk).
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Political trust is a key requirement for tourism policies to flourish and sustain. The purpose of the research was to investigate the determinants of political trust and analyze whether the latter influences residents’ support for mass and alternative tourism. To this end, we develop a structural model based on the social exchange theory, institutional theory of political trust, and cultural theory of political trust. The model proposes six determinants of political trust which in turn is considered to influence residents’ support for mass and alternative tourism. Data were collected from residents’ of Mauritius selected using a stratified random sampling approach. We used a survey method based on a structured questionnaire. Using AMOS, the data were subjected to a confirmatory factor analysis to determine the fit of the measurement model. Structural equation modeling was used to test the hypothesized model. Results indicated that such variables as the political and economic performance of government in tourism, interpersonal trust, and tourism benefits significantly predicted political trust. In turn, the latter was found to influence residents’ support for mass tourism only, lending support to Hetherington sacrificed-based concept borrowed from political science. The theoretical contribution of the study relates to the inclusion of the political trust variable to analyze its relationship with residents’ support for two opposing types of tourism development in a single theoretical model. We found that such relationship is contextual, depending on the object of exchange, conceptualized in here as the types of tourism residents are asked to support. Political trust figures more prominently for mass tourism than for alternative tourism given the considerable amount of sacrifices residents have to make to accommodate mass development. Our findings suggest that it is important for government to foster political trust among local people for tourism development to sustain.摘要本文发展了一个改进的结构模型研究居民对可替代旅游与大众旅游的支持, 同时对可替代旅游与大众旅游进行了明确的区分。本研究以社会交换理论、政治信任的制度理论和文化理论为理论基础, 收集毛里求斯居民旅游发展支持的数据, 采用验证性因子分析和结构方程模型的方法对模型进行了检验。结果表明, 政府在旅游业方面的政治和经济绩效、人际信任和旅游收益等变量显著影响政治信任, 进而发现政治信任仅影响居民对大众旅游的支持, 验证了援自政治科学的赫瑟林顿的以牺牲为基础的概念。本研究的理论贡献涉及到把政治信任纳入居民旅游支持模型中, 区分了居民对两种截然相反的旅游发展类型的支持, 采用三种不同的理论方法研究了居民对旅游发展的支持。文章最后讨论了本研究的实际意涵。
Research has neglected to consider the role residents’ feelings toward tourists play in formulating attitudes about tourism and tourism development. Following a two-step process (i.e., establishing a measurement model and structural path model), the Emotional Solidarity Scale (ESS) and its factors were used to predict levels of the Tourism Impact Attitude Scale (TIAS) and its factors. In confirming the factor structure for each scale, both were found to have high internal consistency (through composite reliability and maximal weighted alpha coefficients) and high validity (through convergent and discriminant validity). Collectively, each of the three ESS factors (welcoming nature, emotional closeness, and sympathetic understanding) significantly predicted the two TIAS factors (support for tourism development and contributions tourism makes to the community), with two exceptions. Implications are discussed and suggestions for future research are provided.
This study examines attitudes and opinions of local residents regarding place marketing and identifies the role of cognitive, affective, and behavioral components in residents’ positive or negative attitudes toward place marketing. The conceptual model is developed based on attitude, reasoned action, and social exchange theories. Data are collected across several destination areas at different levels of tourism development to test Doxey’s Irridex model. Results show an adequate role of the cognitive, affective, and behavioral components on positive or negative attitude formation in place marketing. Personal benefit from tourism is relevant for moderating the relationship between the three components and attitudes toward place marketing. Results imply residents from the least developed tourism county are more optimistic about increasing the local tourism economic growth as they are in the beginning stage of tourism development compared with the moderately and most developed counties, where some residents openly express a strong dislike of tourists.
This study is the first of its kind to examine residents’ and tourists’ degree of emotional solidarity experienced with one another in a destination—Galveston County, Texas. Two main purposes for this study are (1) to confirm the factor structure of the emotional solidarity scale for both residents and tourists while assessing psychometric properties of reliability and validity and (2) to compare residents’ and tourists’ emotional solidarity (based on resulting factors from confirmatory factor analysis) with one another. Ultimately, the scale produced the same factors (i.e., welcoming nature, emotional closeness, and sympathetic understanding) as in previous studies while exhibiting sound psychometric properties. Significant differences in mean factor scores were found for the factors welcoming nature and emotional closeness across residents and tourists. Implications, limitations, and future research directions are provided.
Although social exchange theory has been used to predict and explain attitudes toward tourists, it has been criticized for lacking theoretical sophistication. This research goes beyond social exchange theory to test a predictive model of attitudes toward tourists, incorporating the contact hypothesis and Integrated Threat Theory. It was hypothesized that positive attitudes toward tourism would be predicted by employment in industry, country of residence, and positive perceptions of tourism impacts. It was further hypothesized that more frequent and satisfying intercultural contact, lower perceptions of threat, more positive stereotypes and less intergroup anxiety would predict positive attitudes. Hierarchical regression analysis supported all hypotheses. The utility of Integrated Threat Theory in predicting attitudes is discussed, and recommendations for future research proposed.
Residents and tourists within destinations are often portrayed as being separate from each other, possessing little in common. Such an approach can undermine the potential for a dynamic, intimate relationship to exist between residents and tourists. This research offers the theory of emotional solidarity, put forth by Emile Durkheim, as a theoretical framework to examine the relationship between residents and tourists. In addition, a series of focus groups with residents of a coastal South Carolina county was conducted to ascertain residents’ feelings about tourists and commonalities with tourists (i.e., shared beliefs, shared behavior, and interaction). Themes corresponding to constructs from Durkheim’s model were generated from the qualitative data analysis. Findings are discussed, along with practical implications and future research options.
This research focuses on residents' perceptions of personal benefits from tourism, identifying not only the relationships between personal benefits from tourism and residents' attitudes toward tourism but also the nature of benefits associated with tourism. The study was conducted in a small rural community where tourism is still at its emerging stage. It was found that residents' perceptions of personal benefits from tourism were closely associated with their attitudes toward tourism in a positive direction. The significant contribution of this study falls on the recognition of noneconomic perspective of tourism benefits for residents in a community where tourism has not yet explicitly emerged. In particular, the data lend support for social exchange theory and improve its understanding in tourism investigations.
While it can prove easy to conceptualize of the relationship between residents and tourists as “us versus them,” it devalues the potential for intimate relationships to exist, whereby residents and tourists have many things in common. The theory of emotional solidarity can aid in explaining such an intimate relationship. Developing the framework from previous qualitative work, the purpose of this study is to formulate and validate scales corresponding to the constructs in Durkheim’s theoretical framework of emotional solidarity. Following two initial stages of pilot testing, each scale is included in an onsite self-administered survey instrument, with 455 heads of household completing the instrument in a coastal South Carolina county. Psychometric properties are assessed and each scale is found to be high in internal consistency and construct validity (i.e., convergent and discriminant validity). Implications as well as potential research opportunities concerning emotional solidarity are discussed.
It has become widely accepted that correlations between variables measured with the same method, usually self-report surveys, are inflated due to the action of common method variance (CMV), despite a number of sources that suggest the problem is overstated. The author argues that the popular position suggesting CMV automatically affects variables measured with the same method is a distortion and oversimplification of the true state of affairs, reaching the status of urban legend. Empirical evidence is discussed casting doubt that the method itself produces systematic variance in observations that inflates correlations to any significant degree. It is suggested that the term common method variance be abandoned in favor of a focus on measurement bias that is the product of the interplay of constructs and methods by which they are assessed. A complex approach to dealing with potential biases involves their identification and control to rule them out as explanations for observed relationships using a variety of design strategies. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved).
I talk about how I came to write this paper here: https://managementink.wordpress.com/2011/04/05/truth-or-urban-legend/
Two aspects of translation were investigated: (1) factors that affect translation quality, and (2) how equivalence between source and target versions can be evaluated. The variables of language, content, and difficulty were studied through an analysis of variance design. Ninety-four bilinguals from the University of Guam, representing ten languages, translated or back-translated six essays incorporating three content areas and two levels of difficulty. The five criteria for equivalence were based on comparisons of meaning or predictions of similar responses to original or translated versions. The factors of content, difficulty, language and content-language interaction were significant, and the five equivalence criteria proved workable. Conclusions are that translation quality can be predicted, and that a functionally equivalent translation can be demonstrated when responses to the original and target versions are studied.