Available via license: CC BY 4.0
Content may be subject to copyright.
Kaur et al.
Int J Pharm Pharm Sci, Vol 12, Issue 8, 15-20
15
Review Article
A REVIEW FROM HISTORICAL TO CURRENT-CELASTRUS PANICULATUS
GANESH N. SHARMA1, HARJINDER KAUR1*, BIRENDRA SHRIVASTAVA2, SATISH CHANDER ARORA3
1,2
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jaipur National University, Jaipur,
3
RKSD College of Pharmacy, Kaithal
Email: ysdverma@gmail.com
Received: 27 May 2020, Revised and Accepted: 30 Jun 2020
ABSTRACT
Celastrus paniculatus is commonly known as “Malkangani”, widely distributed in the Maldives, Australia, China, Cambodia, Malaysia, Taiwan, Nepal,
Thailand as well as in the Pacific Islands and all over India mainly Maharashtra, Orissa and Andaman and Nicobar group of Islands on an altitude of
1800m. It climbs up to over 10m. The leaves are ovate or elliptic in shape with dentate margin. Seeds are ellipsoid or ovoid, yellowish-brown in
color and grow inside the capsules. Celastrus paniculatus (Malkangni) is used in Ayurveda as a nervine tonic, tranquilizer and diuretic and in
rheumatism, gout, leprosy and asthma. Different Parts of Celastrus paniculatus after extraction and fractionation give different active constituents
such as sesquiterpene esters-malkanguinol, malkangunin, sesquiterpene alkaloids-celapanin, celapanigin, alkaloids-celastrine, paniculatine, fatty
acids-oleic acid, palmittic acid, linoleic acid and stearic acid, crystalline substance tetracasanol and sterol. Different pharmacological activities are
anti-rheumatic, anti-fungal, nootropic activity, antimalarial activity, anti spermatogenic effect, anti-anxiety and anti-atherosclerotic effect. In the
present review, our target is to search, bring together and compile the data of Celastrus paniculatus, which have less side effects and very valuable
for the treatment of rheumatism. Related information is procured from various scientific publications using online, seek out engines such as Google
scholar, Pubmed and Science Direct. A total of 200 articles was reviewed out of which 55 articles are selected to review for the description of the
plant, parts used, chemical constituents, traditional uses and for reported activities.
Keywords: Celastrus, Rheumatism, Celapanin, Leaves, Malkangunin
© 2020 The Authors. Published by Innovare Academic Sciences Pvt Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ijpps.2020v12i8.38470. Journal homepage: https://innovareacademics.in/journals/ index.php/ijpps.
INTRODUCTION
Herbal medicinal plants are used for the treatment of various
diseases and it will not be an overstatement that use of these
medicinal plants is as old as the mankind [1]. In USA, Australia and
Canada, Market of herbal medicine has a turnover of about US$ 30
billion in 2000 which was increased up to 5-15% by the turn of the
century [2]. Worldwide annual market of herbal medicine has
reached to $60 billion. The industrialized societies have been
discovered to the extraction of active constituents and the
development of several drugs and chemotherapeutic from these
plants as well as from traditionally used rural herbal remedies.
Celastrus paniculatus is one of the plants which has a rich source of
therapeutically and medicinally potential active constituents.
Search strategy used
The review of literature related to the present study was done in
the period from March 2018 to till date. The search terms used
were ‘Celastrus paniculatus’, ‘Malkangani’, ‘Biological activities of
Celastrus paniculatus’, ‘Traditional uses of malkangni’, ‘Descr iption
of jyotishmati’. The present search and study were done by
referring various textbooks, journals containing peer review and
research papers. The electronic databases used were Science
Direct, PubMed, which provides free access to Medline, Google.
Only published articles with different languages from 1970 to till
date were used for the more elaborated study to make the latest
review article on Celastrus paniculatus. Reference lists of articles
were also cross-checked.
Description of Celastrus paniculatus
Binomial name
Celastrus paniculatus Wild.
Synonym
Celastrus dependens Wall.
Common Indian Name
Hindi
Malkagni, Malkakni
Gujarati
Black-oil tree, Climbing staff tree
Sanskrit
Malkangani, Velo
Bengali
Jyotishmati, Svarnalota
Marathi
Jyotishmati, Svarnalota
Malayalam
Polulavam
Scientific Classification
Kingdom
Plantae
Sub kingdom
Angiosperms
Class
Magnoliopsida
Division Tracheophytes
Order
Celastrales
Family
Celastraceae
Genus Celastrus
Species
C. paniculatus
International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences
Print ISSN: 2656-0097 | Online ISSN: 0975-1491 Vol 12, Issue 8, 2020
Kaur et al.
Int J Pharm Pharm Sci, Vol 12, Issue 8, 15-20
16
Seeds of Celastrus paniculatus (Source-Wikepedia and India mart)
Parts used
Seeds, leaves, root and stem
Family
Celastraceae
Genus Celastrus
Celastrus is a genus of woody, climbing shrub distributed over
China, Japan, Australia, Tropical North America and Pacific Islands.
There are seven species of Celastrus in India one of which is
Celastrus serratus Hoechst present in Indian Botanical Garden
Howrah. It is commonly known as Bittersweet or Staff tree. It is
grown on almost each type of soil and situation [3].
Celastraceae
Celastraceae family is found in tropical and subtropical regions of the
world, including North Africa, South America and many parts of East
Asia, mainly in China [4, 5]. Celastraceae is a family having 96 genera
and 1350 species of herbs, wine and small tree. Celastraceae has five
subfamilies Celastroideae, Hippocrateoideae, Parnassioideae,
Salacioideae and Stackhousioideae. Some of the genera of Celastraceae
are Celastrus, Kokoona, Salacia, Gymnosporia and Euonymus. Leaves
are simple with an alternate pattern. Flowers are hermaphrodite and
cymene. Seeds have fleshy endosperm with large embryo and
dicotyledon. In the last thirty years, a number of secondary
metabolites are isolated from Celastraceae, of which main constituents
are sesquiterpenoids, phenyl alkyl amine and flavonoids [6].
Geographical distribution
Celastrus paniculatus grow in different variety of climates and
environments. It is mainly found in India, especially in Punjab,
Kashmir and hilly area at an altitude of 3000m and abundantly
found in Simlipal Biosphere Reserve Forest, Karlapat Sanctuary and
Niyamgiri hills [7]. It is also widely distributed in Sri Lanka,
Maldives, Philippines, Australia, China, Cambodia, Vietnam, Malaysia,
Taiwan, Nepal, Thailand as well as in the Pacific Islands.
Organoleptic evaluation
Leaves
Color: Green
Shape: Oval or elliptic
Texture: Leathery and smooth
Arrangement: Alternate
Margin: Toothed
Apex: Acute, acuminate
Base: Obtuse or rounded
Bark
Color: Outer bark is pale or reddish-brown while the inner bark is
light yellow in color
Surface: Rough and cracked
Flower
Color: Greenish White or yellowish-green, hermaphrodite, pubescent
Fruit
Fruits are globose, yellow in color with three to six seeds
Seed
Color: Reddish brown
Shape: Ellipsoid in shape enclosed in orange, red fleshy aril and
grows inside the fruits
Odor: Unpleasant
Taste: Bitter
Chemical constituents
Seeds
Sesquiterpene alkaloids
Celapanin, Celapagine, Celapanigine
Monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats
Sesquiterpene ester
1α, 6β, 8β-triacetoxy-9β-benzoyloxydihydro beta-agarofuran along
with the some known compounds which are 1α, 6β, 8α-triacetoxy-
9α-benzoyloxydihydro-beta agarofuran angulatueoid C, and 1α, 6β,
8β, 14-tetra acetoxy-9α-benzoyloxy dihydro beta-agarofuran from
the carbon tetrachloride-soluble fraction of Celastrus paniculatus
methanolic seed extract [8].
Triterpenoids
Pristimerin [9]
Fatty acids
Palmittic, Oleic, Linoleic and Linolenic acid.
80% of the methanolic extract of seed oil contain Malkanguinol,
Malkangunin, Paniculatadiol.
Polyalcohol esters
Malkagunuin, Polyalcohol A, B, C and D [10, 11]
Sterols
Vitamin C, minerals, carbohydrates and proteins are also found in
the seeds [12, 13].
Kaur et al.
Int J Pharm Pharm Sci, Vol 12, Issue 8, 15-20
17
Stem
Alkaloid such as Wifornine F, Paniculatine A and B are isolated from
the stem [14].
Root bark
Petroleum ether extract of the root bark of Celastrus paniculatus
shows alkaloids such as n-triacontanol and pristimerin, benzoic acid,
uncharacterized quinine and golden-yellow oil. Zeylaseral,
zeylasterone, celastrol found as qunione, methide and phenolic
triterpenoids in outer root bark [15].
Ethanolic extract of Celastrus paniculatus shows the presence of
tannins.
Leaves
Leaves contain an alkaloid, a glycoside and a coloring matter. It
contains dulcitol.
Traditional uses
Plants are used in the treatment of various ailments from the
prehistoric times. Ayurveda is the ancient traditional system of
medicine, which includes a large number of medicinal plants for the
treatment of diseases. Celastrus paniculatus is one of the plants
which are used in Ayurveda as a nervine tonic, tranquilizer and a
diuretic, in treatment of rheumatism, gout, leprosy and asthma [16,
17]. Charka Samitha and Sushruta Samitha describe its roots uses in
headache, depression, as laxative, purgative and in urinary
disorders, skin problems and in neurologic disorders [18]. In Unani
and Siddha medicines, it is used for gout, lumbago and to relieve
fatigue [19]. It is used in Chinese medicine to treat fever, joint pain,
edema and rheumatoid arthritis [20, 21]. Powdered root bark is
used in the treatment of malaria [22]. In an Indian traditional system
of medicine Celastrus paniculatus is used as emetic, aphrodisiac, in
treatment of anorexia, constipation, cough and skin infections [23].
Ethnobotanical study
In traditional Himalayan medicines Celastrus paniculatus is used to
reduce the swelling of the veins of the anus and rectum, which causes
discomfort and bleeding, in treatment of rheumatism, diarrhea and
leprosy [24]. Crushed roots are used for pneumonia in folk medicines
[25]. A Gond tribe of Uttar Pradesh uses the powdered root in the
treatment of cancer [26]. In the Chendwara and Betul district of
Madhya Pradesh powder of the root and decoction of seeds of
Celastrus paniculatus used to treat rheumatism [27, 28]. The oil of
seeds of Celastrus paniculatus is used by herbal therapist for hair
growth and to make the hair silky [29]. Tribes of Purandhar [30] and
tribes of Jalgaon and Nandurbar districts of Maharashtra [31, 32] use
the seed oil on joints for the treatment of rheumatic pain. They also
use the oil orally and topically for the treatment of paralysis in the
morning and evening [33]. In the Mayurbhanj district of Odisha it is
used for joint diseases, gout and rheumatism. Codified literature of
Himachal Pradesh shows its uses as cardiotonic, carminative,
anthelmintic and in the treatment of skin infections.
Reported activities of Celastrus paniculatus
Tranquilizing effect
Karanth et al., 1980 evaluated seed oil of Celastrus paniculatus at the
dose of 200 mg/kg for its tranquilizing effect on mice [34]. The study
revealed that it decreased the spontaneous motor activity,
amphetamine-induced hyperactivity and consumption of oxygen in
mice. It increased the effect of hexobarbitone and produce
hypothermia in mice.
Antimalarial activity
Celastrus paniculatus extract from the root bark and stem was
evaluated by Pavanand et al., 1989 for antimalarial activity against
Plasmodium falciparum by in vitro method. In comparison to stem,
root bark showed better antimalarial activity [9]. Further a
quinonoid triterpene was isolated from a chloroform extract for in
vitro antimalarial activity, but this was less active than conventional
antimalarial drug tested.
Antifertility activity
Antifertility effect was studied on the liver and testis of rats by using
the oily extract of seeds of Celastrus paniculatus by Bidwai et al.,
1990. Intraperitoneal treatment of 0.2 ml of Celastrus paniculatus oil
for 30 d showed vacuolization, cell depletion and arrest of
spermatogenesis [35].
Singh and co-workers, 2018 reported antifertility efficacy of
ethanol extract of Celastrus paniculatus seed in male rats [36]. When
a dose of 250 mg/kg was given orally to the rats for 45 d, the
reproductive organ weight, sperm count and motility were
decreased. Biochemical estimation showed that testicular enzymes
lactate dehydrogenase and gamma glutamyl transpeptidase activity
was increased while sorbitol dehyrogenase activity was decreased.
Anti-inflammatory activity
Inflammation is a defense mechanism of a tissue reaction to
infection, injury or a foreign substance. Ahmad and his colleagues,
1994 used the methanolic extract of the flowers of Celastrus
paniculatus for anti-inflammatory activity by using hot water tail
immersion test in mice and carrageenan-induced edema in rats [37].
Results revealed that flowers have both analgesic and anti-
inflammatory activity.
Alcoholic and methanolic extracts of Celastrus paniculatus seeds
were used by Parimala et al., 2009 for evaluating their anti-
inflammatory activity [38]. Screening was done on rats of 150-250
gm by a carrageenan paw edema method using plethysmograph. The
standard drug used was diclofenac sodium. Mean increase in the
paw volume and percentage inhibition of inflammation revealed that
Celastrus paniculatus seeds possess good anti-inflammatory activity.
Kulkarni and his coworkers, 2015 prepared the absolute alcoholic
extract of seeds of Celastrus paniculatus and gave it to 120-150g
male Wistar rats [39]. Experimental evaluation showed a significant
anti-inflammatory effect of the alcoholic extract of Celastrus
paniculatus seeds which may be related to inhibition of
prostaglandin synthesis and IL-1β.
Cognitive enhancement activity
Gattu et al., 1997 studied that chronic administration of Celastrus
paniculatus seed oil when given orally reversed the declension of
spatial memory produced by a central musurinic receptor blockade
in rats [40]. While the acute administration did not significantly
reverse this effect.
The same effects were evaluated by Bhagya et al., 2016 using Celastrus
paniculatus oil in Wistar rats [41]. They recorded the behavior of rats
in the open field and then behavioral test was conducted in dimmed
room, after that anxiety test was studied in elevated plus maze,
partially baited radial arm maze and t-maze rewarded alteration task
methods. Observations made by them showed that chronic dose of
Celastrus paniculatus seeds oil exhibit neuroprotective effects on
chronic stress induced cognitive impairment.
Nootropic activity
Gupta and Kumar, 2002 investigated aqueous, methanolic,
chloroform and petroleum ether extracts of Celastrus paniculatus
seeds at the dose of 200 mg/kg for nootropic effect in male Wistar
rats by using a shuttle box, step through, step down and elevated
plus maze paradigms [42]. After experimentation, it was observed
that only aqueous extract improved the memory of rats.
Celastrus paniculatus is also reported as a nootropic drug by
Bhanumathi and coworker, 2010. Methods used for nootropic activity
were elevated plus maze and passive avoidance test [43]. In elevated
plus maze method, they gave the aqueous extract of seed of Celastrus
paniculatus by using doses of 350 and 1050 mg/kg and in passive
avoidance test they gave the doses of 500 and 1500 mg/kg for the
mice. The standard drug used was piracetam with a dose of 100
mg/kg and sodium nitrite was used to induce amnesia. Results
obtained showed that the Celastrus paniculatus seed extract
enhance the memory power by inhibiting acetyl cholinesterase
enzyme, and thereby increase the acetylcholine level in the brain.
Kaur et al.
Int J Pharm Pharm Sci, Vol 12, Issue 8, 15-20
18
Raut and Colleagues, 2015 evaluated the same activity using
Celastrus paniculatus seed oil and an equal amount of ghee at a dose
of 200 mg/kg/day orally in mice [44]. Evaluation demonstrated that
Celastrus paniculatus oil with ghee has a potential drug in the
treatment of dementia.
Similar activity was evaluated by Jakka, 2016 by using whole plant of
methanolic extract of Celastrus paniculatus using elevated plus,
morris water maze on scopolamine and aluminum-induced amnesia
and estimation of acetylcholinesterase enzyme activity [45]. After
experimentation Jakka observed that Celastrus paniculatus extract
significantly improved learning and memory power of rats as
transfer latency in elevated plus maze and escape latency in the
morris water maze model showed a declined. Further acetyl
cholinesterase enzyme concentration in the brain was decreased
and % of inhibition of acetylcholine activity in rat brain increased
which shows the nootropic effect of Celastrus paniculatus.
Antioxidant activity
Gupta and Kumar, 2002 evaluated cognitive property of the seeds of
Celastrus paniculatus in rats by using petroleum ether, chloroform,
methanol and aqueous extracts and founded that only the aqueous
extract show improvement in learning and memory power. As we
know that memory loss is associated with oxidative stress they
further tested the aqueous extract for antioxidant activity by using
doses of 100, 200 and 300 mg/kg, out of that only 200 and 300 mg
doses lead to a significant decrease in malanodialdehyde and the
increase in glutathione and catalase level in the brain. Thus gave
confirmation of memory-enhancing and antioxidant effect.
Alama and Haque, 2011 studied the antioxidant activity of seeds of
Celastrus paniculatus by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free
radical scavenging method [46]. They done the extraction of seed
with methanol and further fractioned it with water, chloroform and
ethanol. The evaluation showed that ethanolic fraction shows
highest activity in DPPH free radical scavenging activity and also
inhibit activity of authentic proxy nitrite and total reactive oxygen
species. The chloroform extract showed a moderate and aqueous
extract had no activity in DPPH method.
In vitro antioxidant activity of ethanolic extract of Celastrus
paniculatus leaves was evaluated by Sharma and Shrivastava, 2013
by reducing power assay. In this method, there was an increase in
absorbance of the reaction mixture, which may be due to the active
constituents present in the Celastrus paniculatus leaves extract and
total phenolic content present was 125.6 mg/gm equivalent to gallic
acid in 1 mg/ml of the extract [47].
Celastrus paniculatus fruit seed oil showed good antioxidant activity
when performed by the DPPH method by Ramadan, 2019.
Antibacterial activity
Harish et al., 2007 reported that ethanolic extract higher than 100μg
and the isolated, purified constituent celapanin higher than 50μg per
100μl of Celastrus paniculatus leaves exhibited a better zone of
inhibition when screened by agar well diffusion method against
Staphylococcus aureus (gram-positive bacteria). Against
Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumonia (gram-negative
bacteria) ethanolic extract and celapanin showed reasonable activity
compared to the standard drug Ciprofloxacin (50μg/100μl). The
dissimilarity in the activity may be due to differences in the cell wall
because in gram-positive bacteria, the cell wall is a single layer while
in gram-negative bacteria, it is multi-layered [48].
Hypolipidemic effect
Hypolipidemic effect of Celastrus paniculatus seeds was evaluated by
Patil and coworkers, 2010 by extracting seeds with methanol and
then testing the dose of 65 mg/kg in experimentally induced hyper
cholesterolemia rats orally. Results showed that Celastrus
paniculatus decreased the total plasma cholesterol, triglyceride and
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) level comparable to standard hypo
cholestrolemic drug and induced hyper cholestrolemic rats. There
was an increase in High-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol level,
lipoprotein lipase activity and less deposit of cholesterol in aorta of
rats that were fed with seed extract.
Antifungal activity
Singh et al., 2010 investigated the antifungal activity of methanolic
extract of roots and aerial parts of three plants, namely Acorus
calamus, Tinospora cordifolia and Celastrus paniculatus against
Curvularia lunata, Fusarium, Bipaloris and Helminthosporium species
[49]. They used the doses of 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000 and
5000μg/ml. The result showed that Celastrus paniculatus at the dose
of 5000μg/ml had better activity against Celastrus lunate and
Fusarium.
Antifungal potential of Celastrus paniculatus mother plant leaves and
in vitro raised clones was also investigated by using chloroform and
methanolic extracts against Phytophthora capsici and Rhizoctonia
solani by Sasidharan and Elyas, 2019 [50]. Growth of fungi and its
percentage was checked on the dextrose agar medium. The brine
shrimp lethality assay was done to check the cytotoxicity of extracts
of Celastrus paniculatus leaves. After experimentation, it was clear
that the methanolic extract of both mother plant and in vitro raised
clones showed 100 percent of inhibition of Phytophthora capsici
while chloroform extract of mother plant had very less activity and
in vitro propagated plants showed 40 percent of inhibition and
against solani, the methanolic extract showed maximum activity and
chloroform extract showed 77.77% and 86.66% respectively.
Neuromodulating effects
Sumathi et al., 2013 investigated the alcoholic seed extract of Celastrus
paniculatus (ASECP) to prevent aluminium induced neurotoxicity in the
cerebral cortex and the cerebellum of the rat brain. They gave the
aluminium chloride
at a dose of 4.2 mg/kg/day i. p. for 4 w to male albino
rat. Experimental rats were given two different doses of 200 and 400
mg/kg/day orally of Celastrus paniculatus seed extract 1hr prior to the
aluminium chloride
administration for 4 w. At the end, results showed
that aluminium administration significantly decreased the level of
glutathione and the activities of superoxide dismustase, glutathione
peroxidase, Na
+
/K
+
ATPase, Ca
2+
ATPase and Mg
2+
ATPase and increased
the activities of alkaline phosphatase, acid phophatase, alanine
transaminase and aspartate aminotransferase in all the brain regions
when compared with control rats. Aluminium induction also caused
histopathological changes in the cerebral cortex and cerebellum of rat
brain, which was reverted by pretreatment with ASECP. The result
clearly indicates the potential of the seed extract of Celastrus
paniculatus prevents the damage inflicted by aluminum on rat brain
regions [51].
Iron chelating activity
Nakhva and colleagues, 2015 evaluated that the methanolic extract of
seeds of Celastrus paniculatus for in vitro iron-chelating activity by
using various reagents like ferrous sulphate, potassium thiocynate
and desferrioxamine [52]. Further, in vivo activity was also done that
decreased the serum iron level in the test group as compared to the
disease treated control group. SGPT, SGOT and Creatinine levels
were reduced as compared to iron overloaded rats. So the
methanolic seed extract can be used to treat thalassemia and
hemochromatosis.
Anti-arthritic activity
Kothavade et al., 2015 used the petroleum ether extract of Celastrus
paniculatus seeds to study the anti-arthritic effect in adjuvant-
induced arthritis in rats [53]. After evaluation of arthritis score, paw
volume, body weight, climbing ability and thymus and spleen index,
it was clear that Celastrus paniculatus seed extract alleviated all
these parameters that were due to suppression of overproduction of
inflammatory cytokines, cellular enzymes. It also restored the
decreased level of superoxide dismustase, catalase and glutathione.
The results suggested that the anti-arthritic effect may be due to
cytokine regulation, immune-suppressive effects, and bone
protective activities. In vitro anti-arthritic activity of Celastrus
paniculatus was also studied by Thangaraj, 2016 [54].
Antidepressant-like activity
Behavioral and biochemical evidences for antidepressant-like
activity was evaluated by Valecha and Dhingra, 2016 by using the
Kaur et al.
Int J Pharm Pharm Sci, Vol 12, Issue 8, 15-20
19
seed oil of Celastrus paniculatus [55]. Seed oil at the dose of 50, 100
and 200 mg/kg and the drug fluoxetine were given to mice for
fourteen days. On the fourteen days after the drug administration
tail suspension test and force swim test were performed that
showed decrease in an immobility period of mice and plasma
corticosterone level and inhibition of monoamine oxidase-A activity,
thus responsible for the antidepressant-like activity.
CONCLUSION
Celastrus paniculatus is a well-known plant in Indian traditional
medicine with different medicinal uses and negligible side effects. In
this review, we concluded traditional uses, ethnobotanical study,
organoleptic characters, chemical constituents and pharmacological
uses in a descriptive manner. Best use of seeds of drugs with
memory-enhancing activity or as nervine tonic. Other traditional
uses are as sedative, tranquilizer, in paralysis, rheumatism, leprosy,
bacterial infection and as wound healing agents. Literature review
showed that most of the reported activities like anti-arthritic,
antioxidant, hypo lipidemic, iron chelating, nootropic and cognitive
enhancement activity are by different extracts of Celastrus
paniculatus seeds which may be due to celapanin, celapagine,
celapanigine, β-amyrin, β-sitosterol, stigmaserol, malkanguinol,
malkangunin and paniculatadiol. Only a few activities are reported
with the use of leaves, roots and flower extract. So there is a need to
explore the other parts of Celastrus paniculatus also for the
beneficial effects as they also contain active constituents like n-
triacontanol, pristimerin, benzoic acid, quinine and golden yellow
oil, zeylasterol, zeylasterone, celastrol, phenolic triterpenoids and
tannins. This review will be useful as the scientific story of Celastrus
paniculatus.
FUNDING
Nil
AUTHORS CONTRIBUTIONS
All the authors have contributed equally.
CONFLICT OF INTERESTS
Declared none
REFERENCES
1. Tandon V, Gupta RK. Histo-morphological changes induced by
Vitex negundo in albino rats. Indian J Pharmacol 2004;36:176-7.
2. Bhowmik D, Sampath KKP, Tripathi P, Chiranjiv B. Traditional
herbal medicines-an overview. Arch Appl Sci Res 2009;1:165-77.
3. Wealth of India. A dictionary of Indian raw materials and
industrial products. 3
rd
edition. Publication and information
directorate council of scientific and industrial research; New
Delhi; 1992.
4. Kirtikar KR, Basu BD. Indian medicinal plants. 2
nd
edition. Lalit
Mohan Publication; Allahabad; 1995.
5. Wagner H, Burning R. Chemistry, chemotaxonomy,
biosynthesis and pharmacology. Phytochemistry 1978;17:
1821-58.
6. Spivey AC, Weston M, Woodhead S. Celastraceae
sesquiterpenids: biologic activity and synthesis. Chem Soc Rev
2002;31:43-59.
7. Nayar MP, Shashtry ARK. Red data book of Indian medicinal
plants. Botanical Survey of India: Calcutta; 1987.
8. Tu YQ, Wu TX, Li ZZ, Zhen T, Chen YZ. Sesquiterpene polyol
esters from Celastrus paniculatus. Magn Reson Chem
2005;7:650-5.
9. Pavanand K, Webster HK, Nanavati DD. Chemistry and
pharmacology of Celastrus paniculatus wild against plasmodium
falciparum in vitro. Phytother Res 1989;4:136-9.
10. Sengupta A, Bhargava HN. Chemical investigation of the seed of
Celastrus paniculatus. J Sci Food Agric 1970;18:628-31.
11. Denhertog JR, Kruk C, Nanavati DD, Sukh Dev. Stereochemistry
of malkanguniol and stereo structures of some other related
polyalcohols from Celastrus paniculatus wild. Tetrahedron Lett
1974;26:2219-22.
12. Henry TA. The plant alkaloids. 4
th
edition. Jand A Churchill Ltd;
London; 1949.
13. Ramadan MF. Celastrus paniculatus oil. Fruit oils: Chemistry
and functionality. Springer Cham; 2019.
14. Basu NK, Pabrai PR. A chemical investigation of Celastrus
paniculatus wild. J Pharm Sci 1946;9:272-3.
15. Gamlath CB, Gunatilaka AAL, Tejuka Y, Kikuchi T,
Balasubramaniam S. Qunine-methide, phenolic and related
triterpenoids of plants of celastraceae: further evidence for
the structure of Celastranhydride. Phytochemistry
1990;10:3189-92.
16. Gattu M, Kenneth LB, Alvin VT, Jerry JB. Reversal of
scopolamine-induced deficits in navigational memory
performance of the seed oil of Celastrus paniculatus. Pharmacol
Biochem Behav 1996;57:793-9.
17. Singh N, Gilca M. Herbal medicine, science embraces tradition-a
new insight into the ancient Ayurveda. Germany: Lambert
Academic Publishing; 2010. p. 213-26.
18. Deodhar KA, Shinde NW. Celastrus paniculatus: traditional and
ethano botanical study. Indian J Plant Res 2015;2:18-21.
19. Singh H, Krishna G, Baske PK. Plants used in the treatment of
joint diseases (rheumatism, arthritis, gout, lumbago) in the
Mayurbhunj district of Odisha, India. Report Bot Surv India
2010;2:22-6.
20. Wakabayashi N, Wu WJ, Waters RM, Redfern RE. Celagulin: a
non-alkaloidal insect and antifeedant from Chinese bittersweet,
Celastrus angulatus. J Nat Prod 1988;51:537.
21. Chen PD, Liang JY. The progress of studies on constituents and
activities of genus celastrus. Strait Pharm J 1999;11:3.
22. Katchrinnee P, Webster HK, Yongvanitchit K, Kunanke A,
Dechatiwongse T, Nutakul W, et al. Schizontocidal activity of
Celastrus paniculatus wild. against Plasmodium falciparum in
vitro. Phytother Res 1989;1:136-9.
23. Vaidyaratnam PSV. Indian medicinal plants: a Salai. Madras,
India; 1997;2:47-51.
24. Agarwal DP. Himalayan medicine system and its materia
medica. Himvikas publication; Nainital; 2010.
25. Chopra and Khanna. Conservation of some useful medicinal
plants of Hardwar district in Uttaranchal state. Medicinal
plants: Conservation and Cultivation; 2007. p. 147-66.
26. Parotta JA. Healing plants of peninsular India. CFBI, New York;
2001.
27. Nath V, Khatri PK. Traditional knowledge on ethno-medicinal
uses prevailing in tribal pockets of Chindwara and Betul
Districts, MP, India. Afr J Pharm Pharmacol 2010;9:662-70.
28. Mohsen Y. Ethnobotanical study and traditional uses of
Celastrus paniculatus. Int J Innov Sci Eng Tech 2015;11:1-5.
29. Jadeja BA, Odera NK, Gajera MR. Plants used in traditional
phytotherapy for hair care in Gujarat, India, Jodhpur, Scientific
Publications; 2006. p. 258-68.
30. Bhosale SV, Ghule VP, Aundhe DJ, Jagtap SD. Ethanomedical
knowledge of plants used by tribal people of Purandhar in
Maharashtra, India. Ethanobot Leaflets 2006;13:1353-61.
31. Kamble SY, Patil SR, Sawant PS, Pawar SG, Singh EA. Studies on
plants used in traditional medicine by Bhila tribe of
Maharashtra. Indian J Trad Knowl 2010;3:591-8.
32. Patil HM, Bhaskar VV. Medicinal uses of plants by tribal
medicine men of Nandurbar District in Maharashtra. Nat Prod
Rad 2006;2:125-30.
33. Patil RH, Prakash K, Maheshwari VL. Hypolipidemic effect of
Celastrus paniculatus on experimentally induced hyper
cholesterolemic wistar rats. Indian J Clin Biochem 2010;4:405-10.
34. Karanth KS, Haridas KK, Gunasundari S, Guruswami MN. Effect of
Celastrus paniculatus on learning process. J Arogya 1980;6:137-9.
35. Bidwai PP, Wangoo D, Bhullar N. The anti spermatogenic action
of Celastrus paniculatus seed extract in the rat with reversible
changes in liver. J Ethnopharmacol 1990;3:293-303.
36. Singh M, Verma GN, Srivastava K.
An assessment of anti-fertility
efficacy of ethanol extract of Celastrus paniculatus seed in male
albino rats. J Pharm Biol Sci 2018;4:67-72.
37. Ahmad F, Khan RA, Rasheed S. Preliminary screening of
methanolic extracts of Celastrus paniculatus and Tecomella
undulata for analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities. J
Ethnopharmacol 1994;3:193-8.
38. Parimala S, Shashidhar GH, Sridevi CH, Jyothi V, Suthakaran R.
Anti-inflammatory activity of Celastrus paniculatus seeds. Int J
Pharma Tech Res 2009;4:1326-9.
Kaur et al.
Int J Pharm Pharm Sci, Vol 12, Issue 8, 15-20
20
39. Kulkarni YA, Agarwal S, Garud MS. Effects of Jyotishmati
(Celastrus paniculatus) seeds in animal model of pain and
inflammation. J Ayur Integr Med 2015;2:82-8.
40. Gattu M, Pauly JR, Boss KL, Summers JB, Buccafusco JJ.
Cognitive impairment in spontaneously hypertensive rats: role
of central nicotinic receptors. Brain Res 1997;771:89-103.
41. Bhagya V, Thomas C, Rao BSS. The neuroprotective effect of
Celastrus paniculatus on chronic stress-induced cognitive
impairment. Indian J Pharmacol 2016;48:687-93.
42. Gupta YK, Kumar MHV. Antioxidant and cognitive property of
Celastrus paniculatus wild.-a possible mechanism in enhancing
cognition. Phytomedicine 2002;4:302-11.
43. Bhanumathy M, Harish MS, Shivaprasad HN, Sushma G.
Nootropic activity of Celastrus paniculatus seed. Pharm Biol
2010;3:324-7.
44. Raut SB, Parekar RR, Jadhav KS, Marathe PA, Rege NN. Effect
of Jyotiṣmati seed oil on spatial and fear memory using
scopolamine induced amnesia in mice. Anc Sci Life 2015;3:130-3.
45. Jakka AL. A study on nootropic activity of Celastrus paniculatus
wild whole plant methanolic extract in rats. Asian J Pharm Clin
Res 2016;1:336-41.
46. Alama B, Haque E. Anti-alzheimer and antioxidant activity of
Celastrus paniculatus seed. Iranian J Pharm Sci 2011;1:49-56.
47. Sharma P, Shrivastava NM. In vitro evaluation of antioxidant
activity of ethanolic leaves extract of Celastrus paniculatus. Int J
Pharm Sci Res 2013;12:4682-4.
48. Harish BG, Krishna V, Sharath R, Swamy HMK, Naika HR,
Mahadevan KM. Antibacterial activity of celapanin, a
sesquiterpene isolated from the leaves of Celastrus paniculatus
wild. Int J Biomed Pharm Sci 2007;1:65-8.
49. Singh S, Srivastava R, Choudhary S. Antifungal activity and HPLC
analysis of crude extracts of Acorus calamus, Tinospora cordifolia
and Celastrus paniculatus. J Agric-Tech 2010;1:149-58.
50. Sasidharan ATK, Elyas KK. Anti-fungal potential and brine
shrimp lethality assay of in vitro raised clones of Celastrus
paniculatus. Asian J Biol Sci 2019;4:877-83.
51. Sumathi TC, Shobana V, Mahalakshmi R, Sureka M, Subathra A,
Vishali, et al. Oxidative stress in the brains of male rats
intoxicated with aluminium and neuromodulating effect of
Celastrus paniculatus alcoholic seed extract. Asian J Pharm Clin
Res 2013;6:80-90.
52. Nakhva YJ, Anandpara RC, Sojitra BN, Ganatra TH. Evaluation of
iron-chelating potential of methanolic extract of seeds of
Celastrus paniculatus on iron intoxicated rats. J Chem Pharm
Res 2015;12:1104-12.
53. Kothavade PS, Bulani VD, Deshpande PS, Chowdhury AS,
Juvekar AR. The petroleum ether fraction of Celastrus
paniculatus Wild. seeds demonstrate the anti-arthritic effect in
adjuvant-induced arthritis in rats. J Trad Chin Med Sci
2015;2:183-93.
54. Thangaraj P. In vitro anti-arthritic activity, pharmacological
assays of plant-based natural products, Progress in Drug
Research, Springer, Cham; 2016. p. 71.
55. Valecha R, Dhingra D. Behavioral and biochemical evidences for
the antidepressant-like activity of Celastrus paniculatus seed oil
in mice. Basic Clin Neurosci 2016;1:49-56.