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Effects of omega-3 on thyroid function tests in healthy volunteers
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Abstract
Supplements play a pivotal role in medicine especially fish consumption or supplementation with omega 3. Omega-3 and thyroid hormones are important in keeping some essential body functions working normally and alterations of thyroid hormones levels can result in many pathological states. Our study aimed to investigate whether omega-3 supplementation (1000 mg/day for 2 months given orally) would affect thyroid hormones and thyroid-stimulating hormone in healthy volunteers with normal thyroid status. Normal thyroid status of the experimental group was well defined by serum levels of triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), and by thyroid-stimulating hormone. Thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) levels were increased insignificantly in treated volunteers compared to the same volunteers before consumption of omega-3 (2.20 ± 0.37 to 2.23 ± 0.39 and 89.87 ± 9.93 to 90.98 ± 11.85 nmol/L, respectively). On the other hand, thyroid-stimulating hormone significantly increased after 2 months of omega-3 consumption (1.46 ± 0.47 to 1.68 ± 0.39 μIu/L). In conclusion, supplementation of omega-3 in the present study did not significantly modify either T3 or T4 and bodyweight in healthy volunteers. These data reinforce recommendations that indicate consumption of omega-3 is considered safe as far as thyroid function is concerned in healthy human volunteers. These findings advocate continued investigation of omega-3 for more than 2 months and higher dose to confirm its safety.
Keywords: Omega-3, thyroid stimulating hormone, triiodothyronine, thyroxine
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... [14] We have previously reported diverse roles for ViD in affecting multiple diseases and hormones, including allergic rhinitis, thyroid hormones, parathyroid hormones, sex hormones, prolactin, adrenal hormones, and vasopressin. [15][16][17][18][19][20] ViD , s involvement in the mechanisms underlying the development of Ins-R and obesity among diabetic individuals has recently been documented. The vitamin might help to provide better glycemic control through increasing glucose uptake, in addition to stimulating the secretion of insulin. ...
Vitamin D (ViD), plays an important role in calcium absorption and bone mineralization, is associated with bone mineral density. Severe deficiency in ViD has long been linked to conditions such as rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults, revealing its substantial role in skeletal health. Additionally, investigations show an existing interconnection between ViD and insulin resistance (Ins-R), especially in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Obesity, in conjunction with Ins-R, may augment the risk of osteoporosis and deterioration of skeletal health. This review aims to examine recent studies on the interplay between ViD, Ins-R, obesity, and their impact on skeletal health, to offer insights into potential therapeutic strategies. Cochrane Library, Google Scholar, and Pubmed were searched to investigate relevant studies until December 2023. Current research demonstrates ViD’s impact on pancreatic β-cell function, systemic inflammation, and insulin action regulation. Our findings highlight an intricate association between ViD, Ins-R, obesity, and skeletal health, providing a perspective for the prevention and/or treatment of skeletal disorders in patients with obesity, Ins-R, and T2DM.
... Research by Quzzaz and Colleagues (2020) lends credence to earlier conclusions drawn by Francis and Greensan (2001) on the effective duplication of genes regulating intra-and extra-thyroid hormone levels. Participate in a wide range of metabolic processes and also function, according to research by (Qazzaz et al., 2020). Methimazole (2.5 mg/kg of body weight) caused a substantial drop (P<0.05) in hormone levels (T4, T3). ...
... For some market products, hypoglycemics for example, consumers try to stop using such products if they do not get any initial effects. In contrast, if hypoglycemic products achieve the desired results, more products are likely to be sold, thus increasing the seller's income [25][26][27]. ...
Background. The growing tendency toward the adulteration of hypoglycemic products in the market to increase the seller’s profits, the increased promotions of such products by unscrupulous promoters, and the higher rate of consumption by diabetic patients in the community all of these represent an alarm for serious health problems that could be fatal and have a potential threat to public health when using them. Aim. This review aims to attract the attention of the researchers to the hazardous clinical outcomes of adulterated hypoglycemic products and encourage them to do further studies analyzing the compositions of the available hypoglycemic products. Results. Based on the obtained data from the latest studies, the available hypoglycemic products have undeclared and banned anti-diabetic agents that lead to serious side effects. Conclusion. The popularity and abundance of adulterated hypoglycemic products in the market that are claimed to be effective for type 2 diabetes mellitus (Ty2DM) are hazardous to public health and have significant clinical outcomes due to their undeclared anti-diabetic agents which could be lethal to diabetic patients.
... Although link between iron deficiency and HbA1c shifts between <6.5 and ≥6.5 percent was not detected, few participants in the study had both underlying deficiency in iron and HbA1c increases to ≥6.5, so generalizations about iron deficiency and the higher cut point are limited. Concerning folic acid levels in diabetic patients, previous studies have related reduction in folic acid levels to type 2 diabetes mellitus (36)(37)(38), while a glucose metabolism disorders, insulin resistance and inhibited the insulin signalling was related to chronic folic acid deficiency in another study (39). In a well-established scenario, certain studies have found a high frequency of vitamin B12 deficiency in patients with type 2 diabetes, which may be more prevalent in old persons, those with prolonged duration of diabetes mellitus, hypothyroidism, and those using metformin. ...
... The positive preventive effect of fish oil on hypothyroid state has been explained previously. It has been documented that omega-3 (polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), including EPA) regulates the thyroid cell function via two main pathways: by regulating the signal transduction pathway through the manipulation of the composition of membrane fatty acid; and rapid, direct modulation of gene transcription (29) . Moreover, in related several experiments, in animals, it has been shown that administration of eicosapentaenoic acid was responsible for inhibiting the decrease in plasma T3 and T4 concentrations and increase in plasma TSH concentration in the hypothyroid state. ...
... Thus, our data are in agreement with previous results and suggest that ω−3 FAs effects on lipid metabolism are dependent on THs signaling, at least, in specific steps. ω−3 FAs including EPA regulates the thyroid cell functions via two main pathways: regulation of signal transduction mechanism by manipulating the composition of membrane fatty acids; and the second pathway through rapid and direct modulation of gene transcription mechanism (Qazzaz et al., 2020). ...
The influence of nutrition has the potential to substantially affect physical function and body metabolism. Particular attention has been focused on omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs), which can be found both in terrestrial features and in the marine world. They are responsible for numerous cellular functions, such as signaling, cell membrane fluidity, and structural maintenance. They also regulate the nervous system, blood pressure, hematic clotting, glucose tolerance, and inflammatory processes, which may be useful in all inflammatory conditions. Animal models and cell-based models show that n-3 PUFAs can influence skeletal muscle metabolism. Furthermore, recent human studies demonstrate that they can influence not only the exercise and the metabolic response of skeletal muscle, but also the functional response for a period of exercise training. In addition, their potential anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity may provide health benefits and performance improvement especially in those who practice physical activity, due to their increased reactive oxygen production. This review highlights the importance of n-3 PUFAs in our diet, which focuses on their potential healthy effects in sport.
Thyroid hormones and omega-3 are essential for normal brain functions. Recent studies have suggested that omega-3 may protect against the risk of dementia. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of hypothyroidism on spatial learning and memory in adult male rats, the underlying mechanisms and the possible therapeutic value of omega-3 supplementation. Thirty male rats were divided into three groups; control, hypothyroid and omega-3 treated. Hypothyroidism induced significant deficits in working and reference memories in radial arm maze, retention deficits in passive avoidance test and impaired intermediate and long-term memories in novel object recognition test. Serum total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and hippocampal serotonin and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) levels were decreased in the hypothyroid group as compared to the control group. Moreover, the hippocampus of hypothyroid rats showed marked structural changes as diffuse vacuolar degeneration and distortion of the pyramidal cells. Immunohistochemistry showed that the expression of Cav1.2 (the voltage dependent LTCC alpha 1c subunit) protein was increased in the hypothyroid group as compared to the control group. Omega-3 supplementation ameliorated memory deficits, increased TAC, decreased the structural changes and decreased the expression of Cav1.2 protein. In conclusion omega-3 could be useful as a neuroprotective agent against hypothyroidism-induced cognitive impairment.
Introduction:
Peptic lesions usually develop when there is an imbalance between aggressive drivers and gastro-protective mediators that guard the lining of the gastrointestinal tract. The most crucial of these mediators are antioxidants, whose loss may predispose to oxidative stress, which is believed to be the main aggravator of several diseases including peptic ulcer. Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are drugs that are highly effective and widely used for therapeutic management of peptic disorders through inhibition of gastric acid secretion. In spite of this, oxidative damage may continue to be a major issue that can predispose to future lesions.
Objective:
The present study is designed to explore the possible antioxidant capability of different PPIs, including omeprazole, esomeprazole, lansoprazole, pantoprazole, and rabeprazole, in an aim to suggest an agent that, in addition to its acid-suppression properties, can provide antioxidant profit.
Methods:
The antioxidant activity of different PPIs was evaluated calorimetrically to test the ability of each drug to quench oxygen free radical, using the well-known stable free radical α,α-diphenyl-β-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and compared to ascorbic acid (AA; vitamin C). The measurements were performed using a spectrophotometer at 517 nm.
Results:
All the studied drugs reduced DPPH, but to different extents. However, omeprazole and esomeprazole showed the highest ability to scavenge free radicals (50% inhibitory concentrations [IC50s] of the percentage for free radical scavenging activity are 18.7 ± 5.7 and 18.7 ± 5.7, respectively, and the AA equivalents are 83,772 ± 11,887 and 81,732 ± 8,523 mg AA/100 g, respectively). Conversely, lansoprazole, pantoprazole, and rabeprazole might be having no role in this story (IC50s of the percentage for free radical scavenging activity are 49.3 ± 3.1, 49 ± 9.4, and 40.7 ± 7.2, respectively, and the AA equivalents are 30,458 ± 3,884, 32,222 ± 10,377, and 37,876 ± 8,816 mg AA/100 g, respectively).
Conclusion:
Thus, omeprazole and esomeprazole may confer a significant dual action in gastrointestinal protection by providing potent antioxidant properties in addition to their major role as acid-suppression agents. However, further studies are essential to elucidate the mechanism behind the difference between the drugs of the same class.
Importance
Dietary supplements are commonly used by US adults; yet, little is known about recent trends in supplement use.
Objective
To report trends in dietary supplement use among US adults.
Design, Setting, and Participants
Serial cross-sectional study using nationally representative data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) collected between 1999 and 2012. Participants include noninstitutionalized adults residing in the United States, surveyed over 7 continuous 2-year cycles (sample size per cycle, 4863 to 6213).
Exposures
Calendar time, as represented by NHANES cycle.
Main Outcomes and Measures
In an in-home interview, participants were queried on use of supplements in the preceding 30 days to estimate the prevalence of use within each NHANES cycle, and trends were evaluated across cycles. Outcomes included use of any supplements; use of multivitamins/multiminerals (MVMM; defined as a product containing ≥10 vitamins and/or minerals); and use of individual vitamins, minerals, and nonvitamin, nonmineral supplements. Data were analyzed overall and by population subgroup (including age, sex, race/ethnicity, and educational status), and were weighted to be nationally representative.
Results
A total of 37 958 adults were included in the study (weighted mean age, 46.4 years; women, 52.0% ), with an overall response rate of 74%. Overall, the use of supplements remained stable between 1999 and 2012, with 52% of US adults reporting use of any supplements in 2011-2012 (P for trend = .19). This trend varied by population subgroup. Use of MVMM decreased, with 37% reporting use of MVMM in 1999-2000 and 31% reporting use in 2011-2012 (difference, −5.7% [95% CI, −8.6% to −2.7%], P for trend < .001). Vitamin D supplementation from sources other than MVMM increased from 5.1% to 19% (difference, 14% [95% CI, 12% to 17%], P for trend < .001) and use of fish oil supplements increased from 1.3% to 12% (difference, 11% [95% CI, 9.1% to 12%], P for trend < .001) over the study period, whereas use of a number of other supplements decreased.
Conclusions and Relevance
Among adults in the United States, overall use of dietary supplements remained stable from 1999-2012, use of MVMM decreased, and trends in use of individual supplements varied and were heterogeneous by population subgroups.
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) include two series of fatty acids: omega-6 and omega-3 series. PUFAs have amphiphatic properties: hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail. Such structure and other properties of unsaturated fatty acids are responsible for exerting the following biological action: maintaining cell-membrane fluidity, inhib- iting inflammatory processes, decreasing secretion of proinflammatory cytokines by monocytes/macrophages, decreasing susceptibility to ventricular rhythm disorders of the heart, improving functions of vascular endothe- lial cells, inhibiting blood platelet aggregation and decreasing triglyceride synthesis in the liver. In an organism, aracidonic acid (ARA) is converted to prostanoids series 2 (PGE2, PGI2, TXA2) and leukotrienes series 4 (LTB4, LTC4, LTD4) which are endowed with pro-inflammatory potential and are able to induce platelet aggregation and vasoconstriction. The metabolism of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) gives prostanoids series 3 (PGE3, PGI3, TXA3) and leukotrienes series 5 (LTB5, LTC5, LTD5); this group of eicosanoids shows anti-inflammatory, antiplatelet and antiarrhythmic properties.
Developmental iodine deficiency (ID) leads to inadequate thyroid hormone that impairs learning and memory with an unclear mechanism. Here, we show that hippocampal neurogranin, calcium/calmodulin dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII), calmodulin (CaM) and calcineurin (CaN) are implicated in the brain impairment in lactational rat hippocampus following developmental ID and hypothyroidism. Three developmental rat models were created by administrating dam rats with either iodine-deficient diet or propylthiouracil (PTU, 5 ppm or 15 ppm)-added drinking water from gestational day (GD) 6 till postnatal day (PN) 21. Then, the neurogranin, CaMKII, CaM and CaN in the hippocampus were detected with immunohistochemistry and western blotting on PN14 and PN21. The iodine-deficient and hypothyroid pups showed significantly lower level of neurogranin, CaMKII and CaM and significantly increased CaN in hippocampal CA1 and CA3 regions than the controls on PN14 and PN21 (P<0.05, respectively). Data indicate that, in lactational rats, hippocampal neurogranin, CaMKII, CaM and CaN are involved in the brain impairment by developmental ID and hypothyroidism.
Much evidence shows that the marine omega-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid have beneficial effects in various cardiac disorders, and their use is recommended in guidelines for management of patients after myocardial infarction. However, questions have been raised about their usefulness alongside optimum medical therapies with agents proven to reduce risk of cardiac events in high-risk patients. Additionally, there is some evidence for a possible pro-arrhythmic effect in subsets of cardiac patients. Some uncertainly exists about the optimum dose needed to obtain beneficial effects and the relative merit of dietary intake of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids versus supplements. We review evidence for the effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on various cardiac disorders and the risk factors for cardiac disease. We also assess areas of uncertainty needing further research.
n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) present in fish oil (FO) potently decrease serum lipids, which is also an effect of thyroid hormones. Both PUFAs and thyroid hormones affect hepatic lipid metabolism, and here we hypothesized that a long-term diet rich in n-3 PUFAs would enhance thyroid hormone action in the liver. Female rats received isocaloric and normolipid diets containing either soybean oil (SO) or FO during lactation. Male offspring received the same diet as their dams since weaning until sacrifice when they were 11 weeks old. FO group, as compared to SO group, exhibited lower body weight since 5 weeks of age until sacrifice, with no alterations in food ingestion, lower retroperitoneal white fat mass and elevated inguinal fat mass relative to body weight, with unchanged water and lipid but reduced protein percentage in their carcasses. FO diet resulted in lower serum triglycerides and cholesterol. Serum total triiodothyronine, total thyroxine and thyrotropin were similar between groups. However, liver thyroid hormone receptor (TR) β1 protein expression was higher in the FO group and correlated negatively with serum lipids. Liver 5'-deiodinase activity, which converts thyroxine into triiodothyronine, was similar between groups. However, the activity of hepatic mitochondrial glycerophosphate dehydrogenase, the enzyme involved in thermogenesis and a well-characterized target stimulated by T3 via TRβ1, was higher in the FO group, suggesting enhancement of thyroid hormone action. These findings suggest that the increase in thyroid hormone signaling pathways in the liver may be one of the mechanisms by which n-3 PUFAs exert part of their effects on lipid metabolism.