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Systematic significance of morphological and foliar epidermal characters in six species of Pancovia Wild (Family: Sapindaceae Juss).
Abstract
Abstract
The genus Pancovia comprises economically important plants native to Africa. Here, a systematic study was carried out on six species of Pancovia with a view to elucidate the significance of their characters for identification purposes. Morphological and leaf epidermis characters of the plants were assessed based on herbarium specimens. Useful diagnostic morphological features observed include leaf size, inflorescence length and fruit size. Variations also exist in the leaf epidermis characters examined. Polygonal cells and straight anticlinal wall were observed on the adaxial surface while the abaxial comprises irregular cells with undulate walls; exception is seen in P. atroviolaceus and P. harmsiana where the cells are irregular on both surfaces. The frequency of epidermal cells was higher on the adaxial compared to the abaxial surface and there is wide variation in the number of stomata recorded in each species. Stomata are anomocytic, sunken or raised with characteristic staining subsidiary cells and are restricted to the abaxial surface of the leaf. Based on the observed characters, a description of taxa studied and a dichotomous key is presented for their identification. This study can be seen as a contribution to the systematic literature available for the delimitation of Pancovia species in Africa.
... Tissues disintegration was noticed by bubbles and the epidermal layers were separated and transferred into petri dishes containing water for cleansing and then separated with forceps. Separated strips of adaxial and abaxial surfaces of the leaves were stained with safranin following standard protocols and viewed under the microscope following Ogundipe et al. (2009);Onuminya et al. (2020). The diagnostic features of the adaxial and abaxial surface of the leaves were photographed using Motic image plus version 2.0 mm with MC camera mounted on an Olympus compound light microscope at a magnification of 9600. ...
... According to Carpenter and Smith (1975), variations in stoma-tal frequencies have taxonomic importance at a generic level. After the quantitative investigations of stomatal frequency and index of the species examined, there was a remarkable variation between the two genera showing that these characters were significant at the genus level supporting of Patil and Patil (1987), Ogundipe at al. (2009), Onuminya et al. (2020. Carlquist (1961) emphasizes the contribution of stomatal size variation in delimiting species within a genus. ...
The tribe Bauhinieae is the largest and most taxonomically complex group within the subfamily Cercidoideae. They possess the most distinguishable morphological features but are the most variable group. Here, we explore the phylogenetic relationship of the tribe Bauhinieae using morphological, anatomical and molecular data (ITS, rbcL, trnL-F, ITS+rbcL+trnL-F). Relationships inferred from morphological, anatomical and molecular data revealed congruent result, a non-monophyletic Bauhinia and Piliostigma group. The leaf epidermal shape in all Bauhinia species examined are polygonal with straight cell walls except B. tomentosa, which has an undulating cell wall. Stomatal types observed vary between the two genera studied. Bauhinia species has paracytic stomata while Piliostigma species exhibited hemiparacytic stomata. Dendrogram generated revealed the interrelationship between the species at a distance value of 80. Bayesian analysis revealed a high resolution of species and posterior probability. The strict consensus tree for all the tested gene regions revealed a polyphyletic Bauhina divided into three major clades. The Piliostigma group exhibited a paraphyletic and polyphyletic relationship within the Bauhinia group at high support values. B tomentosa exhibited a closer relationship with Piliostigma species. These results support the proposition to divide members of the large Bauhinia s.s group into subclades. This study has attempted to elucidate the unresolved species and genus level taxonomy of the tribe Bauhinieae. However, more variable gene regions in addition to broader species sampling should be considered for further phylogenetic patterns of this taxon.
... The epidermal preparations followed the modified methods of (Ugbabe & Ayodele, 2008;Shah et al., 2020;Onuminya et al., 2020). About 5 mm -1 cm² leaf fragments were obtained from the standard median portion of the leaf and macerated in concentrated Nitrate acid in the Petri-dish for a period of about 24h. ...
A comparative study of leaf epidermal features of selected species of the family Sapindaceae in Nigeria was undertaken with a view to obtain additional characters for the elucidation of taxonomic relationships, delimiting species and identification of the taxa. The epidermises were separated from the mesophyll by soaking in concentrated Nitric acid. Bubble appearance on the surfaces of the leaves indicated their readiness for separation. They were then rinsed in water thrice before the layers were separated with the aid of forceps and Camel hair brush, stained with Safranin O. It was then mounted in 25% glycerol on clean glass slides, covered with cover slips. The micro morphological characters of leaf were more or less uniform in all taxa in the family. The adaxial cuticle was striated in most species. The polygonal epidermal cells with straight anticlinal walls on the adaxial surface of Cardiosermum halicacabum separated it from the other species with irregular shaped epidermal cells. Undulated anticlinal walls were observed on both surfaces. The leaves were hypostomatic in most species except in C. halicacabum where amphistomaty was observed. Stomata types included anomocytic, tetracytic and staurocytic but the anomocytic stomata were the most predominant.
A brief historical taxonomic sketch as well as distribution of Sapindaceae in West Africa, Cameroon and Madagascar is presented based on extensive study of herbaria and field collections. The infrafamilial taxonomy of the family Sapindaceae was re-examined using both qualitative and quantitative morphological characters. A total of 17 vegetative and 24 reproductive characters were used in the description of the family. 2 subfamilies were recognized; a strongly predominant subfamily – Sapindoideae – with 8 tribes and subfamily – Dodonaeoideae – comprising 3 tribes. A total of 28 genera and 118 species were recorded in the study area. The most diverse genera are Allophylus with 20 species followed by Placodiscus with 17 species and Chytranthus with 14 species. Members of the family are characterised by compound leaves (paripinnate, imparipinnate or trifoliate); flowers are in spirits, fruits occur as berry, drupe or capsule and contain seed with white or orange aril. A descriptive key for the identification of each genus is given.
Understanding interactions between forest and the adjacent people is crucial for participative management of forest resources. In order to determine the ecological diversity and the conservation strategies of wild edible fruit tree species (WEFT species) in protected areas, this study was conducted in the Lama Forest Reserve in southern Benin. An inventory of WEFTs species was carried out in 53 plots systematically delimited in the typical dense forest, degraded dense forest, young and old fallows of the Lama Forest Reserve. An ethnobotanical survey was conducted with 136 respondents and the WEFT species habitats were identified using a Simple Correspondence Analysis on the density data. A list of priority species was generated using Compound Ranking System method. The results revealed ten (10) WEFT species, including Dialium guineense, Diospyros mespiliformis, Drypetes floribunda, Mimusops andogensis, Pterocarpus santalinoides in typical dense forest; Pancovia bijuga, Psidium guajava, Lecaniodiscus cupanioides, in degraded dense forest and Ficus capensis, Spondias mombin in fallows. Unlike the other species, the average density of D. guineense, D. mespiliformis, D. floribunda, L. cupanioides and M. andongensis varied significantly (P<0.01) from one vegetation type to another. WEFT species recorded, were mainly used for food and medicinal purposes. The compound ranking system method revealed that P. guajava, S. mombin, F. capensis, P. santalinoides and P. bijuga were top priority species for conservation. More protection effort should be made on the degraded dense forest and fallows to ensure the conservation of these species. Further, priority WEFT species need to be included in plantation programs to reduce pressure from riparian populations.
One of the major challenges faced by biologist during field studies is the identification of plant species and this is most evident in the tropics where biodiversity richness is very high. Hence this study was conducted in order to document and produce a guide for the identification of the diversity of life forms that represents the family Sapindaceae in West Africa. In view of this, plant exploration was carried out in five West African countries with the aim of collecting and recording the different life forms in the family Sapindaceae as well as their specific locations. This revealed that Sapindaceae are widely distributed in West Africa and the highest number of species was recorded in Nigeria (47 taxa). A total of 104 species was recorded in the region and these are represented by diverse life forms ranging from trees (58 species) to shrubs (32 species) and climbers (4 species) with compound trifoliate (e.g. Allophylus), paripinnate (e.g. Deinbollia) or imparipinnate (e.g. Paullinia) leaves. Flowers are arranged in groups either as cymes or racemes. Fruits are in the form of berry (e.g. Melicoccus), capsules (e.g. Blighia) or drupes (e.g. Deinbollia); some are inflated (e.g. Cardiospermum) or trilobed and woody (e.g. Chytranthus). This study provides a guide to field identification of members of the family Sapindaceae in West Africa and can be seen as a step in solving taxonomic identification problems and biodiversity conservation as a whole.
In the present studies foliar epidermal anatomy regarding 7 species belonging to 5 genera of tribe Aveneae (Poaceae) was carried out. The studies revealed that different leaf anatomical characters, such as presence or absence of rounded short cells, length of long cells, size of stomatal complex and shape of silica bodies, are helpful in the identification of different species and genera within the tribe. Large cells with maximum length and largest stomatal complex are found in Avena sp. In genus Agrostis, Phalaris and Koeleria variations exist in the morphology of silica bodies. The studies revealed that diversity in different anatomical characters present within the species and genera is a valuable tool for the differentiation and correct identification of species in tribe Aveneae.
This study was conducted using qualitative and quantitative morphology to characterise and group different representative species of the family Sapindaceae in Africa. The morphological characters used included leaf, stem and fruit. Essentially, the similarities among various taxa in the family were estimated. A total of 28 genera and 106 species were assessed. Members possess compound leaves (paripinnate, imparipinnate or trifoliolate); flowers are in clusters, fruits occur as berry, drupe or capsule and contain seed with white or orange aril. UPGMA dendograms were generated showing relationships amongst taxa studied. The dendograms consists of a single cluster from 0 57 % similarity coefficients suggesting a single line decent of the members of the family. At 65 % two clusters were observed with Majidea fosterii being separated from the cluster. Also, at 67 % similarity coefficient, two clusters were discerned separating the climbing forms from the shrubby forms. Paullinia pinnata was separated from the other climbing forms at 67 % while Allophylus species were separated into two clusters at 91 % similarity coefficient. The dendograms revealed that the family can be separated into eleven (11) clusters based on qualitative morphological data. A key to the identification of genera is presented in this work.
This paper aims at documenting species belonging to the family Sapindaceae in West Africa. Samples were collected for 2years (May 2008 – April 2010) using random sampling from various sites including botanic gardens and forest reserves. One hundred and four taxa were observed encompassing 26 genera: Allophylus (16), Aporrhiza (3), Blighia (3), Cardiospermum (3), Chytranthus (10), Deinbollia (12), Dodonaea (1), Eriocoelum (6), Ganophyllum (1), Glenniea (1), Haplocoelum (1), Harpullia (1), Laccodiscus (2), Lecaniodiscus (2), Lepisanthes (1), Lychnodiscus (4), Majidea (1), Melicoccus (1), Nephelium (1), Pancovia (10), Paullinia (1), Placodiscus (15), Radlkofera (4), Sapindus (2), Schleichera (1), Zanha (1). Four of these taxa, Ganophyllum, Haplocoelum, Laccodiscus and Lepisanthes, are reported for the first time in West Africa. Also, most of the taxa are native to the region with exception to Melicoccus bijugatus, Nephelium lappaceum and Cardiospermum corindum which are naturalized species. Eleven of the taxa are yet to be identified atto the speciesfic level and they are suspected to be new. All taxa are arranged alphabetically within two subfamilies and eleven tribes.
Keywords: Biodiversity, Forest, Tropical Africa, Soapberry.
A comparative foliar epidermal and petiole anatomical morphology of six commonly used pharmaco-dynamic species of Senna in Nigeria was investigated with a view to elucidating their taxonomic significance and present complementary data which would aid the recognition of the species. The cell shape may be polygonal and irregular on both surfaces and either polygonal or irregular on any of the two surfaces of the leaf. Anticlinal wall is either straight or undulate and curved. Usually, the epidermal cell size is more on the adaxial surface and the leaf is either amphistomatic or hypostomatic. Trichomes are usually slender acicular to conical and glandular or non-glandular. The vascular system of the petiole is arranged in a spaced arc. Based on this an indented dichotomous key is presented to distinguish the species.
This work describes the leaf anatomy of 16 species belonging to three genera of the Malpighiaceae family found in the Cerrado
(Minas Gerais State, Brazil). The scope of this study was to support the generic delimitation by contributing to the identification
of the species and constructing a dichotomous identification key that includes anatomical characters. The taxonomic characters
that were considered to be the most important and used in the identification key for the studied Malpighiaceae species were
as follows: the presence and location of glands; presence of phloem in the medullary region of the midrib; mesophyll type;
presence and type of trichomes; and presence, quantity, and disposition of accessory bundles in the petiole. It was also possible
to indicate promising characters for future taxonomic and phylogenetic studies in the Malpighiaceae family, especially for
the Banisteriopsis, Byrsonima, and Heteropterys genera.
KeywordsTaxonomy-
Byrsonima
-
Banisteriopsis
-
Heteropterys
-Cerrado
Trees, treelets, shrubs, lianas or herbaceous climbers; cork superficial; stems of climbing species (i.e., Serjania, Paullinia, Urvillea, Houssayanthus, and Thinouia) usually with multiple vascular cylinders. Leaves pinnately or ternately compound or palmate, or rarely simple, alternate,
rarely opposite; proximal leaflets seldom reduced, reflexed, and covering the stem to resemble a pair of stipules (pseudostipules),
distal leaflet in most arboreal and shrubby species rudimentary; stipules present only in climbing species, minute to large.
Inflorescences axillary, terminal, pseudo-terminal, cauliflorous or ramiflorous, thyrso-paniculate, racemose, spicate, or
fasciculate, or flowers solitary. Flowers 5-merous, regular, or less often 4-merous and obliquely zygomorphic, bisexual or
more often functionally unisexual by reduction (plants monoecious or rarely dioecious); sepals distinct or connate at base;
petals usually white or light yellow, rarely 0, usually ornamented by an adaxial appendage; appendages variously shaped, mostly
petaloid, simple, bifurcate, or hood-shaped, basally adnate to the petal or just a prolongation of petal margins, concealing
the nectary; disk extrastaminal, annular or unilateral, often lobed, cup-shaped or dish-shaped, very rarely on both sides
of the stamens or intrastaminal; stamens (3–)5–8(–30); filaments distinct or connate at base, equal or unequal in length;
anthers dorsifixed or basifixed, introrse, opening by longitudinal slits; sterile stamens present in pistillate flowers; gynoecia
syncarpous, (1–)3(–8)-carpellate; carpels with 1, 2, or exceptionally many (7–8 in Xanthoceras, 8 in Magonia) ovules; style terminal or exceptionally gynobasic (Deinbollia), 2–3-branched, or with simple, 2–3-lobed, capitate stigma, sometimes (Acer) the style branches elongate and the style nearly 0; pistil usually rudimentary in staminate flowers. Fruit a septifragal
or loculicidal capsule, a schizocarp with winged or non-winged mericarps, baccate or rarely a drupe. Seeds sessile or exceptionally
(Distichostemon) subtended by a funiculus, variously shaped, exalate or rarely winged, naked, with a partial to complete sarcotesta, or an
arillode (arising from the integuments); embryo oily or starchy, lacking endosperm, notorhizal or lomatorhizal with straight,
curved or plicate, fleshy cotyledons, the radicle often separated by a deep fold in the testa that forms a radicular pocket.
The economically important soapberry family (Sapindaceae) comprises about 1900 species mainly found in the tropical regions of the world, with only a few genera being restricted to temperate areas. The infrafamilial classification of the Sapindaceae and its relationships to the closely related Aceraceae and Hippocastanaceae -- which have now been included in an expanded definition of Sapindaceae (i.e., subfamily Hippocastanoideae) -- have been debated for decades. Here we present a phylogenetic analysis of Sapindaceae based on eight DNA sequence regions from the plastid and nuclear genomes and including 85 of the 141 genera defined within the family. Our study comprises 997 new sequences of Sapindaceae from 152 specimens. Despite presenting 18.6% of missing data our complete data set produced a topology fully congruent with the one obtained from a subset without missing data, but including fewer markers. The use of additional information therefore led to a consistent result in the relative position of clades and allowed the definition of a new phylogenetic hypothesis. Our results confirm a high level of paraphyly and polyphyly at the subfamilial and tribal levels and even contest the monophyletic status of several genera. Our study confirms that the Chinese monotypic genus Xanthoceras is sister to the rest of the family, in which subfamily Hippocastanoideae is sister to a clade comprising subfamilies Dodonaeoideae and Sapindoideae. On the basis of the strong support demonstrated in Sapindoideae, Dodonaeoideae and Hippocastanoideae as well as in 14 subclades, we propose and discuss informal groupings as basis for a new classification of Sapindaceae.
In all over the world, herbal drugs are usually adulterated with similar species or varieties due to incorrect identification. Most of herbal products devoid purity and quality, therefore an attempt was carried out to identify plant species and authenticate its herbal drug products from Mentha suaveolens. Microscopy tools provide an excellent platform to identify plants at species level. In this study, microscopic and pharmacokinetic parameters of M. suaveolens were observed. Plant species were collected from high diverse areas of Northern Pakistan. Macro and micro-morphology including palynology and anatomical features were analyzed to study M. suaveolens. Species characteristics were studied, while implementing microscopic techniques for the delimitation and identification of the species. Traditionally Mentha species are used to cure several diseases that is, digestive disorders, respiratory disorders. Micro-morphology (stem, leaves, flowers structure, length etc.), palynology (shape, size of pollen etc.), and anatomical characters (types of stomata, epidermal cell shape, and trichomes) were studied. Micromorphology and anatomical characters were of great interest and significance to discuss the taxonomy of the species. Taxonomic characters were studied to characterize and authenticate the species. The aim of the present study is to observe in detail the taxonomic identification of the species in term of morphology, palynology, and foliar epidermal anatomy for the correct identification along with their medicinal uses in the area.
Sapindaceae is one of the most important plant families in the warmer and, particularly, drier Australasian rainforests, but there are also representatives in more arid regions. The leaf cuticles of a representative selection of Australasian species of Sapindaceae are illustrated with transmitted light and scanning electron microscopy. The family exhibits a diverse range of characters, with no one feature being diagnostic. Four basic stomatal types can be recognized, but these grade between each other. Trichomes, glands and papillae are often present. A brief description of the epidermis of all genera in Australasia is given, and character combinations are discussed which may allow the identification of these in the fossil record. A rich cuticular fossil record in the early Miocene of New Zealand includes Alectryon and members of the tribe Cupanieae. © 2010 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2010, 164, 264–292.
- Daramola Benin
Benin, Daramola, 15 Apr 1957, FHI
31279; Ijebu, Onochie, 5 Dec 1957, FHI 36597; Ondo,
Keay, 12 Dec 1957, FHI 37284; Calabar, Latilo, 21 Mar
1959, FHI 40917;
- Onochie Abeokuta
Abeokuta, Onochie, Nov 1945, FHI
4920; Ondo, Onochie & Jones, 9 Feb 1946, FHI 14728;
On the abaxial surface, cells are irregular and undulate 259-335 in number, size 5-12lm 9 6-11 lm and thickness 0.5-1.5 lm. Stomata are raised, anomocytic with stained subsidiary cells, 34-45 in number and 5-8 lm 9 6-8 lm in size
lm 9 6-9 lm and cell thickness is 1-2 lm. On the abaxial
surface, cells are irregular and undulate 259-335 in number, size 5-12lm 9 6-11 lm and thickness 0.5-1.5 lm.
Stomata are raised, anomocytic with stained subsidiary
cells, 34-45 in number and 5-8 lm 9 6-8 lm in size.
Pancovia turbinata Radlk. Sitzungsber. Math.-Phys. Cl. K€ onigl. Bayer. Akad. Wiss. M€ unchen 8: 270.
(1878).
- Keay Bakundu
Bakundu, Keay, 11 Jan 1957,
FHI 28562;
- Letouzey Mamfe
Mamfe, Letouzey, 2 Jun 1975, HNC 37637;
- Dewilde Eseka
Eseka, deWilde, 31 Jan 1964, HNC 2741; Bertoua,
Gierre N, 23 Dec 1955, HNC 2164;
- Gierre N Bertoua
Bertoua, Gierre N,
27 Feb 1956, SFRK 2163;
- Bretler Yaounde
Yaounde, Bretler, 27 Apr 1961, SFRK 10699; Bertoua,
Letouzey, 6 Mar 1960, SFRK 3819; Ghana: Pra-Anum,
Hall & Swine, 11 Jan 1972, FHI 69694; Cape 3pts, Hall,
2 Apr 1973, GC 44342; Tano -Anroia, Hall & Abbiw, 16
Nov 1973, GC 44651;
- Voire Cote De
Cote de voire: Res de l' lle
deBouboy, deWilde, 18 Nov 1956, FHI 52691;
Distribution: Tropical Africa. Description: Shrub or small tree 1-3 m, leaves compound paripinnate, leaflets in 8-10 pairs, 8-25 cm long and 3-9 cm wide, elliptic, entire, alternate, venation References Acevedo-Rodr ıguez
- P Van Welzen
- P Adema
- F Van Der
- R W J M Ham
Habit: Forest: dry forest, riverine forest, rain-forest, in
understorey.
Distribution: Tropical Africa.
Description: Shrub or small tree 1-3 m, leaves compound paripinnate, leaflets in 8-10 pairs, 8-25 cm long
and 3-9 cm wide, elliptic, entire, alternate, venation
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